Activity 5

Additional Mathematics Project Work 1/2014 2014
Page 0

Additional
Mathematics Project
Work 1/2014

NNs
2014
Ng Wan Lin
SMK Bagan Jaya
6/19/2014


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BIL. CONTENTS PAGE
1. Acknowledgement

2.
Introduction
Introduction of project
Introduction of geometric
progression
Definition of geometric progression
History of geometric progression

3. Aim and Objectives

4.
Implementation of Project Work
Activity 1: Collecting Information
Finding radius
Finding circumference of semicircle
Finding distance
Tabulation of data
-Table
-Bar graph
-Line graph
Activity 2: Data Analysing

Activity 3: Data Interpretation
Finding total distance
Finding total number of tin of oil
paint & cost needed

Activity 4: Further Exploration
Activity 5: Conclusions

5. Reflection

6. References


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First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and
health to do this project work.
Furthermore, I would like to thanks my parents for providing everything, such
as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advice, which
is the most needed for this project. They also provide facilities such as internet, books,
computers and all that for me in order to complete this project. They also supported
me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.
I would like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher, Ms Chin Wee
Cheng for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some
difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do.
She tried and tried her best to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do
with the project work.
Most of all, I would like to thank my group members, Lim Pei San and Chia
Xinyi who always supports me, guides me and even console me and sharing our ideas.
We cooperated well doing this project especially in discussion and sharing ideas, so
we had this task done. This allows us finish our task completely in just a blink of eyes.
Last but not least, I thank any party which involved either directly or
indirectly completing this project work. Although I have sacrifices almost 3 weeks to
complete this project work, but I enjoyed the moment I spent time with my friends,
families and teachers. Furthermore, I have improved myself in solving Additional
Mathematics problems and I learn from my mistakes. Thank You.


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Bertam Complex Stadium is a sport centre in Kepala Batas. It can cater all kinds of
events especially the track and field events. The stadium is designed based on the
standard measurement of National Sport Council. The diagram below shows the plan
of the eight synthetic lanes.

Diagram 2: Bertam Complex Stadium
Diagram 1: Plan track of Bertam Complex Stadium

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Definition of track and field
Track and field is a sport which combines various athletic
contests based on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing.
The name is derived from the sport's typical venue: a stadium with
an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing
and jumping events take place.
The running events, which include sprints, middle and long-
distance events, and hurdling, are won by the athlete with the
fastest time. The jumping and throwing events are won by the
athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular
jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole
vault, while the most common throwing events are shot
put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also "combined
events", such as heptathlon and decathlon, in which athletes
compete in a number of the above events.
Most track and field events are individual sports with a single
victor, but a number are relay races. Events are almost exclusively
divided by gender, although both the men's and women's
competitions are usually held at the same venue.
Track and field is often categorised under the umbrella sport
of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country
running, and race walking. At the international level, the two most
prestigious international track and field competitions are athletics
competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World

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Championships in Athletics, while the International Association of
Athletics Federations is the international governing body.
Records are kept of the best performances in specific events,
at world and national levels, right down to a personal level.
However, if athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules
or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and
their marks are erased.
In North America, the term track and field may be used to refer to
athletics in general, rather than specifically track and field events

HISTORY OF TRACK AND FIELD
The history of track and field traces back to the earliest of times.
People have been walking, running or throwing things since the
beginning of man. Competition as a natural means of manhood
took root and individuals began to run against one another. The
first race of record is noted to have taken place at the first
Olympic Festival in Ancient Rome in 776 B.C. It was said to have
been a stadium race or one length around the stadium.

During these times the Olympics remained the main stage for all
track and field events and it only showcased such events every
four years. The events began to evolve over the centuries as a
number of new track competitions were incorporated as well as
non-track and field events. The pentathlon consisting of five
events, boxing, wrestling and foot races of varying length were
installed into the early Olympics. It is often said that the ancient
Roman and Greek warriors often incorporated running into their
training. Daily doses of running through hills, jousting, wrestling
and hand to hand combat were routine forms of training.

It wasn't until the eighteen hundreds that the history of track and
field began to formally organize as grade schools and Universities
began to incorporate daily exercise and running routines. Track
and Field history was so evidently rooted in Ancient Greek and

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Roman times then it slowly began to evolve into English culture. It
was said that the first college competition was held between
Oxford and Cambridge in 1864.

Track and field began to modernize around the time of the first
modern day Olympic Games in 1896. Modern day track and field
events take place around a four hundred meter track and the
remaining field events are usually occurring at the same time
inside that track.

It was around the early 1900's that a number of leagues and
associations began to form. International and domestic leagues
began and held the athletes amateur status so that they could
compete in the Olympics. Despite this the sport continued to grow
in the early years and held the first NCAA Championships in 1921.

Ironically one of track and field most popular events the marathon
wasn't even introduced until the 1896 games in Athens, Greece. It
got the name marathon as the race started in the town of
Marathon and continued on to the Olympic Stadium.

Track and field continued to deal with the issues of amateur status
among its athletes for years to come and it held back the
development of the sport. It wasn't until 1970's that the
professional stature was formed so that athletes can compete
annually in events while getting paid and still is able to compete in
the Olympics.

Track and Field history has seen an evolution involving the running
surfaces, shoes and types of races. The sport continues to grow at
the amateur and professional level and is highlighted by the
Olympics every four years.


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DEFINITION OF CIRCUMFERENCE
A circle is a shape with all points
the same distance from the
center. It is named by the
center. The circle to the left is
called circle A since the center is at point A.
If you measure the distance around a circle
and divide it by the distance across the
circle through the center, you will always
come close to a particular value, depending upon the accuracy of your
measurement. This value is approximately 3.14159265358979323846...
We use the Greek letter (pronounced Pi) to represent this value. The
number goes on forever. However, using computers has been
calculated to over 1 trillion digits past the decimal point.

The distance around a circle is called the circumference.
The distance across a circle through the center is called
the diameter. is the ratio of the circumference of a
circle to the diameter. Thus, for any circle, if you divide
the circumference by the diameter, you get a value close to
. This relationship is expressed in the following formula:

The radius of a circle is the distance from the center of a
circle to any point on the circle. If you place two radii end-
to-end in a circle, you would have the same length as one
diameter. Thus, the diameter of a circle is twice as long as
the radius. This relationship is expressed in the following formula:
, where is the diameter and is the radius.

=

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Circumference, diameter and radii are measured in
linear units, such as inches and centimetres. A circle has
many different radii and many different diameters, each
passing through the center. A real-life example of a
radius is the spoke of a bicycle wheel. A 9-inch pizza is an example of a
diameter: when one makes the first cut to slice a round pizza pie in half,
this cut is the diameter of the pizza. So a 9-inch pizza has a 9-inch
diameter.

HISTORY OF CIRCUMFERENCE
Evidence of historic use of the concepts of perimeter and
circumference goes back to the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians
in about 1800 B.C.E.
The pyramids are built to exact mathematical formulae although
there is no written record of the use of Pi, a dimension of
calculating circumference, in the archaeological data. Clay tablets
from Babylonia describe the complex math used in building the
elaborate canal system used for transportation and irrigation.
Archimedes is credited with the formal discovery of Pi in 240 B.C.E.
in Greece, and Eratosthenes was the first person to calculate the
circumference of the earth accurately, sometime between 276
and 195 B.C.E.
Liu Hui of China and Aryhabata of India were working with Pi long
before the Greeks wrote about it.

Etymology
In English, we can trace the origins of the terms to the 14th and 16th
centuries. "Circumference" entered the language in the late 1300s from
Latin and the Greek. "Circumferre" is the Latin for "to lead around" or
"carry around," and the Greek "periphereia" is the line around a circular
object. "Perimeter" is first found in 1590 from the Latin and Greek
"perimetros"--"peri" meaning "around" and "metron" meaning
"measure."


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Perimeter
Finding the perimeter of an area is simple. Measure the length of each of
its sides and add them together. The total is the distance around the
object. Squares, pentagons, hexagons and other even-sided figures can
be calculated by measuring one side and multiplying that figure by the
number of sides.

Circumference
Finding the precise circumference requires a good head for math or a
pencil and paper. Measure the mid-point of a circle to the outer edge--a
straight line that equals half the diameter of the circle. The diameter, of
course, is the distance from one edge of a circle to its opposite edge
across the widest point. But, as you need to measure through the exact
center of the circle anyway to find the diameter, it's easier to use the
radius. Multiply the radius by 2 and then multiply that by Pi, which is
3.1416. A shortcut for an approximate circumference is to multiply the
radius by 2 and then by 3.

Relationship with Pi ()
The circumference of a circle relates to one of the most
important mathematical constants in all of mathematics.
This constant, pi, is represented by the Greek letter . The numerical
value of is 3.14159 26535 89793 ..., and is defined by
two proportionality constants. The first constant is the ratio of a circle's
circumference to its diameter and equals . While the second constant is
the ratio of the diameter and two times the radius and is used as to
convert the diameter to radius in the same ratio as the first, . Both
proportionality constants combine in respect with circumference c,
diameter d, and radius r to become:
C=
The use of the mathematical constant is ubiquitous in mathematics,
engineering, and science. While the constant ratio of circumference to
radius also has many uses in mathematics, engineering, and
science, it is not formally named. These uses include but are not limited
to radians, computer programming, and physical constants.

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Definition of Pi ()
The number is a mathematical constant, the ratio of
a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159.
It has been represented by the Greek letter "" since the mid-18th
century though it is also sometimes spelled out as "pi" (/pa/).
Being an irrational number, cannot be expressed exactly as a common
fraction, although fractions such as 22/7 and other rational numbers are
commonly used to approximate . Consequently its decimal
representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating
pattern. The digits appear to be randomly distributed although no proof
of this has yet been discovered. Also, is a transcendental number a
number that is not the root of any nonzero polynomial
having rational coefficients. This transcendence of implies that it is
impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a
compass and straight-edge.
For thousands of years mathematicians have attempted to extend their
understanding of , sometimes by computing its value to a high degree
of accuracy. Before the 15th century mathematicians such
as Archimedes and Liu Hui used geometrical techniques, based on
polygons, to estimate the value of . Starting around the 15th century,
new algorithms based on infinite series revolutionized the computation
of . In the 20th and 21st centuries mathematicians and computer
scientists discovered new approaches that, when combined with
increasing computational power, extended the decimal representation
of to, as of late 2011, over 10 trillion (10
13
) digits. Scientific
applications generally require no more than 40 digits of so the primary
motivation for these computations is the human desire to break records.
However, the extensive calculations involved have been used to
test supercomputers and high-precision multiplication algorithms.
Because its definition relates to the circle, is found in many formulae
in trigonometry and geometry, especially those concerning circles,
ellipses or spheres. It is also found in formulae used in other branches of
science such as cosmology, number
theory, statistics, fractals, thermodynamics, mechanics and electromagn
etism. The ubiquity of makes it one of the most widely-known
mathematical constants both inside and outside the scientific
community: Several books devoted to it have been published, the
number is celebrated on Pi Day and record-setting calculations of the

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digits of often result in news headlines. Attempts to memorize the
value of with increasing precision have led to records of over 67,000
digits.

History Of Pi ( )
The Great Pyramid at Giza, constructed c. 25892566 BC, was built with
a perimeter of about 1760 cubits and a height of about 280 cubits; the
ratio 1760/280 6.2857 is approximately equal to 2 6.2832. Based on
this ratio, some Egyptologists concluded that the pyramid builders had
knowledge of and deliberately designed the pyramid to incorporate
the proportions of a circle. Others maintain that the suggested
relationship to is merely a coincidence, because there is no evidence
that the pyramid builders had any knowledge of , and because the
dimensions of the pyramid are based on other factors.

The earliest written approximations of are found in Egypt and Babylon,
both within 1 percent of the true value. In Babylon, a clay tablet dated
19001600 BC has a geometrical statement that, by implication,
treats as 25/8 = 3.1250. In Egypt, the Rhind Papyrus, dated around
1650 BC, but copied from a document dated to 1850 BC has a formula
for the area of a circle that treats as (16/9)
2
3.1605.

In India around 600 BC, the Shulba Sutras (Sanskrit texts that are rich in
mathematical contents) treat as (9785/5568)
2
3.088. In 150 BC, or
perhaps earlier, Indian sources treat as 3.1622.

Two verses in the Hebrew Bible (written between the 8th and 3rd
centuries BC) describe a ceremonial pool in the Temple of Solomon with
a diameter of ten cubitsand a circumference of thirty cubits; the verses
imply is about three if the pool is circular. Rabbi Nehemiah explained
the discrepancy as being due to the thickness of the vessel. His early
work of geometry, Mishnat ha-Middot, was written around 150 AD and
takes the value of to be three and one seventh.


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Polygon approximation era
The first recorded algorithm for rigorously calculating the value of was
a geometrical approach using polygons, devised around 250 BC by the
Greek mathematician Archimedes. This polygonal algorithm dominated
for over 1,000 years, and as a result is sometimes referred to as
"Archimedes' constant". Archimedes computed upper and lower bounds
of by drawing a regular hexagon inside and outside a circle, and
successively doubling the number of sides until he reached a 96-sided
regular polygon. By calculating the perimeters of these polygons, he
proved that 223/71 < < 22/7 (3.1408 < < 3.1429). Archimedes' upper
bound of 22/7 may have led to a widespread popular belief that is
equal to 22/7. Around 150 AD, Greek-Roman scientist Ptolemy, in
his Almagest, gave a value for of 3.1416, which he may have obtained
from Archimedes or from Apollonius of Perga. Mathematicians using
polygonal algorithms reached 39 digits of in 1630, a record only
broken in 1699 when infinite series were used to reach 71 digits.

In ancient China, values for included 3.1547 (around 1 AD), (100
AD, approximately 3.1623), and 142/45 (3rd century, approximately
3.1556).Around 265 AD, the Wei Kingdom mathematician Liu
Hui created a polygon-based iterative algorithm and used it with a
3,072-sided polygon to obtain a value of of 3.1416.Liu later invented a
faster method of calculating and obtained a value of 3.14 with a 96-
sided polygon, by taking advantage of the fact that the differences in
area of successive polygons form a geometric series with a factor
of 4. The Chinese mathematician Zu Chongzhi, around 480 AD,
calculated that 355/113 (a fraction that goes by the name Mil in
Chinese), using Liu Hui's algorithm applied to a 12,288-sided polygon.
With a correct value for its seven first decimal digits, this value of
3.141592920... remained the most accurate approximation of available
for the next 800 years.

The Indian astronomer Aryabhata used a value of 3.1416 in
his ryabhaya (499 AD).Fibonacci in c. 1220 computed 3.1418 using a
polygonal method, independent of Archimedes.
]
Italian
author Dante apparently employed the value 3.14142. The
Persian astronomer Jamshd al-Ksh produced 16 digits in 1424 using a
polygon with 32
28
sides, which stood as the world record for about 180

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years. French mathematician Franois Vite in 1579 achieved 9 digits
with a polygon of 32
17
sides.Flemish mathematician Adriaan van
Roomen arrived at 15 decimal places in 1593. In 1596, Dutch
mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen reached 20 digits, a record he later
increased to 35 digits (as a result, was called the "Ludolphian number"
in Germany until the early 20th century). Dutch scientist Willebrord
Snellius reached 34 digits in 1621, and Austrian astronomer Christoph
Grienberger arrived at 38 digits in 1630, which remains the most
accurate approximation manually achieved using polygonal algorithms.

Adoption of the symbol
The earliest known use of the Greek letter to represent the ratio of a
circle's circumference to its diameter was by mathematician William
Jones in his 1706 work Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos; or, a New
Introduction to the Mathematics. The Greek letter first appears there in
the phrase "1/2 Periphery ()" in the discussion of a circle with radius
one. Jones may have chosen because it was the first letter in the Greek
spelling of the word periphery. However, he writes that his equations
for are from the "ready pen of the truly ingenious Mr. John Machin",
leading to speculation that Machin may have employed the Greek letter
before Jones.It had indeed been used earlier for geometric
concepts.William Oughtred used and , the Greek letter equivalents of
p and d, to express ratios of periphery and diameter in the 1647 and
later editions of Clavis Mathematicae.
After Jones introduced the Greek letter in 1706, it was not adopted by
other mathematicians until Euler started using it, beginning with his
1736 work Mechanica. Before then, mathematicians sometimes used
letters such as c or p instead. Because Euler corresponded heavily with
other mathematicians in Europe, the use of the Greek letter spread
rapidly. In 1748, Euler used in his widely read work Introductio in
analysin infinitorum (he wrote: "for the sake of brevity we will write this
number as ; thus is equal to half the circumference of a circle of
radius 1") and the practice was universally adopted thereafter in
the Western world.


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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
You must have observed that in
nature, many things follow a
certain pattern, such as the petals
of sunflower, the holes of a
honeybee comb, the grains of a
maize cob, the spirals on a
pineapple and on a pine cone etc.
We now look for a pattern which occurs in our daily lives. For example,
Mohit applied for a job and got selected. He has been offered a job with
a starting monthly salary RM5000, with an annual increment of RM500
in his salary. His salary for the 1
st
, 2nd, 3
rd
years will be, respectively
RM5000, RM5500, RM6000
In mathematics, Arithmetic Progression (AP) is also known as Arithmetic
Sequence. Sequence is a list of numbers of having specific relation
between the consecutive terms .For example, 1, 3, 5, 7, (next term to a
term is obtained by adding 2 with it).If various terms of a sequence are
formed by adding a fixed number to the previous term or the difference
between two successive terms is a fixed number or common difference
which can be a positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero (0) ,then
the sequence is Arithmetic Progression.
The formula of an Arithmetic Progression is T
n
=a+(n-1)d, where a Is the
first term of the sequence, d is the common difference or fixed number
and T
n
is the number of the term to be find and calculated.


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HISTORY OF ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
There is no specific history to when arithmetic sequences and series was
found or made up but we do know that the Egyptians were the first to
develop arithmetic math.

There is no specific history to when sequences were started although
there was a young math student who created a formula to help solve for
the sum of arithmetic sequences.

His name was Carl Gauss, he was born in 1777 in a German Empire and
at just ten years old he created this formula. His teacher asked him to
come to the board to solve the sum of the sequence (also known as a
series) 1 + 2 + 3 +...+ 99 + 100 and he was the only one with the correct
answer which was 5050. The formula he used was M ( M + 1 ) / 2 . As
Gauss grew older he became a very well-known mathematician
contributing to geometry, number theories, and many more.

Carl Friedrich Gauss


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Aim
The aim of this project is to survey the suitable perimeter for track and
field event tournament.
Project Work Objectives
At the end of this project, you will be able to
1. Collect data of the circumference and radius of semicircle.
2. Calculate the distance of each lane.
3. Solve problems by using various strategies.
4. Relate students knowledge with data obtained.
5. State the cause of injury during the running and ways to avoid
accidents.


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100 m
100 m Padang
1.2 m
Field
Lane 1
Lane 2
Lane 3
Lane 4
Lane 5
Lane 6
Lane 7
Lane 8

QUESTION:
You and your friends are asked to help your sports teacher to make the lanes for track
and field event as illustrated in Diagram 1 below.

Diagram 1
Given that the smallest circumference of semicircle is 100 meter. The length of
straight lane of the field track is also 100 meter. The width of each lane is 1.2 meter.
Show your working to determine the distance of each lane and complete Table 1.
(Use =3.142)
Table 1
Lane
Circumference of
Semicircle
(3 decimal places)
Radius
(3 decimal
places)
Distance of Each Lane
(3 decimal places)
1 100.000 31.827
2 100.00 33.027
3 100.00 34.227
4 100.00 35.427
5 100.00 36.627
6 100.00 37.827
7 100.00 39.027
8 100.00 40.227

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Why a Staggered Start?
So each lane has to have a
special starting position so they
all have to run the same distance.
How far does each athlete run when he/she completes one
lap of the track?
Let's look first at the route followed by the runner in Lane 1 (the
inside lane).
The rules state that you measure 300 mm from the inner edge of the
lane (approximately where the runner runs).


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Page 20


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There are two suitable problem solving strategies:
First Method
-We can calculate the shortest distance between starting line and the
finishing line of lane 2, lane 3, lane 4, lane 5, lane 6, lane 7 and lane 8 by
using this method:
1
st
lane = 0 (is given in the table)
2
nd
lane =407.542-400=7.542=7.54(2d.p.)
3
rd
lane =415.082-
400=15.082=15.08(2d.p.)
4
th
lane =422.624-400=22.624=22.62(2d.p.)
5
th
lane =430.164-400=30.164=30.16(2d.p.)
6
th
lane =437.704-400=37.704=37.70(2d.p.)
7
th
lane =445.246-400=45.246=45.25(2d.p.)
8
th
lane =452.786-400=52.786=52.79(2d.p.)
&
1
st
lane =0.00
2
nd
lane =7.54-0=7.54
3
rd
lane =15.08-7.54=7.54
4
th
lane =22.62-15.08=7.54
5
th
lane =30.16-22.62=7.54
6
th
lane =37.70-22.62=7.54
7
th
lane =45.25-37.70=7.54
8
th
lane =52.79-45.25=7.54
Diagram 3

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Presentation of data:

Second method:
To determine the distance of starting line of Lane 2, Lane 3, Lane 4, Lane
5, Lane 6, Lane7 and Lane 8 by using the arithmetic formula:

Shortest distance between starting line and finishing line of n
th
lane
=Distance of each lane-*400m

(*Since it is a 400 meter event)
&

L
n
-
Ln-1
of nth lane=Shortest distance between starting line and finishing
line of
[ nth lane-(nth lane-1)]

nth lane

Shortest Distance between starting
line and finishing line
( 2 decimal places)
L
n
- L
n-1

1 0.00 0
2 7.54 7.54
3 15.08 7.54
4 22.62 7.54
5 30.16 7.54
6 37.71 7.54
7 45.25 7.54
8 52.79 7.54

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T
n=
a+(n-1)d
where T
n
is the shortest distance between starting line and finishing line of n
th

a is the first term=0 (is given in Table 2)
n is the n
th
lane
d is the common difference =7.54

n
th
lane Solution Answer
1 0 0
2 0+(2-1)7.54 7.54
3 0+(3-1)7.54 15.08
4 0+(4-1)7.54 22.62
5 0+(5-1)7.54 30.16
6 0+(6-1)7.54 37.70
7 0+(7-1)7.54 45.25
8 0+(8-1)7.54 52.79

n
th
lane
Shortest Distance
between starting line
and finishing line
(2 decimal places)
L
n
-L
n-1

1 0.00 0.00
2 7.54 7.54
3 15.08 7.54
4 22.62 7.54
5 30.16 7.54
6 37.70 7.54
7 45.25 7.54
8 52.79 7.54
Table 2

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Bar Chart 1

Since it is a 400m event, therefore we have to make sure the event is
carried out fairly.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6
Shortest Distance
Ln-Ln-1

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As the distance of each lane will be increased when circumference of
circle and the radius of circle are increased, so we calculate the shortest
distance between starting line and finishing line of Lane 2 to Lane 8.
By using the two methods to calculate the shortest distance between
starting line and finishing line, the result of the shortest distance of 1
st

lane is 0m, 2
nd
lane is 7.54m, 3
rd
lane is 15.08m, 4
th
lane is 22.62m, 5
th

lane is 30.16m, 6
th
lane is 37.70m, 7
th
lane is 45.25m and 8
th
lane is
52.79m.
I found that the distance of starting from the finishing line is become
longer from the lane 2 to lane 8 and the distance of each lane to its
previous lane is 7.54m. So, the shortest distance of each lane is
increased by 7.54m.When the athlete is starting their run at 2
nd
lane,
they have to stand 7.54m far away from the starting line so that he/she
will run 400m not 407.542m.

The design of tracks shown in Diagram 1 is the track that is usually used
in the tracks tournament. There are another two designs of tracks which
has a measurement of 400m in Lane 1 and width of the line is the same.

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Question 1:
Using your own creativity, create two designs of tracks which has
a measurement of 400 m in Lane 1 and width of each lane is the
same.

Solutions:
TRACK DESIGN 1 :
The track fulfils the following specifications:
o The running distance from the inner edge of the inner lane is 300mm.
o There are 8 lanes.
o Each lane is 1.22m wide.

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o The track is consists of two straight sections joined by two semi-circular
sections.

Lane 1
On the curved section has a radius of
36.5m, but we need to add 300 mm for the
"running position", for a total of 36.8 m.
The radius is 36.8 m
So the Circumference = 2 radius = 2
36.8 m = 231.221 m
Add the 2 straight section of 84.39m:
231.221m + 2 84.39 m = 231.221 + 168.78
= 400 m

Lane 2

Each lane is 1.22m wide, the radius for Lane 2 will be 36.8 + 1.22 = 38.02 m
The radius of lane 2 is 38.02 m
So the Circumference = 2 38.02 m = 238.887 m
Add the two straight section of 84.39 m:
238.87 m + 2 84.39 m = 238.87 m + 168.78 m = 407.65 m
That is 7.65 m longer than Lane 1.
So, Lane 2 should start 7.65 m after Lane 1 to be fair.

Presentation of data:
Lane Radius(m) Circumference(m)
Total
distance(m)
Staggered Start(m)

Page 28

1 36.80 231.221 400.00 0.00
2 38.02 238.887 407.667 7.67
3 39.24 246.552 415.332 7.67
4 40.46 254.218 422.998 7.67
5 41.68 261.883 430.663 7.67
6 42.90 269.549 438.329 7.67
7 44.12 277.214 445.994 7.67
8 45.34 284.880 453.660 7.67

Track Design 2:
The track fulfils the following specifications:
o The distance around the inside edge of the inner lane is 300mm.
o There are 8 lanes.
o Each lane is 1.20m wide.
Design 1

Page 29

o The track is consists of two straight sections joined by two semi-circular
sections.
o Each of the straight sections is curve for the 120m race, as shown below).
Lane 1
[Using =3.142]
On the curved section has a radius of 25.461m
The radius is 25.461 m
So the Circumference = 2 radius = 2 25.461 = 160m
Add the 2 straight section of 120m: 160m + 2 120 m = 160m+ 240m= 400
m
Lane 2
Since each lane is 1.20m wide, so the radius for Lane 2 will be 25.461+ 1.2
= 26.661m
The radius of lane 2 is 26.661m
So the Circumference = 2 26.661 m = 167.538 m
Add the two straight section of 120m:
67.538m + 2 120 m = 167.538m + 240 m = 407.538 m
That is 7.538m longer than Lane 1.
So, Lane 2 should start 7.541 m after Lane 1 to be fair.

Lane Radius(m) Circumference(m)
Total
distance(m)
Staggered
Start(m)
1 25.461 160.000 400.000 0.00 m
2 26.661 167.538 407.538 7.538
3 27.861 175.079 415.079 7.541
4 29.061 182.619 422.619 7.541
5 30.261 190.160 430.160 7.541
6 31.461 197.701 437.701 7.541
7 32.661 205.242 445.242 7.541
8 33.861 212.783 452.783 7.541

Page 30


Page 31

Question 2:
Based on your track designed in question (a) and Diagram 1, which
design would you choose for your school tournament?
State your justification.

Page 32

Based on the track designed in question (a) and Diagram 1, I will choose
field track question (a) of design 1 in for my school tournament.

This is because an outdoor track measures 400 meters (m) around,
with standard measurements of 84.39m for the straights and
115.611m for the curves.
These distances are typically measured either 20 centimetres (cm)
from the inside of the track (if no rail or curb exists on the inside),
or 30cm from the inside (if there is a rail or curb in place). One
straightaway is extended for the start and finish of sprint races.
This track will have eight lanes. Six and nine lane tracks are also
common, while two and four lane tracks are occasionally made. A
tenth lane becomes too wide and gives too much advantage to
the outside athlete in the 200m, since running a turn is less
efficient than running a straight. Tracks used for international
competition will always be either eight or nine lanes.
Each lane is 1.22m wide.
A common finish line exists for all running events. Consequently,
there are many starting lines on a track.

Why dont they simply make running tracks circular?

Page 33

Total distance of the running track
= total distance of lane + distance of running track border + distance
of finishing line + distance of starting line
2 (100) + 2r

A) FINDING TOTAL DISTANCE
Total distance of lane
The distance of the 8 lane (obtained from Activity 1) are added
400.000 + 407.542 + 415.082 + 422.624 + 428.908 + 437.708 +
445.246 + 452.786
=3409.896m
Distance of running track border
The distance of the running track border is same as the distance
There are a number of reasons:
A straight stretch is required for events 100 m.
The javelin event is held in the middle of the track. The
longest throws are 100 m, which rules out circular and
long/thin tracks for safety reasons.
When running around curved sections:
Runners experience centrifugal force which slows their progress.
Circular tracks have a constant curvature, and so runners get
no relief from this force.
Curvature is greatest in lane 1 which puts that runner at a
disadvantage.

Page 34

of the 9
th
lane
Thus, using = 3.142, the formula below is used:

To find radius, r, formula used:

Where, a= 31.827,
d = 1.2
T
9
= 31.827 + (9 1) (1.2)
= 41.427m
Therefore, the distance of the running track border
=2 (100) + 2 (3.142) (41.427)
= 460.327m
Distance of finishing line
Since there are 8 lanes with 1.2m wide each, the distance of
finishing line is:
8 x 1.2m = 9.6m
Distance of starting line
Although there are 8 starting line, there is 1 line overlap with the
finishing line. So, we assume that there are only 7 starting line.
Since the width of each lane is 1.2m, the total distance of
starting line is:
7 x 1.2m = 8.4m
--------------------------------------------
Therefore, the total distance of running track
= 3409.896m + 460.327m + 9.6m + 8.4m
= 38888.223
Tn = a + (n-1)d

Page 35

Question:
Based on a study by American Academy of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, 70% of athletes were injured during the track events.
According to runnersworld.com, about 40% of athletes were knee
injuries. For women, backbone and ankle injuries always happened while
running. Headache can also be occurs especially during hot weather.
What are the causes of track and field injuries?

Introduction:
By most estimates, nearly 70% of runners will become injured. While
many of their injuries will appear minor, they can become more serious
over time if not properly treated. (PM&R) physicians across the country
see injured runners every Physical medicine and rehabilitation day and
are well suited to deal with their injuries.
Running injuries may impact other areas of the body as well. Because
PM&R physicians are trained to treat the body as a whole, as opposed to
treating just the injury, they work to identify the true source of the
problem and develop a training or rehabilitation program to solve it.

Page 36

Among the most common running-related injuries seen by
PM&R physicians are:

1. Runners Knee
This is the most common running-related injury. Known as
patellofemoral pain( chondromalacia of the patella) is
essentially irritation of the cartilage of the kneecap.
The condition results in pitting or fissuring of the cartilage
to varying degrees. While running, various mechanical
conditions may predispose runners to a poorly tracking
kneecap. This can result in irritation or damage to the
kneecap.
Runners will notice pain near the kneecap, especially after
sitting for extended periods of time with knees bent or
while walking down stairs or downhill.
Appropriate treatment involves eliminating or modifying
activities that cause the pain, correcting improper
biomechanics that allow the injury to arise and avoiding
positions that further irritate the condition, such as sitting
for prolonged periods of time.


Page 37

2. Iliotibial Band Syndrome
---Symptoms of this syndrome
include pain or aching on the
outside of the knee, usually
occurring in the middle or at the
end of a run.

---When you flex and extend
your knee, the iliotibial band,
which runs along the outside of
the thigh, can become irritated
from repetitive rubbing over the
outside of the knee.

---There are several causes of
this syndrome, including weak gluteal muscles, bowed legs, over-
pronation of the foot, leg length discrepancy, and running on
uneven surfaces. Running on a circular track may also contribute
to the problem.

---As with other running injuries, athletes should decrease their
training regimen. In addition, they should also add stretches for
the outside of their thigh to their warm-up program, avoid
running on uneven or circular track surfaces, and some should
wear motion control running shoes.

3. Shin Splints
>Also called medial tibial stress
syndrome, shin splints refers to pain
occurring in either the front or inside
portions of the lower leg.
>Tenderness extends along the length
of the lower leg at either of the

Page 38

surfaces. Those most at risk for shin splints are beginning runners
who are not yet used to the stresses of running or who have not
stretched or strengthened properly.
> To care for shin splints, runners should decrease their training, and
begin with ice and rest, later adding strengthening of their lower leg
muscles. They may use swimming and biking as alternative forms of
exercise. If symptoms persist, runners should consult their physicians.

4. Achilles Tendonitis
~The Achilles tendon is the connection between the heel and the
muscles of the lower leg.
~Several factors contribute to the
development of Achilles tendinitis, including
excessive hill running, sudden increases in
training, and improper shoes. One of the
major factors is excessive tightness of the
posterior muscles of the leg, including the
calf muscles and the hamstrings.
~Runners with this condition should reduce
their running. They can use ice and gentle
stretching to reduce pain and tightness. If
not treated properly, Achilles tendinitis can
develop into a chronic problem.

5. Heel Pain (Heel Spurs and Plantar Fasciitis)
The most common heel problems
are caused by strain of the plantar
fascia, which extends from the
heel to the toes. Strain in this
tissue can become very painful,
especially with the first steps of
the day.
The condition can cause swelling

Page 39

at the origin of the plantar fascia at the heel. The pain is
most noticeable when the foot flattens during weight
bearing or when pushing off with the toe during walking or
running, and it is usually located near the heel. The
problems tend to occur in flat, flexible feet and in high
arched, stiff feet. Left untreated, the pain can spread
around the heel.
Treatment should include a decrease in the intensity and
duration of running workouts. Runners should also evaluate
their running shoes for excessive wear and for proper fit.
The wrong shoe for a foot type can worsen biomechanical
flaws and cause plantar fasciitis.


Page 40

What are the ways to avoid track and field injuries?
Runners can take several precautions to prevent being side lined because of
an injury. While some of these steps might seem time-consuming or
expensive, they are a good way to keep you on the right track.
1. Prepare for
exercise/activities. Understand
what muscle groups will be used
and slowly start conditioning
them by strengthening them. Talk
with a PM&R physician to
determine the appropriate type of
exercises.

2. Properly stretch muscles before
running .Muscles and joints need to
warm up before beginning a run. Also
be sure to allow for a cooling down
period afterward.

1. Use an appropriate running shoe.

There are several brands and
models of running shoes.
Make sure you are using the type
best suited for your feet and your
running style. Running shoes
should also be replaced regularly.

Page 41

Consult a specialty running store to choose an appropriate
shoe.

3. Incorporate hard days and easy days into your training program.
Mileage should only be increased approximately 10 % each week.
Runners should make sure to decrease their mileage slightly every
third week as a way to allow for recovery prior to additional
mileage increases.
Runners should also be patient with their development, being
careful not to push themselves too far or too fast.


Page 42

1. What have you learned during the implementation of this
project work?
I have done many researches throughout the internet and discussing with a
friend who have helped me a lot in completing this project.

Through the completion of this project, I have learned many skills and
techniques. This project really helps me to understand more about the uses of
progressions in our daily life.

This project also helped expose the techniques of application of additional
mathematics in real life situations. While conducting this project, a lot of
information that I found.

Apart from that, this project encourages the student to work together and share
their knowledge. It is also encourage student to gather information from the
internet, improve thinking skills and promote effective mathematical
communication.

Last but not least, I proposed this project should be continue because it brings
a lot of moral values to the student and also test the students understanding in
Additional Mathematics.

2. List the good values that you have practiced during this project.
I have practised several moral values while carrying out this project work such
as self-discipline.
I have tried my very best to complete this project work without procrastinating
and hence managed to hand it in on time. This project had taught me to
responsible on the works that are given to me to be completed.
Nevertheless, I was hardworking when doing this project and had spent most
of my time solving all the calculations patiently.

Page 43

Besides, I have also practised teamwork with my fellow friends by sharing
ideas and information throughout the process of doing this project work.
By practising all these moral values, I have succeeded in completing this
project work of Additional Mathematics.

1. http://people.math.sfu.ca/~stockie/papers/Talks/sfu10.pdf
2. http://www.mathsisfun.com/activity/olympic-athletics-track.html
3. http://stathletics.tumblr.com/post/16421035956/track-geometry-and-
complex-analysis
4. http://www.sportinglife360.com/index.php/common-track-and-field-
injuries-57886/
5. http://prezi.com/eq9xw2qwcx2i/the-most-common-injuries-of-track-and-
field/
6. http://greatist.com/fitness/most-common-running-injuries-and-how-avoid-
them
7. http://www.aapmr.org/patients/conditions/msk/Pages/runfact.aspx
8. https://www.illustrativemathematics.org/illustrations/112
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_progression

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Additional Mathematics Project Work 1/2014 2014

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