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Feature title: Are you ready for the aquafeed of the future
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aquafeed
ity and/or utilization efficiency of nutrients, 0.10 percent limit growth in Litopenaeus
including exogenous enzymes, compounds Natural emulsifiers vannamei, even if the other nutrients are
aiding in the digestive process by improving to enhance lipid formulated to satisfy normal requirements
absorption, mobilization and transport of digestion in shrimp (Duerr and Walsh, 1996).
nutrients, stimulators of enzyme secretion, Shrimps do not tolerate high levels of Fishmeal is the major cholesterol source
feeding stimulants reducing feed/nutrient dietary fat well. A number of studies show in practical feed formulations for shrimp
waste, pre/probiotics and botanical extracts reduced growth at levels above 10 percent with some contributions also coming from
of the future
modulating the gut microflora. of dietary lipid. fish oil, squid and shrimp meal.
The feeding biology, digestive physiol- Nevertheless, shrimp have no or very Shrimp cannot bioconvert highly
ogy and nutritional requirements of warm- limited capacity to biosynthesize a number unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA: 20:5n-3 or
blooded land animals differ significantly of lipid molecules which are essential for EPA; 22:6n-3 or DHA) which need to be
from those of aquaculture organisms. normal growth, including cholesterol, highly provided at 0.8-1 percent in the diet via
Therefore, the direct application in aqua- unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids. the marine ingredients, mainly fish oil and
culture of nutritional concepts developed Cholesterol is a key constituent of cell fishmeal.
by Peter Coutteau PhD for livestock is not trivial. The present arti- membranes and precursor for steroid and Phospholipids are a component of cell
Co-authors: Ward Spruyt, Alexander Van Halteren,
Sam Ceulemans & Wouter Meeus
INVE Aquaculture, Hoogveld 91, 9200 Dendermonde, Belgium
Novel feed supplements can reduce Table 1: Feed analysis and shrimp performance for two feeds
the requirements for traditional of different nutritional specifications. Data from a 70-day
Email: p.coutteau@inve.be ingredients in commercial feeds feeding trial with L. vannamei using triplicate tanks of 1m3
for Litopenaeus vannamei stocked with 20 shrimp/tank.
Two feeds were formulated at the same cost using either
The animal feed industry has faced tremendous increases of ingredient prices over the past years. This has exclusively commercial feed ingredients (‘traditional feed’) or a
% difference
traditional)
combination of standard ingredients with the feed supplements
Traditional
accelerated a search for alternative formulations and feed additives to improve the cost efficiency of feed
(novel vs
at the farm. Contrary to the livestock industry, developments in aquaculture are still hampered by the Aquasterol and Aquaflavour (‘novel feed’). To balance the cost of
Novel
limited nutritional knowledge and the lack of critical mass in a relatively small-scale feed industry. the novel feed, significant reductions were made in the formula-
tion for traditional feed ingredients, which resulted in lower Shrimp feed formula
Nevertheless, a number of promising additive concepts have become available recently to improve the analytical levels for various nutrients compared to the ‘traditional’
sustainability of feed for fish and shrimp, both in terms of farm economics and ecological responsibility. formula. Crude Protein (%) 35.8 34.8 -3%
These are in available phosphorous (water soluble phospho-
Crude Fat (%) 8.7 8.2 -6%
A
rous), cholesterol, phospholipids and n-3 HUFA which were
quaculture is the world’s For some of the bulk production species, minerals - have shown significant price different by minus seven percent to minus 44 percent (Table Crude Ash (%) 9.1 9.4 4%
fastest-growing sector in knowledge on nutrient digestibility, nutrient increases, in some extreme cases amount- 1). Due to some variations in practical ingredients, the ‘novel’ Moisture (%) 9.59 9.64 1%
food production. Since interactions and stage-specific requirements ing to several 100 percent. feed also showed lower specifications in crude protein and fat Watersoluble Phosphorous (%) 0.48 0.32 -34%
1970 it has sustained an is still rudimentary. In the livestock industry, combined compared to the ‘traditional’ feed.
average growth rate of almost nine In recent years, all major aquafeed research efforts from producers, feed Cholesterol (GLC, %) 0.18 0.1 -44%
Results showed that shrimp fed the ‘novel’ feed had significantly
percent – compared with 2.8 percent ingredients - including fishmeal, fish oil, and additive suppliers and academic insti- better growth (1.17g/week versus 1.07g/week) and showed no dif- Phospholipids (Iatro scan, %) 0.93 0.85 -9%
for land-based animal production. vegetable proteins and fats, wheat flour, tutes have resulted in a vast knowledge ferences in terms of survival, food conversion and protein efficiency EPA (mg/g DM) 4.8 5 4%
feed phosphates, additives, vitamins and basis and a wide range of additives to ratio compared to animals fed the traditional feed (Table 1). DHA (mg/g DM) 5.7 4.8 -16%
Global feed production for farming fish
This seemed contrary to the lower nutritional specifications
and shrimp has followed this expansion, n-3 HUFA sum (mg/g DM) 11.9 11.1 -7%
of the novel feed.
estimated between 20.2-22.7 million tonnes
Figure 1: Formulating Verification trials under pond conditions in Indonesia using similar
in 2006 and expected to reach 32 million Results growth trial 70 days L. vannamei
ecologically and formulations confirmed the above findings.These results clearly showed
tonnes by 2012 (FAO, 2006; Tacon and economically Survival ( percent) 91.7 93.3 ns
the potential for
Metian, 2008). sustainable
making shrimp Initial weight (g) 1.02 1.02 ns
Despite its tremendous growth over the aquafeeds is
supported by the formulations
past decades, aquafeed production repre- Final weight (g) 11.31 12.74 +13 %*
development of less dependent
sented in 2006 only four percent of total innovative feed on traditional
global animal feed production (Gill, 2007). additives Gram/week 1.03 1.17 +14 %*
feed ingredients
Furthermore, global aquafeed volume is frag- Feed Intake (%/ABW/day) 5.45 5.61 ns
by enhancing
mented over many species produced under
the digestibility FCR 2.29 2.31 ns
different conditions and mostly in developing
and availability of Culture system for Litopenaeus
countries. This lack of critical mass compli- PER (weight gain/protein intake) 1.23 1.25 ns
nutrients using vannamei at the INVE Technologies test
cates focused developments, particularly for center in Brackishwater Aquaculture
novel feed ns= not significantly different; *= significantly different P<0.05
tropical species of fish and shrimp. Development Center, Indonesia
supplements.
VO L U M E 1 2 I S S U E 1 2 0 0 9
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