Está en la página 1de 51

Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan

576
CHAPTER 8: FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
8.0: INTRODUCTION
The concept of feedback was originally introduced in 1934 by H. S. Black, an Electronics Engineer,
for building an amplifier with a gain that is insensitive to changes in the amplifier parameters. Since then, this
notion has played an important role in many areas of Engineering. We introduced the feedback concept in
Section 1.10 through the example of the noninverting amplifier of Fig. 1.10.6. Recall that the closed-loop gain
was almost insensitive to the change in the op-amp's gain in this circuit (see (1.10.25)). As pointed out in
Example 1.8 and in many other examples, the reverse transmission present in a circuit is the feedback, and
we used these two terms synonymously in the past. We have already seen several amplifiers in previous
chapters in which the feedback, both intentional and unintentional, has been present. As an example, to make
the gain insensitive to the variation in the -value of a transistor in a CE-amplifier, we connected an emitter
resistance R
E
(see Fig. 4.6.6). This is the case of intentional feedback. Another example of unintentional
feedback is the current [i
x
/(
dc
+1)] caused by the output port current i
x
in the voltage-follower of Fig. 4.6.10.
From these examples, we identify that the feedback (reverse transmission) exists whenever an output signal
is sensed and used to modify the effective input signal to the amplifier.
The desensitization of the gain to the variations in the active parameters of the BJTs and FETs is the
main reason for using negative feedback in amplifiers. There are also other advantages of using negative
feedback, such as controlling the input and output impedance levels (see Example 1.8) and extending the
bandwidth of an amplifier. Clearly, the designer can use feedback to exercise control over several important
characteristics, such as the gain, the bandwidth, the effect of noise etc. All the above issues provide the
motivation for our study of feedback amplifiers.
Although conventional circuit analysis methods can be used to analyze feedback amplifiers also, the
use of the feedback concept simplifies the process and provides better insight into the working of amplifier
circuits. Furthermore, the design of amplifiers becomes systematic and simplified. This is another important
motivation.
In this chapter, we first discuss the important properties of feedback amplifiers using the systems
approach. Four different feedback configurations are possible. We provide a unified analysis and obtain some
generalized expressions for the parameters of feedback amplifiers applicable to all four configurations. The
two-port concepts play a vital role in analyzing feedback amplifiers because one can easily represent the
feedback using the reverse transmission parameter. We also discuss some specific analysis/design examples
of these four configurations to illustrate their properties.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
1
Here F is called the feedback ratio (usually a fraction) and is a real constant just as A is; however, in a
general situation, F can be a function of the complex variable s. Both A and F can also be impedances or
admittances.
2
The designation of V
e
as the error signal arises from its significance in feedback control systems.
577
Fig. 8.1.1: An example of a feedback amplifier.
+
-
V
e
R
ic
I
i
V
i
R
i
+
-
R
o
A
o
V
e
A-network
I
o
R
oc
+
-
V
o
= A V
e
R
L
+
-
V
o
+
-
V
f
FV
o
F-network
+
-
+
-
Fig. 8.1.2: The equivalent circuit of the closed-loop amplifier of Fig. 8.1.1 with feedback.
R
ic
I
i
V
i
R
ic
+
-
R
oc
A
co
V
i
I
o
R
oc
+
-
V
o
= A
c
V
i
R
L
+
-
8.1: FEEDBACK CONCEPT AND DEFINITIONS
We introduced the elementary ideas of feedback in Section 1.10 (see Fig. 1.10.6). Now we formally
introduce the concept of feedback and the related basic definitions using a specific circuit example shown in
Fig. 8.1.1. This circuit has an amplifier (A-network) with a finite input resistance R
i
and a nonzero output
resistance R
o
. Assume that the voltage gain of this amplifier with a load resistor of R
L
is A. This is known as
the open-loop or forward-path gain. Let A
o
be the voltage gain of the amplifier as R
L
. The feedback
circuit (F-network) samples the output V
o
and produces the feedback signal V
f
= FV
o
, where F is the feedback
ratio
1
. V
f
is due to the reverse transmission. The so-called error signal V
e
is the effective input to the
amplifier
2
. V
o
is obtained by amplifying the error signal and not the original input V
i
. The error signal is
influenced both by the input signal and the output signal through the feedback network. Whenever the output
has an influence on the effective input to an amplifier, the amplifier becomes a feedback amplifier as already
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
578
V
e
V
i
V
f
V
i
FV
o
.
(8.1.1)
V
o
R
L
R
L
R
o
A
o
V
e
AV
e
.
(8.1.2)
V
o
R
L
R
L
R
o
A
o
( V
i
FV
o
) A ( V
i
FV
o
) .
A
c
V
o
V
i
A
1 AF
.
(8.1.3)
V
o
V
i
F 0
A
c
F 0
A,
(8.1.4)
mentioned. It is also known as the closed-loop amplifier because the signal path through A- and F-networks
forms a loop.
The entire closed-loop amplifier can also be modeled by another VCVS with its own input resistance,
output resistance, and a gain as shown in Fig. 8.1.2 without paying any regard to its internal structure. The
gain of the feedback amplifier, A
c
indicated in Fig. 8.1.2, is called the closed-loop gain. The dependent
voltage source has an voltage gain of A
co
as R
L
. Similarly, the input and output impedances of the closed-
loop amplifier are denoted as R
ic
and R
oc
respectively. Clearly, the primary parameters of the closed-loop
amplifier are A
c
, R
ic
, and R
oc
.
In Fig. 8.1.1, the feedback signal V
f
opposes the input signal V
i
in forming the effective input to the
A-network. This type of feedback is called the negative (degenerative) feedback. This is in contrast to the
situation in an oscillator circuit, where a positive (regenerative) feedback is used (see Section 10.3). Since
V
f
= (FV
o
),
The output of the amplifier is
Assume that the amplifiers gain A
o
and hence A increases from its nominal value for some reason.
This will increase the output signal V
o
for a given V
i
. However, the feedback signal V
f
will also increase thus
reducing the error signal V
e
. This, in turn, does not permit the output V
o
to increase as much as it would have
without feedback. Thus, an increase in the value of A does not automatically cause a proportionate increase
in the output. The automatic comparison between the input and the feedback signal serves to keep the output
signal at the desired value closely irrespective of the change in A. This is the most important property of the
negative feedback in an amplifier.
Let us next find the primary parameters, namely A
c
, R
ic
and R
oc
, of the closed-loop amplifier.
Substituting (8.1.1) into (8.1.2),
Therefore, the closed-loop gain is (see also (1.10.24))
If the feedback is absent (i.e., F = 0), the input-output relationship reduces to
as it should. Therefore, without the feedback, the output signal V
o
for a given input signal will increase by
the same percentage as the percentage increase in A. However, if F 0, the percentage increase in V
o
is
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
579
I
i
V
e
R
i
V
o
AR
i
V
i
( 1 AF) R
i
.
R
i c
V
i
I
i
( 1 AF) R
i
( A/ A
c
) R
i
.
V
o
A
c
V
i
R
L
R
L
R
o
/ (1 A
o
F)
A
o
1 A
o
F
V
i
R
L
R
L
R
oc
A
co
V
i
,
A
c
( s)
A( s)
1 A( s) F( s)
.
(8.1.5)
reduced. This is an important advantage of using the negative feedback. We will study this property in depth
later in this section. Next, to find the input resistance R
ic
of the closed-loop amplifier, observe that
The input resistance R
ic
is therefore
If F = 0, the input resistance will simply be R
i
. However, if F > 0, the input resistance of the circuit increases.
From (8.1.3), it is easy to show that
giving rise to the dependent source representation in Fig. 8.1.2 with an output resistance R
oc
. Hence, the
output resistance decreases from R
o
to R
oc
= [ R
o
/(1 + A
o
F)] for F > 0. Clearly, the input and output
impedances of the amplifiers can be controlled using the feedback.
In the specific example circuit of Fig. 8.1.1, we sampled the output voltage for comparison at the
input, and the feedback signal was also a voltage. However, we could have sampled the output current of the
amplifier. Similarly, the feedback signal could have been a current, which can be compared with the input
current by connecting the ports of the A- and F-networks at the input side in parallel. Thus, four different
feedback configurations (see Fig. 8.2.1) are possible. We discuss these four different configurations in detail
later in this chapter. For now, some important properties of the negative feedback applicable to all the four
configurations will be discussed. The closed-loop gain of all four feedback configurations have the same form
as that of (8.1.3).
The amplifier gain generally depends on frequency. If the A-network is a dc amplifier, the amplifier
gain can be approximated by a constant in the low frequency range. The F-network is usually a resistive
network in amplifiers, and therefore, F is usually a constant. Yet, F can also be a function of frequency. Let
us assume that both A and F are functions of the complex frequency s. If so, the closed-loop gain of an
amplifier of (8.1.3) becomes as follows:
The above equation is an important one and will be used often. If the forward-path gain A and the feedback
factor F are known or can be found in a circuit, we can use (8.1.3) or (8.1.5) to find the closed-loop gain A
c
.
From the design point of view, for a given A and a desired closed-loop gain A
c
, the designer can use (8.1.3)
to find the required feedback factor F.
If the feedback is absent or is removed intentionally, F = 0. If so, the closed-loop gain will be the
same as the forward-path gain A(s) as stated in (8.1.4). The equation (8.1.4) suggests a simple method of
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
580
1 A( s) F( s) 0. (8.1.6)
A
c
( s)
1
F( s)
.
(8.1.7)
finding A(s) in a practical feedback amplifier. To find the forward-path gain A in a feedback amplifier, we
simply need to "kill" the feedback in the circuit, which will be used later in all four feedback topologies.
Amount of feedback and Loop Gain
The denominator in (8.1.5), (1 + AF), is known as the amount of feedback. The amount of feedback
controls many important properties of feedback amplifiers. L = AF is called the loop-gain or the return ratio.
The loop-gain is a dimensionless quantity because the input signal and the feedback signal should have the
same dimension (voltage or current) for a proper comparison. Therefore, A and F have the inverse
dimensions. If A is a voltage or current ratio so is F. However, if A is a transfer impedance (admittance), F
must be a transfer admittance (impedance).
Characteristic Roots
Finite poles of the closed-loop gain can be obtained from the denominator polynomial of (8.1.5). The
closed-loop poles are the roots of the characteristic equation
The values of s, which satisfy the above equation and known as the characteristic roots, are hence the poles
of the closed-loop gain. For the feedback amplifier to be strictly stable, the closed-loop poles (characteristic
roots) must be in the left half s-plane excluding the j-axis. We discuss the stability of feedback amplifiers
in Chapter 10. For now, we bring out some important properties of feedback amplifiers to emphasize the
advantages of using negative feedback in amplifiers.
Properties of Negative feedback
1. Gain desensitization
The desensitization of the closed-loop gain to the changes in the forward-path gain A was pointed
out earlier (see Example 1.9). Consider equation (8.1.5). If A(j)F(j) 1 in the frequency range of interest,
the closed-loop gain can be approximated as
The above equation implies that the closed-loop gain is essentially controlled by the feedback factor F and
is insensitive to the changes in A if the loop-gain, L = AF, is large. This property of gain desensitization is
the most important reason for using negative feedback in amplifiers and other systems. Usually the forward-
path gain can change by a large amount due to the variations in the active parameters of the transistors. The
feedback network is usually realized by a passive network, whose gain (or more correctly its attenuation) can
be controlled and stabilized quite accurately by the designer, and one can thus control and stabilize the
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
581
A
c
A
c
1
1 AF
nominal values
A
A
A
c
A
nominal values
A
A
, (8.1.8)
A
c
A
c
100
100,000
( 10) 0.01 %.
A
c 2
99.9.
A
c
A
c
A
c 2
A
c 1
1 100 0.1 %.
closed-loop gain quite accurately.
We next consider the quantitative assessment of the desensitization. Using the definition of (1.11.2),
the per-unit change in the closed-loop gain for small changes in A is
where (A/A) is the per unit change in the forward-path gain, the practical order of which depends on the
technology. The above equation clearly suggests that, if A changes for any reason, the per-unit change in A
c
will be smaller by the factor (1 + AF). Consequently, (1 + AF) is also known as the desensitivity factor.
The reason for the popularity of the high-gain operational amplifiers can be understood from the
equations (8.1.7) and (8.1.8). The op-amp (either a VOA or a CFA) is used as the A-network along with a
feedback network that is typically a passive network. Since the op-amp gain is very high, the loop-gain is also
large (at least in the low frequency range), and the closed-loop gain of such networks is mainly dependent
on F(s) as indicated in (8.1.7). Since F(s) can be adjusted externally by the designer, the closed-loop gain in
an op-amp circuit can be adjusted quite accurately. The very high value of A in an op-amp provides a large
desensitivity factor. Thus, even if the op-amp gain changes by as much as 50%, the change in the closed-loop
gain can be made small. Consider an example to illustrate this point.
Example 8.1 (Design and Analysis)
In a feedback amplifier, assume that A and F are both real constants for simplicity. The nominal value
of A = 100,000. It is needed to have a nominal closed-loop gain of A
c
= 100. Find the required value of F.
Find the expected change in the value of A
c
if A decreases by (a) 10 % and (b) 50 %.
SOLUTION
Using A = 100,000 and A
c
= 100 in (8.1.5), we find that F = 0.00999. If the decrease in A is only 10%,
which is small, we can use (8.1.8) to find the percent change in A
c
. Thus,
When the change in A is 50%, the change is not small, and we cannot use (8.1.8) in a strict sense. Therefore,
the closed-loop gain must be evaluated with each A to find the required change. Let A
c1
and A
c2
be the closed-
loop gains, if A is 100,000 and 50000 respectively. A
c1
= 100. Using (8.1.5) and the value of F,
Therefore, the percentage change in A
c
is
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
582
A
c
( s)
A( s)
1 A( s) F
A
m
s
( s
L
) (1 s/
H
) A
m
Fs
.
A
mc
A
m
1 A
m
F
.
(8.1.11)

Hc
( 1 A
m
F)
H
( A
m
/ A
mc
)
H
, and
Lc

L
/ ( 1 A
m
F) ( A
mc
/ A
m
)
L
.
(8.1.12)
A( s)
A
m
s
( s
L
) ( 1 s/
H
)
.
(8.1.9)
A
c
( s)
A
m
( 1 A
m
F)
s
s
L
/ ( 1 A
m
F) 1 s/ [
H
( 1 A
m
F) ]
.
(8.1.10)
Clearly, the relative changes in the closed-loop gain are very small in comparison to the relative changes in
the value of the forward-path gain because of the negative feedback. One can also find the effects of the
tolerance in open-loop gain on the distribution of the closed-loop gain using PSPICE simulation (see Example
1.9).
2. Bandwidth extension
For simplicity, assume that A(s) has only one low frequency pole at s = -
L
and one high-frequency
pole at s = -
H
. This could be the case of retaining only dominant poles both in the low- and high-frequency
ranges. Incidently, for the particular case of a dc amplifier,
L
may be taken as zero. If the midband gain is
A
m
, the forward-path gain is
Typically
L

H
, and we can assume that the bandwidth of the amplifier is
H
(see 1.8.16)). Let the feedback
factor F be a constant as is typically the case. Then, using (8.1.5),
Using the fact that
L

H
, the closed-loop gain can be written as
From the above expression, we identify the midband gain of the closed-loop amplifier as
Also, the upper and lower 3-dB frequencies of the closed-loop amplifier are:
It is clear form (8.1.11) that the mid-band gain of the closed-loop gain has the same form as that of
(8.1.5), if F is a constant. Besides, we find that the upper 3-dB frequency has increased by the amount of
feedback in the midband and so has the bandwidth. Besides, the lower 3-dB frequency is also reduced by the
factor of (1+A
m
F). The asymptotic plots of the forward-path and the closed-loop gains are shown in Fig. 8.1.3.
Exercise
E8.1. In a feedback amplifier, the nominal value of A = 1000. When the open-loop gain changes by
10%, it is required for the closed-loop to remain within 2%. Find the required value of F and
the corresponding closed-loop gain. Find the expected change in the value of A
c
if A decreases
by (a) 10 % and (b) 50 %. Answers: F = 0.004, A
c
= 200, (a) -2.17%, (b) -16.67%
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
583
Gain Bandwidth product ( GB product ) Mid band or dc Gain( asapplicable) Bandwidth. (8.1.13)
A( s)
10
4
( 1 10
4
s) ( 1 10
5
s) ( 1 10
6
s)
,
A
c
( s)
A( s)
1 A( s) F
100
1 1.1110
6
s 11.110
12
s
2
1010
18
s
3
.
Fig. 8.1.3: Illustration of the bandwidth extension of an amplifier with a constant negative
feedback (F = constant).
(log scale)

Lc

L

H

Hc
Gain in dB
A
A
c
20log(A
mc
)
20log(A
m
)
Observe that the bandwidth extension is achieved with a reduction in the gain.
The Gain-bandwidth (GB) product of an amplifier is
The GB-product of an amplifier without feedback is (A
m

H
). With a constant F, we find that the closed-loop
gain in the midband and the bandwidth are given by (8.1.11) and (8.1.13). The GB-product (A
mc

Hc
) of the
closed-loop amplifier with constant feedback also equals (A
m

H
). Thus, the GB-product is ideally a constant
independent of F and serves as a figure of merit for the basic amplifier. To increase the bandwidth of an
amplifier using the negative feedback, the gain must be correspondingly sacrificed.
Example 8.2
A dc amplifier having a gain of
is used with a feedback network that has F = 0.0099. Find the dc gain and the bandwidth of the closed-loop
amplifier.
SOLUTION
Since there is a dominant-pole at 10 kr/s in the forward-path gain, the bandwidth of the dc amplifier
is 10 kr/s. Using (8.1.5), the closed-loop gain can be found to be
The dc gain of the closed-loop amplifier is 100. From the denominator polynomial of A
c
(s), we find that the
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
584
s 8.901 j 302.46 kr / s , and s 1.092 Mr / s.
X
o
A
1
A
2
X
i
1 A
1
A
2
F
A
2
X
n
1 A
1
A
2
F
.
(8.1.14)
closed-loop poles are:
It is interesting to note that, although the poles of the forward-path gain are real and negative, two poles of
the closed-loop gain are complex-conjugate poles. Since a real dominant pole is not present in the closed-loop
gain, we find using (1.8.8) that
Hc
= 459 kr/s.
Clearly, the bandwidth has increased with negative feedback. However, the increase in the bandwidth
is not by the amount of feedback in the midband (100) in this example. The reason is that the poles of the
closed-loop gain nearest to the origin are not even real, and therefore, the previous theoretical analysis does
not hold in this example.
3. Reduction of noise and distortion
We discussed a scheme in Fig. 6.3.6 to reduce the distortion in the class-AB power amplifier. This
example is a clear illustration of how the negative feedback can be used to reduce the distortion. Let us now
see how the negative feedback can be used to combat the effects of extraneous signals, such as noise,
introduced at an arbitrary point in the forward path of the loop. Consider the block diagram of an amplifier
shown in Fig. 8.1.4. Assume that a noise signal X
n
is added at the input of the amplifier A
2
as shown in this
figure. In terms of the input and noise signals, the output signal X
o
is
The first component of the output signal is due to the input signal to the amplifier whereas the second
component is due to the noise injected in the amplifier. A figure of merit, which is used to assess the noise
performance of an amplifier, is the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). The larger this ratio is at the output, the better
is the amplifier performance. Now, the signal-to-noise ratio of the amplifier output is Hence the ( A
1
X
i
/ X
n
) .
feedback has no direct impact on improving the output (S/N) ratio because this is independent of the feedback
factor F. However, since the amplified signal has a higher magnitude, the (S/N) ratio increases by the A
1
X
i
same amount as that of the amplifier gain A
1
. In the absence of feedback, the signal at the input of the
amplifier A
2
, viz. cannot be increased beyond a certain level to avoid saturation and distortion in its A
1
X
i
,
amplification process. However, with feedback, the strength of signal at the input of amplifier A
2
being
A( s)
10
3
s
( s 100) (1 10
3
s)
2
.
Exercise
E8.2. An amplifier has a gain of
If the feedback factor F = 0.5 is employed, what are the values of the mid-band gain and the
lower and upper 3-dB frequencies of the closed-loop gain?
Answers:
Lc
0.1995 r/s,
Hc
34.73 k r/s.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
585
X
o
A( X
i
X
n
)
1 AF
. (8.1.15)
X
o
AX
i
1 AF
X
n
1 AF
A
c
X
i
( A
c
/ A) X
n
. (8.1.16)
S
N
output
A
X
i
X
n
.
(8.1.17)
can be increased by times (increasing X
i
or A
1
or both) still keeping A
1
X
i
/ ( 1 A
1
A
2
F) , A
1
X
i
( 1 A
1
A
2
F)
the input to the amplifier A
2
within permissible limit.
Let us now consider a feedback amplifier of a given forward path gain of A = A
1
A
2
and see how the
location of the entry of the noise signal affects the output (S/N) ratio in comparison with the ratio of the input
signal to the noise signal. Consider two particular cases:
(a) The noise is additive at the input of the forward path. A
1
= 1, and A
2
= A.
(b) The noise is additive at the output of the forward path. A
1
= A, and A
2
= 1.
In case (a), the output X
o
is
If the noise (or distortion) signal is additive at the input, the noise signal is amplified by the same amount as
the input signal. The (S/N) ratio at the input is (X
i
/X
n
). At the output also, it has the same ratio. There is no
improvement. In case (b), however, we find that
If the additive noise signal occurs in the forward path near the output, the noise component in the output is
reduced by the amount of feedback. The (S/N) ratio at the output is A-times larger than the one in case (a);
i.e.,
Similar considerations are true for the distortion also. If the distortion occurs at the output (such as
in the power amplifier), the harmonic distortion at the output can be reduced by a factor of (A/A
c
) with the
use of negative feedback.
4. Control over Input and Output impedances
Recall that the input impedance increased in the feedback amplifier of Fig. 8.1.1. In Chapter 4, it was
shown that an unbypassed emitter resistance increases the input and output impedances of the CE-amplifier.
Clearly, we can control both the input and output impedances using feedback. We discuss several examples
to illustrate these properties later in this chapter.
Potential Problems of Feedback
There are also some potential problems with feedback. It is clear from the previous two examples that
the negative feedback decreases the overall gain. However, this is not a serious disadvantage. We can add as
many stages as we want to increase the gain because the active devices are inexpensive these days. The
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
586
property of insensitivity of the closed-loop gain outweighs this disadvantage.
The most serious problem in feedback amplifiers is the possibility of undesired oscillations although
the forward-path amplifier may be absolutely stable. As seen from Example 8.2, the closed-loop amplifier
may have complex-conjugate poles. For some higher value of F, the poles may move to the j-axis causing
unforced oscillations to occur in the output. In an amplifier with negative feedback, the feedback signal
generally opposes the original input signal. This may be true at low frequencies. However, although F may
be a constant, A(s) is frequency dependent. Therefore, the phase of the feedback signal at some high
frequency may be such that the feedback signal adds to the original input signal. If so, an output signal at this
frequency may be sustained without the input resulting in oscillations at this frequency. Once the oscillations
start in a circuit, the input will not have any control on the output. This results in an unstable amplifier. We
address the stability problem in Chapter 10.
8.2: FOUR BASIC FEEDBACK TOPOLOGIES
The A- and F-networks are two-port networks, and a feedback amplifier is an interconnection of two
two-port networks. Let their ports on the input signal side have the label , and the ports on the output 1
signal side carry the label . If the input signal is a voltage, the feedback and error signals must also be 2
voltages (see (8.1.6)). To mix these voltages, the ports with the label of the A-network and F-network 1
must be connected in series as shown in Fig. 8.1.1. However, if the currents are to be mixed at the input side,
we have to connect the ports with the label of the two networks in parallel. At the output side, depending 1
on the desired output, we can either sample the output voltage as shown in Fig. 8.1.1 or the output current
to generate the feedback signal. To sample the output voltage, we have to connect the ports with the label 2
of the two networks in parallel. However, to sample the output current, the ports with the label of the A- 2
and F-networks must be connected in series. Therefore, depending on how the input signal and the feedback
signal are combined at the input side and how the output is sampled, the feedback amplifiers are classified
into four different topologies. These four basic configurations, shown in Fig. 8.2.1, are:
(a) Series-Shunt Configuration,
(b) Series-Series Configuration,
(c) Shunt-Shunt Configuration,
and
(d) Shunt-Series Configuration.
In the Series-Shunt configuration, to mix the feedback voltage V
f
with the input source voltage V
s
,
the ports of the amplifier and feedback networks are connected in series. This is the reason for the first 1
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
587
Fig. 8.2.1: Four feedback configurations: (a) Series-Shunt (VCVS), (b) Series-Series (VCCS), (c) Shunt-Shunt
(CCVS), and (d) Shunt-Series (CCCS).
(a)
+
-
A-network
F-network
Z
oc
I
o
Z
L
+
-
V
o
+
-
V
o
+
-
V
f
I
i
I
i
Z
s
Z
ic
V
s
+
-
V
e
1 2
1 2
(b)
+
-
A-network
F-network
Z
oc
I
o
Z
L
+
-
V
o
+
-
V
f
I
i
I
i
Z
s
Z
ic
V
s
+
-
V
e
I
o
1 2
1 2
(c)
A-network
F-network
Z
oc
I
o
Z
L
+
-
V
o
+
-
V
o
I
f
I
e
Z
s
Z
ic
I
s
2 1
1 2
(d)
A-network
F-network
Z
oc
I
o
Z
L
+
-
V
o
I
o
I
f
I
e
Z
s
Z
ic
I
s
2 1
1 2
term "Series" in this name. Port of the F-network is connected in shunt (parallel) with port of the 2 2
A-network to sample the output voltage. This is the reason for the second term "Shunt." The example circuit
of Fig. 8.1.1 belongs to this category. In this configuration, with negative feedback, we found that the input
impedance of the closed-loop amplifier will be the input impedance of the original amplifier R
i
multiplied by
the amount of feedback and will therefore be higher. The output impedance of the closed-loop amplifier will
be the output impedance R
o
of the original amplifier divided by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.
Thus, this type of feedback makes the original amplifier A closer to an ideal voltage-controlled voltage source
(VCVS), or simply, a voltage amplifier. In a Series-Shunt feedback configuration, finding the output voltage
is very convenient. Even if we are interested in finding the output current, we first find the output voltage in
this configuration and then find the output current. Similarly, even if the input source is a non ideal current
source, the current source is converted to a voltage source before carrying out the analysis of a Series-Shunt
configuration.
In the Series-Series topology of Fig. 8.2.1(b), both sets of ports of the A- and F-networks are
connected in series. At the input side, the voltages are mixed. The output current is sampled. Both the input
and output impedances of the closed-loop amplifier will be higher than those of the A-network in a series-
series feedback configuration. Thus, this type of feedback makes the amplifier A closer to an ideal
voltage-controlled current source (VCCS). Therefore, even if we need to find the output voltage across the
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
588
load, we find it convenient to find the output current first in this configuration. The CE-amplifier with an
unbypassed emitter-lead resistor is an example of this type of feedback.
In a Shunt-Shunt configuration, the ports of the A- and F-networks are connected in parallel. 1
There is a current mixing at the input side. Ports are also connected in parallel for the F-network to 2
sample the output voltage as shown in Fig. 8.2.1(c). The Shunt-Shunt configuration can be used to make an
amplifier closer to an ideal current-controlled voltage source (CCVS). With this type of feedback, the input
and output impedances of the closed-loop amplifier will be lower than those of the original amplifier A. For
a convenient analysis of the Shunt-Shunt configuration, the input should be a current, and the output should
be a voltage.
The Shunt-Series feedback, shown in Fig. 8.2.1(d), makes an amplifier closer to an ideal current-
controlled current source (CCCS). The input impedance decreases, and the output impedance increases with
this type of feedback connection. Both the input and output signals are taken as currents in this configuration.
We provide a unified analysis, applicable to all four configurations, in the next section. We also
consider specific examples of feedback amplifiers in the next few sections. Practical amplifiers have finite
and nonzero input and output impedances. In the example circuit of Fig. 8.1.1, the F-network was an ideal
VCVS. However, in a practical amplifier, the F-network is usually a passive network and may load the
amplifier. Therefore, we have to include the loading effects of both A- and F-networks in a practical circuit.
The analysis of these four configurations can be accomplished quite easily with the use of two-port
parameters for the forward-path amplifier as well as the feedback network. An understanding of the two-port
parameters greatly enhances this analysis, and we therefore provide a brief account of their properties and
notations. The port-voltages and port-currents are the variables of interest in a two-port network. The vector-
matrix equations of the four pertinent sets of two-port parameters are listed in Table 8.1. Depending on the
parameter set under use (h, z, y, or g), two of the port variables, one from each port, are considered to be the
inputs or excitations (port currents for example in the z-parametric set) and the other two variables, called
the outputs or responses (port voltages in the z-parametric set) are expressed in terms of the inputs. Each
individual parameter is defined as the ratio of a specific response to a specific input while keeping the other
input zero. Furthermore, each parameter is distinguished by two subscripts first subscript giving the response
location and the second the input location. For example z
12
is the ratio of the voltage response at port to 1
the current excitation in port while the current in port is kept at zero. As pointed out earlier, this 2 1
parameter describes the feedback (reverse transmission) if the transmission from port to port is 1 2
assumed to be a forward transmission. The parameter with a "11" subscript describes the input immittance
(the word immittance is used to mean either an impedance or an admittance) seen at port of a two-port 1
network. The parameter with the "22" subscript describes the input immittance seen at port , and that with 2
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
589
Table 8.2: Properties of the Feedback configurations
Feedback
connection
Appropriate
Two-port
parameter
representation
Input Variable
(source form)
Output
variable
Transfer function
stabilized
Z
ic
Input
Impedance
Z
oc
Output
Impedance
Series-
Shunt
h-parameters Voltage, V
s
(Thevenin)
Voltage, V
o
(V
o
/V
s
) Voltage
transfer function
Increases Decreases
Series-
Series
z-parameters Voltage, V
s
(Thevenin)
Current, I
o
(I
o
/V
s
) Transfer
admittance
Increases Increases
Shunt-
Shunt
y-parameters Current, I
s
(Norton)
Voltage, V
o
(V
o
/I
s
) Transfer
Impedance
Decreases Decreases
Shunt-
Series
g-parameters Current, I
s
(Norton)
Current, I
o
(I
o
/I
s
) Current
transfer function
Decreases Increases
Input variables of A network
X
1A
X
2A
, Output variables of A network
Y
1A
Y
2A
, (8.3.1a)
Table 8.1: Table of Two-port parameters used in analysis of feedback amplifiers.
.
h-parametric
representation
,
=
h
11
h
12
h
21
h
22
V
1
I
2
I
1
V
2
y-parametric
representation
, and
=
y
11
y
12
y
21
y
22
I
1
I
2
V
1
V
2
=
g
11
g
12
g
21
g
22
I
1
V
2
V
1
I
2
g-parametric
representation
=
z
11
z
12
z
21
z
22
V
1
V
2
I
1
I
2
z-parametric
representation
,
a "21" subscript describes the "forward transmission" or the "forward-path gain." These meanings hold for
all the sets of two-port parameters considered here. Now, any set of two-port parameters can be conceivably
used to analyze feedback amplifiers. However, the analysis of a given configuration becomes simplified if
a particular set of two-port parameters suitable for the configuration is used. For example, to analyze a
feedback amplifier with a Series-Shunt configuration, the h-parametric representation of the two networks
is most convenient. Besides, the use of the appropriate set of parameters permits a unified analysis of all the
four configurations. A summary of the properties of the four configurations discussed so far in this section
is given in Table 8.2.
8.3: A UNIFIED ANALYSIS OF ALL FOUR FEEDBACK CONFIGURATIONS
We present a unified analysis of feedback amplifiers in this section applicable to all four
configurations and obtain the expressions for the closed-loop gain, and the input and output immittances of
the feedback amplifiers. Using the vector-matrix equations to describe the A- and F-networks in terms of their
two-port parameters is very convenient. Let the input and output variables of A- and F-networks be
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
590
R
i
V
1
I
1
I
2
0
, A
v
V
2
V
1
I
2
0
and R
o
V
2
I
2
V
1
0
.
y
11
476.210
6
( 1 11010
9
s)
( 1 5.32810
9
s)
S, y
12
4.76210
12
s
( 1 5.32810
9
s)
S,
y
21
( 38.110
3
4.76210
12
s)
( 1 5.32810
9
s)
S, and y
22
( 20010
6
25.110
12
s 23.8110
21
s
2
)
( 1 5.32810
9
s)
S.
Fig. E8.3.
5 k
20 k
10
4
V
X
+
-
V
2
+ - V
X
I
2
+
-
V
1
100 k
I
1
+
-
180 k
1 k
R
i
R
o
Fig. E8.5.
5 k
2 k 40msV
X
+
-
V
2
5 pF
50 pF
+
-
V
X
I
2
+
-
V
1
100
I
1
Exercise
E8.3. Find the h-parameters of the two-port network shown in Fig. E8.3.
Answers: h
11
= 118 k, h
12
= 0.1 V/V, h
21
= -10
6
A/A, h
22
= 1.205 mS.
E8.4. Use the h-parameters of the two-port network of Fig. E8.3 and find the input resistance, overall
gain, and the output resistance defined as follows:
Answers: R
i
= 83.1 M, A
v
= 9.986 V/V, R
o
= 1.178 .
E8.5. Show that the y-parameters of the two-port network shown in Fig. E8.5 are
E8.6. The g-parameters of a two-port amplifier are: g
11
= 10 S, g
12
= -0.01 A/A, g
21
= 1 V/V, g
22
=
25 . The output port is terminated 1- k resistor. Find the input resistance and the overall
voltage gain. Answers: R
i
= 50.62 k, A
v
= 0.9756 V/V
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
591
Input variables of F network
X
1F
X
2F
, and Output variables of F network
Y
1F
Y
2F
. (8.3.1b)
p
11A
p
12A
p
21A
p
22A
, and
p
11F
p
12F
p
21F
p
22F
, (8.3.2)
Y
1A
Y
2A
p
11A
p
12A
p
21A
p
22A
X
1A
X
2A
, and
Y
1F
Y
2F
p
11F
p
12F
p
21F
p
22F
X
1F
X
2F
. (8.3.3)
In the above equations, X and Y represent the port-voltages and port-currents (see Table 8.1). The subscripts
1 and 2 in the above variables refer to ports and respectively. Using the generalized symbol p for the 1 2
two-port parameters, we can describe the two-port parameters of the two networks as follows:
where ps represents h-, z-, y-, or g-parameters as appropriate to the feedback configuration. Using the
definitions of (8.3.1) and (8.3.2), the input-output descriptions of the A- and F-networks are
An ideal amplifier is one in which only the forward transmission parameter p
21A
is nonzero. Thus, all
other parameters of the A-network should ideally be zero, i.e., p
21A
0, and p
11A
= p
22A
= p
12A
= 0. However,
in a practical amplifier, the other parameters may be nonzero. While the immittances p
11A
and p
22A
represent
the loading effects, p
12A
represents the reverse transmission (feedback) that is internal in the amplifier.
Similarly, in an ideal feedback network, only the reverse transmission parameter p
12F
that represents the
feedback should be nonzero (p
12F
0), and the other parameters should be zero. The feedback network,
usually being a passive network, causes additional loading through the immittances p
11F
and p
22F
at the input
and output ports respectively, and these loading effects should be included in the analysis. The reverse
transmission (feedback) through the amplifier is usually absent or negligible in comparison to the one through
the feedback network, i.e., usually p
12A
p
12F
. Therefore, for now, we will ignore the reverse transmission
through the amplifier by setting p
12A
= 0. We suggest a simple modification later to account for p
12A
, if it is
not negligible.
For a feedback amplifier configuration, the choice of the parametric representation is determined by
p
12F
appropriate to the type of feedback employed. For example, in a Series-Shunt configuration, the reverse
transmission should be a voltage ratio. Since h
12
is the only two-port parameter that stands for this voltage
ratio, we need to use the h-parametric representation to analyze this feedback configuration. With this
preliminary background on the two-port parameters of the A- and F-networks, we proceed to develop the
required equations for the closed-loop parameters in terms of the generalized parameters that will be
applicable to all four configurations.
We use the specific example of the Series-Shunt configuration to illustrate this general development
in this section. The interconnection of the A- and F-networks in a Series-Shunt configuration is shown Fig.
8.3.1 using the h-parametric representation of the two networks, where the internal feedback (i.e., in the A-
network) is assumed to be zero. In this configuration, we identify that
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
592
X
1A
X
1F
I
i
, X
2A
X
2F
V
o
, Y
1A
V
e
, Y
1F
V
f
, Y
2A
I
oA
, and Y
2F
I
oF
.
(8.3.4)
V
i
V
e
V
f
Y
1A
Y
1F
Y
1
, and I
o
I
oA
I
oF
Y
2A
Y
2F
Y
2
.
(8.3.5)
Y
1
Y
2
( p
11A
p
11F
) p
12F
( p
21A
p
21A
) ( p
22A
p
22F
)
X
1
X
2
p
11T
p
12F
p
21T
p
22T
X
1
X
2
, (8.3.6)
p
i j T
p
i j A
p
i j F
, i , j 1,2.
(8.3.7)
Y
s
Y
1
X
1
W
S
, and Y
2
X
2
W
L
,
(8.3.8)
Fig. 8.3.1: The equivalent circuit of Series-Shunt configuration using the h-parameters of the
A- and F-networks.
h
11A
h
21A
I
i
h
22A
1
+
-
h
12F
V
o
h
11F
h
21F
I
i
F-network
h
22F
1
Z
ic
Z
s
+
-
I
i
I
i
V
s
Z
oc
I
o
+
-
V
o
Z
L
+
-
V
e
A-network
I
oA
I
oF
+
-
V
i
+
-
V
f
+
-
V
o
While the inputs of the two networks are equal, the responses of the two networks add because
This property is not only true in this configuration but in the other three configurations as well, if the
appropriate two-port representation is used. Defining X
1
X
1A
= X
1F
, and X
2
X
2A
= X
2F
, we have
where
The equation (8.3.6) implies that the feedback amplifier can be represented with a single two-port network,
where the two-port parameters can be obtained by simply adding the respective two-port parameters of the
A- and F-networks. That the parameters of the A- and F-networks become additive in the combined network
underlines the appropriateness of choosing a specific set of two-port parameters to analyze a particular
feedback configuration. The implementation of (8.3.6) for the Series-Shunt configuration results in a
simplified equivalent circuit of Fig. 8.3.2. Now, the input-output relationships can be obtained quite easily
by adding two more constraints. Let W
S
and W
L
represent the source and load immittances (for example: W
S
= Z
S
and W
L
= Y
L
in the Series-Shunt configuration). Then, we have the following constraints:
where Y
s
is the input signal to the feedback amplifier, and X
2
is the output signal (for example: Y
s
= V
s
, and
X
2
= V
o
, and Y
2
= I
o
in the Series-Shunt configuration). Using (8.3.8) in (8.3.6) and rearranging,
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
593
Y
s
0
( p
11T
W
S
) p
12F
p
21T
( p
22T
W
L
)
X
1
X
2
. (8.3.9)
X
1
X
2
1
[ ( p
11T
W
S
) ( p
22T
W
L
) p
12F
p
21T
]
( p
22T
W
L
) p
12F
p
21T
( p
11T
W
S
)
Y
s
0
, (8.3.10)
A
c
X
2
Y
s
p
21T
[ ( p
11T
W
S
) ( p
22T
W
L
) p
12F
p
21T
]
.
(8.3.11)
F p
12F
,
(8.3.12)
A A
c
F 0
X
2
Y
s
F 0
p
21T
( p
11T
W
S
) ( p
22T
W
L
)
.
(8.3.13)
F h
12F
,
(8.3.14)
A
V
o
V
s
F 0
h
21T
( h
11T
Z
s
) ( h
22T
Y
L
)
.
(8.3.15)
Fig. 8.3.2: A simplified equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in Fig. 8.3.1.
+
-
h
12F
V
o
h
11T
h
21T
I
i
h
22T
1
Z
ic
Z
s
+
-
I
i
V
s
Z
oc
I
o
+
-
V
o
Z
L
+
-
V
i
Solving the above matrix-equation,
The output being X
2
, the closed-loop gain is
Since the feedback factor is
the forward-path gain is then found by setting F = p
12F
= 0, and thus
For the Series-Shunt configuration, the feedback factor is
and the forward-path gain is
Since the A-network is unilateral, the forward-path gain can also be found by directly evaluating (V
oA
/V
s
)
using the circuit of Fig. 8.3.3 in which F = h
12F
has been set to zero. This means that we do not need to
evaluate the h-parameters of the amplifier. This is one of the powerful advantages of using the feedback
concept. As the currents and voltages in this network are different from those in the circuit of Fig. 8.3.1, we
use I
iA
, V
oA
, and I
oA
in this circuit.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
594
A
c
A
1 AF
.
(8.3.16)
R
Leff
( R
L
R
E
r
o
) W
L
.
F g
12
i
i
i
x
v
i
0
1

dc
1
.
Fig. 8.3.3: The equivalent circuit to find the parameters A, Z
iA
, and Z
oA
of a Series-Shunt
feedback amplifier.
A-network
h
11F
Z
s
+
-
V
s
+
-
Z
L
I
oA
h
22F
1
V
oA
I
iA
h
21F
I
iA
Z
iA
Y
oA
+
-
V
iA
Using the definitions of (8.3.13) and (8.3.12) for the forward-path gain and the feedback factor, the
closed-loop gain A
c
of (8.3.11) becomes the following familiar equation:
Consider an example illustrating the process of finding the overall gain of an amplifier using the feedback
concept.
Example 8.3
Consider the small-signal equivalent circuit of the emitter-follower of Fig. 4.8.5 that has been
reproduced here in Fig. 8.3.4(a). Find the overall gain A
vs
= (v
o
/v
s
).
SOLUTION
The controlled current source samples the current i
x
and is connected in parallel at the input side. If

dc
as in an ideal BJT, this feedback will be absent. Since the feedback factor is a current ratio, the g-
parametric representation is appropriate in this case. Therefore, it is convenient to consider this amplifier as
a current-controlled current source (CCCS) for the purpose of analysis. Of course, we can obtain the voltage
gain after finding the current gain (i
x
/i
s
). The previous feedback analysis can be used to find current gain.
Since i
x
is the output, we define an effective load of
Also, we identify that W
S
= (1/R
S
) = G
S
.
The feedback parameter is
Suppressing the feedback, the network to find A is shown in Fig. 8.3.4(b). Once the feedback (reverse
transmission) is suppressed, the circuit becomes a unilateral circuit. By the inspection,
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
595
v
iA
i
s
( G
s
G
B
)
, and i
xA
v
iA
( r
e
R
Leff
)
i
s
( G
s
G
B
) ( r
e
R
Leff
)
.
A
i
xA
i
s
1
( G
B
G
S
) ( R
Leff
r
e
)
.
A
c
i
x
i
s
A
1 AF
(
dc
1)
1 (
dc
1) ( G
B
G
S
) ( R
Leff
r
e
)
.
A
vs
v
o
v
s
R
Leff
R
S
A
c
(
dc
1) R
Leff
R
S
(
dc
1) ( 1 R
S
/ R
B
) ( R
Leff
r
e
)
.
Fig. 8.3.4: (a) The SS-equivalent circuit of the voltage-follower of Fig. 3.8.5 using the
CC-model, and (b) the circuit with the feedback suppressed (modified
A-network).
(a)
e
c
+
-
1v
i
r
e
R
E
v
i
R
s
R
B
R
i
i
i
b
R
L
+v
o
R
o
r
o
i
x
v
s
R
s
i
s
=
i
o
i
x

dc
+1
+
-
R
oe
(b)
c
+
-
1v
iA
r
e
v
iA
R
s
R
B
i
iA
R
Leff
i
xA
v
s
R
s
i
s
=
+
-
G
s
+G
iA
R
oA
+R
Leff
Therefore, the forward-path gain is
Using (8.3.16), the overall (closed-loop) gain of the amplifier of Fig. 8.3.4 is
Next, using the facts that v
s
= (i
s
R
S
) and v
o
= -(i
x
R
Leff
) in the above equation,
We can show that the voltage gain A
vs
would be the same as that obtained in Section 4.8 for this amplifier
once we express the above in terms of the input resistance of the amplifier. Observe the simplicity of the
present analysis.
We obtain the expressions for the input and output immittances next. The input immittance is
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
596
W
ic
Y
1
X
1
Y
s
X
1
W
S
[ ( p
11T
W
S
) ( p
22T
W
L
) p
12F
p
21T
]
( p
22T
W
L
)
W
S
( p
11T
W
S
) ( 1 A F) W
S
.
W
ic
( p
11T
W
S
) ( A/ A
c
) W
S
.
(8.3.17)
W
oc
Y
2
X
2
Y
s
0
p
21T
X
1
p
22T
X
2
X
2
Y
s
0
p
22T
p
21T
X
1
X
2
Y
s
0
( p
11T
W
S
) X
1
p
12F
X
2
0,
X
1
X
2
p
12F
( p
11T
W
S
)
.
W
oc
p
22T
p
12F
p
21T
( p
11T
W
S
)
( p
22T
W
L
) ( 1 A F) W
L
( p
22T
W
L
) ( A/ A
c
) W
L
(8.3.18)
Z
ic
( h
11T
Z
S
) ( A/ A
c
) Z
S
, and Y
oc
( h
22T
Y
L
) ( A/ A
c
) Y
L
.
Z
ic
( Z
iA
Z
S
) ( A/ A
c
) Z
S
, and Y
oc
( Y
oA
Y
L
) ( A/ A
c
) Y
L
.
(8.3.19)
W
ic
( W
iA
W
S
) ( A/ A
c
) W
S
, and W
oc
( W
oA
W
L
) ( A/ A
c
) W
L
.
(8.3.20)
Z
iA
Z
s
V
iA
I
iA
V
oA
0
, and Y
oA
Y
L
I
oA
V
oA
I
iA
0
(8.3.21)
Since (1+AF) = (A/A
c
),
If the ports of the A- and F-networks are connected in series at the input, W
ic
, W
S
, and p
11T
are impedances,
and in a parallel connection, all these parameters are admittances.
Next, the output immittance is
If Y
s
= 0,
Using the above result in the previous equation,
If the ports of the A- and F-networks are connected in series (parallel) at the output side, W
L
, p
22T
, and W
oc
are
all impedances (admittances). For example, in the Series-Shunt configuration, the input immittance is an
impedance while the output immittance is an admittance. Applying (8.3.17) and (8.3.18) to the Series-Shunt
topology,
Observe that h
11T
and h
22T
are nothing but the input impedance Z
iA
and the output admittance Y
oA
of the A-
network shown in Fig. 8.3.3. Using these familiar parameters for the Series-Shunt topology,
Reverting again to the general case, defining the input and output immittances of p
11T
= W
iA
and p
22T
= W
oA
,
Again, one does not need the individual two-port parameters of the amplifier because, in a unilateral
amplifier, both W
iA
and W
oA
can be found almost by inspection.
We can also find (Z
iA
+ Z
s
) and (Y
oA
+ Y
L
) by applying the following the formal definitions to the
circuit shown in Fig. 8.3.5:
The network of Fig. 8.3.5 is the same as that of Fig. 8.3.3 except for the introduction of the independent
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
597
shunt ( voltage) port voltage short circuit admittance,
and
series ( current) port current open circuit impedance.
(8.3.22)
G
i
G
ic
( G
B
G
S
)
[ 1 (
dc
1) ( G
B
G
S
) ( R
Leff
r
e
) ]
(
dc
1) ( G
B
G
S
) ( R
Leff
r
e
)
G
S
G
B
1
(
dc
1) ( R
Leff
r
e
)
.
R
i
R
ic
[ R
B
(
dc
1) ( R
Leff
r
e
) ],
Fig. 8.3.5: The circuit to find Z
iA
+ Z
s
and Y
oA
+ Y
L
in a Series-Shunt feedback amplifier.
A-network
h
11F
Z
s
+
-
I
iA
Z
L
I
oA
V
iA
+
-
V
oA
h
22F
1
h
21F
I
1
sources I
iA
and V
oA
to conceptualize the definitions of the driving point immittances (h
11T
+Z
s
) and (h
22T
+Y
L
).
Recall that the modified A-network is a unilateral network. Therefore, (Z
iA
+Z
s
) can be found by inspection
of the circuit provided in Fig. 8.3.3. When the input current I
iA
is set to zero to find (Y
oA
+Y
L
), the controlled
sources representing the forward transmissions on the output side become dead. Therefore, only passive
elements will exist on the output side also. Hence, one can obtain the admittance (Y
oA
+Y
L
) also by inspection
directly from the modified A-network without having to analyze the network of Fig. 8.3.5.
The foregoing conclusions are true in all four configurations. It is however important to use proper
terminations while the driving-point immittances of the modified A-network. If we designate a port of this
network as a shunted port or a series port depending on the mode of its connection with a port of the feedback
network, then we can frame the following rules:
The driving-point immittance of the modified A-network is an admittance if the connection at the port
is a shunt connection and is an impedance if the ports are connected in series. Furthermore, for determining
these driving-point immittances, the other port is shorted if the other port is a shunt port and is open-circuited
(severed) if it is a series port. So, in summary, it is worth remembering the following associated words:
Consider the voltage-follower of Fig. 8.3.4(a) earlier in Example 8.3 again. Since this is a Shunt-
Series configuration, to find the input admittance G
i
and output impedance R
o
in this amplifier, we need (G
iA
+G
S
) and (R
oA
+R
Leff
) from the modified A-network of Fig. 8.3.4(b). They can be easily identified from the
circuit as (G
s
+G
B
) and (r
e
+R
Leff
) respectively. We can use these parameters, and the forward-path and closed-
loop gains in (8.3.20) and find the input conductance and output resistances. First,
Therefore,
which is identical to that given by (4.8.13). Next,
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
3
See Section 17.9 of Richard C. Dorf and James A. Svoboda, Introduction to Electric Circuits, 5
th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
598
R
o
( r
e
R
Leff
)
[ 1 (
dc
1) ( G
B
G
S
) ( R
Leff
r
e
) ]
(
dc
1) ( G
B
G
S
) ( R
Leff
r
e
)
R
Leff
r
e
1
(
dc
1) ( G
B
G
S
)
r
e
( R
B
R
S
) / (
dc
1) ,
F p
12A
.
(8.3.23)
A, W
iA
, and W
oA
.
(8.3.24)
A
A
1 AF
, W
iA
( W
iA
W
s
)
A
A
W
s
, and W
oA
( W
oA
W
L
)
A
A
W
L
.
(8.3.25)
A A, W
iA
W
iA
, and W
oA
W
oA
.
(8.3.26)
which is identical to one obtained in (4.8.12). Observe that, although we did not use the two-port parameters
explicitly, we did use the two-port concepts developed earlier.
We observed earlier that the appropriate two-port parameters of the A- and F-networks add to give
the parameters of the overall network. A word of caution is necessary at this point. This result is valid only
if the port principles continue to be valid in the combined network. In a series-connection, for instance, the
currents flowing into the port of the A-network must be the same as the current flowing into the port of the
F-network. If this is not the case, the terminal relations defined in terms of the pertinent parameters for a two-
port network may not be valid when it is interconnected
3
. Fortunately, in most amplifier networks, it is either
true or approximately true. Nevertheless, it is important and useful to keep this in mind and examine the
topology of an interconnection of the A- and F-networks.
We assumed so far that the internal feedback is absent or negligible in comparison to the external
feedback. If the A-network has an internal feedback that cannot be ignored, one can use a two-step process
and determine A, W
iA
, and W
oA
that includes the influence of the internal feedback. Since the formulas
obtained earlier are independent of whether the feedback is internal or external, the same set of formulas can
be used to account for the internal feedback. Assume that the internal feedback is
We can suppress internal feedback in the A-network and find the following auxiliary forward-path gain, and
the input and output immittances
using the same process that we discussed earlier. Then, the parameters A, W
iA
, and W
oA
that include the
influence of the internal feedback can be found first using
Then, we can use the equations of (8.3.16) and (8.3.20) and find the closed-loop parameters that include the
external feedback. Observe that, if p
12A
=F 0,
In such a case, we need only one step process to find the closed-loop parameters.
Steps for the analysis of Feedback Amplifiers
We have now completed the discussion of all the steps required to find the gain, the input and output
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
599
F p
12F
.
A
d
( s)
10
4
1 0.01s
,
Fig. 8.3.6: A noninverting amplifier using an op amp considered in Example 8.4.
+
-
+
-
R
2
R
1
R
s
= 10 k
R
L
= 2 k
V
s
A
d
+
-
V
f
+
-
V
o
immittances of feedback amplifiers and illustrated their use for the analysis of the Series-Shunt feedback
amplifier as a specific example. The steps are summarized below.
1. Find the two-port parameters p
11F
, p
12F
, p
21F
, and p
22F
of the F-network that are appropriate to the
feedback configuration. Identify the reverse transmission parameter as the feedback factor, i.e., set
2. Connect the two-port equivalent of the F-network to the A-network and suppress the feedback.
Although it does not add any complexity to the analysis process, the forward transmission of the F-
network can also be ignored as an approximation. Find the forward-path gain A of this modified A-
network with feedback suppressed (see (8.3.11) and (8.3.13)).
3. Find the input and output immittances of the modified A-network. Including the source and load
immittances in this step is usually convenient as illustrated for the case of the Series-Shunt
configuration in Fig. 8.3.5.
4. Find the closed-loop gain and the input and output immittances of the feedback amplifiers using
(8.3.16) and (8.3.20). If the internal feedback cannot be neglected, use the two-step process suggested
earlier.
Example 8.4 (Design and Analysis)
The circuit shown in Fig. 8.3.6 is the same noninverting amplifier circuit designed in Example 1.7
and analyzed in Example 1.8. However, the source and load resistors have been added in this circuit. Using
the feedback concept and assuming that the VOA is ideal, design the amplifier with a closed-loop dc gain of
10. A practical op-amp (VOA) has finite gain, finite input impedance, and nonzero output impedance. If the
op-amp has a differential-mode gain of
a finite differential-mode input resistance of R
id
= 100 k, and an output resistance of R
o
= 100 , find the
gain and the input and output impedances of the designed closed-loop amplifier.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
600
h
11F
V
f
I
1
V
o
0
( R
1
R
2
) , F h
12F
V
f
V
o
I
1
0
R
1
R
2
R
1
, h
21F
I
2
I
1
V
o
0
R
1
R
2
R
1
,
h
22F
I
2
V
o
I
1
0
1
R
2
R
1
.
Fig. 8.3.8: The circuit to find A, Z
iA
+ R
s
, and Y
oA
+ G
L
in Example 8.4.
+
-
R
s
= 10 k
R
L
= 2 k
V
s A
d
V
d
+
-
+
-
R
o
+
-
V
d
R
id
V
oA
h
11F
= (R
1
R
2
)
= (R
1
+R
2
)
h
22F
1
I
iA
h
21F
I
iA
Y
oA
+

G
L
Z
iA
+

R
s
I
oA
Fig. 8.3.7: (a) The equivalent circuit of the feedback amplifier of Fig. 8.3.6 and (b) the
feedback network of the amplifier.
(b)
R
2
R
1
+
-
V
f
+
-
V
o
I
1
I
2
(a)
+
-
R
s
= 10 k
R
L
= 2k V
s
A
d
V
d
+
-
V
o
+
-
R
o
+
-
V
d
R
id
R
2
R
1
+
-
V
f
SOLUTION
The equivalent circuit of the closed-loop amplifier is shown in Fig. 8.3.7(a), where the op-amp has
been replaced with its model having a finite gain, finite input resistance, and the nonzero output resistance.
On the output side, the ground terminal is the common terminal between the A- and F-networks. Therefore,
this circuit has a Series-Shunt feedback configuration. The F-network is shown separately in Fig. 8.3.7(b).
Following the step (1), we first find the h-parameters for the F-network of Fig. 8.3.7(b). They are:
and
Connecting the two-port equivalent of the feedback network and setting the feedback F to zero, the
network of Fig. 8.3.8 results. No internal feedback exists in this amplifier. From this network, by inspection,
we first find that
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
601
I
iA
V
s
( R
s
R
id
h
11F
)
, and V
d
R
id
V
s
( R
s
R
id
h
11F
)
,
V
oA
( G
o
A
d
V
d
h
21F
I
iA
)
( G
o
G
L
h
22F
)
.
A( s)
V
oA
V
s
1
( R
s
R
i d
h
11F
)
( G
o
R
id
A
d
h
21F
)
( G
o
G
L
h
22F
)
.
(8.3.27)
A
c
( 1 / F) 1 ( R
2
/ R
1
) .
(8.3.28)
( R
2
/ R
1
) 9 .
A(s)
8478.2 ( 1 10010
12
s)
( 1 0.01s)
.
A(s)
8478.2
( 1 0.01s)
.
A
c
A
1 AF
9.988
1 11.7810
6
s
.
Using KCL at the output node,
Substituting for I
iA
and V
d
in the above equation and solving for V
oA
in terms of V
s
, we obtain the forward-path
gain of
If the op-amp is ideal, A
d
, (AF) , and the closed-loop gain is
This equation is identical to (1.10.20). If the closed-loop gain is required to be 10, then the resistance ratio
must satisfy that
We can choose the standard resistors of which are the same values chosen R
1
2 k, and R
2
18 k,
in Example 1.7. This completes the design. At this point, we should emphasize the power of the feedback
concept. The design process became simplified if (AF) is assumed to be very high. We will use this fact very
often in the future designs also.
Let us now find the parameters of the designed feedback amplifier including the characteristics of
the practical op-amp. Using the selected resistance values and the op-amp's parameters in (8.3.27),
There is a dominant pole at s = -100 r/s. The high frequency zero at s = -10 Gr/s is due to the forward-
transmission h
21F
of the feedback network and can be ignored for all practical purposes. This implies that the
forward transmission through the feedback network could have been ignored. Ignoring this zero,
Using the above A and the feedback factor F in (8.3.16),
The dc gain is 9.988 that is very close to the design specification of 10 even with loading effects. The
bandwidth of the closed-loop amplifier is This is indeed equal to [(1 + A
o
F)
H
]. The
Hc
84.89 kr / s.
frequency responses of the op-amp A
d
and the closed-loop gain A
c
are shown in Fig. 8.3.9. Clearly, with the
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
602
Z
iA
Z
s
V
s
I
iA
V
oA
0
111.8 k, and Y
oA
G
L
I
oA
V
oA
I
iA
0
10.55 mS.
Z
ic
( Z
iA
Z
s
) ( A/ A
c
) Z
s
94.9( 1 10.7310
6
s)
1 0.01s
M,
Y
oc
( Y
oA
Y
L
) ( A/ A
c
) Y
L
8.955( 1 11.2210
6
s)
1 0.01s
S.
Z
oc
1
Y
oc
0.112( 1 0.01s)
( 1 11.2210
6
s)
.
Fig. 8.3.9: Magnitude responses of A
d
and A
c
in the Example 8.4
Frequency in r/s (log scale)
G
a
i
n

i
n

d
B
10 100 1.0K 10K 100K 1.0M
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Op-amp's
Magnitude
response
(100.000,76.989)
(84.658K,16.991)
Magnitude
response of
the Amplifier
negative feedback, the bandwidth has increased along with the reduction in the dc gain.
By the inspection of the circuit of Fig. 8.3.8, we find that
Using the calculated values of the various parameters in (8.3.20) (or (8.3.19) for this topology),
and
The output impedance is
Although the input and output impedances of the op-amp are real, the closed-loop amplifier has
frequency dependent impedances because of the op-amps frequency dependent gain. The magnitude plots
of the input and output impedances are shown in Fig. 8.3.10. We find that the input (output) impedance of
the closed-loop amplifier is high (low) at low frequencies as expected. With a series-shunt feedback, the
closed-loop amplifier behaves nearly as an ideal VCVS; however, as the operating frequency increases, the
input impedance decreases and the output impedance increases. Indeed, the input impedance can be modeled
by a parallel combination of a resistance and a capacitance in the useful frequency range from dc to
Hc
.
Similarly, the output impedance can be modeled by a series combination of a resistance and an inductance
in the same frequency range.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
603
F z
12F
.
(8.4.1)
Fig. 8.3.10: Magnitude responses of input and output impedances of the noninverting
amplifier in Example 8.4.
I
n
p
u
t

i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

i
n


(
l
o
g

s
c
a
l
e
)
Frequency in r/s (log scale)
O
u
t
p
u
t

i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

i
n


(
l
o
g

s
c
a
l
e
)
10 100 1.0 K 10 K 100 K 1.0 M
100 K
1.0 M
10 M
100 M
0.1
1.0
10
100
101.8 k
94.9 M
0.112
99.5
8.4: SERIES-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
We consider the Series-Series feedback configuration in this section. In a Series-Series configuration,
the feedback network samples the output current I
o
and produces a feedback voltage V
f
. The feedback voltage
modifies the input voltage. F should be clearly a transfer impedance, and thus
For A and F to have inverse dimensions, A should be a transfer admittance. The closed-loop gain A
c
is the
transfer admittance (I
o
/V
s
). Therefore, the input must be a voltage, and the output must be a current in this
configuration. We should use the z-parametric representation. Therefore, the Series-Series configuration using
the z-parametric representation of the A- and F- networks is shown in Fig. 8.4.1.
Suppressing the feedback, the modified A-network is shown in Fig. 8.4.2. One can find the forward-
path gain using the definition of
Exercise
E8.7. In the amplifier of Fig 8.3.6, the VOA is replaced with a CFA (see the model of Fig. 1.10.12
reproduced here in Fig. 8.5.3). Ignore the input capacitor C
i
for now. The parameters of the
CFA are: R
x
= 50 , R
i
= 1 M, Z
t
= 900 k, and R
o
= 15 . Also, R
1
= R
2
= 820 . Find the
amplifier parameters of the closed-loop amplifier using the feedback concept. Observe that
input resistance of the closed-loop amplifier is not affected by the feedback in this case.
Answers: A
c
= 1.9979 V/V, R
o
= 0.0155 , R
i
= 1 M,.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
604
A
I
oA
V
s
.
(8.4.2)
Z
iA
Z
s
V
iA
I
iA
I
oA
0
, and Z
oA
Z
L
V
oA
I
oA
I
iA
0
(8.4.3)
Fig. 8.4.1: The equivalent circuit of Series-Series configuration using the z-parameters of the
A- and F-networks.
+
-
z
12F
I
o
z
11F
F-network
Z
ic
Z
s
+
-
I
i
I
i
V
s
Z
oc
I
o
+
-
V
o
+
-
V
oF
Z
L
+
-
V
f
+
-
V
e
I
oA
I
oF
+
-
V
i
+
-
z
21F
I
i
+
-
V
oA
z
22F
A-network
Fig. 8.4.2: The circuit to find the forward-path gain A, (Z
iA
+Z
s
), and (Z
oA
+Z
L
) of a Series-Series
feedback amplifier.
Z
s
+
-
V
s
Z
L
I
oA
z
11F
z
22F
I
iA
+
-
z
21F
I
iA
A-network
Z
iA
+Z
s
Z
oA
+Z
L
from this network. The open-circuit input and output impedances (Z
iA
+Z
s
) and (Z
oA
+Z
L
) can be found by
applying the following formal definitions
to the circuit of Fig. 8.4.2. We should sever the output (current) port to find (Z
oA
+Z
L
).
One should note that (Z
iA
+Z
s
) is not necessarily the same (Z
iA
+Z
s
) found in the Series-Shunt topology
because the terminating conditions of the output ports are different. However, since the feedback is absent
and the modified A-network is a unilateral network, they should be the same because the terminating
condition of the output port has no effect at the input. If there is internal feedback, one should use the two-
step process. When we suppress the internal feedback, the situation is the same, and the terminating condition
at the output port has no influence at the input port. Once we find A, F, and the impedance parameters, we
can find the parameters of the closed-loop amplifier using
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
605
A
c
I
o
V
s
A
1 AF
, Z
ic
( Z
iA
Z
s
) ( A/ A
c
) Z
s
, and Z
oc
( Z
oA
Z
L
) ( A/ A
c
) Z
L
.
(8.4.4)
z
11F
R
E
, z
22F
R
E
, z
21F
R
E
, and F z
12F
R
E
.
(8.4.5)
A
c
I
o
V
s
( V
o
/ R
L
)
V
s
10
4.7
2.128 mS.
(8.4.6)
Fig. 8.4.3: A CE-amplifier with an unbypassed emitter resistor designed in Example 8.5, and its
small-signal equivalent circuit.
+
-
4.7 k
Q
+V
o
R
s
= 1k
R
E
V
s
-12 V
1 mA
+12 V
+
- I
i
I
o
R
E
F-network
r

R
s
= 1 k
V
s

dc
I
i
+
-
V
o
R
L
=
4.7 k
I
i
=

I
b
I
o
= I
c
r
o
Example 8.5 (Design and Analysis)
In the CE-amplifier shown in Fig. 8.4.3, the -value of the BJT may range from 100 to 300 with
Gaussian distribution and V
A
= 100 V. Assume that the nominal value of is the average of the extreme
values of . It is required to obtain a midband voltage gain of (V
o
/V
s
) = -10 V/V 10%. Find the value of R
E
and verify if the specifications are met. Find the input and output impedances of the design.
The resistors have 5% tolerance with Gaussian distribution. Find the distribution of the midband
voltage gain using PSPICE simulation and the expected minimum, maximum, and mean values of the open-
loop voltage gain without feedback (R
E
= 0) and the closed-loop gain with feedback.
SOLUTION
Assume that the transistor operates in the active mode. Otherwise, the circuit cannot be an amplifier.
The small-signal equivalent circuit in the midband is also shown in Fig. 8.4.3. As far as the amplifier is
concerned, the input-port current is I
i
= I
b
, and the output-port current is I
o
= I
c
. However, the current through
R
E
is I
e
. Since I
e
= I
b
+ I
c
, assume that I
e
splits into I
b
and I
c
again at the emitter node, and the F-network is a
two-port formed by the single element R
E
. Clearly, this is a Series-Series feedback configuration. Separating
the F-network, we find that
The nominal value of the closed-loop gain should be the transfer admittance of
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
606
r

5.67 k, and r
o
108.5 k.
I
iA
V
s
R
s
r

R
E
.
( R
L
R
E
) I
oA
R
E
I
iA
( I
oA

dc
I
iA
) r
o
0.
A
I
oA
V
s
(
dc
r
o
R
E
)
( R
s
r

R
E
) ( r
o
R
E
R
L
)

dc
r
o
( R
s
r

R
E
) ( r
o
R
E
R
L
)
(8.4.7)
F R
E
1
A
c
1
A
1
2.128 mS
( R
s
r

R
E
) ( r
o
R
E
R
L
)

dc
r
o
.
Fig. 8.4.4: The equivalent circuit to find the forward-path gain A, (Z
iA
+R
s
), and (Z
oA
+R
L
)
in Example 8.5.
R
s
= 1 k
+
-
V
s
R
L
= 4.7 k
I
oA
r


dc
I
iA
z
11F
= R
E
I
iA
z
22F
= R
E
r
o
+
-
R
E
I
iA
Z
iA
+

R
s
Z
oA
+

R
L
If AF 1, then A
c
(1/F). This means that R
E
= z
12F
= F should be close to (1/A
c
) = 0.47 k.
We will now proceed to find the accurate value of R
E
. To do this, we need the forward-path gain.
With the nominal value of = 200, the collector bias current is approximately 0.995 mA. Then, we find that
V
CB
7.3 V > 0, and V
CE
8 V.
dc
216. The BJT operates in the active mode. Also,
The small-signal equivalent circuit to find the forward-path gain and the impedance parameters is obtained
by suppressing the feedback as shown in Fig. 8.4.4. By inspection of the input side,
Using KVL on the outer loop containing R
L
, r
o
, and R
E
, we have
Solving for I
oA
in terms of I
iA
and then substituting for I
iA
in terms of V
s
, we find that
The approximation in the above equation is valid because (
dc
r
o
) = 23.44 M R
E
. This approximation is
equivalent to neglecting the forward-path gain (z
21F
) through the feedback network while determining the
forward-path gain of the feedback amplifier. Had we neglected the forward transmission through the feedback
network, we could have obtained the output current using a simple current division. In any case, proceeding
further, the value of R
E
can be selected using the above equation for A and the required value of A
c
in the
following equation,
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
607
A
c
A
1 AF
2.15 mS.
V
o
V
s
2.154.7 10.11 V/ V.
A
c
I
o
V
s
A
1 AF

dc
r
o
( R
s
r

R
E
) ( r
o
R
E
R
L
)
dc
r
o
R
E
(8.4.8)
Z
iA
R
s
( R
s
r

R
E
) , and Z
oA
R
L
( r
o
R
E
R
L
) .
Z
i c
( Z
iA
R
s
) ( A/ A
c
) R
s

dc
r
o
r
o
R
L
R
E
1 R
E
r

,
(8.4.9a)
Z
oc
( Z
oA
R
L
) ( A/ A
c
) R
L

dc
R
E
R
s
r

R
E
1 r
o
R
E
.
(8.4.9b)
Z
ic
94.79 k, and Z
oc
1.528 M.
Substituting the various known parameters in the previous equation, the required value of R
E
can be found.
This value is 0.435 k. Observe that this value is close to the approximate value determined earlier. We select
a standard resistor of R
E
0.43 k.
To verify if the specifications are met, using (8.4.7), we find that A = 29.05 mS. Using this value of
A and F = 0.43 k, the closed-loop gain is
The midband voltage gain is
This value is in error only by 1.05% from the specification. The PSPICE simulation shows that the midband
voltage gain is A
cm
= -10.13 V/V.
We next find the input and output impedances of the amplifier and compare these results with those
obtained in Section 3.6 for the same amplifier configuration. The closed-loop gain is
By inspection of the circuit of Fig. 8.4.4 (observe when the input current is set to zero, the controlled sources
representing both forward transmissions become dead), we find that
The input and output resistances of the feedback amplifier are
and
All the dominant terms present in (8.4.9a) and (8.4.9b) are the same as those found in (3.6.19). However,
observe the ease with which the amplifier parameters have been obtained now without having to find the
individual z-parameters as we did in Section 3.6. It is clear from the above two equations that the negative
feedback caused by R
E
increases both the input and output impedances. If R
E
= 0, the input and output
impedances would reduce to r

and r
o
respectively as they should. Substituting the various parameters in the
above two equations,
Monte-Carlo simulation was performed and the distributions of the voltage gain with and without
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
608
Fig. 8.4.5: The distribution of the gains with and without feedback in Example 8.5.
(a) Without feedback
median
90th %ile
maximum
n samples = 5000
n divisions = 10
mean = 145.221
sigma = 7.76556
minimum = 31.419
10th %ile = 136.168
= 146.643
= 152.974
= 160.953
Voltage Gain
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

o
f

A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
s
40 80 120 160 20 180
0
20
40
60
(b) With feedback
Voltage Gain
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

o
f

A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
s
9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0
0
10
20
30
n samples = 5000
n divisions = 10
mean = 10.1178
sigma = 0.180531
minimum = 9.36066
10th %ile = 9.89124
median = 10.1139
90th %ile = 10.351
maximum = 10.8218
feedback were obtained. The model statements for the BJT and the resistors are as follows:
.model QbreakN-X NPN IS=1.5e-15 VA = 100 BF = 200 DEV/gauss 25%
.model Rbreak-X RES R=1 dev/gauss 1.25%
The distributions are shown in Fig. 8.4.5. All the values, maximum, minimum and expected mean
values of the gains are listed in the tables below each distribution. The expected mean value of the midband
voltage gain is 10.12 V/V, which is very close to the analytical value of 10.11 V/V. Besides, with feedback,
almost 99.8% of the amplifiers have gains within 10% of the nominal value of the gain. Indeed, 97% of the
amplifiers have errors within about 5%. More important, the variance indicates how sensitive the amplifier
is to the changes in the parameter values. To compare the performance characteristics of the amplifier with
and without feedback, we can use the normalized value of variance. Without feedback, the normalized value
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
609
F y
12F
.
(8.5.1)
A ( V
oA
/ I
s
) .
(8.5.2)
Y
iA
Y
s
I
s
V
iA
V
oA
0
, and Y
oA
Y
L
I
oA
V
oA
V
iA
0
(8.5.3)
is (7.7656/145.22) 5.35 %, and with feedback, the same is (0.1805/10.12) 1.8 %. This variance is mainly
due to the 5% tolerance in the resistors in R
L
and R
E
(especially R
E
because A
c
(1/R
E
)). Clearly, the feedback
reduces the variation of the gain to (1/3) of the original variation without feedback.
8.5: SHUNT-SHUNT CONFIGURATION
In a shunt-shunt feedback configuration, the feedback network samples the output voltage and
provides the feedback current I
f
, F being the transfer admittance
Therefore, y-parametric representation should be used to analyze a Shunt-Shunt feedback configuration as
shown in Fig. 8.5.1. Both A
c
and A should be transfer impedances. Let I
s
and V
o
be input and the output
respectively. Suppressing the feedback, the network shown in Fig. 8.5.2 can be used to find the forward-path
gain and the admittance parameters. From this network, we can find
One can find the input and output admittances using the formal definitions of
to the circuit of Fig. 8.5.2. However, just as in other configurations, the above admittances can usually be
Fig. E8.8.
+
-
+
-
V
s
R
s
Z
ic
A
d
M
R
F
Z
oc
I
o
+V
o
Z
L
I
BIAS
Exercise
E8.8. In the transconductance
amplifier of Fig. E8.8, the
op-amp has a finite gain of
A
d
= 10
3
with an input
resistance of 100 k and an
output resistance of 100 .
Th e MOS F ET h a s
K 2 mA/ V
2
, V
t
0.8 V,
and = 0.03 V
-1
. Also, R
S
=
10 k, I
BIAS
= 1 mA, and Z
L
= 1 k, and R
F
= 1 k. Find
the values of A, A
c
, Z
ic
, and Z
oc
. Also, find (V
o
/V
s
).
Answers: A = 2.644 S, A
c
= 0.9996 mS, Z
ic
= 293.6 M, Z
oc
= 93.45 M, (V
o
/V
s
) = -0.9996 V/V.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
610
A
c
V
o
I
s
A
1 AF
, Y
ic
( Y
iA
Y
s
) ( A/ A
c
) Y
s
, and Y
oc
( Y
oA
Y
L
) ( A/ A
c
) Y
L
.
(8.5.4)
F g
12F
I
f
I
o
V
1
0
.
(8.6.1)
Fig. 8.5.1: An amplifier with the Shunt-Shunt feedback using the y-parameteric representation
for the feedback network.
Y
ic
Z
s
I
e
I
f
I
s
Y
oc
Z
L
+
-
V
1
y
21F
V
1
I
o
+
-
V
o
+
-
V
o
1
y
22F
y
12F
V
o
1
y
11F
A-network
F-network
Fig. 8.5.2: The circuit to find the forward-path gain A, (Y
iA
+Y
s
), and (Y
oA
+Y
L
) of a Shunt-Shunt
feedback amplifier.
Z
s
I
s
Z
L
y
21F
V
iA
+
-
V
oA
1
y
22F
1
y
11F
A-network
+
-
V
iA
Y
iA
+

Y
s
Y
oA
+

Y
L
I
oA
obtained by inspection. Once we find A, F, and the admittance parameters, we can find the parameters of the
closed-loop amplifier using
8.6: SHUNT-SERIES CONFIGURATION
The Shunt-Series configuration is the dual of the Series-Shunt configuration. For the two-port
parameters of the A- and F-networks to add in this configuration, it is necessary to use the g-parametric
representation. The current I
o
is the output. At the input side, the feedback current is mixed with the input
current. The closed-loop gain is (I
o
/I
s
). The closed-loop amplifier is closer to an ideal CCCS with this
feedback. The voltage-follower circuit of Example 8.3 is an example of this configuration. The general form
of the Shunt-Series configuration is shown in Fig. 8.6.1, where the F-network is represented with the
g-parameters. In this configuration,
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
611
A
I
oA
I
s
.
(8.6.2)
Suppressing the external feedback, the modified A-network to find the forward-path gain is shown in Fig.
8.6.2. The forward-path gain is
Of course, one can also find the input admittance (Y
iA
+ Y
s
) and the output impedance of (Z
oA
+ Z
L
) from this
network. The parameters of the closed-loop gain can be found using
R
x
50 , R
i
, C
i
0, Z
t
( s) ( 310
6
) / ( 1 16.510
6
s) , and R
o
15 .
Fig. E8.9.
(b)
+V
o
CFA
+
-
I
x R
1
R
2
+V
s
Z
ic
Z
oc
I
i
I
f
+V
x
R
L
+V
y
+V
w
(a)
I
x
R
x
1
Z
t
(s)I
x
+V
x
+V
y
I
y
C
i
R
o
I
w
+V
w
R
i
+
-
-
+
Exercise
E8.9. The macro-model of a current feedback amplifier (CFA) in the low frequency range was
developed in the previous chapter and is shown in Fig. 7.6.8. Its frequency-domain macro-model
is shown in Fig. E8.9(a). Some model parameters are assumed to be zero for simplicity. Only the
dominant model parameters have been included here. The unity gain amplifier represents a voltage
buffer. Assume that the model parameters of the CFA are:
This CFA is used to build an inverting amplifier shown in Fig. E8.9(b). Assume that R
1
= 100 ,
R
2
= 1 k, and R
L
= 1 k. Find the overall voltage gain and the bandwidth of the closed-loop
amplifier. Also, find the input and output impedances.
Answers:
V
o
V
s
A
c
R
1
9.995
1 8.77210
9
s
V/ V,
Hc
114 Mr / s ( 18.14 MHz) ,
Z
ic
1
Y
i c
16.91 ( 1 16.510
6
s)
( 1 5.85510
9
s)
m, and Z
oc
1
Y
oc
7.746 ( 1 16.510
6
s)
( 1 8.64410
9
s)
m.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
612
A
c
I
o
I
s
A
1 AF
, Y
ic
( Y
iA
Y
s
) ( A/ A
c
) Y
s
, and Z
oc
( Z
oA
Z
L
) ( A/ A
c
) Z
L
.
(8.6.3)
KP 51.169 A/ V
2
, V
t o
0.7339 V, 0.03122 V
1
, 0.4823 V
1/ 2
, and ( 2
f
) 0.7 V.
KP 16.528 A/ V
2
, V
t o
0.7776 V, 0.04349 V
1
, 0.6727 V
1/ 2
, and ( 2
f
) 0.7 V.
W
L
1
60
5
, and
W
L
2
W
L
3
W
L
4
140
5
.
R
s
10 k, R
L
10 k, and R
f
50 k.
Fig. 8.6.1: An amplifier with the Shunt-Series feedback using the g-parameteric representation
for the feedback network.
A-network
g
12F
I
o
Y
ic
Z
s
I
e
I
f
I
s
Z
oc
Z
L
+
-
V
1
g
21F
V
1
I
o
g
11F
1
I
o
+
-
V
o
+
-
g
22F
F-network
+
-
V
2
Fig. 8.6.2: The circuit to find A, (Y
iA
+Y
s
), and (Z
oA
+Z
L
) of a Shunt-Series feedback amplifier.
Z
s
I
s
Z
L
g
11F
1
g
22F
I
oA
A-network
+
-
V
iA
+
-
g
21F
V
iA
Y
iA
+

Y
s
Z
oA
+

Z
L
Example 8.6
Consider the two-stage MOSFET amplifier shown in Fig. 8.6.3. The feedback is provided by the
combination of R
L
and R
f
. The process parameters of the NMOS FET are
The process parameters of the PMOS FETs are
The aspect ratios of the MOSFETs are
The circuit parameters are
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
613
K
1
0.051169
2
60
5
0.307 mA/ V
2
, and K
2
K
3
K
4
0.016528
2
140
5
0.2314 mA/ V
2
.
F
I
f
I
o
V
1
0
R
L
R
L
R
f
1
6
, g
11F
I
f
V
1
I
o
0
1
R
f
R
L
1
60 k
,
g
21F
V
2
V
1
I
o
0
R
L
R
f
R
L
1
6
, and g
22F
V
2
I
o
V
1
0
( R
f
R
L
)
50
6
k.
Fig. 8.6.3: A MOSFET amplifier analyzed in Example 8.6 and the feedback network used in
the amplifier.
F-network
R
f
R
L
I
o
I
f
+
-
V
1
+
-
V
2
R
ic
R
f
R
L
R
s
I
s
I
o
V
B
I
REF
M
4
M
3
M
1
M
2
F-network
R
oc
+5 V
The dc bias values are I
REF
= 100 A, and V
B
= 2.7 V. I
s
and I
o
are the input and output currents of the
amplifier. Use the feedback concept to find the closed-loop gain and the input and output resistances. Also,
verify the analytical evaluations using the PSPICE simulations.
SOLUTION
The conductivity parameters of the MOSFETs are
The first stage is a common-gate amplifier, while the second stage is a common-source amplifier. The
feedback not only affects the small-signal analysis but also the dc bias currents and voltages. It is very
interesting that the bias currents, practically dependent on the current mirror and the feedback network, would
be stable. The feedback network can be separated as shown in Fig. 8.6.3, and we can find the feedback factor
and its loading effect. They are
Using the current mirror properties, we can replace the current mirror with a bias current and an output
resistance. The feedback network can also be replaced by its two-port equivalent. In this process, we can
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
614
V
S1
V
B
2
f
(
2
/ 2) V
t 1o
I
D1
/ K
1
V
B
2
f
2
2
/ 4 V
t 1o
I
D1
/ K
1
, (8.6.4)
1.144 ( I
D1
I
D2
/ 6) 8.571, I
D2
0.2008 mA, and V
D2
1.673 V.
V
SG2
V
t 2
I
D2
K
2
( 1
p
V
SD2
)
1.648 V, and V
D1
3.352 V.
Fig. 8.6.4: The MOSFET amplifier of Example 8.6 for dc analysis.
(1/6)I
D2
I
D2
V
B
I
BIAS
=
0.1147 mA
M
1
M
2
+5 V
r
o3
=
244.1 k
8.571 k 8.333 k
+V
S1
+V
D2
+V
D1
ignore the forward transmission through the feedback network. Doing so, the amplifier network for dc
analysis is shown in Fig. 8.6.4.
Neglecting the secondary effect of the channel-length modulation for now, the source-node potential
of M
1
in terms of its bias current can be obtained by adapting (3.7.11) and (3.7.12). Therefore, substituting
v
I
= V
B
, V
SS
= 0 in (3.7.12) and using (3.7.11),
where I
D1
= (I
BIAS
- V
D1
/r
O3
). The value of V
D1
= (V
DD
- V
SD3
) is not known now. For now, we assume that V
SD3
V
SG3
= 1.415 V. Using this approximate value, we have V
D1
3.585 V, and I
D1
I
REF
= 0.1 mA. Using this
current and other known values in (8.6.4), we get an approximate value of V
S1
1.144 V. With this value,
we also find that V
t1
0.9853 V. Using the above approximate value of V
S1
in
Using the above approximate values of I
D2
and V
D2
in the following equation:
Since we have a better estimate of V
D1
, we iterate the process again (needed anyway to verify the answers),
and find that I
D1
= 0.101 mA. Observe that this current is very close to the value used earlier. The value of
V
S1
is also expected to be approximately the same as before. Therefore, V
DS1
2.208 V. Besides, the
previously estimated value V
t1
can be used to find the better estimate of V
S1
using the following simple
equation:
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
615
V
S1
2.7 V
t 1
I
D1
K
1
( 1
n
V
SD1
)
1.16 V, I
D2
0.206 mA, and V
D2
1.717 V.
I
D1
0.101 mA, I
D2
0.206 mA, V
DS1
2.18 V, V
S1
1.16 V, and V
SD2
3.283 V.
g
m1
0.364 mS, r
o1
338.7 k, g
mb1
0.0644 mS, g
m2
0.4668 mS, and r
o2
127.6 k.
r
s1
1
g
m1
g
mb1
1/ r
o1
2.318 k, and ( r
o1
r
o3
) 141.9 k.
R
1
1
g
11F
1/ ( r
s1
R
s
)
1.825 k, and R
2
( r
o1
r
o3
) 141.9 k.
V
dg1
V
iA
r
s1
R
2
61.22V
iA
, and I
s
V
iA
R
1
V
dg1
r
o1
( 0.3672 mS) V
iA
.
V
iA
(2.723 k) I
s
, Y
iA
G
s
0.3672 mS, and V
dg1
( 166.7 k) I
s
.
g
21F
V
iA
g
22F
I
oA
( I
oA
g
m2
V
dg1
) r
o2
0.
I
oA
( g
m2
r
o2
V
dg1
g
21F
V
iA
)
r
o2
( R
L
R
f
)
I
oA
73.05 I
s
A
I
oA
I
s
73.05 A/ A.
Repeating the calculations with this new current, we find that V
SG2
= 1.66 V and V
D1
= 3.34 V. Since all the
values calculated during the second iteration are close to the values calculated during the first iteration, we
take the values obtained during the second iteration as the correct values. Thus,
One can verify that all the MOSFETs operate in the pinch-off mode. The small-signal parameters of M
1
and
M
2
can be found to be
The small-signal equivalent circuit of the whole amplifier is shown in Fig. 8.6.5, where
After connecting the feedback network and suppressing the feedback, the modified small-signal equivalent
circuit is shown in Fig. 8.6.6, where
To find the forward-path gain, observe that (V
dg1
/r
o1
) is an internal feedback in the CG-amplifier. This
Shunt-Shunt feedback is not used by the output variable but the amplifiers internal node voltage. Although,
one can use the two-step feedback analysis, it is not necessary now because of the simplicity of the circuit.
One can find the parameters A, (Y
iA
+ G
s
), and (Z
oA
+ R
L
) directly from the circuit. Using Ohms law and KCL,
we get
Solving the above,
Using KVL at the right most loop,
Solving the above equation, the output current is
After suppressing the input, we find that
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
616
Z
oA
Z
L
r
o2
g
22F
135.9 k.
A
c
A
1 AF
5.545 A/ A, Y
ic
( Y
iA
G
s
) ( A/ A
c
) G
s
4.738 mS, R
ic
211.1 ,
Z
oc
( Z
oA
Z
L
) ( A/ A
c
) Z
L
1.791 M.
I
D1
I
D3
101 A, and I
D2
204.17 A,
V
SG3
1.416 V, V
SD3
V
SG2
1.659 V, V
DG1
0.641 V > V
t 1
0.988 V,
and
V
GD2
1.447 V > V
t 2
0.7776 V.
Fig. 8.6.5: The complete small-signal equivalent circuit of the amplifier in Example 8.6.
I
s
R
s
Z
ic
v
dg1
r
o1
I
i
(r
o1
r
o3
)
+
v
dg1
-
g
m2
v
dg1
r
o2
R
L
I
o
R
f
I
f
Z
oc
r
s1
v
sg1
r
s1
Fig. 8.6.6: The complete small-signal equivalent circuit of the A-network in Example 8.6.
I
s
V
dg1
r
o1
+
V
dg1
-
g
m2
V
dg1
r
o2
I
oA
+
-
V
iA
+
-
g
21F
V
iA
g
22F
V
iA
r
s1
Y
iA
+

G
s
Z
oA
+

R
L
R
1
R
2
The contribution of (g
21F
V
iA
) (the contribution of the feedback network) in the above forward-path gain is
negligible again proving the point that g
21A
g
21F
. Clearly then, we could neglect the influence of g
21F
.
In any case, proceeding further, the closed-loop gain is
and
The PSPICE simulation provided the following dc bias values.
Although the value of I
D1
is the same as the one estimated earlier, the value of I
D2
slightly differs. This is due
to the reason that we neglected the forward transmission during the dc analysis. PSPICE simulation also
showed that A
c
= -5.541 A/A, which is very close to the value calculated earlier.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
617
8.7: CONCLUSIONS
We have completed the study of all four feedback configurations along with analysis/design examples
in each type. The feedback concept simplifies the analysis and design processes of these amplifiers. In the
practical situations, one can start with F (1/A
c
), design the feedback network accordingly for a given closed-
loop gain, and then adjust the components in the feedback circuit to obtain the desired gain. The various
formulas to find the different quantities in all four configurations can be obtained from the unified analysis
of Section 8.3. The analysis process of the amplifiers is also simplified with the use of feedback concept. By
suppressing the feedback, the circuit to find the forward-path gain usually becomes a unilateral one, and that
makes it easy to find the forward-path gain. This is an enormous advantage in analyzing amplifier circuits
to find the transfer functions in the next chapter where the capacitances couple the input and the output
causing reverse transmission.
PROBLEMS
SECTION 8.1
8.1. A feedback amplifier has an open-loop gain of A = 1000 and a feedback factor of F = 0.1. Find the
KP 51.169 A/ V
2
, V
t o
0.7339 V, 0.03122V
1
.
KP 16.528 A/ V
2
, V
t o
0.7776 V, 0.04349 V
1
.
W
L
1
88
2
,
W
L
2
9
2
,
W
L
3
272
2
,
W
L
4
27
2
.
I
D1
599.6 A, I
D3
316.5 A, I
D2
60.67 A, I
D4
24.41 A,
V
D1
3.193 V, V
G1
3.556 V, and V
G3
3.767 V.
Fig. E8.10.
i
o
R
L
+5

V
M
3
M
1
i
D3
i
D1
M
4
M
2
R
F
-5

V
i
i
R
BIAS
Exercise
E8.10. In the MOSFET amplifier of Fig. E8.10,
process parameters of the NMOS FET are
The process parameters of the PMOS FETs are
The aspect ratios of the MOSFETs are
The circuit parameters are R
F
= 10 k, R
BIAS
= 300 k,
and R
L
= 10 k. The dc bias currents and voltages are:
Find the values of A, A
c
, R
ic
, and R
oc
.
Answers: A = -6.45 A/A, A
c
= -1.527 A/A, R
ic
= 1.056 k, and Z
oc
= 167.6 k.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
618
Fig. P8.3.
R
ic
I
i
I
s
R
i
+
-
R
o
AI
i
A-network
I
o
R
oc
+
-
V
o
10k
+
-
V
o
FV
o
F-network
Fig. P8.4.
+
F
X
i +
-
+
F
X
o
+
-
(a)
A
1
A
2
(b)
+
F
X
i
+
-
Xo
A
1
A
2
closed-loop gain A
c
. If the open-loop gain changes to 900, what will be the percentage change in the
closed-loop gain?
8.2. If a feedback amplifier has an open-loop gain of A = 10,000 and a closed-loop gain of A
c
= 10, what
is the feedback factor F? If the feedback factor decreases by 10%, find the percentage change in the
closed-loop gain.
8.3. In the network shown in Fig. P8.3, R
i
= R
o
= 100 , A = 1 k, and F = 10 mS. Find the values of A
c
= (V
o
/I
s
), R
ic
, and R
oc
.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
619
A( s)
10
3
s
( s 100) (1 10
3
s)
.
Fig. P8.8.
Output Voltage
Input Voltage
5 V
10 V
12 V
0.5 V 1.0 V
(0.8 V,12 V)
(0.7 V,1 V)
-0.5 V -1.0 V
(-0.8 V,-12 V)
(-0.7 V,-1 V)
D8.4. It is required to design an amplifier with a closed-loop gain of 100.Two alternative schemes are
shown in Fig. P8.4. Assume that A
1
= A
2
= 1000.
(a) Find the value of F required in each case.
(b) If both A
1
and A
2
decrease by 10%, find the percentage change in the closed-loop gain in each
case. Comment on your results.
D8.5. It is required to design an amplifier represented by the block diagram of Fig. 8.1.3 with a closed-loop
gain of 100. If A changes by 10%, the closed-loop gain should not change by more than 0.01%.
Determine the values of the amplifier gain and the feedback factor. If the amplifier gain decreases
by 50%, what is the expected change in the closed-loop gain?
8.6. An amplifier has a gain of
If the feedback factor F = 0.1 is employed, what are the values of the mid-band gain and the lower
and upper 3-dB frequencies of the closed-loop gain?
D8.7. A feedback amplifier is built with an amplifier having a dc gain of 10
4
to obtain a closed-loop dc gain
of 10. What is the required F? Assume that A(s) has a one-pole roll-off. If the closed-loop gain should
have a bandwidth of 100 kHz, what should be the minimum bandwidth of the basic amplifier?
8.8. An amplifier A has a transfer characteristic shown in Fig. P8.8. If F = 0.1, find the transfer
characteristic of the closed-loop gain. Also, find the closed-loop gain for small signals in each
operating region.
D8.9. Consider the feedback amplifier configuration of Fig. P8.9. The output stage is a power amplifier
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
620
Fig. P8.13.
(a)
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
1
+
-
V
2
+
-
I
1
I
2
(b)
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
1
+
-
V
2
+
-
I
1
I
2
Fig. P8.9.
V
i
+
F
+
-
V
o
A 1
with a voltage gain of 1, and A is a pre-amplifier. When a 10-kHz signal is applied at the input of the
power amplifier, its output has 1-V 10-kHz signal contaminated by a power supply hum at 120-Hz
having an amplitude of 1 V. Design the closed-loop amplifier using the pre-amplifier A and the
feedback network so that the closed-loop gain is approximately unity while the hum is reduced to
at the output. 10 mV
SECTION 8.2
8.10. In the series-shunt feedback amplifier of Fig. 8.2.1(a), the basic amplifier is ideal (an ideal VCVS).
If (V
o
/V
e
) = 100 V/V and (V
f
/V
o
) = 0.09 V/V, find the closed-loop gain. If V
s
= 100 mV, what are the
values of the output signal, feedback signal, and error signal (the input to the amplifier)?
8.11. In a series-series feedback amplifier of Fig. 8.2.1(b) using an ideal amplifier (ideal VCCS) in its
forward-path, V
s
= 1 mV, V
f
= 0.9 mV, and I
o
= 1 mA. What are the values of A, F, and A
c
? What are
their units?
8.12. A shunt-series feedback amplifier, represented by Fig. 8.2.1(d), uses an ideal current amplifier (ideal
CCCS). If I
s
= 1 mA, I
f
= and I
o
= 100 mA, what are the values of A and F? 0.9 mA,
8.13. The most general resistive feedback circuits that can be used in any of the four feedback
configurations are shown in Fig. P8.13. Find the z-, y-, h-, and g-parameters of both networks.
SECTION 8.3
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
621
A( s)
1000
1 10
4
s
.
KP 51.169 A/ V
2
, V
t o
0.7339 V, 0.03122 V
1
, 0.4823 V
1/ 2
, and ( 2
f
) 0.7 V.
KP 16.528 A/ V
2
, V
t o
0.7776 V, 0.04349 V
1
, 0.6727 V
1/ 2
, and ( 2
f
) 0.7 V.
V
D1
3.59 V, V
D2
2.47 V, V
S
1.804 V, V
S5
60.2 mV,
I
D1
48.9 A, I
D2
51.1 A, and I
D5
1.002 mA.
Fig. P8.17.
+
-
+V
o
+15 V
R
oc

1 mA
R
ic
2 k
V
s
Q
1
20 k
Q
2
9 k
1 k
2 mA
Q
3
50 k
Fig. P8.16.
+
-
V
o
+
-
V
f
1 k
9 k
8.14. In the series-shunt amplifier shown in Fig. 8.2.1(a), the forward-path amplifier has a gain of
with an input resistance of 10 k and an output resistance of 100 . The F-network A 1000 V/ V
is an ideal VCVS with F = 0.1. If R
s
= R
L
= 1 k, find the voltage gain, the input impedance, and
output impedance of the closed-loop amplifier.
8.15. Repeat Problem 8.14, if the amplifier has a frequency dependent gain of
Also, find the dc gain and the bandwidth of the closed-loop amplifier.
8.16. Repeat Problem 8.15, if the F-network is as shown in Fig. P8.16.
8.17. Consider the amplifier shown in Fig. P8.17. Assume that = 200 for the transistors. It uses a series-
shunt feedback formed by the 9-k and 1-k resistors. Use the feedback concept and find the values
of A, F, A
c
, R
ic
, and R
oc
in the mid-frequency range. Neglect the effects of the base-bias currents.
8.18. The amplifier shown in Fig. P8.18 uses a series-shunt feedback. The process parameters of the
NMOS FET are
The process parameters of the PMOS FETs are
The dc analysis provided
Verify if the MOSFETs operate in the pinch-off mode. If they do, use the feedback concept and find
the closed-loop voltage gain (V
o
/V
s
) and the output resistance R
oc
.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
622
I
o
V
s
1
R
E
.
Fig. P8.18.
-
+V
o
+5 V
-5 V
0.1 mA
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
4
V
s
+
-
+V
S
R
oc
10 k
10 k 20 k
1 mA
M
5
(30/5) (30/5)
(70/5)
(70/5)
(200/5)
SECTION 8.4
8.19. A series-series feedback amplifier shown in Fig. 8.4.1 uses a basic amplifier with a gain of (I
o
/V
e
) =
100 mS (transconductance). The basic amplifier has a finite input resistance of 10 k and an output
resistance of 100 k. R
s
= R
L
= 1 k. Assume that the feedback network is an ideal CCVS (i.e., z
11F
= z
22F
= z
21F
= 0) with F = 1 k. Find the values of A
c
, Z
ic
, and Z
oc
. Also, find the voltage gain (V
o
/V
s
).
8.20. An amplifier circuit, called the feedback-triple, with a series-series feedback is shown in Fig. P8.20.
The biasing details have been suppressed. The for the transistors is 100. The dc bias currents are
I
C1
= 0.6 mA, I
C2
= 1 mA, and I
C3
= 4 mA. Assume that r
o
for both Q
1
and Q
2
but r
o
= 25 k for
Q
3
. Obtain the values in A
c
= (I
o
/V
s
), R
ic
, and R
oc
.
D8.21. A transconductance amplifier is shown in Fig. P8.21 without the biasing details. Show that, if the op
amp is ideal,
(a) Design the circuit for a closed-loop gain of 1 mS.
(b) The op-amp has a finite gain of A
d
= 10
5
with an input resistance of 100 k and an output
resistance of 100 . The BJT has = 100 and V
A
= 100 V. The collector-bias current is 1 mA.
If R
E
= 1 k, R
s
= 1 k, and Z
L
is a resistance of 10 k, find the values of A, A
c
, Z
ic
, and Z
oc
.
Also, find (V
o
/V
s
).
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
623
A
d
( s)
10
5
1 10
2
s
.
V
D1
3.59 V, V
D2
2.0 V, V
S1
1.802 V, V
S5
28.7 mV,
I
D1
48.4 A, I
D2
51.6 A, and I
D5
128.7 A.
Fig. P8.20.
+
-
I
o
R
oc
R
ic
V
s
Q
1
100
640
100
1 k
Q
1
5 k
1 k
Fig. P8.21.
+
-
+
-
V
s
R
s
Z
ic
A
d
Q
R
E
Z
oc
I
o
+V
o
Z
L
Fig. P8.23.
-
+V
o
+5 V
-5 V
0.1 mA
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
4
V
s
+
-
+V
S1
R
oc
1 k
10 k
10 k
M
5
(30/5) (30/5)
(70/5)
(70/5)
(100/5)
0.1 mA
+V
S5
8.22. Repeat Problem 8.21, if all the parameters remain the same except that
Find the bandwidth of the closed-loop gain. If Z
L
is a capacitor having a capacitance value of 10 nF,
find the voltage gain (V
o
/V
s
).
8.23. The process parameters of the MOSFETs in the amplifier of Fig. P8.23 are the same as those in
Problem 8.18. The dc bias voltages and currents are
Verify if the MOSFETs operate in the pinch-off mode. If they do, use the feedback concept and find
the closed-loop voltage gain (V
o
/V
s
) and the output resistance R
oc
.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
624
s
2
(
n
/ Q) s
2
n
.
Fig. P8.27.
+
-
+12 V
4.7 k
R
F
10 k
V
s
+V
o
Z
ic
Z
oc

Fig. P8.25.
1 k
V
1
+
-
I
1
I
2
V
2
+
-
Fig. P8.26.
+
-
+12 V
6.2 k
10 k
V
s
+V
o
Z
ic
Z
oc

100 k
SECTION 8.5
8.24. In the shunt-shunt feedback amplifier of Fig. 8.5.1, the feedback network is ideal with F = -1 mS.
That is, y
11F
= y
22F
= y
21F
= 0, and y
12F
= -1 mS. The A-network is a Transimpedance amplifier with
a gain of -100 k under no-load condition. It has an input resistance of 1 k and an output
resistance of R
s
= 10 k and R
L
= 1 k. Find the values of A
c
= V
O
/I
s
, Z
ic
, and Z
oc
. 100 .
8.25. Repeat Problem 8.24, if the F-network is as shown in Fig. P8.25.
8.26. The MOSFET in the circuit of Fig. P8.26 has V
t
= 2 V and K = 1 mA/V
2
. The amplifier uses the
Shunt-Shunt feedback formed by the 100-k resistor. Find the gain (V
o
/V
s
), Z
ic
, and Z
oc
in the
midband using the feedback concept.
D8.27. Consider the amplifier shown in Fig. P8.27 that uses a shunt-shunt feedback. It is required to design
this amplifier for (V
o
/V
s
) = -5 5% V/V in the midband. Using the feedback concept, select a
standard value for R
F
. The BJT has a nominal value of = 200. Verify analytically if your design
meets the specification. Determine the input and output resistances of the closed-loop amplifier in
the midband. Assume that resistors have 10% tolerance. The value of the BJT can vary between
100 and 300. All the variable parameters have Gaussian distribution. Use Monte-Carlo simulation
of 5000 circuits and find the expected mean, maximum, and minimum values for the voltage gain.
D8.28. The circuit shown in Fig. P8.28 uses the Shunt-Shunt feedback configuration. Assume that the op-
amps are ideal. The feedback resistor R
f
samples the output voltage and provides the feedback current
I
f
. The boxed-part is the forward path. The closed-loop trans-impedance (V
o
/I
s
) has a second order
denominator polynomial in the form of
A particular application requires that Q = 10 and
n
= (20) kr/s. Use the feedback concept and
determine the values of R
1
and R
f
to meet this requirement.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
625
Fig. P8.30.
I
f
I
o
R
2
V
1
+
-
V
2
+
-
R
1
Fig. P8.28.
R
1
2.461 k
0.01 F
I
s
+V
o
R
f
A
1
+
-
A
2
+
-
10 k
10 k
0.01 F
I
f
Fig. P8.33.
+
-
V
s
10 k
R
ic
0.5 mA
R
oc
R
E
+12 V
+V
o
Q
1
10 k
1 k
Q
2
Fig. P8.32.
+
-
I
s
R
s
R
ic
I
o
r
A
d
R
f
R
oc
R
L
SECTION 8.6
8.29. The shunt-series feedback amplifier of Fig. 8.6.1 has its A-network (a current amplifier) with a short-
circuit current gain of (I
o
/I
e
) = 1000 A/A, an input resistance of 1 k and an output resistance of 10
k. (Note: The output of the A-network should have Norton's form.) R
s
= R
L
= 1 k. If the feedback
network is ideal with F = (I
f
/I
o
) = 0.1 A/A, find the values of A
c
, Z
ic
, and Z
oc
.
D8.30. Design a F-network to implement F = (I
f
/I
o
) = -0.1 A/A using the network shown in Fig. P8.30.
8.31. Assume that the F-network in Problem 8.30 has R
1
= 18 k and R
2
= 2 k. It is used in the feedback
amplifier of Fig. 8.6.1. The forward-path amplifier has a short-circuit current gain of
The A-network has an input resistance of 1 k and an output resistance of 10 k. 1000 A/ A.
Assume that R
s
= R
L
= 10 k. Find the values of A
c
, Z
ic
, and Z
oc
.
D8.32. Design the circuit shown in Fig. P8.32 to meet the specification of (I
o
/I
s
) = -10 A/A. Assume that the
op-amp is ideal and R
s
= R
L
= 10 k. If the op-amp is non-ideal having A
d
= 10
3
V/V, R
id
= 100 k,
and R
o
= 1 k, find the values of A
c
= I
o
/I
s
, R
ic
, and R
oc
.
D8.33. The circuit shown in Fig. P8.33 is to be designed for a voltage gain of (V
o
/V
s
) = 3 V/V. The BJTs
have = 100 and V
A
= 100 V. Select a standard value for R
E
.
Microelectronics: Analysis and Design February 26, 2004 Sundaram Natarajan
626
V
D1
4.742 V, V
G1
1.072 V, and V
S2
2.144 V.
Fig. P8.35.
+
-
V
s
10 k
R
ic
20 A
+5 V
M
1
10 k
2 k
M
2
(30/5)
(100/5)
I
o
2 M
8.34. R
E
= 330 in the circuit of Fig. P8.33. Find the values of (V
o
/V
s
), R
ic
, and R
oc
.
8.35. The process parameters of the MOSFETs in the amplifier of Fig. P8.35 are the same as those in
Problem 8.18. The dc bias voltages are
Verify if the MOSFETs operate in the pinch-off mode. If they do, use the feedback concept and find
the closed-loop voltage gain (I
o
/V
s
) and the input resistance R
ic
.

También podría gustarte