Topic 8

Less
on
Area of specifcation
covered
Focus questions
1 3. describe the structure and function
of sensory, relay and motor neurones
including the role of Schwann cells
and myelination
7. Explain how the nervous systems
of organisms can cause effectors to
respond as exemplified by pupil
contraction and dilation
Do you think it is an advantagedisadvantage that the axon of a motor neurone is long!
why
"hat would be the conse#uence of a motor neurone becoming damaged! "hy!
"hat is the $ob of the sensory neuron!
Does the dendrites and axons of relay neurones need to be long! "hy!
%yelination increases the speed of conduction of nerve impulses& "hy is this useful!
'ow does light affect the si(e of the pupil! "hy!
"here are the sensory receptors located! "hat do they detect! "here do they pass the
impulse to!
)s the autonomic or somatic nervous system involved! During constriction! During
dilation!
*
+& Describe how a nerve impulse
,action potential- is conducted along
an axon including changes in
membrane permeability to sodium
and potassium ions
"hat is an electrochemical gradient!
"hat is a concentration gradient!
"hat is a voltage.dependent channel!
"hat is potential difference!
"hy is energy needed to maintain the resting potential!
"hy is it important to maintain the resting potential!
"ill it be possible for an action potential to be triggered in a dead axon!
"hy is the axon resting potential at ./0m1!
"hy is an action potential all or nothing!
"hat do you mean by positive feedback! relate back to action potential
"hat is the role of voltage dependent gates during depolarisation!
"hat is the role of potassium ions during repolarisation!
"hy does the membrane become hyperpolarised!
Topic 8
2
+& Describe how a nerve impulse
,action potential- is conducted along
an axon including changes in
membrane permeability to sodium and
potassium ions and the role of the
nodes of 3anvier&
'ow can dominoes be used to demonstrate the refractory period!
"hat is occurring in terms of membrane permeability and ion distribution during the
refractory period!
)f impulses are all or nothing& "hat mechanisms are used to communicate the intensity of a
stimulus!
"hat are local electric currents!
4an an action potential be passed along two directions! "hy!
"hat affects the speed of conduction of an impulse!
'ow does saltatory conduction increase the speed of impulse!
+
5& Describe the structure and function
of synapses, including the role of
neurotransmitters, such as
acetylcholine&
'ow can you identify which is the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane!
"hat is the role of calcium in the functioning of a synapse!
"hat is the first step in the transfer of impulse across the synapse! "hat is exocytosis!
"hy is energy needed by the presynaptic cell!
Does the neurotransmitter remained bound to the receptor! "hy! "hy not!
"hat is the function of acetylcholinesaterase and where is it found!
"hat would occur if the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane were blocked!
"hat roles do en(ymes have in the transfer of impulse between cells!
"hat is the role of synapses in nerve pathways!
"hat is the difference between spatial and temporal summation!
Suggest the role of inhibitory synapses
5
*& Describe how plants detect light
using photoreceptors and how they
respond to environmental cues&
8& 4ompare mechanisms of
coordination in plants and animals,
i&e& nervous and hormonal, including
the role of )66 in phototropism
4ompare and contrast nervous and hormonal control
"hat affect does light have on auxin distribution! 'ow does this affect plant growth! "hy is
this useful!
"hich experiment can you perform to show that auxin was produced on the tip if a plant!
"hich experiment can you perform to show that auxin moves towards the shaded side!
"hat are phytochromes!
'ow are phytochromes involved in germination! 7reening!
The role of 8fr and 8r is not important& Discuss
Topic 8
,details of individual mammalian
hormones are not re#uired-&
Describe why photoperiod is crucial in telling a plant when to flower!
"hat is the method by which phytochromes affect plant responses!
9
66& Describe how the nervous systems of
organisms can detect stimuli with
reference to rods in the retina of
mammals, the roles of rhodopsin,
opsin, retinal, sodium ions, cation
channels and hyperpolarisation of rod
cells in forming action potentials in
the optic neurones&
7. Explain how the nervous systems
of organisms can cause effectors to
respond as exemplified by pupil
contraction and dilation
"hat is a reflex!
"hat is a pupil reflex!
Explain the biological mechanism that brings a change of pupil si(e depending upon light
intensity&
Explain the difference between the two types of photoreceptor cells&
)n the layer of retina tissue, would the photoreceptor cells be found in the front or back of
the layer!
"hat is the pigment found in rod cells!
"hat does rhodopsin break down into and in what situation does it happen!
"hat is a non.specific cation channel!
Describe what happens in the rod cells to enable light to generate an action potential in a
bipolar cell&
"hy does the rod cell membrane become hyperpolarised in the light!
"hen is the neurotransmitter released by the rod cell!
"hat is dark adaptation!
/
: ;ocate and state the functions of the
regions of the human brain<s cerebral
hemispheres ,ability to see, think,
learn and feel emotions-,
hypothalamus ,thermoregulate-,
cerebellum ,coordinate movement-
and medulla oblongata ,control the
heartbeat-&
;abel the structures of the brain using the keyword list
"hat are the functions of the keywords you have labelled on the brain diagram&
Topic 8
8
10 Describe the use of magnetic
resonance imaging ,%3)-, functional
magnetic resonance imaging ,f%3)-
and computed tomography ,4T- scans
in medical diagnosis and investigating
brain structure and function&
11 Discuss whether there exists a critical
=window< within which humans must
be exposed to particular stimuli if they
are to develop their visual capacities
to the full&
1* Describe the role animal models have
played in developing explanations of
human brain development and
function, including 'ubel and
"iesel<s experiments with monkeys
and kittens&
12 4onsider the methods used to
compare the contributions of nature
and nurture to brain development,
including evidence from the abilities
of newborn babies, animal
experiments, studies of individuals
with damaged brain areas, twin
studies and cross.cultural studies&
19 Discuss the moral and ethical issues
"hat is the difference in the function of %3) and f%3)!
"hat is the critical period of development!
"hat are ethical issues in using animals in experiments!
"hat is happening during the critical period of visual development!
'ow has experiments using monocular deprivation given us evidence for the critical period of
visual development!
Topic 8
relating to the use of animals in medical
research from two ethical standpoints&
: 12 4onsider the methods used to
compare the contributions of nature
and nurture to brain development,
including evidence from the abilities
of newborn babies, animal
experiments, studies of individuals
with damaged brain areas, twin
studies and cross.cultural studies&
"hat is depth perception!
)s depth perception innate or learned!
"hat is carpentered world hypothesis!
"hat does pictorial depth cue tell us!
10
14 Describe how animals, including humans,
can learn by habituation&
15 Describe how to investigate
habituation to a stimulus .
CORE R!C"#C!$
"hat is sensitisation!
"hat is habituation!
"hat is memory!
Explain how sensitisation is achieved& ,w&r&t& example-
Explain how habituation is achieved&
11
19 Discuss the moral and ethical
issues relating to the use of animals in
medical research from two ethical
standpoints&
"hat are animal rights!
Describe what animal welfare is&
;ist some of the uses of animal research&
"hat are the four different viewpoints on use of animals in medical research!
Explain the utilitarianism ethical framework&
1*>12 1/ Explain how imbalances in certain,
naturally occurring, brain chemicals
can contribute to ill health ,eg
dopamine in 8arkinson<s disease and
serotonin in depression- and to the
development of new drugs&
%hat are the main symptoms o& ar'inson(s disease)
%hat is a neurotransmitter)
%hat happens to the levels o& Dopamine in people with ar'inson(s disease)
E*plain how the treatments &or ar'inson(s disease wor')
Topic 8
18 Explain the effects of drugs on
synaptic transmissions, including the
use of ;.Dopa in the treatment of
8arkinson<s disease and the action of
%D%6 in ecstasy&
: Discuss how the outcomes of the
'uman 7enome 8ro$ect are being
used in the development of new drugs
and the social, moral and ethical
issues this raises&
%hat is serotonin)
%here are the neurones that secrete serotonin &ound)
%hat are the symptoms o& depression)
%hich gene in&luences the susceptibility o& depression)
%hich two other neurotransmitters may have a role in depression)
%hat are the drug treatments &or depression)
%hat is the e&&ect o& ecstasy on a persons mood)
E*plain in detail how ecstasy a&&ects synapses.
%hat are the side+e&&ects o& using ecstasy)
%hat is the ,-)
%ho invented the &irst D.! se/uencing)
,ow are the D.! &ragments separated)
%hen did the ,- o&&icial start)
"he human genome is how many bases long)
,ow many genes are there in a human genome)
%hen was the &irst dra&t o& the whole human genome published.
%hy is the se/uence so important &or biologists)
%hat is a 0.)
%hat 1 o& the genome is made up o& non+coding se/uences 23un' D.!4)
%hat disease does the 5CR!6 gene code &or)
%hat disease does the genes C.-!3 andC.-53 code &or)
.ame the genes that have been lin'ed to !l7heimer(s disease.
E*plain why drug targets have been growing since the se/uence o& the genome has been
unravelled.
%hat other names does genetic modi&ication have)
%hat is genetic modi&ication)
Describe how you can produce genetically modi&ied organisms.
Topic 8
*0 Describe how drugs can be
produced using genetically modified
organisms ,plants and animals and
microorganisms-&
Describe how genetically modi&ied plants are made.
,ow do scientists screen which plant cells have the new gene)
%hat is micro propagation)
Describe how you can produce callus.
Outline the techni/ues used to produce genetically modi&ied animals.
%hich animal was the &irst transgenic animal)
%hat is !!")
%hat is the role o& !!" protein)
!!" could be a treatment &or which disease) E*plain how it wor's.
1+ *1 Discuss the risks and benefits
associated with the use of genetically
modified organisms&
$ist all the other use&ul research that is ta'ing place with genetically modi&ied organism.
Discuss the three main health concerns that have been raised about genetic modi&ication.
Discuss the two main environmental concerns about -8Os.
,ow does the ownership o& new -8Os a&&ect the developing countries)
15 Review topic 9 lesson