Está en la página 1de 5

Digital re-print - January | February 2009

Feature title: Are you ready for the aquafeed of the future

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,
the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of
information published.
©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form
or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

www.aquafeed.co.uk NEXT PAGE


Feature Title Aquafeed Future
alleviate increased cost of feed formula- cle illustrates potential advances in the cost moulting hormones. It has been found to

Are you ready for the


tions for poultry and pigs. efficiency of aquafeeds by the development be most effective in different species of
Various types of feed additives have been of novel nutritional concepts specifically for shrimp at dietary levels ranging from 0.20
developed which enhance the digestibil- aquaculture species. to 0.5 percent. Cholesterol levels below

aquafeed
ity and/or utilization efficiency of nutrients, 0.10 percent limit growth in Litopenaeus
including exogenous enzymes, compounds Natural emulsifiers vannamei, even if the other nutrients are
aiding in the digestive process by improving to enhance lipid formulated to satisfy normal requirements
absorption, mobilization and transport of digestion in shrimp (Duerr and Walsh, 1996).
nutrients, stimulators of enzyme secretion, Shrimps do not tolerate high levels of Fishmeal is the major cholesterol source
feeding stimulants reducing feed/nutrient dietary fat well. A number of studies show in practical feed formulations for shrimp
waste, pre/probiotics and botanical extracts reduced growth at levels above 10 percent with some contributions also coming from

of the future
modulating the gut microflora. of dietary lipid. fish oil, squid and shrimp meal.
The feeding biology, digestive physiol- Nevertheless, shrimp have no or very Shrimp cannot bioconvert highly
ogy and nutritional requirements of warm- limited capacity to biosynthesize a number unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA: 20:5n-3 or
blooded land animals differ significantly of lipid molecules which are essential for EPA; 22:6n-3 or DHA) which need to be
from those of aquaculture organisms. normal growth, including cholesterol, highly provided at 0.8-1 percent in the diet via
Therefore, the direct application in aqua- unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids. the marine ingredients, mainly fish oil and
culture of nutritional concepts developed Cholesterol is a key constituent of cell fishmeal.
by Peter Coutteau PhD for livestock is not trivial. The present arti- membranes and precursor for steroid and Phospholipids are a component of cell
Co-authors: Ward Spruyt, Alexander Van Halteren,
Sam Ceulemans & Wouter Meeus
INVE Aquaculture, Hoogveld 91, 9200 Dendermonde, Belgium
Novel feed supplements can reduce Table 1: Feed analysis and shrimp performance for two feeds
the requirements for traditional of different nutritional specifications. Data from a 70-day
Email: p.coutteau@inve.be ingredients in commercial feeds feeding trial with L. vannamei using triplicate tanks of 1m3
for Litopenaeus vannamei stocked with 20 shrimp/tank.
Two feeds were formulated at the same cost using either
The animal feed industry has faced tremendous increases of ingredient prices over the past years. This has exclusively commercial feed ingredients (‘traditional feed’) or a

% difference

traditional)
combination of standard ingredients with the feed supplements

Traditional
accelerated a search for alternative formulations and feed additives to improve the cost efficiency of feed

(novel vs
at the farm. Contrary to the livestock industry, developments in aquaculture are still hampered by the Aquasterol and Aquaflavour (‘novel feed’). To balance the cost of

Novel
limited nutritional knowledge and the lack of critical mass in a relatively small-scale feed industry. the novel feed, significant reductions were made in the formula-
tion for traditional feed ingredients, which resulted in lower Shrimp feed formula
Nevertheless, a number of promising additive concepts have become available recently to improve the analytical levels for various nutrients compared to the ‘traditional’
sustainability of feed for fish and shrimp, both in terms of farm economics and ecological responsibility. formula. Crude Protein (%) 35.8 34.8 -3%
These are in available phosphorous (water soluble phospho-
Crude Fat (%) 8.7 8.2 -6%

A
rous), cholesterol, phospholipids and n-3 HUFA which were
quaculture is the world’s For some of the bulk production species, minerals - have shown significant price different by minus seven percent to minus 44 percent (Table Crude Ash (%) 9.1 9.4 4%
fastest-growing sector in knowledge on nutrient digestibility, nutrient increases, in some extreme cases amount- 1). Due to some variations in practical ingredients, the ‘novel’ Moisture (%) 9.59 9.64 1%
food production. Since interactions and stage-specific requirements ing to several 100 percent. feed also showed lower specifications in crude protein and fat Watersoluble Phosphorous (%) 0.48 0.32 -34%
1970 it has sustained an is still rudimentary. In the livestock industry, combined compared to the ‘traditional’ feed.
average growth rate of almost nine In recent years, all major aquafeed research efforts from producers, feed Cholesterol (GLC, %) 0.18 0.1 -44%
Results showed that shrimp fed the ‘novel’ feed had significantly
percent – compared with 2.8 percent ingredients - including fishmeal, fish oil, and additive suppliers and academic insti- better growth (1.17g/week versus 1.07g/week) and showed no dif- Phospholipids (Iatro scan, %) 0.93 0.85 -9%
for land-based animal production. vegetable proteins and fats, wheat flour, tutes have resulted in a vast knowledge ferences in terms of survival, food conversion and protein efficiency EPA (mg/g DM) 4.8 5 4%
feed phosphates, additives, vitamins and basis and a wide range of additives to ratio compared to animals fed the traditional feed (Table 1). DHA (mg/g DM) 5.7 4.8 -16%
Global feed production for farming fish
This seemed contrary to the lower nutritional specifications
and shrimp has followed this expansion, n-3 HUFA sum (mg/g DM) 11.9 11.1 -7%
of the novel feed.
estimated between 20.2-22.7 million tonnes
Figure 1: Formulating Verification trials under pond conditions in Indonesia using similar
in 2006 and expected to reach 32 million Results growth trial 70 days L. vannamei
ecologically and formulations confirmed the above findings.These results clearly showed
tonnes by 2012 (FAO, 2006; Tacon and economically Survival ( percent) 91.7 93.3 ns
the potential for
Metian, 2008). sustainable
making shrimp Initial weight (g) 1.02 1.02 ns
Despite its tremendous growth over the aquafeeds is
supported by the formulations
past decades, aquafeed production repre- Final weight (g) 11.31 12.74 +13 %*
development of less dependent
sented in 2006 only four percent of total innovative feed on traditional
global animal feed production (Gill, 2007). additives Gram/week 1.03 1.17 +14 %*
feed ingredients
Furthermore, global aquafeed volume is frag- Feed Intake (%/ABW/day) 5.45 5.61 ns
by enhancing
mented over many species produced under
the digestibility FCR 2.29 2.31 ns
different conditions and mostly in developing
and availability of Culture system for Litopenaeus
countries. This lack of critical mass compli- PER (weight gain/protein intake) 1.23 1.25 ns
nutrients using vannamei at the INVE Technologies test
cates focused developments, particularly for center in Brackishwater Aquaculture
novel feed ns= not significantly different; *= significantly different P<0.05
tropical species of fish and shrimp. Development Center, Indonesia
supplements.

26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 09 PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE


January-February 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
Feature Title
originally developed to improve growth and different conditions
food conversion of shrimp fed diets defi- of age, crowding,
cient in cholesterol (Coutteau et al., 2002). disease status and
However, current applications in white environmental
shrimp farms in Ecuador, Mexico, Thailand conditions is still
and Indonesia have shown a variety of very poor due to
beneficial effects from supplementing the experimental dif-
emulsifying concept to commercial shrimp ficulties to study
feeds including improved growth, survival, feeding behaviour
food conversion, hepatopancreas condition under produc-
and molting. tion conditions in
By improving the utilization efficiency of ponds.
dietary lipids, shrimp formulations can be The most realis-
made more cost-effective by reducing the tic way to measure
formulated values for phospholipids, cho- feed attractiveness
lesterol and n-3 HUFA. The compensation is probably by
of lower dietary specifications for essential quantifying the rate
lipids by the application of the natural emul- at which the feed
sifying concept was recently demonstrated disappears from
in a nutritional trial in Indonesia with white a feeding tray in
shrimp (see insert). a stocked shrimp
pond. Although this
Attractants and palatability technique is diffi-
enhancers to stimulate cult to standardise
Caption: Set up for fish trials at INVE’s feeding in shrimp and assumes good
testing facilities at Caditec Testing (Spain) Good feed management is a key factor in feed stability, it has
any animal production system. proven to be valu-
In shrimp farming, feed management is a able in comparing
membranes, building blocks for lipopro- tion of suboptimal dietary levels of choles- processes by reducing the size of the fat true challenge as shrimp are grown ‘hidden the effect of dif-
teins (essential for lipid mobilization in terol and phospholipids may be particularly globules released from the diet and increas- from the eye of the farmer’ in large ponds ferent attractants
the haemolymph) and constitute a highly detrimental to shrimp nutrition due to the ing the efficiency of the lipase activity. and their appetite is fluctuating rapidly in under field condi-
available source of choline and inositol interaction between phospholipids and cho- Furthermore, emulsifiers assist the bile function of temperature, salinity, quality of tions (Ceulemans
(Coutteau et al., 1997). lesterol requirements (Gong et al., 2000). acids in the formation of micelles, which are water and pond bottom, feed quality, life et al., 2003).
the transportation vehicles for absorption stage, health status and molting cycle. Feeding attract-
of lipids through the membranes of the Since feed constitutes generally around ants are key com-
digestive system. Emulsifying agents enhance 50 percent of total production cost in pounds in shrimp
Figure 2: Specific the fat digestibility and growth performance
blends of natural shrimp farming, the efficiency of feed and nutrition as they
emulsifying in nursery and fattening of broilers and pigs feeding management strongly influence attract the shrimp
agents are (Smulders, 2008). profitability. to the feed and
complementing Contrary to land animals, lipid digestion It is crucial that shrimp locate and stimulate them to
the process of in shrimp occurs for a big proportion
emulsification consume fast the feed distributed in the consume it (Lee &
intracellular in the hepatopancreas epithe- pond as this will reduce the loss of valuable Meyers, 1997).
and absorption
of dietary lium from where it is transported to the water-soluble nutrients leaching from the Attractants
fats in the target organs via the haemolymphe under feed (including essential vitamins and amino compensate the
hepatopancreas, the form of lipoproteins. The formation acids) and the accumulation of wasted feed lack of attractive-
which in turn and absorption of lipid micelles from the
improves the which will in turn affect the quality of water ness of formula-
lumen of the hepatopancreas tubuli is and soil and subsequently oxygen consump- tions (for example,
efficiency of
shrimp to use therefore a limiting step in the lipid diges- tion in the pond. due to the replace-
fats as essential tive process. All nutritional compounds wasted as ment of proteins of
nutrients and as Specific blends of natural emulsifying leached nutrients in the water column or marine origin with
source of energy agents, selected for their compatibility with
for growth un-eaten feed on the pond bottom are vegetable protein)
the shrimp’s digestive system, are capable of deteriorating the culture environment and and stimulate the
complementing the process of emulsifica- not converted into shrimp biomass. Feed appetite of shrimp
tion and absorption of dietary fats in the attractiveness is therefore a key factor to that show poor
Although the optimal level may depend Emulsifying agents are a diverse class of com- hepatopancreas. This in turn improves the maximize feed conversion and growth in feeding responses
on the formulation and culture conditions, pounds, which are able to disperse fat in water efficiency of shrimp to use fats as essential shrimp farming, particularly under low and (eg due to stress-
phospholipid requirements are estimated under the form of small droplets (as in milk). components and as source of energy for medium stocking densities. ful environmental
around one-to-two percent (equivalent to In land animals, emulsifiers are added to growth (Figure 2). Current knowledge of the effects of for- conditions or
1.5-3 percent liquid lecithin). The combina- the feed to complement the lipid digestive The natural emulsifying concept was mulation on feed uptake by shrimp under disease).

28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 09 PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE


January-February 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
Aquafeed Future Aquafeed Future
Optimised formulations of tive system. Herbal diges- Phytase products, like any other
water-soluble nitrogenous com- tive properties include Figure 4: Formulated attractants result enzymes, have inherent limitations on the
pounds including amino acids, appetite enhancement, in superior effects on growth and food activity range in terms of temperature, pH
short-chain peptides and nucle- stimulation of gastric conversion compared to other protein and inactivation by proteolytic enzymes
otides – applied either as top- and bile secretions, and concentrates, possibly due to their in the digestive system. The digestive
additional nutritional benefits (amino
dressing or included in the feed hepato protection. acid balance, nucleotides and peptides). physiology is very different among the
during processing - have shown Recent screening Data from a 56-days feeding trial with different commercially important species
to be effective in improving feed work under controlled Litopenaeus vannamei using triplicate of fish and shrimp, which are in turn
uptake in feeding trays (Ceulemans lab conditions at INVE tanks of 1m3 per diet; growing shrimp from different from warm-blooded poultry
et al., 2003). Culture trials under Technologies test facilities approx. 1.1 to 7.7g over eight weeks (control and pigs. Therefore, major progress on
diet). All diets formulated to 37 percent CP/6
controlled lab conditions have at Caditec Testing (Spain) percent CF; containing 21.5 percent prime enzyme efficacy will result from the
demonstrated that the addition has revealed the potential Chilean fishmeal; test products included at selection of the enzymes compatible
of these formulated attractants of several natural prod- two percent inclusion level: by-product from with the digestive physiology and feeding
to practical feed formulations ucts for improving the amino acid production (AA Byprod); protein biology of aquaculture organisms.
improves feed intake, growth and feed utilisation in fish. hydrolysates based on poultry by-products The standard processing conditions
(Chick Hydro) or fish (Fish Hydro); a
food conversion (Figure 3). The addition of a during aquafeed production (tempera-
formulated attractant (Aquaflavour)
Furthermore, compared Screening shrimp feed attractants under field blend of digestive herbal (Ceulemans et al., in prep.) ture, humidity, pressure) are inactivating
to protein concentrates based conditions: measuring feed attractiveness by extracts to practical feed enzymes. Consequently, special equipment
on fish hydrolysates, chicken quantifying the rate at which the feed disappears from formulations for Nile is required to apply enzymes in the
hydrolysates or by-products a feeding tray in a stocked shrimp pond Although many studies have demon- tion of phytase in aquafeeds is still very aquafeed mill, such as pellet coating or
Tilapia (Oreochromis
from amino acid production, the niloticus) significantly strated that phytase supplementation makes limited due to uncertainties on its efficacy liquid spraying systems (Lorenz-Meyer, 2008).
supplementation of formulated improved growth, food the chelated phytate-P available to fish in formulations, processing and farming con- Provided these bottlenecks are over-
attractants give superior results conversion and protein (reviewed by Cao et al. 2007), the applica- ditions typical for aquaculture. come, the wide diversity of enzymes
on growth and food conversion efficiency (Figure 5). presents an interesting
(Figure 4). The improved availabil- potential to improve
Figure 5: Effects of a blend of digestive
Small inclusions of formulated ity of dietary nutrients herbal extracts (Easy Digest) on growth, the utilization of low-
attractants may have several and energy for muscle food conversion, protein efficiency ratio, cost plant ingredients,
additional nutritional benefits growth was illustrated and liver/viscera weight in Nile Tilapia. Data which are often rich
due to the stimulation of enzyme by the reduction of from a 70-day lab trial with Nile Tilapia in non-digestible
using triplicate tanks of 100l per diet.
secretion and digestive processes visceral wastes consist- carbohydrates, anti-
Fish were grown at 26°C in a freshwater
(short-chain peptides), balancing ing of digestive system recirculation unit from 40g to ± 90g while nutritional factors and
amino acid nutrition (essential and fat deposits in the fed on a practical tilapia grow out diet with unavailable nutrients
amino acids) and improved belly and liver of the CP/CF of 33/7.6; SGR=growth rate (percent/ for fish and shrimp.
function of epithelia in gut and fish, resulting in reduced day); FCR=feed conversion ratio (kg feed
consumed/kg weight gain; PER= protein
hepatopancreas (nucleotides). hepatosomatic and vis- Note: Literature
efficiency ratio (kg weight gain/kg protein
These additional benefits con- cerosomatic indexes. consumed; HSI=liver weight (percent body references can be
tribute to release more nutrients Reducing processing weight) VSI=Viscera weight (percent body obtained from the author.
from feeds formulated to contain wastes and maximising weight). Ceulemans et al. (in prep) Email: p.coutteau@inve.be
lower levels of digestible nutri- filleting yield has impor-
ents (see insert). tant consequences for
the profitability of the
Phytobiotics to Figure 3: The addition of a formulated attractant production of fillet fish
(Aquaflavour) to practical shrimp feed formulations Subscription benefits How to subscribe
enhance digestive improves feed intake, growth and food conversion.
such as Tilapia.
processes and Take a subscription today and have 1: Use our secure online payment service
Data from a 70-days feeding trial with Litopenaeus
feed efficiency Enzymes – a printed copy delivered direct to - Go to our secure website at www.
vannamei using triplicate tanks of 1m3 per diet;
perendale.com. Add a subscription to
The increasing pressure on growing shrimp from approximately one-to-9g over 10 challenging your office or home address.
International Aquafeed to your basket
the use of feed antibiotic growth weeks (control diet). All diets formulated to 37 percent but promising At UK£43 per year, you will get also then use either PayPal™ or Google™
CP/6 percent CF; containing 21.5 percent prime Chilean
promoters in animal nutrition
fishmeal (Ceulemans et al., in prep.)
application in be eligable for a free copy of the checkout to complete your order
has boosted the research for aquafeeds International Aquafeed Directory, 2: By phone - Call our subscriptions
alternative growth promoters Soaring prices and in worth UK£85, as well as a copy of our manager Tuti Tan
based on natural substances. some cases limited avail- Marketing Trends in Aquaculture report on +44 1242 267706
Phytobiotics is a term used to describe rial and viral infections in fish and shrimp, the ability of feed phosphates has stimulated
plant-derived natural bioactive compounds, capability of specific plant extracts to modulate the use of phytases enzymes in animal feeds.
which affect animal growth and health due to the composition of the gut microflora offers Phytases are enzymes capable of releasing
their antimicrobial, digestive or metabolic stim- interesting perspectives for protection against the phosphorus (P) present under the form
ulating properties. Phytobiotics are successfully
used as alternatives to antibiotics in weaning
bacterial and viral infections in aquaculture
organisms (Decamp et al., 2007).
of phytate in plant feed ingredients.
The better use of plant P present in www.aquafeed.co.uk
and ongrowing pigs (Marin-Gusman, 2005). Spices are widely used to flavour our food the formula is economically interesting and
Since the gut is the main entry port for bacte- but also exert stimulant actions on the diges- reduces the P output into the environment.

30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 09 PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE


January-February 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
This digital re-print is part of the January | February 2009 edition of International Aquafeed magazine.
Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full online magazine
on our website, and as an archive of individual features on the docstoc website.
LINKS
Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.

VO L U M E 1 2 I S S U E 1 2 0 0 9
• See the full issue
EuroTier
Show Review • Visit the International Aquafeed website
Mediterranean
Practical methods of improving health & performance

• Contact the International Aquafeed Team


status in Mediterranean aquaculture species

Maximising
plant proteins and oils in Atlantic salmon diets

Are you ready for the


aquafeed of the future? • Subscribe to International Aquafeed
THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY
Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association
and the International Aquafeed Association

IAF0901.indd 1 18/12/2008 12:25

To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edition please contact
our Circulation and subscriptions manager on the link adove.

INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE

www.aquafeed.co.uk PREVIOUS PAGE

También podría gustarte