1

RFID Home Security & Automation System

Based on Localized Room Entry
By

Senior Project
ELECTRICAL E!IEERI! DEPART"ET
Haj#ery $ni#ersity

%&'%
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Ta(le o) Contents
Table of Figures............................................................................................................. 3
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... 4
Abstract......................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction................................................................................................................... 6
Background...................................................................................................................
!e"uirements............................................................................................................... 11
#esign......................................................................................................................... 12
$irit %ong !ange !FI# !eader................................................................................ 12
%ocali&ed !FI# !eader........................................................................................... 16
125 k'& $cale (odel............................................................................................... 23
Test )lans..................................................................................................................... 24
#e*elo+ment and ,onstruction.................................................................................... 26
Integration and Test !esults......................................................................................... 31
,onclusion................................................................................................................... 33
A++endices.................................................................................................................. 35
A++endi- A............................................................................................................. 35
A++endi- B............................................................................................................. 36
A++endi- ,............................................................................................................. 3.
A++endi- #................................................................................................................. 43
Bibliogra+/0................................................................................................................ 4.
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Ta(le o) Fi*ures

Figure 11 2-am+le 'ome !FI# %ig/ting $etu+............................................................. 3
Figure 21 $irit !eader 'ardware #esign..................................................................... 14
Figure 31 $irit !eader )rogram Flow.......................................................................... 15
Figure 41 'ardware #esign for locali&ed !FI# readers............................................... 16
Figure 51 %ig/ting ,ontrol 4ode................................................................................. 1.
Figure 61 (ele-is 'ardware %a0out........................................................................... 1
Figure .1 %ocali&ed !FI# !eader Firmware )latform.................................................. 25
Figure 31 4etwork ,onnections................................................................................... 21
Figure 125 k'& (odel.............................................................................................. 23
Figure 151 (ele-is !FI# reader wit/ 6bee 4ode....................................................... 26
Figure 111 I$7 )rotocols 8sed for Testing................................................................... 23
Figure 121 1259A, %ig/ting ,ontrol 4ode................................................................. 2
Figure 131 %ogic Anal0&er out+ut of !FI# !eader..................................................... 32
Figure 141 7riginal :antt ,/art................................................................................... 35
Figure 151 8+dated :antt c/art for locali&e readers..................................................... 35
Figure 161 $irit !eader 'ardware $etu+....................................................................... 36
Figure 1.1 (ele-is Internal 'ardware......................................................................... 36
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Ac+no,led*ements
I would like to e-tend m0 greatest a++reciation to )rofessor ;a/eeb Butt for
all t/e assistance and o++ortunities /e /as +ro*ided me o*er t/e last 0ear. ;it/out /is
le*el of commitment and desire to watc/ /is students succeed I wouldn<t be w/ere I
am toda0. I would also like to t/ank m0 mot/er= fat/er and brot/er for t/e four 0ears
of financial and emotional su++ort> 0ou reall0 made m0 life a lot easier and more
interesting. And of course I would like to t/ank t/e lo*e of m0 life= for more t/an
t/ree 0ears of su++ort= and for +ro*iding me wit/ t/e dri*e to e-ceed e-+ectations and
mo*e forward as a confident indi*idual= 0ou /el+ed me become w/o I am toda0= and
I t/ank 0ou eac/ and e*er0 da0.
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A(stract
#esign and build a +roof of conce+t model demonstrating an a++lication of
!adio Fre"uenc0 Identification ?!FI#@ tec/nolog0 for use in a /ome or office
lig/ting automation s0stem. T/e s0stem +ro*ides new means for reducing energ0
consum+tion t/roug/ motion sensors and timers to determine w/en a +erson
enter or lea*es a room= t/ese +latforms are based +urel0 on motion meaning Ano
motion= no lig/t. T/e !FI# based s0stem utili&es medium range !FI# readers and
tags located at doorwa0s. As an indi*idual enters a room t/e lig/ts turns on and
remain on onl0 w/ile t/e +erson is in t/e room. T/e !FI# based s0stem +ro*ides a
*er0 effecti*e met/odolog0 for lig/ting control wit/ onl0 minor setbacks for real world
a++lication.
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Introduction
)eo+le often forget to turn t/e lig/ts off w/en t/e0 lea*e a room and t/e0
ne*er enBo0 walking into a dark room looking for a lig/t switc/= t/at<s Bust /uman
nature. 2ac/ user in t/e en*ironment recei*es a relati*el0 ine-+ensi*e uni"ue !FI# tag
to associate t/em wit/ a room or area in t/e /ome or work+lace. T/e design of t/e
!FI# based lig/ting control s0stem consists of /uman sensors and s/orter range
!FI# readers located in t/e entr0wa0s of a /ome.
T/e !FI# node basicall0 controls t/e !FI# reader and monitors incoming data
for eit/er +rocessing or sending data to t/e +rimar0 controller for +rocessing. T/e
!FI# nodes o+erate at 13.56 ('& and +ro*ide a range of 1C3 feet de+ending on t/e
location of t/e reader and attenuation in t/e res+ected en*ironment. T/e +roof of conce+t
scale model uses 125 k'& readers wit/ 1 inc/ of range. T/e design for t/e lig/ting node
+ro*ides enoug/ control and +ower to toggle 1259A, lig/t wit/out noticeable dela0
from t/e s0stem. T/e entire s0stem communicates o*er an establis/ed in /ome network.
.
T/e network used to communicate wit/ all t/e nodes in t/e en*ironment can
eit/er be wired or wireless de+ending on t/e a++lication si&e. A wired network
communicates *ia serial data transmission from one node to t/e ne-t. T/is network
form +ro*ides t/e /ig/est reliabilit0 but is most beneficial for en*ironments under
construction= allowing t/e wires to /ind wit/in t/e walls. T/e wireless network uses
an 6bee= wireless microcontroller= to communicate wit/ a microcontroller *ia serial
communication and sends t/e data b0 wireless modulation to t/e +rimar0 node for
final +rocessing. T/e wireless node can s+an between 15C35 meters= de+ending on
interference= w/ic/ is sufficient for most /ome or office a++lications.
7ne of t/e most im+ortant as+ects of t/e design in*ol*es !FI# reader
+lacement in t/e en*ironment in order to +ro*ide sufficient tracking for +ro+er
lig/ting control. T/e readers are designed for a one to t/ree foot range= w/ic/
se*erel0 limits /ow t/e0 get de+lo0ed t/roug/ a /ome. For a t0+ical a++lication in a
/ome or office en*ironment t/e readers must be relati*el0 close to t/e tags. T/is
includes +lacement in doorwa0s and narrow /allwa0s in order
to +ro*ide t/e reader t/e best o++ortunit0 to read t/e tag= as indicated in Figure. T/e
number of readers and lig/ting nodes in use is entirel0 de+endent on /ow t/e user
decides to set u+ t/e s0stem. Figure 1 +ro*ides a general idea of /ow a t0+ical /ome
ma0 setu+ t/e different nodes to accommodate t/e s+ace. T/e +rimar0 goal of t/e
s0stem is to assist t/e end user or com+an0 in sa*ing mone0 b0 reducing energ0
consum+tion t/roug/out t/e /ome b0 eliminating wasted energ0.
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Fi*ure '- E.am/le Home RFID Li*0tin* Setu/
T/e s0stem initiall0 under went se*eral full design c/anges to create a
solution t/at is bot/ cost effecti*e and +otential marketable. All t/e design c/anges
and modifications are full0 detailed in t/e A#esignD section. A++endi- A +ro*ides
detailed gantt c/arts and +roBect de*elo+ment. T/e o+timum solution +ro*ides a trul0
scalable low +ower design allowing it to accommodate a wide *ariet0 of a++lications.

Bac+*round
9ersatile /ome automation s0stems /a*e e-isted for nearl0 a decade and
continue to work t/eir wa0 into /omes across t/e countr0 es+eciall0 wit/ t/e strong
+us/ for wireless de*ices and internet connecti*it0. T/e !FI# based /ome
automation +ro*ides a /ig/er le*el on control not often seen in t0+ical lig/ting
automation s0stems.
!FI# tec/nolog0 /as come a long wa0 o*er t/e last decade allowing strong
+ersonnel and in*entor0 tracking for large scale cor+orations. )ersonnel !FI# tags
are most commonl0 used to grant access to a secure room or building and /a*e an
o+erating range of a++ro-imatel0 3C4 inc/es. A reader of t/is sort gets +laced at e*er0
entrance to t/e area and a s0stem logs t/e user identification number along wit/ t/e
time of entrance. T/e ot/er most common a++lication of !FI# readers comes from
ware/ouse in*entor0 tracking. 7ften com+anies need to track in*entor0 to determine
eit/er t/e location of t/e item or if it is in stock E5F. T/ese readers often /a*e
e-tremel0 /ig/ +ower demands but /a*e t/e abilit0 to read tags from se*eral /undred
feet awa0 wit/out man0 issues. T/e in*entor0 le*el readers often /a*e t/e abilit0 to
read in se*eral /undred !FI# tags at a time making it a great s0stem for a ware/ouse
E6F. T/e first design for t/e !FI# based /ome automation s0stem uses a ware/ouse
le*el !FI# reader= a $irit Infinit0 longCrange !FI# reader wit/ an a++ro-imate cost
of G2555 wit/out t/e antennas or software. T/is t0+e of !FI# reader lack an0 le*el of
*ersatilit0 because eac/ /ome re"uires a dedicated +rogram due to attenuation
between t/e walls making it difficult for determining location. For t/is reason t/e
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design was c/anged to create a more *ersatile s0stem. T/e reader used for t/e design falls
in a categor0 of its own between +ersonnel and ware/ouse readers wit/ an
a++ro-imate range of 1C3 feet. T/e !FI# reader is a custom !FI# reader e*aluation
module o+erating at 13.56('& and able to o+erate wit/ a *ariet0 of I$7 +rotocols E3F.
T/e reader +ro*ides a real world transition from t/e small scale model o+erating at 125
k'&. All details +ertaining to t/e de*elo+ment of t/e different !FI# s0stem is described in
t/e A#esignD section.
T/e entire network communicates b0 eit/er a wired or wireless network. For t/e
wired network eac/ node connects to t/e ne-t node creating a large network web to /el+
stabili&e data transmission. T/e wireless transmission uses 6bee wireless
microcontrollers t/at o+erate at 2.4 :'& wit/ a line of sig/t range of 35 meters E2F. T/e
6bee +ro*ides a sim+le interface allowing modifications and u+dates to o+erate relati*el0
smoot/l0. !egardless of t/e network format= bot/ communicate t/roug/ a
microcontroller to a 8$A!T bus for t/e network. T/e !FI# and lig/ting nodes
communicate o*er t/e network to +ro*ide ra+id s0stem res+onse.
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Re1uirements
T/e design must demonstrate t/e abilit0 to create a !FI# based /ome lig/ting
automation s0stem and demonstrate t/e ad*antages of suc/ a s0stem. T/is includes
creating a scale model of t/e s0stem to demonstrate /ow t/e s0stem o+erates and
+ro*e t/e scalabilit0 of t/e design for a real world a++lication. T/e +roof of conce+t
design contains one !FI# readers and a lig/ting s0stem to demonstrate a
communication network. T/e design needs to +ro*e scalabilit0 and +otential for
marketabilit0 in a wide range of a++lications. At least one lig/t node must be
com+leted to +ro*e /ow /ig/ *oltage switc/ing o+erates in t/e s0stem.
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Desi*n
T/e !FI# based /ome lig/ting control s0stem went t/roug/ se*eral maBor
design c/anges as issues arose wit/ t/e different readers rendering t/em im+ractical.
T/e first design uses a long range !FI# reader= but +roblems wit/ attenuation and
cost led to using a c/ea+er s/ort range !FI# reader. Full detail for eac/
design is located in t/e subse"uent sections. T/e scale +rotot0+e uses 125 k'& !FI#
reader= w/ic/ better accommodates understanding of /ow t/e s0stem o+erates.
Sirit Lon* Ran*e RFID Reader
T/e original design uses a $irit Infinit0 515 %ong !ange !FI# reader most
commonl0 used for in*entor0 tracking in a ware/ouse. T/e s0stem can read in
/undreds of tags at a time and utili&es signal attenuation and modulation tec/ni"ue
allowing a com+uter +rogram to run triangulation algorit/ms to determine t/e
a++ro-imate location of t/e tag. T/e de*ice contains 4 antenna connections= an
2t/ernet ?!HC45@ and !$C232 for communication= see A++endi- BE6F. In order for t/e
lig/ting s0stem to o+erate correctl0 t/e design calls for using one to two $irit readers
in t/e en*ironment wit/ 3C4 antennas eac/ to +ro*ide some le*el of in /ome
triangulation. $e*eral maBor issues arose wit/ t/is reader +re*enting it from mo*ing
forward wit/ t/e im+lementation +rocess.
7ne maBor issue turned out to be o*erall cost of t/e s0stem= at 2555G +er
reader wit/out an0 antennas or software= de*elo+ment and im+lementation cost
would be far too /ig/ for marketabilit0. Anot/er maBor issue comes from /ow t/e
reader interacts wit/ t/e en*ironment. T/e reader is great for large o+en s+aces= but
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w/en walls= furniture= and ot/er t0+ical /ome amenities come into effect= attenuation
between t/e reader and t/e tags creates an e-tremel0 com+licated s0stem. ,reating a
triangulation algorit/m to com+ensate for eac/ of t/ese loses is *er0 time consuming
and must be custom for eac/ /ome. T/e algorit/m re"uires modification or t/e tag
will ne*er be w/ere t/e readerI +rogram t/ink it is in t/e en*ironment. T/ere was
one@ final issue t/at ended u+ costing /uge amounts of time and effort in order to get
t/e !FI# reader to read a single tag and store t/at information. T/e $irit reader was
+ro*ided b0 t/e ,al )ol0 !FI# lab= but during +ick u+ was not *erified for +ro+er
o+eration. Initiall0 t/e reader a++eared to be full0 o+erational= but after se*eral da0s
of attem+ting to connect to t/e de*ice using t/e A!ealTermD terminal= along wit/ t/e
+ro*ided software= t/e reader onl0 blinked a lig/t during startCu+ t/en a++eared to
turn off. T/e reader was returned to t/e lab and after se*eral weeks retested. T/e
reader is o+erational wit/ t/e +ro*ided software= but still /ad issues connecting using
A!ealTerm.D T/e combination of all t/ese +roblems instigated a c/ange in t/e final
design to use se*eral low +ower readers= alt/oug/ t/e long range s0stem did /a*e a
full design com+leted.
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Fi*ure %- Sirit Reader Hard,are Desi*n
For t/e /ardware +ortion of t/e design t/e s0stem uses t/ree !FI# antennas
connected to t/e reader= as see in figure 2. T/e reader communicates wit/ a com+uter
*ia an 2t/ernet connection and t/e com+uter +erforms most of t/e +rocessing for
out+ut to t/e lig/ting s0stem. T/e reader modulates t/roug/ eac/ antenna to +re*ent
crosstalk= and gat/er bot/ t/e tag data as well as signal strengt/. T/is data is sent back
to t/e com+uter for +rocessing. T/e com+uter runs t/e triangulation algorit/m t/at= if
+ro+erl0 calibrated= returns t/e location of an indi*idual in t/e en*ironment. T/e
com+uter kee+s track of eac/ indi*idual !FI# tag and turns on t/e lig/ts based on
w/ere t/e0 are in t/e /ome b0 sending t/e lig/ting data out from t/e network node to
t/e lig/ting node= as see in figure 3. T/is s0stem= alt/oug/ it works in t/eor0= will not
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o+erate well in real life because of t/e attenuation issues. If t/e la0out of t/e /ome
c/anges= or e*en someone walks b0 t/e reader= t/is ma0 offset all t/e tags and cause t/e
lig/ts to flicker or com+letel0 c/ange states. For t/is reason t/e design c/anged to using
s/orter range= more locali&ed !FI# readers.
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Localized RFID Reader
T/e reader +ro*ides a c/ea+ and *ersatile a++roac/ to create an
automated /ome lig/ting s0stem. T/e s0stem uses multi+le low +ower !FI# readers
wit/ a++ro-imatel0 1C3ft range o+erating at 13.56 ('&. T/e lig/ting nodes use a
microcontroller and some form of network connection= t/is can eit/er be wired or t/e
6bee wireless microcontroller. A full s0stem /ardware design is in figure 4. T/e
s0stem is ca+able of using as few as 1C2 !FI# nodes and u+ to se*eral do&en lig/ting
nodes= allowing t/e s0stem to fit to t/e a++lication. Alt/oug/ t/e s0stem detailed /ere
is dedicated to t/e !FI# reader= t/e /ardware la0out and +rogramming
actuall0 function wit/ a *ariet0 of !FI# readers wit/ minor /ardware and software
c/anges.
Fi*ure 2- Hard,are Desi*n )or localized RFID readers
1.
T/e /ardware +ortion of t/e design includes two com+onents= t/e !FI# nodes
and t/e lig/ting nodes. %ig/ting nodes control t/e /ig/ *oltage lig/ting in t/e
en*ironment using solid state rela0s ?$$!@= a microcontroller= and t/e 6bee wireless
communicator. T/e lig/ting node +rogram remains sim+le= com+ared to t/e
com+le-it0 of t/e !FI# node= w/ic/ allows for "uick design c/anges to meet t/e
demands of t/e a++lication. T/e node is full0 ada+table for connection *ia wired or
wireless network and +ro*ides com+lete control o*er t/e lig/t attac/ed to t/e node.
4odes for lig/ting control consist of solid state rela0s ca+able of dri*e 1259 3A loads
from t/e 3.39 switc/ing *oltage of t/e microcontroller= as seen in figure 5. )ower
in+ut for t/e nodes comes from a 1259A, in+ut and transmits +ower out t/roug/ a
common 8nited $tates A, rece+tacle. A 3.39 in+ut control line toggles t/e rela0 to
turn t/e lig/t on and off. 8nder t/e current design t/e lig/ting control node and t/e
/ig/ *oltage switc/ing use se+arate +ower sources= but wit/ more de*elo+ment t/e
lig/ting control node can connect to t/e 1259A, sources wit/ an A,C#, con*erter=
allowing for furt/er integration.
Fi*ure 3- Li*0tin* Control ode
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A single node ser*es as t/e +rimar0 controller for t/e entire s0stem and
contains a !FI# reader. T/e +rimar0 s0stem controller consists of an AT(2:A2565
microcontroller= t/e !FI# reader ?(ele-is for t/e full scale design@= and a network
connection eit/er wired or wireless. A (ele-is !FI# reader o+erating at 13.56 ('&
wit/ 255m; of antenna +ower ser*es as t/e identification in+ut de*ice for t/e
s0stem. T/e /ig/ fre"uenc0 s0stem allows for longer range antennas and tags= w/ic/
+ro*ides t/is reader wit/ a reading distance of 1C3 feet. T/e antenna +ower out+ut of
t/e board is around 255m;= but t/e antenna +ro*ided wit/ t/e de*elo+ment kit use
a++ro-imatel0 255m; E3F. T/e (ele-is !FI# 2*aluation Board uses a (ele-is
5121 $o, wit/ t/e ca+abilities of +ro*iding raw digital antenna data bits= or
+rocessed data. T/e reader is ca+able of using I$7 1563= and I$7 14443B !FI#
tags o+erating between 15C155J modulations. #igital out+ut of t/e s0stem can be
A( ?direct@= F( ?direct@= F$K ?#ual subcarrier@= or )$K for I$714443B E4F. T/e
reader communicates wit/ t/e microcontroller *ia serial +eri+/eral interface ?$)I@
acting as t/e sla*e de*ice= as seen in figure 6. A microcontroller acts as t/e master
controlling t/e in+ut clock fre"uenc0 and sending t/e reader t/e initiali&ation code to
set t/e +rotocol and turn on t/e de*ice. T/e reader also /as two control lines to
determine t/e mode of t/e de*ices.
An AT(2:A2565 microcontroller on t/e $TKC655 de*elo+ment +latform
communicates wit/ all t/e ot/er readers lig/ting nodes. T/e microcontroller contains
256KB of memor0= w/ic/ is more t/an sufficient s+ace for t/e +rogram. T/e
AT(2:A does su++ort a *ariet0 of interru+ts for t/e $)I and serial communication
1
as well as timers to allow solid +rogram o+eration. AT(2:A2565 su++orts u+ to 36
digital II7 +ins and t/e design ?including testing +orts@ uses a total of 6 +orts.
Fi*ure 4- "ele.is Hard,are Layout
Testing and +rotot0+ing for t/e s0stem uses a %,# dis+la0 to *isuall0 s/ow
t/e I# number of t/e user to determine if t/e s0stem is o+erating as e-+ected. T/e
+rimar0 module also uses %2#s for *isual *erification of data transmission and
rece+tion.
In a real world setting t/e s0stem uses an !FI# reader at all doorwa0s in t/e
/ome and a lig/ting node connected to man0 lig/ts t/roug/out t/e /ome. T/e s0stem
is designed to register users in a room or area in t/e en*ironment as t/e reader
25
e*aluates t/e id number. T/e lig/ting adBusts according to w/o is in t/e room and in
t/e case of multi+le users t/e s0stem automaticall0 adBusts to a default setting. T/e
+rimar0 controller in t/e s0stem mitigates all t/e data to out+ut t/e lig/ting data as
"uickl0 as +ossible to +re*ent dela0 w/en switc/ing a lig/t on. A single +rimar0
controller /el+s make future de*elo+ment and +roduction more affordable to t/e end
user. T/e nodes remain small enoug/ to reduce *isual im+act in t/e en*ironment=
making t/e s0stem as streamline as +ossible w/ile still reducing energ0 consum+tion.
Fi*ure 5- Localized RFID Reader Firm,are Plat)orm
T/e firmware for t/e +rogram is written in , for t/e Atmel AT(2:A2565
microcontroller. T/e main +rogram runs in a continuous loo+ c0cle= +re*enting t/e
+rogram from e*er e-iting and disabling t/e s0stem and contains two !FI#
identification numbers /ard +rogrammed into t/e s0stem along wit/ t/eir +articular
lig/ting selection. An im+ortant feature for t/e !FI# lig/ting s0stem firm is
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+ortabilit0= w/ic/ indicates t/e firmware can o+erate effecti*el0 under a *ariet0 of
different im+lementations. T/is includes o+erating wit/ bot/ t/e (ele-is !FI#
reader as well as t/e small scale )aralla- readers.
T/e +rogram uses a series of interru+ts to determine if t/ere is data waiting to
in+ut into t/e s0stem and to +ro+erl0 out+ut lig/ting data. T/e +rimar0 reader waits
for data generated from an interru+t= collects t/e identification number w/ic/ is
clocked in using eit/er 8A!T or $)I. 7nce t/e s0stem reads an I# number t/e ne-t
ste+ in*ol*es registering and reregistering t/e s0stem from t/e roomI area in t/e
en*ironment= as s/own in figure .. 7nce t/e I# is registered in a room t/e s0stem
c/ecks for ot/er users in t/e area and out+uts t/e lig/ting data accordingl0. It is
necessar0 to c/eck for ot/er users in order to out+ut a default setting if t/ere are
multi+le +eo+le in t/e room. Figure . +ro*ides a *isual e-+lanation of /ow t/e s0stem
o+erates. T/e final ste+ in t/e +rocess in*ol*es out+ut t/e lig/t data onto t/e network
w/ere t/e lig/ting modules will out+ut t/e correct lig/t setting.
Fi*ure 6- et,or+ Connections
22
T/e communication network consists of a wireless microcontroller= 6bee= or a
+/0sical wire connection de+ending on t/e a++lication. T/e main controller com+utes
t/e logic for t/e lig/ting s0stem and registers users in a room or area. T/e s0stem can
contain se*eral additional !FI# nodes t/at run on indi*idual +latforms and transmit
t/e data back to t/e +rimar0 node. 8sing a centrali&ed +rocessor /el+s reduce t/e cost
and sim+lifies t/e design as a w/ole= es+eciall0 w/en +rogramming lig/ting logic.
T/e secondar0 !FI# nodes onl0 /a*e t/e ca+abilit0 of sending data to t/e +rimar0
node= w/ereas t/e lig/ting nodes can onl0 recei*e transmitted data from t/e +rimar0.
T/e +rimar0 node sends and recei*es data fromIto t/e secondar0 nodes. 8sing
unidirectional data transmission on t/e nodes +re*ents erroneous data from
interru+ting t/e lig/ting out+ut causing t/e lig/ts to malfunction. T/e s0stem
+resented /ere o+ens t/e o++ortunit0 for reducing t/e energ0 consum+tion of t/e
nodes= b0 allowing t/em to slee+ w/en a user is not in close +ro-imit0 to a reader.
T/e network sam+ling rate can decrease and t/e !FI# reader can go into standb0
mode reducing t/e o*erall energ0 consum+tion of t/e s0stem.
23
'%3 +Hz Scale "odel
T/e 125 k'& scale model +ro*ides an in de+t/ e-am+le of /ow t/e s0stem
o+erates in a model /ome. (inor issues wit/ t/e 13.56('& reader did /am+er
de*elo+ment but it does o+erate wit/ t/e code +ro*ided in A++endi- ,. (ore detail is
+ro*ided in t/e ATestingD +ortion of t/e re+ort. T/e model uses 2 125 k'& !FI#
reader o+erating using t/e firmware flow diagram +ro*ided in figure .. T/e /ome
model contains 2 doorwa0s t/at +eo+le ?!FI# cards@ enter t/roug/= as seen in figure
. T/e s0stem contains two com+letel0 inde+endent microcontrollers to simulate a
realCworld im+lementation. T/e +rimar0 node /ouses t/e logic and control for t/e
s0stem and t/e au-iliar0 !FI# node +ro*ides communication to t/e reader. T/e two
inde+endent s0stems communicate o*er a 8A!T network. 'ow t/e s0stem o+erates
matc/es directl0 wit/ a full scale s0stem= t/e onl0 modifications are for t/e
initiali&ation code to connect to t/e !FI# reader. T/e model demonstrates t/e true
*ersatilit0 of t/e s0stem.
Fi*ure 7 '%3 +Hz "odel
24
Test Plans
T/e test +lan for t/e !FI# s0stem in*ol*es bot/ reader functionalit0 testing
and s0stem le*el testing to ensure t/e com+lete s0stem o+erates as e-+ected. T/e first
test in*ol*es testing if t/e (ele-is !FI# reader o+erates as e-+ected and is full0
ca+able of out+utting understandable consistent data. (ele-is e*aluation readers
come wit/ test +oints for t/e internal clock and t/e antenna allowing t/e use of an
oscillosco+e to test for functionalit0. For +ro+er o+eration of t/e !FI# is set to use
maBorit0 *oting to filter noise= com+ensate for Bitter= and correct distortion. T/e ,
code for testing t/e !FI# reader im+lements a *er0 basic test function wit/ wait
loo+s and %2#s to ensure t/e code e-ecutes as +redicted and does not lock u+. 7ne of
t/e most c/allenging as+ects about using t/e 13.56('& !FI# reader comes from
different I$7= or communication +rotocols= for t/e 13.56('& reader tags. T/e reader
in t/is e-+eriment is ca+able of reading 3 different +rotocols including= I$7 1563
155J mod= F$K I$7 1563 15J modulation= and B T0+e I$714443> t/e I$7
+rotocols are not interc/angeable w/ic/ can make reading t/e tags c/allenging if t/e
+rotocol for t/e tag is unknown E4F. $ince t/e !FI# tags are not labeled wit/ t/eir
I$7 +rotocol t/e onl0 wa0 to determine if t/e0 work wit/ t/e !FI# reader is to test
eac/ one indi*iduall0. To determine if t/e I# tags works an oscillosco+e is attac/ed
to bot/ t/e antenna and digital out+ut test +oints. T/e out+ut s/ould contain a
wa*eform re+resenting t/e id number= if not= t/e tag did not o+erate correctl0.
T/e communication network also re"uires testing to *erif0 data is transmitted
as e-+ected. T/e +rimar0 tool to test network communication is a logic anal0&er. A
s+ecial +rogram= 6C,T8= tests t/e 6bee= wireless microcontrollers for functionalit0
E3F. T/e software allows eas0 setu+ of eac/ wireless node to act as eit/er an end node
or a router. To test transmission and rece+tion t/e nodes are set u+ using t/e software
allowing t/e onCboard %2#s to blink as t/e s0stem transmits and recei*es data. T/e
communication c/annel must also be c/eck to ensure t/e data going into t/e +rimar0
controller contains bot/ an id number and a location. T/e most im+ortant test *erifies
t/e logic of t/e main +rogram o+erates as e-+ected. T/e scale model +ro*ides an
e-cellent e-am+le of /ow t/e entire s0stem o+erates in a real world setting.
KA78XX/KA78XXA

3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator
Features
8 7ut+ut ,urrent u+ to 1A
8 7ut+ut 9oltages of 59 69 39 = 1&9 12= 15= 139 249
8 T/ermal 7*erload )rotection
L $/ort ,ircuit )rotection
8 7ut+ut Transistor $afe 7+erating Area )rotection
Description
T/e KA.366IKA.366A series of t/reeCterminal +ositi*e regulator are
a*ailable in t/e T7:22&I#:)AK +ackage and wit/ se*eral fi-ed out+ut
*oltages= making t/em useful in a wide range of a++lications. 2ac/ t0+e
em+lo0s internal current limiting9 t/ermal s/ut down and safe o+erating
area +rotection9 making it essentiall0 indestructible. If ade"uate /eat
sinking is +ro*ided9 t/e0 can deli*er o*er 1A out+ut current. Alt/oug/
designed +rimaril0 as fi-ed *oltage regulators9 t/ese de*ices can be used
wit/ e-ternal com+onents to obtain adBustable *oltages and currents.
TO-220
1
D-PAK
1
1; Input 2; GND 3; Output
Internal Block Digram
Rev; 1.0.0
20&1 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
KA78XXKA78XXA
A!solute "a#imum $atings
Parameter %&m!ol 'alue (nit
Input olta!e "#or
O
$ % to 1&'
"#or
O
$ 2('

I
I
3%
(0

)hermal Re*i*tance +unction,Ca*e* ")O:220' R

+C %

C-.
)hermal Re*i*tance +unction,/ir ")O:220' R
+/ 0%

C-.
Operatin! )emperature Ran!e "1/2&33-/-R' )
O4R & 5 612%

C
Stora!e )emperature Ran!e )
S)G ,0% 5 61%0

C
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA780-KA780-$.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$109 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA780-
(nit
"in0 T&p0 "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C (.& %.0 %.2

%.0m/ Io 1.0/8 4O 1%.

I $ 2 to 20 (.2% %.0 %.2%
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

O
$ 2 to 2% : (.0 100
m

I
$ & to 12 : 1.0 %0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$ %.0m/ to1.%/ : ; 100
m
I
O
$2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : ( %0
<uie*cent Current I
< )+ $62%
o
C : %.0 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 0.03 0.%
m/

I
$ 2 to 2% : 0.3 1.3
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : ,0.& : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 10=> to 1001=>9 )/$62%
o
C : (2 : -
O
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>

O
$ & to 1&
02 23 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 1% : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I $ 3%8 )/ $62%
o
C : 230 : m/
4eaA Current I
41 )+ $62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in o due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
2
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7803KA7803$.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$119 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA7803
(nit
"in. T&p. "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C %.2% 0.0 0.2%

%.0m/ IO 1.0/8 4O 1%.

I $ &.0 to 21 %.2 0.0 0.3
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ & to 2% : % 120
m

I
$ ; to 13 : 1.% 00
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$%m/ to 1.%/ : ; 120
m
I
O
$2%0m/ to2%0m/ : 3 00
<uie*cent Current I
< )+ $62%
o
C : %.0 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1/ : : 0.%
m/

I
$ & to 2% : : 1.3
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : ,0.& :
m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 10=> to 1001=>9 )/ $62%
o
C : (% : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>

I
$ ; to 1;
%; 2% : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+ $62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 1; : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/$62%
o
C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+ $62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
4
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7808KA7808$.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$1(9 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA7808
(nit
"in. T&p. "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C 2.2 &.0 &.3

%;&m/ IO 1.0/8 4O 1%.

I $ 10.% to 23 2.0 &.0 &.(
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 10.% to 2% : %.0 100
m

I
$ 11.% to 12 : 2.0 &0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$ %.0m/ to 1.%/ : 10 100
m
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to
2%0m/
: %.0 &0
<uie*cent Current I
< )+ $62%
o
C : %.0 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 0.0% 0.%
m/

I
$ 10.%/ to 2% : 0.% 1.0
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : :0.& : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 1&=> to 1001=>9 )/ $62%
o
C : %2 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR # $ 120=>9
I
$ 11.% to 21.% %0 23 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/8 )+$62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 12 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%
o
C : 230 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+ $62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
5
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7806KA7806$.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$1%9 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA7806
(nit
"in0 T&p0 "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C &.0% ; ;.3%

%.0m/ I
O
1.0/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 11.% to 2( &.0 ; ;.(
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 11.% to 2% : 0 1&0
m

I
$ 12 to 12 : 2 ;0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$ %m/ to 1;%/ : 12 1&0
m
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : ( ;0
<uie*cent Current I
< )+$62%
o
C : %.0 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
m/

I
$ 11.% to 20 : : 1.3
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : :1 : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 10=> to 10&1=>9 )/ $62%
o
C : %& : -o
Ripple Re?ection
RR
# $ 120=>

I
$ 13 to 23
%0 21 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+$62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 12 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%
o
C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$ 62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
-
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7870.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$109 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA7870
(nit
"in. T&p. "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C ;.0 10 10.(

%.0m/ I
O
1.0/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 12.% to 2% ;.% 10 10.%
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 12.% to 2% : 10 200
m

I
$ 13 to 2% : 3 100
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.%/ : 12 200
m
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : ( (00
<uie*cent Current I
< )+ $62%
o
C : %.1 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
m/

I
$ 12.% to 2; : : 1.0
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : :1 : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 10=> to 10&1=>9 )/ $62%
o
C : %& : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>

I
$ 13 to 23
%0 21 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+$62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 12 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I $ 3%8 )/$62%
o
C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+ $62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
3
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7872KA7872$.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$1;9 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA7872KA7872$
(nit
"in. T&p. "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C 11.% 12 12.%

%.0m/ I
O
1.0/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 1(.% to 22 11.( 12 12.0
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 1(.% to 3& : 10 2(0
m

I
$ 10 to 22 : 3.0 120
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.%/ : 11 2(0
m
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : %.0 120
<uie*cent Current I
< )+ $62%
o
C : %.1 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 0.1 0.%
m/

I
$ 1(.% to 30 : 0.% 1.0
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : :1 : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 10=> to 10&1=>9 )/ $62%
o
C : 20 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>

I
$ 1% to 2%
%% 21 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+$62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 1& : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I $ 3%8 )/$62%
o
C : 230 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+ $ 62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
7
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA787-.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$239 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA787-
(nit
"in0 T&p0 "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C 1(.( 1% 1%.0

%.0m/ I
O
1.0/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 12.% to 30 1(.2% 1% 1%.2%
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 12.% to 30 : 11 300
m

I
$ 20 to 20 : 3 1%0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.%/ : 12 300
m
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : ( 1%0
<uie*cent Current I
< )+ $62%
o
C : %.2 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
m/

I
$ 12.% to 30 : : 1.0
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : :1 : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 10=> to 10&1=>9 )/ $62%
o
C : ;0 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>

I
$ 1&.% to 2&.%
%( 20 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+$62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 1; : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I $ 3%8 )/$62%
o
C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+ $62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
8
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7878.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$229 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA7878
(nit
"in0 T&p0 "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C 12.3 1& 1&.2

%.0m/ I
O
1.0/9 4
O
1%.

I
$ 21 to 33 12.1 1& 1&.;
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 21 to 33 : 1% 300
m

I
$ 2( to 30 : % 1&0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$ %m/ to 1;%/ : 1% 300
m
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : %.0 1&0
<uie*cent Current I
< )+ $62%
o
C : %.2 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
m/

I
$ 21 to 33 : : 1
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : :1 : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 10=> to 10&1=>9 )/ $62%
o
C : 110 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>

I
$ 22 to 32
%3 0; : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+$62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 22 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I $ 3%8 )/$62%
o
C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+ $62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
6
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7825.
"Re#er to te*t circuit 9&

C 7 )
+
7 12%

C8 I
O
$ %00m/8
I
$339 C
I
$ 0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e *peci#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions
KA7825
(nit
"in0 T&p0 "a#0
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C 23 2( 2%

%.0m/ I
O
1.0/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 22 to 3& 22.& 2( 2%.2%
:ine Re!ulation "Note1' Re!line )
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 22 to 3& : 12 (&0
m

I
$ 30 to 30 : 0 2(0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1' Re!load )
+
$62%
o
C
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.%/ : 1% (&0
m
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : %.0 2(0
<uie*cent Current I
< )+ $62%
o
C : %.2 &.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 0.1 0.%
m/

I
$ 22 to 3& : 0.% 1
Output olta!e Dri#t
O
-) I
O
$ %m/ : :1.% :
m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N # $ 1&=> to 1001=>9 )/ $62%
o
C : 00 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>

I
$ 2& to 3&
%0 02 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+$62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 2& : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I $ 3%8 )/$62%
o
C : 230 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+ $62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e* in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
70
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA780-A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$ 109 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$&;1F9 unle** other9i*e
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#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in0 T&p. "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C (.; % %;1

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 2.% to 20
(.& % %.2
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ 2.% to 2%
I
O
$ %00m/
: % %0
m

I
$ & to 12 : 3 %0
)
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 2.3 to 20 : % %0

I
$ & to 12 : 1.% 2%
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%
o
C
IO $ %m/ to 1.%/
: ; 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1/ : ; 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : ( %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%
o
C : %.0 0;& m/
<uie*cent Current
Chan!e
I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1/ : : 0.%
m/
I
$ & to 2%8 I
O
$ %00m/ : : 0.&
I $ 2.% to 208 )+ $62%
o
C : : &;&
Output olta!e Dri#t -) Io $ %m/ : :0.& : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $62%
o
C
: 10 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ & to 1&
: 0& : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+ $62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 12 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%9 )/ $62%
o
C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$ 62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
77
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7803A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$ 119 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$0.1F9 unle** other9i*e
*peci,
#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in0 T&p0 "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C %.%& 0 0.12

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ &.0 to 21
%.20 0 0.2(
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ &.0 to 2%
I
O
$ %00m/
: % 00
m

I
$ ; to 13 : 3 00
)
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ &.3 to 21 : % 00

I
$ ; to 13 : 1.% 30
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%
o
C
IO $ %m/ to 1.%/
: ; 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1/ : ( 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : %.0 %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%
o
C : (.3 0.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1/ : : 0.%
m/
I
$ ; to 2%9 I
O
$ %00m/ : : 0.&
I$ &.% to 219 )+ $62%
o
C : : 0.&
Output olta!e Dri#t -) I
O
$ %m/ : ,0.& : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $62%
o
C
: 10 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ ; to 1;
: 0% : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+ $62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 12 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%
o
C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
72
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7808A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$ 1(9 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$&;1F9 unle** other9i*e
*peci,
#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in0 T&p. "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%
o
C 2.&( & &.10

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 10.0 to 23
2.2 & &.3
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ 10.0 to 2%
I
O
$ %00m/
: 0 &0
m

I
$ 11 to 12 : 3 &0
)
+
$62%
o
C

I
$ 10.( to 23 : 0 &0

I
$ 11 to 12 : 2 (0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%
o
C
IO $ %m/ to 1.%/
: 12 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1/ : 12 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : % %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%
o
C : %.0 0.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I
O
$ %m/ to 1/ : : 0.%
m/
I
$ 11 to 2%8 I
O
$ %00m/ : : 0.&
I$ 10.0 to 238 )+ $62%
o
C : : 0.&
Output olta!e Dri#t -) I
O
$ %m/ : ,0.& : m-
o
C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $62%
o
C
: 10 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ 11.% to 21.%
: 02 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%
o
C : 2 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 1& : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%
o
C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$62%
o
C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
74
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7806A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$ 1%9 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$&;1F9 unle** other9i*e
*peci,
#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in0 T&p. "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%

C &.&2 ;.0 ;.1&

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 11.2 to 2(
&.0% ;.0 ;.3%
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ 11.2 to 2%
I
O
$ %00m/
: 0 ;0
m

I
$ 12.% to 1; : ( (%
)
+
$62%

I
$ 11.% to 2( : 0 ;0

I
$ 12.% to 1; : 2 (%
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%

C
IO $ %m/ to 1.0/
: 12 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 12 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : % %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%

C : %.0 0.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I $ 11.2 to 2%8 )+$62%

C : : 0.&
m/
I
$ 12 to 2%8 I
O
$ %00m/ : : 0.&
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
Output olta!e Dri#t -) I
O
$ %m/ : ,1.0 : m-

C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $62%

C
: 10 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ 12 to 22
: 02 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%

C : 2.0 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 12 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$62%

C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
75
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7870A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$ 109 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$&;1F9 unle** other9i*e
*peci,
#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in. T&p0 "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%

C ;.& 10 10.2

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/9 4
O
1%.

I
$12.& to 2%
;.0 10 10.(
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ 12.& to 20
I
O
$ %00m/
: & 100
m

I
$ 13 to 20 : ( %0
)
+
$62%

I
$ 12.% to 2% : & 100

I
$ 13 to 20 : 3 %0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%

C
IO $ %m/ to 1.%/
: 12 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 12 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : % %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%

C : %.0 0.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I $ 13 to 208 )+$62%

C : : 0.%
m/
I
$ 12.& to 2%8 I
O
$ %00m/ : : 0.&
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
Output olta!e Dri#t -) I
O
$ %m/ : ,1.0 : m-

C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $62%

C
: 10 :
-o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ 1( to 2(
: 02 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%

C : 2.0 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 12 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$62%

C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
7-
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7872A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$ 1;9 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$&;1F9 unle** other9i*e
*peci,
#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in0 T&p0 "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%

C 11.2% 12 12.2%

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 1(.& to 22
11.% 12 12.%
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ 1(.& to 30
I
O
$ %00m/
: 10 120
m

I
$ 10 to 22 : ( 120
)
+
$62%

I
$ 1(.% to 22 : 10 120

I
$ 10 to 22 : 3 00
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%

C
IO $ %m/ to 1.%/
: 12 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 12 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : % %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%

C : %.1 0.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I $ 1% to 309 )+$62%

C : 0.&
m/
I
$ 1( to 229 I
O
$ %00m/ : 0.&
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 0.%
Output olta!e Dri#t -) I
O
$ %m/ : :1.0 : m-

C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $62%

C
: 10 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ 1( to 2(
: 00 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/9 )+ $62%

C : 2.0 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 1& : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$62%

C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
73
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA787-A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$239 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$&;1F9 unle** other9i*e
*peci,
#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in0 T&p0 "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%

C 1(.2 1% 1%.3

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/8 4
O
1%.

I
$ 12.2 to 30
1(.( 1% 1%.0
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ 12.; to 30
I
O
$ %00m/
: 10 1%0
m

I
$ 20 to 20 : % 1%0
)
+
$62%

I
$ 12.% to 30 : 11 1%0

I
$ 20 to 20 : 3 2%
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%

C
IO $ %m/ to 1.%/
: 12 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 12 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : % %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%

C : %.2 0.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I $ 12.% to 308 )+ $62%

C : : 0.&
m/
I
$ 12.% to 308 I
O
$ %00m/ : : 0.&
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
Output olta!e Dri#t -) I
O
$ %m/ : ,1.0 : m-

C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $62%

C
: 10 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ 1&.% to 2&.%
: %& : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%

C : 2.0 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 1; : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%9 )/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$62%

C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
77
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7878A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$ 229 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$&;1F9 unle** other9i*e
*peci,
#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in. T&p0 "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%

C 12.0( 1& 1&.30

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/9 4
O
1%.

I
$ 21 to 33
12.3 1& 1&.2
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ 21 to 33
I
O
$ %00m/
: 1% 1&0
m

I
$ 21 to 33 : % 1&0
)
+
$62%

I
$ 20.0 to 33 : 1% 1&0

I
$ 2( to 30 : % ;0
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%

C
IO $ %m/ to 1.%/
: 1% 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 1% 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : 2 %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%

C : %.2 0.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I $ 21 to 338 )+$62%

C : : 0.&
m/
I
$ 21 to 338 I
O
$ %00m/ : : 0.&
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
Output olta!e Dri#t -) I
O
$ %m/ : ,1.0 : m-

C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $62%

C
: 10 :
-o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ 22 to 32
: %2 : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%

C : 2.0 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 1; : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$62%

C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
78
KA78XXKA78XXA
)lectrical *+aracteristics ,KA7825A.
"Re#er to the te*t circuit*; &
o
C 7 )
+
7 612%
o
C8 I
o
$1/9
I
$ 339 C
I
$0.33F9 C
O
$&;1F9 unle** other9i*e
*peci,
#ied'
Parameter %&m!ol *on/itions "in. T&p0 "a#0 (nit
Output olta!e
O
)+ $62%

C 23.% 2( 2(.%

I
O
$ %m/ to 1/9 4
O
1%.

I
$ 22.3 to 3&
23 2( 2%
:ine Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!line

I
$ 22 to 3&
I
O
$ %00m/
: 1& 2(0
m

I
$ 21 to 33 : 0 2(0
)
+
$62%

I
$ 20.2 to 3& : 1& 2(0

I
$ 30 to 30 : 0 120
:oad Re!ulation "Note1'
Re!load
)+ $62%

C
IO $ %m/ to 1.%/
: 1% 100
m
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : 1% 100
I
O
$ 2%0m/ to 2%0m/ : 2 %0
<uie*cent Current I
<
)+ $62%

C : %.2 0.0 m/
<uie*cent Current Chan!e I
<
I $ 22.3 to 3&8 )+ $62%

C : : 0.&
m/
I
$ 22.3 to 3&8 I
O
$ %00m/ : : 0.&
I
O
$ %m/ to 1.0/ : : 0.%
Output olta!e Dri#t -) I
O
$ %m/ : ,1.% : m-

C
Output Noi*e olta!e
N
# $ 10=> to 1001=>
)/ $ 2%

C
: 10 : -o
Ripple Re?ection RR
# $ 120=>9 I
O
$ %00m/

I
$ 2& to 3&
: %( : d@
Dropout olta!e
Drop
IO $ 1/8 )+ $62%

C : 2.0 :
Output Re*i*tance r
O # $ 11=> : 20 : m
Short Circuit Current I
SC
I$ 3%8 )/ $62%

C : 2%0 : m/
4eaA Current I
41
)+$62%

C : 2.2 : /
1ote2
1; :oad and line re!ulation are *peci#ied at con*tant ?unction temperature; Chan!e in
O
due to heatin! e##ect* mu*t Be
taAen
into account *eparatelC; 4ul*e te*tin! 9ith lo9 dutC i* u*ed;
76
KA78XXKA78XXA
T&pical Per8omance *+aracteristics
I
Figure 7. 9uiescent *urrent
Figure 4. Output 'oltage
Figure 2. Peak Output *urrent
Figure 5. 9uiescent *urrent
SING:D 4=/SD 1;% /E4 @RIDGD RDC)IFIDRS
O:)/GD R/NGD
%0 to 1000 olt*
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NFE@DR
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EaHimum
Recurrent
%0 100 200 (00 000 &00 1000
EaHimum
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3% 20 1(0 2&0 (20 %00 200
EaHimum DC
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For9ard

EaHimum DC
Rever*e
Current
M/
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Operatin!
)emperature
C
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I Ideal #or printed circuit Board
I :o9 #or9ard volta!e
I :o9 leaAa!e current
I 4olaritCJ marAed on BodC
I Eountin! po*itionJ /nC
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(A6I(8( !ATI4:$ A4# 2%2,T!I,A% ,'A!A,T2!I$TI,$
Ratin! 2% C amBient temperature unie**
other9ie* *peci#ied. Sin!le pha*e hal#
9ave8 00=>8 re*i*tive or inductive load.
For capacitive load8 derate current BC 20K.
R/)ING /ND C=/R/C)DRIS)IC CFRDS ".00%E )=RF .10E'
1.&
1.%
FIG.1,)G4IC/: FOR./RD CFRRDN)
DDR/)ING CFRD
FIG.2,E/3IEFE NON,RD4D)I)ID FOR./RD
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FIG.3,)G4IC/: FOR./RD
C=/R/C)DRIS)ICS
FIG.(,)G4IC/: RDDRSD
C=/R/C)DRIS)ICS
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26
De#elo/ment and Construction
Initial de*elo+ment for t/e !FI# based lig/ting control s0stem uses a /ig/
+ower $irit !FI# reader. T/e first reader recei*ed from t/e ,al )ol0 !FI# lab did not
communicate or +ower u+ correctl0 after se*eral weeks of attem+ting to connect to
t/e reader. T/e reader was returned to t/e lab and retested and= after a++ro-imatel0 1
week= t/e reader was tested and did communicate wit/ t/e com+uter. As de*elo+ment
for t/e +roBect mo*ed forward issues began to arise relating to t/e real functionalit0 of
using suc/ a /ig/ +ower reader. T/e +rimar0 issue wit/ t/e reader /ad to do wit/
recreating t/e entire +rogram e*er0 time it is im+lemented in a new en*ironment. #ue
to a lack of attenuation consistenc0 between t/e walls= t/e s0stem would not be
consistentl0 reliable= and could inad*ertentl0 c/ange t/e lig/ts to t/e wrong room.
T/is is w/ere t/e locali&ed !FI# reader seemed far more +ractical for a t0+ical /ome
or office setting. $e*eral da0s of searc/ing resulted in t/e (ele-is 13.56('& !FI#
reader wit/ a++ro-imatel0 1C3 feet of range de+ending on t/e tags. N
Fi*ure '&- "ele.is RFID reader ,it0 <(ee ode
2.
,onnecting t/e 13.56 ('& reader into t/e s0stem uses an AT(2:A2565
microcontroller attac/ed to t/e $TKC655 t/roug/ t/e on board $)I bus. T/e !FI#
reader data is eit/er +rocessed on t/e microcontroller or sent out *ia t/e network
connection= de+ending on t/e t0+e of node. T/e reader is connected to t/e
microcontroller *ia t/e $)I bus along wit/ 2 control lines for +rogramming t0+e
?setu+ or data@ and antenna ?rece+tion or transmission@. Figure 11 +ro*ides an idea of
/ow t/e registers were set u+ to test t/e I$7 +rotocols for t/e reader because t/e
actual tag t0+e was unknown. T/e /ig/ fre"uenc0 reader uses a /ardware rece+tionI
transmission encoding and maBorit0 *oting to control all 13 control registers set u+ for
I$7 A$K 1563. T/e final test uses I$7 1563 F$K because of t/e tags t0+e and t/e
slig/tl0 long range of t/e reader. 8sing t/e 13.56 ('& reader created se*eral maBor
issues in t/e design because of actual +roblems wit/ t/e reader communicating wit/
t/e microcontroller. T/e first issue came directl0 from t/e !FI# reader<s indicator
lig/ts= w/ic/ were e-tremel0 dim w/en t/e s0stem was on. T/e two red indicator
lig/ts ne*er c/anged brig/tness and made it a++ear as t/oug/ t/e reader was not
working correctl0. After se*eral da0s of troubles/ooting t/e reader did a++ear to
o+erate correctl0= but t/e lig/ts did remain *er0 dim. T/e ne-t maBor issue was t/e
lack of abilit0 to get t/e rig/t !FI# tags for t/e s0stem. T/e !FI# tags are not clearl0
labeled wit/ t/eir I$7 +rotocol re"uiring constant testing and modification to
determine if t/e s0stem was o+erating correctl0. T/e final confirmation t/at t/e
s0stem o+erates correctl0 came from modulation on t/e antenna after t/e +rogram
initiali&ed on t/e microcontroller. T/e antenna was modulating at t/e same fre"uenc0
23
as t/e internal clock +ro*iding confirmation t/e s0stem was o+erating correctl0. %ack
of time and resources +re*ent full s0stem im+lementation on t/e larger scale= but t/e
small scale does +ro*ide an e-cellent e-am+le of /ow t/e main +rogram o+erates.
Fi*ure ''- IS= Protocols $sed )or Testin*
T/e +rogram went t/roug/ a build and test c0cle during de*elo+ment to
ensure t/e s0stem o+erates wit/in +arameters. To create t/e +rogram t/e first ste+
in*ol*es initiali&ing t/e !FI# reader= de+ending on t/e !FI# reader t/is is done wit/
eit/er setting u+ t/e $)I bus for transmission and rece+tion or setting u+ t/e
microcontroller for rece+tion of 2455baud 8A!T data transfer. 7nce t/e reader is
+ro+erl0 initiali&ed= data rece+tion and I#s are tested using a known tag id along wit/
a logic anal0&er and %,# screen. If e*er0t/ing o+erates correctl0 t/e associated I# is
dis+la0ed on t/e screen wit/out errors. For t/e scale model t/is took se*eral attem+ts
because t/e functions often recei*ed erroneous data and stored t/at data as actual id
information. T/e ne-t maBor ste+ in*ol*ed adding eac/ id number to t/e
microcontroller and de*elo+ing a met/odolog0 to com+are it against ot/er sa*ed id
numbers. In order to make t/e com+arison onl0 a +ortion of t/e id is com+ared= 2
s+ecific digits= to sa*e +rocessing clock c0cles. If t/e id matc/es an0 of t/e registered
tags a flag is set in order to indicate t/e +resence of a +erson in a room. 7nce t/at
2
function a++ears to be full0 o+erational t/e ne-t ste+ in*ol*es adding an additional
!FI# reader to t/e s0stem. T/is in*ol*es setting u+ t/e +rimar0 de*ice to recei*e
!FI# id data from eit/er t/e establis/ed network or from t/e wireless 6bee. T/e
additional microcontroller reads in t/e !FI# data using t/e same code de*elo+ed for
t/e first reader= t/e onl0 difference is t/at t/e second reader does not do an0
+rocessing> it is onl0 designed to send t/e data out. T/e +rimar0 reader +rocesses t/e
e-ternal !FI# data *ia an e-ternal interru+t. T/e lig/t data onl0 gets out+ut after
+rocessing= based on t/e tags in room flags. Full detail of /ow t/e code o+erates is in
t/e code located in a++endi- 2. T/e +rogram is *er0 *ersatile allowing different
!FI# readers to be added to t/e s0stem wit/ onl0 minor code modifications.
Fi*ure '%- '%&>AC Li*0tin* Control ode
T/e second maBor com+onent for t/e s0stem is t/e lig/ting node w/ic/
+ro*ides /ig/ *oltage lig/ting control for in /ome use. ;/en designing t/e /ig/
*oltage controller s+ecial care is taken to ensure t/e /ig/ and low *oltages s0stems
are +ro+erl0 se+arated. T/e s0stem also uses se*eral grounding +oints to +ro*ide an
35
e-tra le*el of +rotection. T/e lig/ting node to t/e rig/t contains 2 c/annels for
lig/ting control. For /ig/ *oltage switc/ing t/e s0stem uses 2 $'A!) solid state
rela0s rated for 1259A, wit/ a ma-imum load of 3A allowing for /ig/ +ower
demanding a++lications to connect to t/e s0stem. T/e lig/t 74I7FF logic connects to
a microcontroller ?not s/own@. T/e data can eit/er come from t/e 6bee wireless
microcontroller or from a wired connection de+ending on t/e a++lication.
In order to +rogram t/e wireless 6bee microcontroller t/e module must first
connect to t/e com+uter *ia a 8$B connection and be +rogrammed for t/e desired set
u+. T/e +rimar0 control unit in t/e s0stem is set u+ as a coordinator in t/e network
and t/e ot/er nodes are set u+ as end nodes. T/e lig/ting nodes are set to out+ut data
to t/e digital I7 +ins on t/e de*ice based on t/e recei*ed data. T/e !FI# reader
nodes are set to send data to t/e +rimar0 node based on information +ro*ided b0 t/e
microcontroller. To send data= t/e microcontroller out+uts t/e control codes for
transmission and t/e s0stem automaticall0 sends t/e data. T/e 6bee modules are *er0
straig/t forward to work wit/ and t/ere is sufficient online data if t/ere is an0
assistance needed for setu+.
T/e final +roof of conce+t design uses a scale model of a /ome and two 125
k'& !FI# readers connected to two inde+endent microcontrollers. T/e +rimar0
controller out+uts t/e lig/t data for t/e rooms and is set according to t/e tag in t/e
room. In t/e e*ent multi+le cards are +resent in a room t/e s0stem automaticall0
defaults to a standard lig/t setting. T/e small scale model +ro*ides a great e-am+le of t/e
*ersatilit0 and +ortabilit0 of t/e s0stem.
31
Inte*ration and Test Results
T/e small scale s0stem +ro*ides an e-cellent e-am+le of /ow t/e s0stem
o+erates in t/e real world. It uses a 125 k'& !FI# reader arranged in t/e same
fas/ion t/e larger scale s0stem would be arranged in. T/e +rimar0 reason for using a
small scale s0stem comes from issues arising from t/e 13.56('& reader
communicating wit/ t/e !FI# tags. T/e main issue came from different I$7
+rotocols for t/e s0stem and t/e lack of abilit0 to reall0 test functionalit0 wit/out
knowing if t/e tags were correct or if t/e tags e*en /ad I# numbers on t/em because
man0 I#s re"uire +rogramming. After continued testing t/e antenna on t/e (ele-is
!FI# reader does modulate as e-+ected and will read in !FI# data. T/e *erification
came from t/e antenna out+ut and clock out+ut on t/e oscillosco+e= +ro*iding a
communication +at/ between t/e reader and t/e microcontroller= see a++endi- # for
, code.
T/e small scale s0stem o+erates *er0 cleanl0 alt/oug/ it still re"uires t/e tags
to be +laced in *er0 close +ro-imit0 to t/e reader e*en t/oug/ t/e0 are +laced in room
doorwa0s. T/e s0stem does lock u+ on occasion because of false data rece+tion
causing t/e s0stem to wait for data t/at will not s/ow u+ until t/e following card is
read.
7*erall t/e small scale design demonstrates /ow t/e s0stem o+erates *er0
well b0 c/anging t/e room lig/ting according to t/e id number registered in t/e room.
T/e small scale s0stem makes it *er0 eas0 to "uickl0 demonstrate /ow t/e larger
scale s0stem o+erates. T/is also demonstrates /ow trul0 scalable t/e s0stem can be=
32
o+erating on a doll/ouse le*el all t/e wa0 u+ to real world im+lementation. 2ac/
node is full0 configurable for eit/er an !FI# reader wit/ or wit/out lig/ting= and t/e
lig/ting can be u+ to 3 c/annels.
Fi*ure '?- Lo*ic Analyzer out/ut o) RFID Reader
Figure 13 s/ows t/e out+ut of t/e 125 k'& !FI# reader under +ro+er
o+erating conditions. )ower usage for t/e readers was relati*el0 /ig/= a++ro-imatel0
135mA= w/ic/ initiall0 made it c/allenging to find a 59 +ower su++l0 to +ower bot/
t/e readers. 7nce t/e microcontroller is +ro+erl0 in+utting data= t/e logic for t/e
s0stem is +rogrammed to accommodate se*eral !FI# tags. T/e small scale model
o+erates Bust as e-+ected and +ro*ides a gatewa0 for large scale de*elo+ment. 7*erall
t/e design +ro*ides a trul0 scalable a++roac/ making it marketable for an0 si&e /ome.
33
Conclusion
T/e !FI# based lig/ting control s0stem design +ro*es /ow !FI# tec/nolog0
is effecti*e for /ome lig/ting control in order to reduce /ome energ0 consum+tion.
T/e +roof of conce+t design demonstrates a *ersatile s0stem ca+able of scalable
im+lementations. T/e design can be an0w/ere from a single node to se*eral do&en
wit/ minor +rogramming c/anges creating a mobile marketable +roduct. T/e design
does /a*e se*eral limitation suc/ as lig/ting control during t/e da0 *erses nig/t as
well as t/e issue t/at t/e users of t/e s0stem must alwa0s /a*e an !FI# tags on t/em
for t/e s0stem to work +ro+erl0. ;it/ furt/er ad*ancements in t/e design as well as
in !FI# tec/nolog0 t/is issues become minor com+ared to t/e ad*antages of using
suc/ a s0stem. T/e !FI# /ome automation s0stem +ro*ides a new le*el of control to
/ome lig/ting= reducing energ0 consum+tion and increasing /uman comfort.
T/e s0stem +resented in t/is +a+er is far from +roduction but does +ro*ide a
gatewa0 into full scale de*elo+ment. Future designs will include some form of time
monitor in order to sa*e mone0 and not /a*e t/e lig/ts on during t/e da0. T/e s0stem
will also include a com+uter connection to allow for tacking and easier registering for
t/e !FI# tags and lig/ting conditions. T/eir also needs to be some form of switc/
control to o*erride t/e s0stem w/en necessar0. 7ne large ste+ forward is using a
longer range !FI# reader. T/e (ele-is does o+erate well under limited conditions=
but an !FI# reader wit/ 3C5 foot range would o+erate muc/ more effecti*el0 for t/e
design. A !FI# based lig/ting control s0stem /as +otential to make it into t/e /ome
and office en*ironment es+eciall0 as !FI# tec/nolog0 im+ro*es. As time mo*es on=
34
automated s0stems will continue to work t/eir wa0 into t/e li*es of +eo+le= reducing
energ0 consum+tion and increasing our +ersonal comfort.
35
A//endices
A//endi. A
T/e :antt c/arts re*iewing +roBect +rogression t/roug/out t/e de*elo+ment c0cle.
Fi*ure '2- =ri*inal !antt C0art
Fi*ure '3- $/dated !antt c0art )or localize readers
36
A//endi. B
$irit reader /ardware set u+ used for testing. T/e s0stem communicated wit/ t/e
com+uter using t/e 2t/ernet connection and a single antenna for reading t/e tags.
Fi*ure '4- Sirit Reader Hard,are Setu/
Fi*ure '5- "ele.is Internal Hard,are
T/e reader is setu+ b0 t/e +rogrammable encoder and t/e data is +rocessed t/roug/
t/e F$K decoder and maBorit0 *oting according to t/e set u+ code.
3.
A//endi. C
, code for t/e +rimar0 control node wit/ attac/ed !FI# reader.
IO
O A9!:,,125.c
O
O ,reated1 5I1I2511 1215114 )( O
Aut/or1 4olan ,%ark
O 125 k'& solution for !FI# based 'ome Automation $0stem
OI
Pdefine FQ,)8 3555555
Pdefine F7$, 3555555 II ,lock $+eed
Pdefine BA8# 2455
Pdefine 8B!! F7$,I16IBA8#C1
Pinclude Ra*rIio./S
Pinclude RutilIdela0./S
Pinclude Ra*rIinterru+t./S
IIC initiali&ation functions
*oid %,#Qcommunication?int data@>
*oid %,#Qc/aracter?c/ar c/aracter@>
*oid %,#Qinitiali&ation?*oid@>
*oid 8A!TQinitiali&ation?*oid@>
*oid 26TQI4TQinitiali&ation?*oid@>
unsigned c/ar 8A!TQ!-1?*oid@>
unsigned c/ar 8A!TQ!-5?*oid@>
IIC :%7BA% 9A!IAB%2$
unsigned c/ar I#QAu-E12F>
c/ar noQinfoE45F T U4ot !egisteredU>
unsigned c/ar I#5E15FT U5F53545B36U>
unsigned c/ar I#1E15FT U5F53523F5BU>
unsigned c/ar I#2E15FT U5F53542,B1U>
unsigned s/ort int inQarea51F%A:E2F>
unsigned s/ort int inQarea52F%A:E2F>
int main?*oid@
V
int count T 5>
int i T 5>
unsigned c/ar data>
unsigned c/ar I#E15F>
unsigned c/ar tem+Qdata>
##!A T 5-ff>
##!B T 5-ff>
##!, T 5-ff>
##!# T 5-ff>
##!' T 5-ff>
##!H T 5-ff>
##!F T 5-ff>
33
)7!TA T 5-55>
%,#Qinitiali&ation?@>
8A!TQinitiali&ation?@>
26TQI4TQinitiali&ation?@>
)7!TF T 5-FF>
)7!TB T 5-55>
%,#Qcommunication?5-51@> II5-51
IIC 2nable interru+ts
sei?@>
w/ile?1@
V
Qdela0Qms?355@>
)7!TF T 5-55>
tem+Qdata T 8A!TQ!-1?@>
%,#Qcommunication?5-51@> II5-51
for?i T 5> i R 11> iWW@V
tem+Qdata T 8A!TQ!-1?@>
IIC !emo*e $tart and $to+ Bits
if?tem+Qdata TT 5-5A XX tem+Qdata TT 5-5#@V
IIC do not/ing ?do not sa*e@
Y else V
I#EiF T tem+Qdata>
Qdela0Qus?45@>
Y
)7!TF T 5-FF>
Y
IIC ,/eck I# number room +resences IIC
$et lig/ting out+ut
IIC I#5
if?I#E3F TT I#5E3F ZZ I#E.F TT I#5E.F@V
for?iT5>iR15>iWW@V
%,#Qc/aracter?I#5EiF@>
Y
inQarea51F%A:E5F [T 1>
if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-2>
YelseV
)7!TA T 5-52>
Y
if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-6>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 5 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 5@V
3
)7!TA T 5-16>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 5 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA [T 5-.2>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 5@V
)7!TA [T 5-5#>
Y
IIC I#1
Y else if?I#E3F TT I#1E3F ZZ I#E.F TT I#1E.F@V
for?iT5>iR15>iWW@V
%,#Qc/aracter?I#1EiF@>
Y
inQarea51F%A:E1F [T 1>
if?inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-43>
YelseV
)7!TA T 5-54>
Y
if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-6>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 5 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 5@V
)7!TA XT 5-16>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 5 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA [T 5-.2>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 5@V
)7!TA [T 5-5#>
Y
IIC I#2
Y else if?I#E3F TT I#2E3F ZZ I#E.F TT I#2E.F@V
for?iT5>iR15>iWW@V
%,#Qc/aracter?I#2EiF@>
Y
inQarea51F%A:E2F [T 1>
if?inQarea51F%A:E2F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-5>
YelseV
)7!TA T 5-12>
Y
YelseV
for?iT5>iR14>iWW@V
%,#Qc/aracter?noQinfoEiF@>
Y
Y
IIC c/ange indicator lig/ts on stkC655
)7!T, T ?inQarea51F%A:E5FRR ),5@ X ?inQarea51F%A:E1FRR ),1@ X ?inQarea51F%A:E2FRR ),2@>
Y
return 5>
Y
*oid 26TQI4TQinitiali&ation?*oid@
V
##!2 T 5-55>
2I,!A T ?1 RR I$,.1@ X ?1 RR I$,.5@>
45
2I($K T ?1 RR I4T.@>
Y
*oid 8A!TQinitiali&ation?*oid@
V
IIC !FI# reader
IO $et baud rate OI
8B!!1 T 8B!!>
IO 2nable recei*er OI
8,$!1B T ?1RR!6241@>
IO $et frame format1 3data= 2sto+ bit OI
8,$!1, T ?5RR8$B$1@X?3RR8,$\15@>
IIC A86 84IT
IO $et baud rate OI
8B!!5 T 8B!!>
IO 2nable recei*er OI
8,$!5B T ?1RR!6245@>
IO $et frame format1 3data= 2sto+ bit OI
8,$!5, T ?5RR8$B$5@X?3RR8,$\55@> Y
unsigned c/ar 8A!TQ!-1?*oid@
V
IO ;ait for data to be recei*ed OI
w/ile ? ]?8,$!1A Z ?1RR!6,1@@@>
IO :et and return recei*ed data from buffer OI
return 8#!1>
Y
unsigned c/ar 8A!TQ!-5?*oid@
V
IO ;ait for data to be recei*ed OI
w/ile ? ]?8,$!5A Z ?1RR!6,5@@ @>
IO :et and return recei*ed data from buffer OI
return 8#!5>
Y
IIC )2.
I$!?I4T.Q*ect@
V
s/ort int i>
unsigned c/ar tem+Qdata>
unsigned c/ar I#E15F>
%,#Qcommunication?5-51@> II5-51 IIC
read in I#
for?i T 5> i R 12> iWW@V
tem+Qdata T 8A!TQ!-5?@>
I#QAu-EiF T tem+Qdata>
Y
for?i T 5> i R 15> iWW@V
I#EiF T I#QAu-EiW1F>
Y
Qdela0Qms?1@>
IIC ,/eck I# number room +resences IIC
$et lig/ting out+ut
41
IIC I#5
if?I#E3F TT I#5E3F ZZ I#E.F TT I#5E.F@V
for?iT5>iR15>iWW@V
%,#Qc/aracter?I#5EiF@>
Y
inQarea51F%A:E5F [T 1>
if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-2>
YelseV
)7!TA T 5-52>
Y
if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-6>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 5 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 5@V
)7!TA T 5-16>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 5 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA [T 5-.2>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 5@V
)7!TA [T 5-5#>
Y
IIC I#1
IIC c/eck and out+ut lig/t settings
Y else if?I#E3F TT I#1E3F ZZ I#E.F TT I#1E.F@V
for?iT5>iR15>iWW@V
%,#Qc/aracter?I#1EiF@>
Y
inQarea51F%A:E1F [T 1>
if?inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-43>
YelseV
)7!TA T 5-54>
Y
if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA T 5-6>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 5 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 5@V
)7!TA XT 5-16>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 5 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 1@V
)7!TA [T 5-.2>
Y else if?inQarea51F%A:E5F TT 1 ZZ inQarea51F%A:E1F TT 5@V
)7!TA [T 5-5#>
Y
IIC I#2
Y else if?I#E3F TT I#2E3F ZZ I#E.F TT I#2E.F@V
for?iT5>iR15>iWW@V
%,#Qc/aracter?I#2EiF@>
Y
inQarea51F%A:E2F [T 1>
if?inQarea51F%A:E2F TT 1@V
42
)7!TA T 5-5>
YelseV
)7!TA T 5-12>
Y
YelseV
for?iT5>iR14>iWW@V
%,#Qc/aracter?noQinfoEiF@>
Y
Y
IIC c/ange indicator lig/ts on stkC655
)7!T, T ?inQarea51F%A:E5FRR ),5@ X ?inQarea51F%A:E1FRR ),1@ X ?inQarea51F%A:E2FRR ),2@>
Y
*oid %,#Qcommunication?int data@
V
IIcommunicate wit/ %,# dis+la0
)7!TH T 5-55>
)7!TH T 5-54>
)7!T' T data>
)7!TH T 5-55>
Qdela0Qus?45@>Y
*oid %,#Qinitiali&ation?@
V
IIinitiali&ation se"uenceCC14I2 %,# dis+la0
Qdela0Qms?25@>
IIfunction set
%,#Qcommunication?5-33@> II5-33
Qdela0Qus?45@>
IIdis+la0 ctrl
%,#Qcommunication?5-5F@> II5-5F
Qdela0Qus?45@>
IIclear dis+la0
%,#Qcommunication?5-51@> II5-51
Qdela0Qus?45@>
IIentr0 mode
%,#Qcommunication?5-56@> II5-56
Qdela0Qms?2@>
IIinitiali&ation com+leteY
*oid %,#Qc/aracter?c/ar c/aracter@
V
IIsend c/aracter data
)7!TH T 5-51>
)7!TH T 5-55>
)7!T' T c/aracter>
)7!TH T 5-51>
Qdela0Qus?45@>Y
43
A//endi. D
,ode for (ele-is !FI# reader for antenna modulation
IO OI
O A9!:,,1.c
O 13.56 ('& !FI# reader wit/ %,# attac/ment IIC #efine librar0
O ,reated1 4I6I2511 15131156 )( Pdefine FQ,)8 3555555
O Aut/or1 4olan ,lark Pinclude Ra*rIio./S
OI Pinclude RutilIdela0./S
IIC mods Pdefine (I$7 3
IO Pdefine (7$I 2
O ,/ange $)I to sla*e^ ?4o@ Pdefine $,K 1
O #etermine clocking fre"uenc0 CC ok ?5I14@ Pdefine $$ 5
O set u+ (7$I Z (I$7 CC
ok ?5I14@ IIC Function definitions
O anal0&e I$7 +rotocol int %,#Qcommunication?int data@>
O int %,#Qinitiali&ation?*oid@>
OI int %,#Qc/aracter?c/ar c/aracter@>
*oid Initiali&eQ$)IQ(aster?*oid@>
IIC ,ommunication wit/ !FI# reader *oid TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?int #ata@>
IO #ri*e b0 (7#2 Z !TB ?7+erating mode@ *oid Initiali&eQI7?*oid@>
O (7#2 T 5 ,onfig 1 (7#2 T 1 ,ommunication int !ecie*eQ$)IQ(aster?*oid@>
O (7#2 !TB Function
O 5 5 ,onfiguration int main?*oid@
O 1 5 Transmission V
O 5 1 !eser*ed c/ar /elloE45F T U!FI# )roto]]]U>
O 1 1 !ece+tion c/ar dataQt0+e5E5F T Udata5U>
O #I4 Z ,K used to control c/i+ Z transmit data int count T 5>
O (7#2 assert /ig/ eac/ time sending register config int i T 5>
info ?5us@ int in+utQdata>
O u, CCS #irection Transmission Z !ece+tion
O SS,74FI: (7#2 Initiali&eQI7?@>
O ($B first
O ?4Cbit Address Z 3Cbit #ata fields@ for?iT5>iR14>iWW@
O ,K 12 +ulses V
O Assert (7#2 ' after e*er0 12Cbit write c0cle %,#Qc/aracter?/elloEiF@>
O $elect A4alog modulation de+t/ ?T(odInde- bit@ Qdela0Qus?45@>
Analog ,onfig register Y
O
OI IIII$2T (7#2III
IIC $et ,onfiguration mode for !FI# reader
IIC I7 )I4 A$$I:4(24T IIC (7#2 T 5 !TB T 5
IO )7!T' ?5C.@ %,# #ATA Qdela0Qms?555@>
O )7!TH ?5C3@ %,# ,4T!% )7!T# T 5-##>
O )7!TA ?5C.@ $;IT,'2$ Qdela0Qms?15@>
O )7!T# ?5C.@ %2#s
O )B5 $$I $_4, )7!T, T 5-55>
O )B1 $,K $,K
O )B2 (7$I (7$I IIC 7ut+ut configuration data to !FI#
O )B3 (I$7 (I$7 IIC I$7 configuration for I$71563 A$K
O ),5 78T (7#2 ?155J (odulation@
O ),1 78T !TB IIC #etermined from (%65121 data s/eet
?TransmissionI!ece+tion $2%@ section 13= +g. 21
45
IIC 12Cbit data ?address=data@
)7!T, T 5-51> %,#Qc/aracter?dataQt0+e5EiF@>
)7!T, T 5-55>
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-54.@> Qdela0Qus?45@>
)7!T, T 5-51> Y
)7!T, T 5-55> Y
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-151@> IIcount and s+ace transmissions
)7!T, T 5-51> )7!T# T `countSS1>
)7!T, T 5-55> countWW>
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-255@>
)7!T, T 5-51>
)7!T, T 5-55> TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-556@>
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-35@> Y
)7!T, T 5-51>
)7!T, T 5-55> IIC )!7H2,T +seudo ,7#2
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-4BF@>
)7!T, T 5-51> IO
)7!T, T 5-55> TA:s stored into memor0
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-52F@>
)7!T, T 5-51> !ead in I# number from !FI# reader 1
)7!T, T 5-55> determine +erson associated wit/ tag ?lig/t setting@
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-6FB@> 1st read ?room entr0@
)7!T, T 5-51>
)7!T, T 5-55> ,/eck if reader 2 /as I# data waiting for transmission
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-.F2@>
)7!T, T 5-51> 2nd read on ?same tag@ an0 reader ?room e-it@
)7!T, T 5-55>
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-3.B@> reset room lig/ting
)7!T, T 5-51>
)7!T, T 5-55> out+ut lig/t information to 6Bee *ia T-
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-#F@>
)7!T, T 5-51> OI
)7!T, T 5-55>
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-A1F@> return 5>
)7!T, T 5-51> Y
)7!T, T 5-55>
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-B.F@> *oid Initiali&eQI7?*oid@
)7!T, T 5-51> V
)7!T, T 5-55> ##!A T 5-55>
TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?5-,3F@> ##!, T 5-FF>
)7!T, T 5-51> ##!' T 5-FF>
)7!T, T 5-55> ##!H T 5-FF>
##!# T 5-FF>
IIC !2A#2! To !ece+tion (ode )7!T# T 5-FF>
)7!T, T 5-53>
%,#Qinitiali&ation?@>
)7!T# T 5-FF>
w/ile?1@ IIC make sure $)I is not in low +ower mode
V )!!5 T 5RR)!$)I>
IIQdela0Qms?555@>
IIin+utQdata T IIC make (7$I= $,K and $$ out+uts
!ecie*eQ$)IQ(aster?@> ##!B T 1RR(7$I X 1RR$,K X 5RR$$ X
5RR(I$7>
in+utQdata T 5>
if?in+utQdata ]T 5@V Initiali&eQ$)IQ(aster?@>
for?iT5>iR4>iWW@ Y
V
46
int %,#Qcommunication?int data@ ?5RR,)7%@ X IIrising
V leading edge
IIcommunicate wit/ %,# dis+la0 ?1RR,)'A@ X IIsam+le
)7!TH T 5-55> leading edge
)7!TH T 5-54> ?5RR$)!1@ X ?5RR$)!5@> IIclock s+eed
)7!T' T data> $)$! T ?5RR$)IF@ X II$)I interru+t flag
)7!TH T 5-55> ?5RR;,7%@ X II;rite
collision flag
Qdela0Qus?45@> ?5RR$)I26@ > II#oubles $)I clock
return 5> II )7!TB T 1 RR $$> II make sure $$ is /ig/
Y Y
int %,#Qinitiali&ation?*oid@
V
IIinitiali&ation se"uenceCC14I2 %,# dis+la0 *oid TransmitQ$)IQ(aster?int #ata@
Qdela0Qms?25@> V
IIfunction set II assert t/e sla*e select
%,#Qcommunication?5-33@> II5-33 II)7!TB T 5 RR $$>
Qdela0Qus?45@>
IIdis+la0 ctrl II $tart transmission
%,#Qcommunication?5-5F@> II5-5F II send /ig/ b0te first
Qdela0Qus?45@> $)#! T ?#ata SS 3@ Z 5-F>
IIclear dis+la0
%,#Qcommunication?5-51@> II5-51 II ;ait for transmission com+lete
Qdela0Qus?45@> w/ile ?]?$)$! Z ?1RR$)IF@@@>
IIentr0 mode
%,#Qcommunication?5-56@> II5-56 II ;ait for transmission com+lete
Qdela0Qms?2@> IIw/ile ? ?$)$! Z ?1RR.@@ TT 5@VY
IIinitiali&ation com+lete II send low b0te ne-t
$)#! T 5-FF Z #ata>
return 5>
Y II ;ait for transmission com+lete
w/ile ?]?$)$! Z ?1RR$)IF@@@>
int %,#Qc/aracter?c/ar c/aracter@
V II deCassert sla*e select
IIsend c/aracter data II)7!TB T 1 RR $$>
)7!TH T 5-51> Y
)7!TH T 5-55>
)7!T' T c/aracter>
)7!TH T 5-51> int !ecie*eQ$)IQ(aster?*oid@
Qdela0Qus?45@> V
)7!T# T 5-F2>
return 5>
Y w/ile?]?$)$! Z ?1RR$)IF@@@>
*oid Initiali&eQ$)IQ(aster?*oid@ )7!T# T 5-22>
V
$),! T ?5RR$)I2@ X II4o interru+ts return $)#!>
?1RR$)2@ X II$)I enabled Y
?1RR#7!#@ X IIs/ifted out
($B ?*erified 5I15I11@
?1RR($T!@ X IImaster
4.
Bi(lio*ra/0y
E1FU#atas/eet.U Paralla.. Feb. 2556. ;eb. 5 (a0 2511.
R/tt+1IIwww.+aralla-.comIdlIdocsI+rodIaudio*isI!FI#C!eaderC*1.2.+dfS.
E2F#igi. U6BeeC)!7a 352.15.4 72( !F (odules C #igi International.U Di*i
International : "a+in* @ireless "%" Easy. #igi= 2511. ;eb. 56 Hune
2511.
R/tt+1IIwww.digi.comI+roductsIwirelessCwiredCembeddedCsolutionsI&igbeeCrfC
modulesI+ointCmulti+ointCrfmodulesI-beeCseries1Cmodule.Bs+S.
E3F(ele-is. U29B5121C4# 2*aluation Board.U "ele.is;com. (ele-is= $e+t. 255.
;eb. 56 Hune 2511.
R/tt+1IIsearc/.digike0.comIscri+tsI#k$earc/Idksus.dll^#etailS.
E4F(2%26I$. U(%65121.U @,,;mele.is;com . (ele-is= $e+t. 255. ;eb. A+r.
2511. R/tt+1IIwww.mele-is.comIAssetsI(%65121C#atas/eetC4.55.as+-S.
E5FU!adioCfre"uenc0 Identification.U @i+i/edia. ;eb. 5 A+r. 2511.
R/tt+1IIen.wiki+edia.orgIwikiI!adioCfre"uenc0QidentificationS.
E6F$irit. Sirit InAnity 3'& Buic+ Start !uide. Rwww.$irit.comS. ;eb. (ar.
2511.
E.F$irit. Sirit InAnity 3'& $ser !uide. Rwww.$irit.comS. ;eb. (ar. 2511.
E3FU6Bee ;ireless Interface b (akingT/ings.U <Bee @ireless
Inter)ace.
(akingT/ings= 2511. ;eb. 15 (a0 2511.
R/tt+1IIwww.makingt/ings.comIdocumentationItutorialI-beeCwirelessC
interfaceItutorialCallC+agesS.