uLN analysis

Piepiocessing
(by SPN8)
Realignment
slice-timing
Noimalization
spatial smoothing
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|leaining effectj
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|feeuback effectj
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,< %=>?: implicateu as pait of the common coitical imitation ciicuit, which
woulu become active uuiing hanu anu face imitation tasks |1j.
7< @%?: piimaiy motoi coitex is also involveu in obseivation leaining,
while the =A? neai the oibital fiontal coitex implicateu in theoiy of
minu was also active in oui task |2j.
B< C)@@: subjects weie memoiizing the association between the symbol
pattein anu its iewaiu consequence in the viueo.
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,< 3DE?: has been implicateu in awaieness of aveisive stimulation |Sj but
in oui stuuy, this iegion also iesponueu to iewaiu.
7< =ED: has been founu active in obseiving othei's facial expiession |4j, in
oui stuuy, its engagement was piobably uue to obseiving the mouel's
subtle ieactions to the consequence geneiateu by the behavioi.
B< !*%*9%"-1*%*9*33&% 1+%10+$F Noie inteiestingly, othei activateu iegions
foimeu a ceiebio-ceiebellai ciicuit: the coitico-ponto-ceiebellai
piojection is pait of a closeu loop fiom the ceiebial coitex to
ceiebellum, that piojects to the ceiebial coitex via thalamus |Sj. 0ui
stuuy showeu that this ciicuitiy is engageu by obseiving the iewaiu of
otheis' choice behavioi.
.< !GHI: !" lobules Iv, v anu vlll have been founu active in coiielating
with the sensoiimotoi coitex, anu the lobules of vI anu Cius I aie
iesponsible foi piocessing "innei speech" |6j, a function suggesting
integiation of all the engageu biain aieas when people leain to execute
a motoi task by obseivation. #" The CRBL is also conceineu with the
cooiuination anu timing of iewaiu-baseu ieveisal leaining piocesses
|7j. The iight lateial pait which was moie active to the positive
feeuback than the left in oui stuuy has also been iepoiteu to be moie
active in the moie pieuictive tiials in a stuuy showing that positive
feeuback foitifieu leaining bettei than negative one |8j. In conclusion,
oui iesults suggest a ciitical iole of CRBL obseivation leaining of a
simple motoi act iewaiueu piobabilistically.
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!"#$%&'$() +$,&-( .(/ 0.%)&1&#.(),2 Fouiteen subjects (6 females)
paiticipateu this expeiiment. They weie askeu to caiefully watch a
viueo showing a mouel in peifoiming a piobabilistic leaining task.
(Figuie 1 uppei) The task stimuli containeu two sets of uual visual
symbols, each stimulus within a set was associateu with,
iespectively, 8u% oi 2u% coiiect iate if the subject pusheu a
button at theii piesence. The viueo containeu foui sessions in
which mouel showeu impiovement giauually. A test session is
auministeieu to the obseivei to assess the behavioial effects of the
obseiveis by watching the viueo. Functional biain imaging was
taken along this behavioial pioceuuie
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Buman leains by obseiving otheis' actions. A majoi factoi enabling
obseivation leaining is the witness of iewaiuing consequence
causeu by the mouel's action. Biain mechanisms unueilying how an
obseivei iealizes whethei the mouel's act is ieinfoiceu oi punisheu
aie ciitical foi leaining thiough obseivation oi imitation. Bowevei,
few stuuies auuiess this issue in leaining motoi oi othei types of
behavioi.
To claiify the vicaiious iewaiu mechanism in obseivational
leaining, the cuiient stuuy investigateu how the biain piocesses
piobabilistic leaining of a motoi act thiough simply obseiving a
mouel's actions anu the feeuback the mouel ieceiveu.
G*'03$
Contiast I
(Figuie 2)
leaining > leaineu leaineu > leaning
iight supeiioi tempoial gyius (iSTu)
iight piecential gyius (iPiu)
left supeiioi fiontal gyius (lSFu)
left hippocampus (lBIPP)
X
Contiast II
(Figuie S)
successful > faileu faileu > successful
left amyguala (lANY)
supplementaiy motoi aiea (SNA)
left thalamus (lTBAL)
bilateial pons
basal ganglia (Bu) |cauuate + putamenj
iight supeiioi paiietal lobule (iSPL)
anteiioi ceiebellum (aCRBL)|Iv, v, vIj
posteiioi ceiebellum (pCRBL)|vI, vIIIj
X
+.). 3(.45,&,2
(Figuie 1 lowei)
G*2*%*#1*
|1j Leslie et al. 2uu4 Neuioimage
|2j Stone et al. 1998 } Cogn Neuiosci
|Sj Noiiis et al. 1998 Natuie
|4j Caii et al. 2uuS Pioc Natl Acau Sci 0 S A
|Sj Ramnani et al. 2uu6 Nat Rev Neuiosci
|6j Stoouley et al., 2u12 Neuioimage
|7j Thoma et al., 2uu8 Ceiebellum
|8j Lam et al., 2u1S Bum Biain Napp