Using SAP2000 Software Package in Using SAP2000 Software Package in

Earthquake Engineering (Part II: Pushover)

k /f
Sameframebut
differentloading
Q
D
=4.5kips/ft
Q
D
=10.5kips/ft
Q 10 5 ki /f Q
D
=10.5kips/ft
Loads on structures:
- Static (e.g. self-weight) Static (e.g. self weight)
- Dynamic (e.g. earthquake)
Structures response: Structures response:
- Linear (constant stiffness)
- Nonlinear (variable stiffness)
Structural Analysis Approaches:
Linear static (ELF) - Linear static (ELF)
(least accurate; least complex)
- Linear dynamic (response spectra) Linear dynamic (response spectra)
- Nonlinear static (pushover)
- Nonlinear dynamic (time history) y ( y)
(most accurate; most complex)
Pushover analysis:
A l i f di ib i f di ib i h i Applying a force distribution force distribution to the structure in an
incremental fashion while monitoring the
occurrence of nonlinear behavior nonlinear behavior and plotting the occurrence of nonlinear behavior nonlinear behavior and plotting the
base shear (V
b
) versus control node control node displacement
(u ) (u
N
).
compromise the simplicity of linear static approaches
and accuracy of nonlinear dynamic methods and accuracy of nonlinear dynamic methods.
1- Nonlinearity sources:
Geometrical (P Delta effects) - Geometrical (P-Delta effects)
(consider or not: codes)
- Material Material
(too many materials behavior models)
2- Nonlinearity modeling:
- Concentrated - Distributed
Plastic hinge properties:
running section analysis and coming up with M curves - running section analysis and coming up with M- curves
Plastic hinge properties:
- using codes tabulated properties
3- Lateral load pattern: 3- Lateral load pattern:
- a single concentrated force at the top
(good for one-story buildings) (good for one story buildings)
- in proportion to the standard code procedure: p p p
( )
/ x x x x x F w h w h V =

- in proportion to the product of story masses and
predominant mode shape of the elastic model of the
structure
( )

( )
/ x x x x x F w w V = u u

4- Control node:
- For common buildings, the control node could be
selected as roof (top) story node
- Pushover analysis is stopped when the structure reaches:
pre-defined displacement p p
or
ultimate capacity
5 Gravity loads should be applied prior to the 5- Gravity loads should be applied prior to the
application of lateral loads
6 Check at performance point : 6- Check at performance point :
The global response of the structure and individual
component deformations are compared to limits in component deformations are compared to limits in
light of the specific performance goals of the system
Using SAP2000 for Pushover Analysis
We will use the same frame (elastic beams), just
modify dead loads:
1- Run Modal Analysis
( 1 )
1 . 0
0 7 5 9 |


`
( 1 )
0 . 7 5 9
0 . 3 4 5
|

=
`

)
Select lateral load pattern:
1 0 0 0
7 5 9 F k i p s


=
`
7 5 9
3 4 5
x
F k i p s =
`

)
2- Lateral Load Case
3- Modify Dead Load Case
3- Define Push Load Case
1
2
3- Define Push Load Case
1 2
4- Assign Plastic Hinges
Select column elements: Select column elements:
4- Assign Plastic Hinges
4- Assign Plastic Hinges
Select beam elements: Select beam elements:
5- Run
6- Results Output
Display displacement:
6- Results Output
Display pushover curve:
7- Checking Hinges Status
Looking for 0.5 ft roof displacement:
7- Checking Hinges Status
At 0.5 ft roof displacement: the performance level p p
of the system is Collapse Prevention (CP)