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Sebastian Requena
Fall 2011
1 Cohen-Tannoudji H
II
Exercise 2
In a two dimensional vector space, consider the operator whose matrix, in an
orthonormal basis {|1 , |2}, is written:
y
=
0 i
i 0
(1)
a) Is
y
Hermitian? Calculate its eigenvalues and eigenvectors, (Give their nor-
malized expansion in terms of the {|1 , |2} basis.)
It is easy to see that
y
is in fact hermitian.
y
=
0 i
i 0
0 i
i 0
=
y
(2)
The eigenvalues are found by,
det
0 i
i 0
=
2
1 = ( 1)( + 1) = 0 (3)
The eigenvalues are 1 and -1. Now to nd the eigenvectors. For = 1,
0 1 i
i 0 1
v
1
v
2
0
0
(4)
The normalized vector satisfying this equation.
1
i
1
=
i
2
|1 +
1
2
|2 (5)
Similarly for = 1, the eigenvector is,
1
i
1
=
i
2
|1 +
1
2
|2 (6)
b) Calculate the matrices which represent the projectors onto these eigen vec-
tors. Then verify that they satisfy the orthogonality and closure relations.
1
To nd the Projectors, I take the outer product of the eigenvectors.
|
1
1
| =
1
2
i
1
i 1
=
1
2
1 i
i 1
(7)
|
1
1
| =
1
2
i
1
i 1
=
1
2
1 i
i 1
(8)
Test for orthogonality,
|
1
1
|
1
1
| =
1
4
1 i
i 1
1 i
i 1
0 0
0 0
(9)
Check for closure,
|
1
1
| + |
1
1
| =
1
2
1 i
i 1
1
2
1 i
i 1
1 0
0 1
(10)
2 Cohen-Tannoudji H
II
Exercise 3
The state space of a certain physical system is three-dimensional. Let {|u
1
, |u
2
, |u
3
}
be an orthonormal basis of this space. Th kets |
0
and |
1
are dened by:
|
0
=
1
2
|u
1
+
i
2
|u
1
+
1
2
|u
3
(11)
|
1
=
1
3
|u
1
+
i
3
|u
3
(12)
a) Are these kets normalized?
0
|
0
=
1
2
+
1
4
1
4
= 1 (13)
1
|
1
=
1
3
+
1
3
=
2
3
(14)
Therefore, |
0
is normalized and |
1
is not.
b) Calculate the matrices
0
and
1
representing the projection operators onto
the state |
0
and onto the state |
1
. Verify these matrices are Hermitian.
|
0
0
| =
2
i
2
1
2
2
i
2
1
2
1
2
i
2
2
1
2
2
i
2
2
1
4
i
4
1
2
2
i
4
1
4
(15)
Check if this is Hermitian, Yep.
(|
0
0
|)
1
2
i
2
2
1
2
2
i
2
2
1
4
i
4
1
2
2
i
4
1
4
= |
0
0
| (16)
2
Similarly for |
1
,
|
1
1
| =
3
0
i
3
0
i
1
3
0
i
3
0 0 0
i
3
0
1
3
(17)
It is also Hermitian.
(|
1
1
|)
1
3
0
i
3
0 0 0
i
3
0
1
3
= |
1
1
| (18)
3 Cohen-Tannoudji H
II
Exercise 6
The matrix
x
is dened by:
x
=
0 1
1 0
(19)
Prove the relation:
e
i
x
= Icos() + i
x
sin() (20)
Where I is the 2x2 identity matrix.
Its clear that this is using Eulers Identity. To derive Eulers Identity use
the Taylor expansion of left side of equation 19.
e
i
x
=
1
n!
(i
x
)
n
(21)
We can split this apart to be two summations.
e
i
x
=
1
2n!
(i
x
)
2n
+
1
(2n + 1)!
(i
x
)
2n+1
(22)
Since the matrix
x
is idempotent we can assign even and odd forms.
e
i
x
= I
(1)
n
1
2n!
()
2n
+ i
x
(1)
n
1
(2n + 1)!
()
2n+1
(23)
These are simply the Taylor expansions for sine and cosine.
e
i
x
= Icos() + i
x
sin() (24)
3