312 High-Voltage Engineerinq

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example illustrating the use of the above technique for the computation is given
under worked examples (Example 8.6).
8.1.6 Behaviour of Rectangular Travelling Wave[Unit Step
Function U(t)] at Transition Points-Typical Cases
Reflection and transmission of a travelling wave at junction points of unequal
impedances in a transmission line are of great importance in transmission sys-
tems. Depending on the type of impedance at transition points, the travelling
wave ismodified, and sometimes avoltage rise or build-up of voltage "an Occur.
The following cases are of practical importance and as such are discussed here.
The solution is obtained using the Laplace Transforms rather than using opera-
tional calculus, as many of the readers may not be familiar with the Heaviside
Operational Calculus.
Case (i) Open-ended Transmission Line of Surge Impedance Z
Let the voltage of travelling wave incident on the line be
e =E U(t)
then, 21=2and 22=00
T= (22 - 21)
(22 +2d
(1- 21/2
2
)
(1+21/2
2
)
r = -,--(1_-_2_/
00
--,-)
(1+2/00)
coefficient of reflection
Substituting
=1
. . voltage of thereflected wave, e' =T e =e =E U(t) and the voltage of the
transmitted wave,
e" =(1+J) e = 2e = 2EU(t)
Hence thevoltage at the open end rises to double its value.
Case (ii) Short-circuited Line
Voltage of the wave,
Surge impedances
e =EU(t)
21=2and 22= 0
0- 2
.. coefficient of reflection, T= 0+2 =- 1
.. voltage of the reflected wave, e' =Te
=-EU(t)
The voltage of the transmitted wave, e" =(I +J)e =0
,
,
'1
I
J
Overvoltage Phenomenon and Insulation Coordination in Electric Power Systems 3
1
3
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Further i',the magnitude of the reflected current wave
=\ - ~\
EU(t) . d f h . id )
= --Z-- (the magmtu eo t emCI ent current wave
The total current at thejunction point
io = (i +i')= 2i
Thus, thecurrent at thejunction point rises to double thevalue of the incident
current wave.
Case (iii) Line Terminated with a Resistance Equal to the Surge
Impedance of the Line
In this case, ZI=2and 22=R =Z
. . coefficient of reflection,
(R - Z)
r- (R+ Z) = 0
. . voltage of the reflected wave, e' is Te =0
The voltage of thetransmitted wave is (1+J)e =e
Thus, there is no reflected wave. There is no discontinuity of the line, and the
travelling wave proceeds without reflection and disappears. It is very important
to note that there will be no reflections at thejunction, if atransmission line Of
cable is terminated with aresistance equal to the surge impedance of the line or
cable.
Case (iv) Line Terminated with a Capacitor
In this case, e =E U(t), ZI =2, and Z2= ~s
1
J
1
I
~
~
I
~
l
1
~
~
1
1
!
~
I.
: 1
I
~
1 :
where s is the Laplace transform operator.
(Z2 - 21)
The coefficient of reflection T= (Z2+ZI)
_ (-6-
Z
)
-(~s+Z)
(1- CZS)
(1+CZs)
The voltage of the reflected wave, e' =T e
, (I-CZs) E
Taking the Laplace transform, e (s) =(1+CZs) -;
I