?

PHAN HUY KHAI

Cae phuong phap eo ban tim NGUYEN HAM, llCH PHAN

vAs6 PHUC

HA N(H -- 2008

ChU07lg 1

PHEP riM NGUYEN HAM vA riNH riCH PHAN.

Trong chuonq nay chung t6i trlnh bay ba phuClng phap CCI ban nhat a~ tim

nguyen ham va tfnh tfch phan

- Phtronq phap bang nguyen ham.

- Pturonq phap aoi bien so.

- PhuClng phap tfch phan tUng phan.

§1. D~NH NGHIA vA cAc TiNH CHAT CO BAN CVA NGUYEN HAM V A 'rtcn PHA.N

1. Nguyen ham

- Cho ham s6 f(x) lien tuc tren K (0 d6 Kc6 the la mot khoang, mot doan hoac mot mra khoang nao d6). Ham s6 F(x) diroc goi la nguyen ham cua f(~) tren x., neu F'(x) = f(x) voi moi x E K .

.

- Gia sir F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua ham s6 f(x) tren K, thi voi moi hang s6 C, ham s6 G(x) = F(x) + C cung la mot nguyen ham cua f(x) tren K Ngiroc lai, neu G(x) la mot nguyen ham bfft kl cua f(x) tren K, thi t6n tai hang s6 C sao cho

G(x) = F(x) + C voi moi x E K.

- Neu F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua ham s6 y = f(x) tren K, thl tap hop tat eel cac nguyen ham cua f(x) tren K la tap hop

I = {F(x)" + C ; CIa hang s6} va tap hop nay kf hieu boi dau tfch phan nhu sau :

I = jf(x)dx.

5

Cac tinh chdt co ban cua nguyen ham 1. Voi moi hang s6 k :f:O, ta co

fkf(x)dx = k ff(x)dx.

2. f[f(x) + g(x)]dx = ff(x)dx + fg(x)dX. Bang cu.a mot so' nguyen ham co ban

1. fdx = fl.dx = x + C.

<l+l

2. fx<ldx = _x_ + C, neu a.:f:-1. a. + 1

3. fdX = Inlxl + C.

x

4. Neu a Hi hang s6 khac 0, thl

fsinax<Jx = -!cosax + C

. a

. 1

fcosaxdx = -sinax + C a

feaxdx = !eax + C

a

f dx 1

2· = -tan(ax) + C

cos ax a

J dx 1

= --cot(ax) + C.

sin2 ax a

2. Tich phin

- Gia sir ftx) la ham s6 lien tuc tren If( va a, b la hai s6 bat kl thuoc If(. Neu F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua f(x) tren If( thl khi do ta kf hieu va dinh nghia tfch phan cua f(x) tit a den b la

b

ff(x)dx = F(b) - F(a).

(1)

a

6

Vi moi nguyen ham cua f(x) chi khac nhau mot hang 86 C, do vay trong dinh nghia tren (xem (1», ta co th~ My F(x) la bat kl nguyen ham nao cua f(x) cung diroc. Nguoi ta hay viet (1) duoi ,dl;lng

b

ff(x)dx = F(x)l: = F(b) - F(a)

a

\

va diroc goi la cong thirc Newton - Leibnitz (Niuton-Lepnhit) ; a va b wang

irng goi la can dum va can tren cua tich phan.

Y nghia hinh hoc cua tich phdn

Gia sii y = f(x) la ham 86 lien tuc va khong b

am tren dean [a ; b]. Khi ay ff(x)dx la dien tich

a

hinh phang gioi han boi dirong cong y = f(x), true hoanh va hai duang thang x = a, x = b (hinh gioi han tren goi la hinh thang cong).

Cal' tinh chat co ban cua tich phdn

b a

1. ff(x)dx = - ff(x)dx.

a b

b b b

2. f[f(x) + g(x)]dx = ff(x)dx + fg(x)dx.

y

y = f(x)

s

a

a

a

b b b

3. f[f(x) - g(x)]dx = ff(x)dx - fg(x)dx.

a

a

a

4. V oi moi hang 86 k, ta co

b b

fkf(x)dx = k ff(X)dx.

a

a

o a b

x

5. Neu f(x) ~ g(x) voi moi x E [a,b], f(x) va g(x) deu kha tich tren [a,b] thl

b b

ff(x)dx ~ fg(x)dx.

a a

Dinh Ii ve dieu kien du cua su kha tfch

7

Ham s6 f(x) lien tuc tren [a, b] thl kha tfch tren [a, b]

Nhiing thi du ddu tien vephep tim nguyen ham va tinh tich phon.

Thi du 1. Timnguyen ham cua cac ham s6 sau : 1. f(3x2 - 5x4 + 2)dx.

3
-- 4
2. f(x S +-)dx.
x
3. f(~ +~)dx.
4. f(3X - 7-2x )dx. 5. f3cos3 xdx. Gidi

lip dung tinh chdt co ban cua nguyen ham va bang nguyen ham, ta c6 :

x3 xS

= 3- - 5- + 2x + C

3 5

3 S 2 C

=X -x + x+ .

3 3

-- 4 -- d

2. f(x S + -)dx = fx sdx + 4 f~

x x

2

xS 5sG

=2 + 41nlxl + C = 2vx'- + 41nlxl + C.

5

8

I 2

3. f(J;: + ~)dx = fx2dx + fx5dx

3 7

- -

x2 xS 2 G 5 sG

= -- + - + C = -"x~ + -'\Ix' + C.

3 7 3 7

- --

2 5

4. f(3X -7~2XX:lx = f3xdx - f7-2Xdx

3X

=

In3

·7-2x ---+C (-2)ln7

3X 7-2x

=-+-.-+c.

In3 2In7

• 3 .

5. Ap dung cong thirc cos3x = 4cos' x - 3cosx

<=> cos ' x = _!_ cos 3x + ~ cos x

4 4

3 3 . 9

Tit do f 3 cos' xdx = 4 f cos 3xdx + 4" f cos xdx

1 . 3 9. C

= -sm x + -smx + .

4 4

Thi du 2. Tim ham so f(x) neu biet

1. f'(x) = 5 - 2x3 va f(1) = -3/2 ;

2. f''(x) = Fx - 3x

3.f'(x)=ax+ ~ va f(-I)=2,f(1)=4,f'(1»=0.

x

Gidi

1. Theo dinh nghia cua nguyen ham, tit f'(x) = 5 - 2x3, ta co he sau day de xac dinh f(x)

{f(X) ~ J~ - 2x3)dx "" f(1) = -~

2

X4

f(x) = 5x - - + C 4

2 <=> f(x) = 5x - x2 - 6 ;

-~ = 5 - _!_ + C

2 2

9

2. Tl1<1l1g tv nlur phan 1, ta e6

, 1 3 2

{ fl - 2- x

f(x) = ~"x - 3x)dx ¢:> f(x) = Jx2dx - 3 fXdx = 3x2 - 32 + C

f(1) = -- 2 2 3

3 -=---+C

3 3 2.

3. Ta e6

¢:> f(x) = 3_x3/2 - ~x2 + ~ .

3 2 2 '

f(x) = f(ax + ~)dX = faxdx + f ~ dx

x x

x2 b

= a---+c.

2 x

De tim cac hang s6 a, b, C xet he phuong trinh sau :

~+b+C=2

2

{f<-l) = 2 f(1) = 4 ¢:> f'(1) = 0

a --b+C=4 2

a+b=O

. 5

¢:>a=l,b=-l, C=-. 2

V~y

x2 I 5.

f'(x) = - + - + -.

2 x 2

Nhan xet

Trong cac thf du tren ta da tim nguyen ham vci dieu kien xac dinh eho truce. Khac voi cac bai tim nguyen ham tlurong thay, trong cac thf du nay doi hoi xac dinh mot nguyen ham cu t~e (tuc la tfnh hang s6 C).

Thi du 3. (Tinh tfch phan rna khong dira vao nguyen ham)

Khong dua vao nguyen ham, hay tfnh cac tfch phan sau : 4

2. f (3 + ~)dx.

-2 2

-3

to

cuu

I. Dira vao y nghia hlnh hoc cua tfch phan, ta co :

3 .

f ~ 9 - x 2 dx = S,

-3

o day S la dien tich nira hlnh trim tam t,:\i g6c

toa do, va ban kfnh bang 3 (vi y = )9 - x2 co do thi la mra dirong trim tren)

yay S = .!_7t.32 = 2.7t. Do do

. 2 2

3 I 2 9

f V 9 - x dx = "27t.

-3

2. GQi S la dien tfch hinh thang gioi han

boi cac dirong y = ~ + 3, true hoanh va hai duong thang x = -2, x = 4.

Ta co: 4

I(3 + ~)dx = S = SABCD = (2 + 5)6 = 21 (dvdt).

-2 2 \ 2 .

Nhdn xet : Cac thf du nay chi co y nghia minh hoa, nen khong co hieu qua

tfnh toan ! "

x

y =V9 - x2

y

-2 0

x

Chi dan licb sa: .

l. Isaac Newton sinh 0 Woolsthorpe nam 1643 (theo lich cd) trimg vao ngay Thien chua Giang sinh va la nam Galileo qua doi. Nam 23 tudi, ong da

phat kien ra cong thirc khai trien nhi thirc (a + b)" (cong thtrc nay sau do mang ten ong : nhi thirc Newton). Cling vao nhtrng narn ay Newton da nghi ra mot phuong phap rna ong goi la phuong phap lam chay rna ngay nay ta goi Ia phep tfnh vi phan,

Ong cling quan tam tai nhieu van de vat If hoc, thirc hien nhirng thf nghiem dau tien v~ quang hQC va da hinh thanh dtroc cac nguyen If co ban cua If thuyet trong luc.

Newton la mot nha thirc nghiem kheo tay ve mot nha giai tich sieu dang.

V oi tinh each mot nha toan hoc ong da diroc hau het moi nguoi ton len hang nhan vat vi dai nhat sinh ra tren the gioi nay. Cach nhln thau dao cua ong v~

11

cac van de vat If hoc cling nhu kha nang luan giai chiing bang toan hoc co Ie la nhfrng thir chua hethay (} dau co the troi han.

Dire Giao hoang da ngoi ca ong nhu .sau :

Bong toi tha: mit mung Bao phu gioi tu nhien V6i bao nhieu quy luat Bi che khuat trien mien

Dang tai cao xuat hien Cho loai nguoi Newton Va moi tlur mit mung Nay toa day anh sang.

Ong qua doi nam 1727 (} tudi 84, va dUQ'C mai tang tai nha tho Westminster (noi chon cat cac vi nhan cua mroc Anh).

Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727)

2. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646 - 1716) la nha toan hoc thien tai nguo! Dire. Cung v6i Newton, Leibnitz la nhtrng nguoi da ph at minh ra phep tinh vi, tich phan.

Leibnitz sinh (} Leipzig (Dire) nam 1646.

Khi moi chi la cau be, ong da W hQC de dQC diroc chit Latin va Hylap va khi chua day 20 tuoi dff nam vtrng hau het cac kien thirc thong tlurong trong sach giao khoa v~ Toan, Trier hoc, Than hoc va Luat hoc.

Ong Ia ngiroi d;)t nen mong cho nganh Toan hoc - do la logic Toan rna sau nay duoc cac nha toan hoc George Boole va Russell phat trien. Leibnitz dff kham pha ra dinh If co ban cua phep tinh vi, tfch phan, dff phat rrien nhieu ve each ki hieu trong Iinh virc nay va dff tim ra mot sa cong thtrc ve phep tinh vi, tich phan.

12

Bay nam cu6i cua cuoc dai Leibnitz la bay nam cua cuoc but chien quyet liet trong do nhtrng nguoi khac da noi tai ong va Newton va xet xem co phai hai ong da kham pha ra phep tfnh vi, tfch phan mot each doc l~p voi nhau hay khong ?

. Y kien chung ngay nay cho rang moi ngiroi deu da kham pha ra phep tinh do mot each doc lap. Trong khi nhirng kharn pha cua Newton duoc thirc hien truce tht nhirng ket qua cua Leibnitz lai diroc cong b6 sam hon.

Cling xin nhac lai loi nhan xet sau day cua Leibnitz ve Newton:

"Xem xet toan hQC tir buoi so khai tren trai d~t nay den ihai diem hien dien cua Newton thi ong da lam dtroc mot nira rna lai la mra t6t hon nhieu",

Leibnitz mat nam 1716 a Hanover.

I .

G.W. Leibnitz (1646 - 1 716)

§2. cAc PHUONG PHAp CO BAN TIM NGUYEN HAM V A 'tiNH 'rtca PHAN

Nhir da bier gitta nguyen ham F(x) cua ham s6 f(x) va tfch phan xac dinh

b

ff(x)dx co m6i lien he

a

b

ff(x)dx = F(x)l: = F(b) - F(a),

a

nen viec tim nguyen ham va tinh tfch phan thirc chat la mot, do vay chung tOi chi trinh bay cac phtrong phap co ban tfnh tfch phan rna thOi.

13

A. PHUONG PHAp DUNG BANG NGUYEN HAM

De sir dung diroc phirong phap nay, ngoai viec sir dung thanh thao bang nguyen ham, chung ta can nam virng cac phep tinh vi phan va bien d6i thanh thao cac dang thirc ve phep tinh vi phan.

Thi du 1. (DC:\i hoc - Cao dang kh6i B, 2003)

1[

41 2' 2

T' h fch h I -_ S - SIn X dx.

In tic p an

o 1 + sin 2x

Gidi

1[ 1t

Ta co I = 1(1 - 2sin2 x)dx = 1 cos2xdx

o 1 + sin 2x 0 1 + sin 2x

K 1[

14Sdo.+sin2x) 11 <.1 . 2 )14

= - = - n + SIn X

2 0 1 +sin 2x 2 0

1 1

= -[InO + 1) - lnt l + 0)] = -In 2.

2 . 2

N han xet : 1. Th,!C .chat sau khi dua tich phan ve dang

K.

1= 1 cos2xdx 01.+ sin 2x '

ta co the lam nhu sau : D~t t = 1 + sin2x => dt = 2cos2xdx

Khi x = 0 => t = 1, con khi x = rt/4 thl t = 2

(1)

Thay lai vao (1) va co I = _!_ Jdt = _!_ In tl2 = _!_ In 2.

21 t 2 1 ·2

V~y phep dung bang nguyen ham noi tren, thuc chat la mot phep d6i bie'n va la mot phep d6i bien don gian ! Cach ph an loai a day la ta tach ra nhtrng phep d6i bien nhu the, no co hai cai I<;Ii :

14

- Khong can thirc hien cac phep d6i can khong can thiet.

- Cach trinh bay rat dan gian.

2. Xet thi du sau :

,

Thi du 2. (De thi t6t nghiep THPT 2006) Tfnh tich phan

1!.

I = f' sin 2x dx. 04 - cos2 x

Gidi

rr rr

"4. ."4 2 rr

Ta co I = f2smxco~xdx = fd(4 - co~ x) = In(4 _ cos2 X)I"4

o 4 - cos x 0 4 - cos x 0

7 7

= In- - In3 = In-.

2 6

Thf du 2 nay wang dirong nhir thf du 1 (mire dQ de thi Toan tot nghiep THPT va Dai hQC - Cao dang ohai bai nay la nrong dirong nhau).

Thi du 3. (Dai hoc - Cao d~ng khoi A, 2006) Tfnh tfch phan

rr

I = f sin 2xdx dx.

o ~cos2 x + 4sin2 x

Gidi ~

Ta co d(cos2 x + 4sin2 x) = (-2cosxsinx + 8sinxcosx)dx = 3sin2xdx, vay

7t

-

4

= i (co,2 x + t2 x)1/2 ~ ~[ J% - Jl ] ~ i[ JW - 2 J.

2 0

Thi d~ 4. Tinh tich phan

In3 xd

1= I ex.

o ~(eX + 1)3

(1)

15

auu

Ta co tit (1)

In3

In 3 (x 1)-1/2

I = J (ex + l)-3/2d(eX + 1) = _:_e_+_:'_ __ 1

. 1

o --

2 0

~ -2[ Jeln~ + 1 - Jeo1 J = -2G - ~)

=J2-1.

Thi du S, Tinh tfch phan

11.

I = J(s~n x + cos x)dx. 11. -?/sin x - cos X

3

(1)

Gidi

Tit (1) co

11. 2

I ~ J(sinx - cosx)-1/3d(sinx - cosx)

11.

3

1t

3_i

= (SinX-2COSX)3 = ~HSin~ -cos;r _3(Sin~ -cos;r1

3 1t

3

Thi du 6. Tfnh tich phan

1 3 1= J x-dx

x2 + 1 o

(1)

16

cuu

Bang phirongphap "them, bot", tir (1) ta co :

1 2 1 1 1

I = fX(X2 + 1) dx - f ;dX = f xdx - f ;dX

o x +1 OX +1 0 OX +1

_ x2 1 _ _!_ rl d(x2 + 1) = _!_ _ _!_In(1 + X2)ll- = _!_ _ _!_ln2.

2 2.b x2 + 1 2 2 0 2 2

o

Thi du 7. Tfnh tich phan

(1)

cuu

re (l) eo :

IT IT

I = f s inxdx = ·f tgxdx

'cos2x.cosx ~1 + 1 Hos2 x~2 +tg2x

4 I 2 - 4

COS X

1!_

1 3 1

= '2 f(2 + tg2x) -2 d(2 + tg2x)

1!_

4

1!_ 1 3

1 (2 + tg2x)2 f . 2 1t K2 1t

= = + tg - - + tg -

2 1 3 4

2 1!_

4

Nhdnxet : Thi du t~en cho ta thay hieu qua cua viec Slr dung phirong phap bang nguyen ham.

Thi du 8. Tfnh tfch phan

1 .

I=f~-·

01 + eX

(I)

2-CPP .SP-A

17

ccu

Bang thuat "them, bat" til (1) ta c6 :

1 x xlI xd

I = J 1 + e ~ e dx:::: J dx - J e Xx

o l+e 0 01+e

I d x) . 1

= 1 - J (1 + e = 1 - 1n(1 +eX)1

o 1 + eX 0

= 1 - [In(1 + e) -In2] = Ine + In2 - In(1 + e) = In~.

~ 1 + e

Thf d1;l9. Cho b > a > O. Tinh tich phan b

1= Jln[(x + a)x+a(x + b)X+bJ . dx. (1)

. (x + a)(x + b)

a

GiJi

Til (1) ta c6 :

,

b

I = (X + a)In(x + a) + (x + b) In(x + b) dx

(x + a)(x + b)

a

= brr1n(x + a) + In(x + b)JdX

!L x + b x + a

a

b

= J[In(x + a)dln(x + b) + In(x + b)dln(x + a)]

a

b

= Jd[In(x + a)ln(x +b)]

a

= In(x + a) In(x + b)l:

= In(a + b)In2b - In(a + b)In2a = In(a + b)(1n2b -In2a)

b

= In-In(a + b).

a

18

2-cppsp-a

Nhdn xet : Day la mot thi du rat dep minh hoa cho tinh uu viet cua phuong phap sir dung bang nguyen ham !

Dung mot phirong phap dan gian nhat de giai mot bai roan khong & chut nao ! ~MQt trong nhtrngirng dung don gian va CO' ban nhat cua phirong phap bang nguyen ham la tfnh cac tfch phan cua cac ham hrong giac CO' ban nhat, D6 la tfch phan cua cac ham hrong giac rna c6 the sirdung bang nguyen ham ket hop voi cac cong thirc bien d6i luong giac .bien tfch thanh tong va cac cong thtrc ha bac.

Xet cac thf du minh hoa sau day:

Thi du 1 .. (Dai hoc - Cao dAng kh6i D, 2005) Tfnh tfch phan

.n.

2 .

I = f(eSinx + cos xj cos xdx,

o

cu.

Ta c6:

1!. 1!.

2 2

I = f esin x cos xdx + fcos2 xdx

o 0

.n. 1!.

2f sinxd(' ) 2fT + cos2x d

= e' smx+ . x

002

.n. 1!.

. 11!. 1 2 1 2

= eSlnx 2 + - fdx + - fcos2xdx

o 20 2.0

= e - 1 + 7t + ..!_ sin 2xlI

4 4 0

7t 1 7t

= e - 1 + - + -(0 - 0) = e - 1 +-.

4 4 4

Nhan xet : Bar thi nay larnot thi du dien hlnh cho phirong phap sir dung "bang nguyen ham"!

Thi du 2. Tinh cac tich phan sau

1!. 6

1. I = f sin 2x cos 3xdx

o

19

Gidi

1. Ta co

2. Ta co

20

1!. 2

2. I = fcosX cos5xdx. 1!.

3

1!.

I = jSin5x - sinx dx

o. 2

[7t 7t]

1 '6 '6

= - fsin5xdx - fsinxdx

2 0 0

1 (1 7t 7t J

="2 -5C~S5xl~ + cosxl~

= _1 (-COS 51t + COSO) + !(COS 1t - COSO)

10 6 2 6

= _1 (COS 1t + 1) + !(COS 1t - 1)

10 6 2 6

3../3 2 3../3 - 4

=----=

5· 2 5 10

1!.

I = JCOS6X; cos4x dx

1!.

3

1!. 1!.

1 2 1 2

= - fcos6dx+ - fcos4xdx

27t 27t

"3 "3

1 I~ 1 I~

= -sin6x + -sin4x

12 1!. 8 1!.

3 3

1 ( . 3 . 2) 1 ( ·2 . 41t )

= - sm 1t - sm 1t + - sm 1t - sm-

12 8 3

1 . 1t ../3

= -Sln- =-

8 3 16

Thi du 3. Tinhcac tich phan sau :

1!. 4

1. I = fsin3xdx ; o

1!.

3 .

2. I = fc~s4xdx. o

cu.

I A' d h ' h b . 3 3 sin x - sin 3x , . p ung cong t ire a ~c sin: x = 4 ' ta co

1!. 1!. 1!.

1 4f·3d 34r.. d 14r.·3d

= smx X=- Jsmx x-- Jsm x X=

o 4 o 4 o

3 1!. 1 1!.

= --cosxI4 + -cos3xl4

4 o 12 o

= -~( J2 _ IJ + _1 (- J2 - IJ

4 2 12 . 2

8 - 5J2

=

12

2. Ap dung cong thtrc ha bac ta co

4 2 2 (1 + cos 2x )2

cos x = (cos x) = 2

1 2 2 1 + cos4x

+ cos x+----

= --=2'--_

1 + 2cos2x + cos2 2x 4

4

cos4x + "4 cos 2x + 3

=-------

8

V~y

21

= _1 (_ J3] + !. J3 + 1t

32 2 4 2 8

81t + 7J3

=---

64

, ,:z ,,' "JI'

B. PHUONG PHAP DOl BIEN SO

D6i bien s6 la mot trong nhtrng phirong phap quan trong nhat de tfnh nguyen ham va tich phan, CO' sa cua phtrong phap d6i bien s6 la cong thirc sau day :

b ~

ff[u(x)]u '(x)dx = ff(u)du.

(1)

a

a

trong do f(x) la ham s6 lien tuc va ham s6 u = u(x) co dao ham lien tuc tren khoang J sao cho ham hop f[u(x)] xac dinh tren J ~ a, b Ia hai s6 thuoc J va a = u(a) ~ P = u(b).

Phuong phap d6i bien s6 thirong lip dung theo hai each : b

each J : Gia Slr ta can tfnh fg(x)dx. Neu ta viet diroc bieu thirc diroi dau

a

tfch phan g(x) dx dirci dang f[u(x)]\l'(x)dx = f[u(x)]d(u,(x», till tir (1) ta co:

b ~

fg(x)dx = ff(u)du voi a = u(a) ~ p =-u(b).

a a

~

Vay bai toan qui ve tfnh ff(u)du, va di nhien ta chi quan tam den trong

a

nhirng tnrong hop rna viec tinh tfch phan moi nay dan gian han nhieu so voi tfch phan ban dau. Phep d6i bien a day la : t = u(x).

22

p

van d~ la & ch6 : lam the nao chon diroc ham u(x), de tich phan jf(u)du

a

dan gian han so voi tfch phan ban dau. b

each 2 : Gia sir ta can tfnh jf(x)dx. Neu x = u(t) va a, ~ tho a man

a

u(a) = a, u(~)= b thl tit (l) ta co

b P P

jf(x)dx = jf[u(t)Ju '(t)dt = j g(t)dt,

a

a

a

trong do get) = f[u(t)]u'(t).

P

V~y bai toan quy ve tfnh j g(t)dt. Trong nhieu tnrong hop ta co the chon ham

a

s6 x = u(t) de viec tfnh tich phan mci nay dan gian han so vci tfch phan ban dau.

Can luu y rang sau khi thay d6i bien x = u(t), ta phai d6i can lay tich phan (khi x E [a, b], con t e ]n, ~]). Noi mot each ngan gon :

"Dbi bien thi phdi dbi can"

Nhu vay dieu quan trong nhat trong viec d6i bien la lam sao chon ham u(t) cho thich hop. Trong muc nay, chiing toi phan loai bai toan dua theo each chon ham u(t).

Xet cac phep d6i bien co ban va hay dung nhat khi tim nguyen ham va tfnh tich phan.

Loai 1. D6i bien khi ham dirci dau tich phan co chua bieu thirc dang r1f(x) .

Noi chung trong nhieu tnrong hop (chir khong phai trong tat ca cac tnrong hop) ta co th~ se dung phep d6i bien sau day:

t = r1f(x)

Xet cac thf du minh hoa sau day

Thi du 1. (Dai hoc - Cao dfing kh6i A, 2004)

I __ 2.J3j3 dx

Tlnh tfch phan

J5 x~x2 + 4

(1)

23

Gidi

D~t t = ~x2 +4 (khi x = 15, thi t = 3, con khi x = 2J3 thi t=4). Ta c6 t2 = x2 + 4 ~ x2 = t2 - 4

~ tdt = xdx.

VI the tir (1) c6

2J3 d 2J3 d 4 d

1= f x = f xx =f tt

15 x~x2 + 4 15 x2lf+ 4 1 (t2 - 4)t

4 4

- f dt - _!_ f< t + 2) -:- (t - 2) dt

3 (t + 2)(t - 2) 43 (t + 2)(t - 2).

4 4

= _!_ fd(t - 2) _ _!_ fd(t + 2)

4 t-2 4 ,t+2

3 . 3

Thi du Z: (Dai hoc - Cao dfmg khoi A, 2004) Tfnh tich ph An

2

I = f xdx ll+~'

(1)

Gidi

Thuc hien phep d6i bien t = ~.

(Khi x = 1 thi t = 0, con khi x = 2 thl t = 1)

~ t2 = x-I ~ x = t2 + 1 ~ 2tdt = dx.

Tu (1) co

, I = f(t2 + 1)2tdt.

o 1 + t

(2)

24

Th,!C hien phep chi a da thirc, ta co

2t3 + 2t 4

__ - = 2t2 - 2t + 4 - -- , nen tir (2) co

l+t l+t

1 1 lid

I = 2 ft2dt - 2 ftdt + 4 fdt - 4 f-t

o 0 0 01+t

1

t3 11 1-

= 2- - t2 + 4 - 41n(1 + t)lo

3 0

o

2 11

= - - I + 4 - 4ln 2 = - - 41n 2.

3 3

Thi du 3. (Dai hoc - Cao dang khoi B, 2004) Tfnh tich phan

I = l.Jl + 3ln x .l~ x dx.

1 x

cu.

Dat t = .Jl + 31n x (khi x = 1 thi t = 1, con khi x = e thi t = 2) ~ t2 = 1 + 31nx

t2 - 1

~ ln x =--

3

3dx

~ 2tdt = -. -.

x

Tir (1), ta di den

2 2

I = r·(t - 1).2 tdt

1 3.3

= 3.[ft4dt _ ft2dt] = 3.(~ 2 _ t3 2J

91 1 . 951 31

=%(3:_~_~+~)= :~:.

25

Thi dl;l 4. (Dai h9C - Cao dang kh6i A, 2005) Tfnh tfch phan

1!.

I = JSin2X + sinx dx. o .Jl + 3cosx

(1)

Gidi

D~t t = .Jl + 3cosx

Khi x = 0 thi t = 2, con khi x = 1t thi t = 1 2

2

Ta co t2 = I + 3cosx => cosx = .!.__-=-! => 2tdt = -3sinxdx. 3

Tit (1) co

1!.

I = JSiO x(2cosx + l)dx

o ,.Jl + 3cosx

2 I {I + 2 t\ 1 J

= --J dt

32 t

= ~ f(2t2 + l)dt = ~[2 ft2dt + fdt]

9 I 9 I I

= %[ 2~3 ~ + '1= %(': - % + 1) = ~~

Thi dl;l 5. Tinh tfch philo

InS 2xd

1= f e X

In2 ~ex - 1

"

(1)

Giai

D~t t = ~ex - 1.

Khi X = 102 tht t ::: 1, con khi x = 5 thl t = 2.

26

Ta co t2 = eX - 1 => eX = t2 + 1 => 2tdt = eXdx. Tir (1) co

)n5 X X 2 2

I = f e .e dx = f(t + 1)2tdt

ln Z )ex - 1) t

= 2[ft2dt + [d} {: ~ + + 2(~ -~ + 1) = 23°

Thi du 6. Tfnh tfch phan

ifi 3

I = f x· dx .

o 1+~x4 +1

cuu

Di;it t = ~x4 + 1. .1

Khi x = 0 thl t = 1, con khi x = iff thl t = 2. Ta co t3 = x4 + 1 => 3t2dt = 4x3dx. De thay

2 2 2 2

I = ~ f~ = .3 P - 1 + 1 dt

4)I+t 4) l+t

= ~[f(t -1)dt + f~]

4 ) )t+l

3 [t2 2 2 J 3 (1 3)

= '4 21 - 1 + In(t + 1)1) = 4 2 - '2 -, 1 + In '2

3 3 3

= - + -In-. 842

Thi du 7. Tfnh tfch phan )

I = fx2~2+ x3dx. o

cui

Dat t = ~ 2 + x 3 . Khi x = 0 thl t = J2 , con khi x = 1 thi t = J3 .

(1)

(1)

27

Tit t2 = 2 + x3 ~ 2tdt = 3x2dx. Tit (1) di den

213 2 113

I = - f t2dt = -. t3

3J2 9 J2

= 3_(3J3 - 2J2).

9

Nhan xet. Neu dung phirong phap "bang nguyen ham", ta co

= i(3J3 - 2J2). .

Xin nhac lai ve thirc chat phirong phap "bang nguyen ham" chi la each trtnh bay khac cua phep d6i bien rna thoi. Tuy nhien khi da dung diroc phirong phap "bang nguyen ham" thl each trlnh bay ngan gon va dan gian han (du la chut it !). Ban co the hinh dung diroc dieu fly qua thf du tren.

Thi du 8. Tfnh tfch phan 1

I = fx~x2 + ldx,

o

(I)

Gidi

Dat t = ~ x 2 + 1 (khi x = 0 thi t = 1, con khi x = 1 thi t = J2). Ta co t2 = x2 + 1 ~ tdt = xdx .

J2 3J2

t- 1

Ta co I = f t2dt = - = -(2J2 - 1).

1 3 1 3

Nhdn xet :

I. Theo phirong phap bang nguyen ham, ta giai nhu sau :

28

3 1

1 1 2 ~

I = _!_ J(X2 + 1)~d(X2 + 1) = _!_ (x + 1) .

2 2 3

o -

2

= !..(2J2 - 1)

3 .

o

2. Co the giai nhu sau :

Dat x = tgt, vm t E (- 1t; 1t). Khi x = 0 thl t = 0, khi x = 1 thl t = 1t.

" 224

T ' d dt khi a

a co x = --2-' 1 ay

cos t

1!.

4 ~. dt

I = Jtgt. 1 + tg2t --2-

o cos t

1!. 1!.

4 . t 1 dt 4 .

= Jsm .----- = - Jcos-4td(cost)

o cos t cos t cos2t 0

1 -31~ 1 (1 J

~ 3cOS . t 0 ~ 3 (~r ~ I

= !..(2J2 - 1). 3

Thi d,~ 9. Tfnh tfch phan

I = rf3 3 - 21n X dx 1 x.Jl + 21nx .

(1)

Gidi

Dat t = .Jl + 21n x . Khi x = 1 thl t = 1, khi x = -Fe thl t = J2 .

. .

Taco

2

t = 1 + 21nx

2 dx

=> 21nx = t - 1 => tdt = - . x

29

Tit (1) co

J2 2 J2 J2

I == f (3 -t + l)tdt = 4 f dt - f t2dt

1 tIl

J2

t3 1

= 4(J2 - 1) - - = 4(J2 - 1) - -(2J2 -1)

3 3

1

= _!_Q J2 - .!_!_.

3 3

N hdn xet : Phep d6i bien t = ~1 + 21n x qua Hl thfeh hop nhat khi tfnh tfch phan nay.

Loai 2. Phep d6i bien x = -t.

Phep d6i bien nay rat thich hop trong hai tnrong hop sau day :

a

1. Tfnh tfeh phan f f(x)dx, trong do f(x) la ham chan (hoac ham le) tren

-a

I-a, a].

a

Thi du L, Cho f(x) la ham so Ie tren [-a, a] va ton tai f f(x)dx.

-a

a

Chung minh rang f f(x)dx = o.

-a

ouu

a

Dat I = f f'(xjdx, khi do dua vao tfnh chat cua tfch phan, ta co

-a

o a

I = .. f f(x)dx + ff(x)dx.

-a 0

(1)

o .

Vm tfch phan f f(x)dx, d~t x = -t, khi do dx = -dt va ta.co

-a

30

o 0 a

f f(x)dx = - ff(-t)dt = ff(-t)dt

-a a 0

a

= - ff(t)dt (dira vao tinh Ie cua ham s6 f(x» o

a

= - ff(x)dx. o

a a

Thay vao (1), ta co I = - ff(x)dx + ff(x)dx = 0 ~ dpcm.

o 0

cs« y:

1. Xin nhac lai : Ham s6 f(x) xac dinh [-a, a] va goi la ham Ie tren [-a, a] neu nhir voi moi x E [-a, a], ta co

f( -x) = -f(x).

2. Khi gap mot bai Cl;l th~, ta lam hoan to an nrong tv nhu tren. Xet thi du sau :

If 2 + x

Tinh tich phan I = cos x.ln -. - dx.

2-x

-1

Gidi Ta co:

o . 1

f 2+x f 2+x

1= cosxln--dx + cosxln--dx

2--x . 2-x

-1 0

(2)

o

v oi tfch phan • f cos x In 2 + x dx , dat x = -t, khi do ta co

2 - x· .

-1 .

Of 2+x of 2-t If 2+t

cosxln-.--dx = - cos(-t)ln--dt = - costln--dt

2-x 2+t 2-t

-1 1 0

If 2 + x

= cosxln--dx.

2-x

o

(3)

3'1

, " 2 - t (2 + t )-1 2 + t

(Chu y rang In-- = In -- = -In--).

. 2+t 2-t 2-t

Thay (3) vao (2) va co 1 = O.

Thi du 2. Cho f(x) la ham s6 chan tren [-a, a] va la ham kha tich tren [-a, a].

a a

Chung minh rang. f f(x)dx = 2 ff(x)dx .

. -a 0

Gidi

Taco

aO a

f f(x)dx = f f(x)dx + ff(x)dx.

-a -a 0

(1)

o

Voi tich phan f f(x)dx, d~t x = -t, ta co

-a

o 0 a a a

f f(x)dx = - ff(-t)dt = ff(:__t)dt = ff(t)dt = ff(x)dx (2)

-a a 0 0 0

(do f( -t) = f(t) vi f(x) la ham chan). Thay (2) vao (1)

a a

f f(x)dx = 2 ff(x)dx => dpcm.

-a 0

Nhan xet, 1. Nhac lai dinh nghia ham s6 chan tren l-a, a]. Ham s6 f(x) xac dinh tren [-a, a] goi la ham s6 chan tren do neu nhu v~i moi x E [-a, a] ta co

f( +x) = f(x).

2. Neu g~p mot bai roan voi f(x) la mot ham s6 chan ·CI;l the, ta lam hoan roan nrong tu nhir tren.

tt« du 3 ~ Tinh tich phan

11

"4 x 7 + 3x 5 + 3x 3 + x + 1

,I = f dx.

_1l cos2 x

4

32

cu.

Taco

R K

"4 x 7 + 3x5 + 3x3 + x 4f dx

I = f 2 dx + .

_K COS X _K COS2 X

4 4

7+35+33+

Vi f'(x) x x x xl' h' .' 1 ' • [ 7t 7t ] , (1) ,

I X = 2 a am so e tren - -, - nen tu co

cos x . 4 4

1=

K

4 dx K

f 2 = tgXI~K = 1 - (-1) = 2.

_K cos X 4

4

a

2. Tfnh tfch phan r f(x) dx, a day f(x) la ham s6 chan tren [-a, a], k > 0. -a 1 + kX

Thi du 1. Cho f(x) la ham s6 chan tren [-a, a] va k > 0.

a a

Chirngminh rang I = f f(x) dx= ff(x)dx.

-a 1 + kX 0

cuu

Ta co

o a

I = f f(x)dx + (x)dx.

-a 1 + kX 0 1 + kX

o

V'· , h h f f(x)dx d khi d'

0'1 tIC P an ,ta lit x = -t, 1 0

x .

-a 1 + k .

f f(x)dx = _ ff( -t)dt = jktf(t)dt = jkXf(X)dX

-a 1 + kX a 1 + _1 0 1 + k' 0 1 + kX

kt

(do f(-t) = f(t) V t E [0, a]).

Thay (2) vao (1) va co

I = afkXf(X)dX + aff(X)dX = aff(X)(l + kX) dx

1 + kX 1 + kX 1 + kX

000

a

= ff(x)dx ~ dpcm. o

3·CPP .. SP-A

(1)

(1)

(2)

33

Trong 'cac thf du ung dung sau, ta tinh tich phan voi cac gia tri cu the ella ham f(x).

Thi d1;l2. Tfnh tfch phan 2 6

I = J x dx .

_21 + eX

(1)

cu.

Ta e6 til (1)

o x6dx 2 x6dx

I=J +J-

-2 1 + eX 0 1 + eX

o 6

V oi tich phan J x dx ap dung phep thay bien x = -t, va e6 _21 + eX

(2)

o x6dx 0 (-t)6dt 2 elt6dt 2 eXx6dx

J 1 + eX = - J 1 + e -t = J 1 + el = J 1 + eX

-2 2 0 0

Thay (3) vao (2) va e6 :

(3)

2x6 6 2 72

} = r x + x dx = J x 6 dx = ~ = 128

o 1 + eX 0 7 0 7

Thi d1;l3. Tfnh tfch phan

1!_

4 dx

}- J----:--

- _1!_ eos2 x(l + e-3x)'

4

(1)

cou

Til (1) e6

(2)

o dx

_[ eos2xO + e-3x) 4

1!_

4 dt

= J------o--------:-

o eos2 t(1 + !3) e - l

34

3-CPP .. SP-8

II

4". e-3tdt

= J cos2t(1 + ~-3t)

Thay (3) vao (2) va c6

II

4" e-3xdx

= f 2 -3x)

o cos x(1 + e -

(3)

II .n.

4" (1 + e-3x)dx 4 dx

I = f-----=--~- - f

o cos2x(1 + e-3x) - 0 cos2x

Thi du 4. Tinh tfch phan

II

= tgxlJ = 1.

ll.

I = 2f sin2 xcosxdx. _.n. 2x + 1

2

Gidi

a day f(x) = sin2xcosx la ham so chan tren [- ~ , ~ J, nen ap dung thi du 1, ta c6 :

.n. .n.

2 2

1= JSin2 xcosxdx = fsin2xd(si~x)

o 0

K

sin3 x 2 1

3 3

o

=-- =-

N hdn xet : each lam tren sau khi dii biet thf du 1, con neu khong thl giai theo each nhu da trlnh bay trong cac thf du 2, >.

Loai 3. Phep dOi bien neu nhu bieu tlnrc dum dau tfch phan c6 chua s6

hang dang ~a2 - x2 , voi a> O.

V m cac tfch ph an nay, mac dau c6 chua can nhirng nguoi ta hay dung cac phep dOi bien sau (rna khong ap dung each giai cua loai 1 C:J day).

Dat x = asint hoac x = acost.

. , .

Xet cac thf du rninh hoa sau day :

Thi d~ 1. Tinh tfch phan

J3 ,---

I = f.J 4 - x 2 dx. ' -i

35

ouu

D 2 ' .: [1t 1t]

at x = smt, vat t E --; - .

, 2 2

Khi 1 hl ' 1 1t khi (;;3 ' .J3 1t

1 X = - t 1 smt = -- => t = --,IX =,,~ => smt = - => t =-.

2 6 2 3

Ta co dx = 2costdt

x x

1= f ~4 - 4sin2t .Zcos tdt - 4 f cost~cos2tdt.

(1)

_1!. 6

Khi t E [ - ~ • ~] => cost > 0 =>, ~ cos2 t = cos t • vl th€ til (1) co

1!. 1!.

3 3

1=4 f cos2tdt = 2 f (1 + cos2t)dt

_1!. 6

1!. 1!.

3 3

= 2 f dt + 2 f cos 2tdt

_1!. _1!.

6 6

2(1t 1t). '21t (' 21t '1t)

= - + - + sm t x = 1t + sm - + sm-

3 6 -- 3 3

6

= 1t + .J3.

Nhdn xet :

I, Trong d~ thi Dai hoc - Cao ding kh6i B, 2002 doi hoi phai tfnh J8

I = f ~16 - x2dx, o

2, M~c dau ham diroi dau tfch phan co chua can thirc, nhung neu ta d~t

t = ~4 - x 2 thl chac rang se g~p kho khan -.

That vay khi do tir t2 = 4 - x2 => tdt = -xdx nhirng dum dau tfch phan chi co dx, neu them xdx thl phai co phep chia cho x dieudo gap kho khan VI hai nhe :

a) Khi lay tfch phan tir -1 den .J3 co chua x = 0 (khi do phep chi a khong hop I~)

36

b) v ci lai khi xuat hien t, thl khi tfnh t theo x lai xuat hien d~u, can moi.

Nhir the day cling Ht thf du chtrng to rang khong phai cu nhin thay ~f(x) lit d6i

bien t = ~f(x) . C6 tht se khong thanh cong !

Thi dlJ 2. Tinh tfch phan 1.

I = 2f dx .

_3J2 ~(9 - x2)3

2

Gidi

Dat x = 3cost, voi t E [0; 7tJ.

. 3J2 J2 31£

Khl X = - -- => cos t = - - => t = -.

2 2 3

·3 1 1£

x = - => cos t = - => t = -

2 2 3

Tac6

1!.

I = J -3sin tdt

. 31t ~(9sin2 t)3 4

31t

4f 3sin tdt

- 1!. 33.sin3 t· 3

(Do x E [;, 3;] nen sint > 0, nen ~sin6 t = sin] t )

31t 31t

I=! j ~ = _!cotgtI4 = -!(-l- J3) = J3 + 3.

9 1t sin2 t 9 1!. 9 3 27

3 3

Nhdn xet : 01 nhien trong thf du nay neu dat t = ~(9 - x2)3 thi phep bien d6i bien nay la hoan toan khong thfch hop, neu nhu khong mu6n n6i rat kh6 de tfnh tfch phan nay voi phep d6i bien nhir vay.

Thi dlJ 3. Tinh tfch phan Ji

T x2dx

1= f-;=== . 0 ~1 - x2·

37

Gidi

D .',. [7t 7t] d d

at x = smt, V<11 t E -~; - => x = cost t.

. 2 2

Khi x = 0 => t = 0 ; khi x = J2 thi t = 7t.

. 2 4

Ta c6

l!

I = JSin2t cos tdt

o ~1 - sin2t

l! .

= Jdt costsin2tdt

o cost

1!. 1!. 1!.

4f1 - cos2t 1 4J. 1 4J .

= dt = - dt - - cos2tdt

o 2 20 20

l!

. 1 7t 1. [4 1t 1 1t 1

= "2. 4 - 4 sm2t 0 = 8" - 4 (1 - 0) = 8" - 4·

Nhdn xet : Ta c6 each ghii nrong tu, neu nhir bieu thuc dum. dau tfch phan chua s6 hang c6 dang ~x2 - a2 , a> O. Khi d6 c6 the dung phep d6i bien sau:

a a

x = -- hoac x = --.

sin t· cost

(eli nhien chi xet cac tfch phan rna trong mien d6i bien thl sint e 0 (hoac cost » 0» Xet vi d1:1 sau :

6

Tinh tich phan I = J dx

3J2X~x2 - 9

Gidi

,

3 , . . ( 7t) - 3 cos tdt

D~t x = -.-. , vat tEO; - => .dx = 2.

smt 2 sin t

Khi x = 3J2 => _3_ = 3J2 => sint = ~ => t =It

. sint ....;2 4

x = 6 => _3_ :::: 6 => sin t = _!_ => t = It.

sin t 2 6

38

Taco

K K

I = J -3cos tdt =j cos tdt

n: ,2 3 ~9 n: cos2 t

4"sm t.-,- -2- - 63sint

sm t sin t sin2 t

K 1!_

= .! 4J cos tdt =.! 4Jdt ~ _1t ,

3 ' cost 3 36

Ksmt-- K

6 sin t 6

Loai 4. Phep d6i bien khi ham diroi dau tfch ph an la cac bieu thirc dang (a2 + x2)\ a> 0,

Trongtnrong hop nay nguoi ta co th~ di;\t x = atgt hoac x = a cotgt. Xet vai thf du sau :

2

1= J dx , 4 + x2 o

Dat x = 2tgt, voi x E (- 1t ; 1t). Khi x = 0 thl t = 0, khi x = 2 thl r = 1t,

, 2 2 4

/

Thi d~ 1. Tfnh tfch phan

0)

Gidi

T ' d 2dt

a co: x = --2-'

cos t

V~y

K

1 4 dt

="2 J 2 1

ocos t--2-

cos t

Thi d~ 2. Phep d6i bien x = tgt, trong tich ph an I

I = JX~l + x2dx o

K

1 4 1t

= - Jdt =-. 20 ' 8

I

co thfch hop khong ?

39

Gidi

1

Xet tich phan I = fX~1 + x2dx. o

D~t x = tgt, voi t E ( - ~ ; ~). (khi x = ° thi t = 0, con khi x = 1 thi t = ;).

K

4 I dt

Liic nay ta co I = ftgt-y1 + tg2t--2-

o cos t

K K

fSin t 1 dt _ fSin tdt

.. - 0 cos t cos t cos2 t - 0 cos 4 t

K IT

~ ~ jco,4 tdtcos t) ~ 3c~,3 I: ~ ~[( 1r - 1 J

, 1

= -(2Ji -1). 3

D~y la each gidi thea Iy thuyet va di nhien co th~ chap nhan diroc. Ta giai theo each khac (Thf du 8 trang 23) :

1

, 1 1 I 1 (1 2)!

1= - fO + X2)2d(1 + x2) = + x

223

o .-

2 0

R6 rang each giai nay ngan gon va dan gian han nhieu,

Phep d6i bien x = tgt co th~ dung duoc, nhirng khong thfch hop d6i voi thf du nay.

Thi du 3. Tfnh tfch phan

13 d

1= f x

_J3 ~(1 + x2)3'

·3

40

cuu

D ,. (1t 1t) Kh' J3 h' 1t, khi (;;3

at x = tgt, VO'l t E --; -. I X = -_ trn t = --, con I x =,,~

. 2 2 3 6

hi 1t

tIt = -.

3

Ta co dx = 4 ; ~(l + x2)3 = ~(l + tg2t)3 /I 1

cos t = V~\= cos3t

(khi - 1t ~ t ~ 1t thi cost> 0). Yay

6 3 .

1!.

3 dt

I = f 2 1

_1!.COS t--1- ·.6 cost

1!. 3

= f cos tdt

1t

-6

1t J3 1 J3+1

= sin tl~1!. = _ + - = ---

6 2 2 2

Thi du 4. Tinh tfch phan

J3.J 2

I = f 1 +2 x dx.

1 x

ciu

D~t x = tgt, voi t E ( - ; ; ;). Khi x = 1 thi t = : ' con khi x = J3 thi 1t

t =-

3'

Ta co dx = 4 ; )1 + x2 = ~1 + tg2t = _l,_, vay

cos t cost

1!. 1!.

3 3

1= f 1 .~ = f dt

. 2 2 . 2

1t sin t cos t 1t cos t sm t

4"cost.-T 4"

cos t

1!.

= f' costdt

1!. cos2t sin2 t 4

1!.

= f d(sin t)

1!. sin2t(1 - sin2t) 4

41

J3 J3

= 2J du + 2J du .

2 2

J21-u J2U

2 2

J3. J3

= _!_ f (1 - U) + (1 + U) du _ _!_IT

2 J2 (1 - u)(1 + u) u J2

- 2

2

= _!_[In2 + ~ _ In 2 + J2] + 2( ~ - J2)

2 2-~ 2-J2 16

= _!_In (2 + ~)(2 - J2) + 2(~ - J2)

2 (2 - Jj)(2 + J2) 16

= !In (2 + ~)2(2 - J2)~ + 3J2- 2~

2 1.2 3

= In(2 + ~)(-fi - 1) + 3J2 - 2~. 3

N han xet : Cac ban co th~ thir lai d~ thay trong thf du nay mac dil co can thuc, nhung phep d~t t = ~1 + x2 khong cho phep ta tfnh duoc tfch phan nay mot each dan gian han !

Thi du 5. Tfnh tfch phan

1

I - J xdx

- x4 + x2 + t o

42

Gidi

Ta co

1.

1 f du

~2tu2+(~r

D .J3 ,. (1t 1t) (khi 1 1 1t

at u = z-tg<p, VOl t E -"2 ~ 2 ~ 1 U = 2" => tgrp = .J3 => <p ="6 ;

khi u = ~ => tgrp = .J3 => <p = 1t) va co

• 2 3.

l!. .J3 d l!.

I = .!. 3f z- <p. = .!.. 4 . .J3 3fd

2 2 3 2 2 3 2 <p

l!. cos <po -,- (1 + tg <p) l!.

6 4 6

.J3 1t 1t.J3

(1)

=-.-=-- ..

3 6 18

Loai 5. D6i bien khi bieu thirc duoi dau tich phan co chua ham hrong giac.

Voi cac loai tich phan nay, cac phep bien d6i thong dung nhat la d~t

t = sinx hoac t = cosx (co the t = tgx, t = cotgx).

Thi d~ 1. (Dai hoc - Cao dang kh6i B, 2005)

l!.

T' h ' h h I 2fsin2xcosxdX

m tIc p an = , .

o 1 + cosx

Gidi

D~t t ~ cosx (khi x = 0 thi t = 1, con khi x = ; thl t = 0) Ta co dt = -sinxdx, va til do

,

43

7t

2· 2 02 12

I = rm2xCOs ,xdx = _ J2t dt = 2 r - 1 + 1 dt

o 1 + cos xlI + tot + 1

= 2[f(t -l)dt + Sd(t + I)]

o 0 t + 1

~ 2 [ t; : - 1 + U>( t + 1 )I~ ]

= 2 (~ - 1 + In 2 ) = 21n 2 - 1.

Thi d1;l2. Tinh tich phan

1!.

1- J cosxdx

- 0 .J7 + cos 2x .

Gidi

Dat t = sinx ; (khi x = 0 thl t = 0, khi x = 1t thl t :;: I)

. 2

Ta c6 dt = cosxdx ; .J7 + cos2x = ~7 + 1 - 2sin2 x = ~8 - 2t2

I = f dt 1 f dt

o ~8 - 2t2 = fi 0 ~4 - t2

Ap dung phep d6i bien (dff trtnh bay i1lo~i 3), ta d6i' bien tiep nhu sau :

V~y

(1)

Dat t = 2sinu. Khi d6 til (I) co.

1!. 1!. 1!.

1= _I_j 2cosudu = _1_j2COSUdU = _1_jdU = ~

fi 0 ~4 - 4sin2u fi 0 2cosu fi 0 «Ji'

Thi d1;l3. Tfnh tfch phan

1!. 2

I =. JSin3 xcos5xdx.

o

, 44

Dat t = sinx (khi x = 0 thl t = 0, khi x = 1t thi t = 1) => dt = cosxdx.

. 2

Til 46 c6

~ I

I = JSin3 x cos4 x cos xdx = Jt\l - t2)2 dt

o 0

I I I I

= Jt3(l-2t2+t4)dt= Jt3dt-2Jt5dt+ Jt7dt

o 000

4 I t

=

4

o

6 I 8 1

t t

-2- +- 6 8

o 0

1 1 1 1

=---+- =-.

4 3 8 24

Thi du 4. Tfnh tfch phan

1!.

I = J 3sin x + 4cosx dx. o 3sin2 x + 4cos2 x

Gidi

Viet lai tfch phan dum dang

x x

1=1 3sinxdx + 1 4cosxdx. ' (I)

3sin2 x + 4cos2 x 3sin2 x + 4cos2 x

o 0

Dc)t t = cosx => dt = -sinxdx va c6

.1I. 1!.

2J 3sinxdx = 2J 3sinxdx = _oJ 3dt = 31J dt

03sin2x+4cos2x 03+cos2x 13+t2 03+'t2·

Ap dung phep d6i bien trong loai 4, dc)t t = Jj tgu => dt = Jj~u va c6 cos u

45

11

= _!_ 6J J3du

3 2 1

o cos u. 2

cos P

Dat t = sinx => dt = cosxdx va c6

IJ dt

3 + t2 o

11

_ J3 6Jd _ J3 1t _ 1tJ3

-- u--.---_-.

. 3 o. 3 6 18

(2)

K 1 1 1 1

J 4cosxdx· = 4 J dt = (2 + t) + (2 - t) dt = J~ + J~

03sin2x+4cos2x o4-t2 0 (2+t)(2-t) ot+2 o2-t

t + 211

= In-- = In3. (3)

2 - t 0

thay (2), (3) vao (1) va co

I = 1tJ3 + In3. 6

N han xet : Trong thf du tren ta da ket hop sir dung cac phep d6i bien t = sinx, t = cosx lAn cac phep d6i bien thuoc loai 4 va sir dung ca phep dung bang nguyen ham dan xen thuat "them, bat". Day la mot thf du thuoc loai tong hop nhung co ban.

- Khi bieu thuc diroi dau tich phan co dang a sin x + b cos x + c al sinx + b1 cosx + cl

thi c6 the sir dung phep d6i bien

x t = tg-. 2

v oi phep d6i bien nay, ta c6

(1 + tg2 ~)dx

dt = _!_. dx , ---=2=---_

2 2 x 2

cos -

2

2dt =>dx=--·

1 + t2

Ngoai ra chu y den cac cong thirc hrong giac sau

46

. 2t, 1 - t2

smx = --2 .va eosx = --2'

l+t l+t

Xet cac thf du sau :'

Thi du 1. Tinh tfch phan

]!_

2 dx

1- f

- ]!_ sin x

3

Th bie x Kh' rc 'rc J3 'Kh' rc: 1

ay ten t = tg 2" . t X = "3 => t = tg 6" = 3 . t X = 2" =j t = .

Theo cac cong thirc tren va co

If 2dt If dt I J3 1

1= , = - = Intl../3 = -In- = -ln3.

t: ('} 2) 2t t: t - 3 2

se. +t '--2 ~ 3

3 1 + t 3

Thi du 2. Tinh' tfch phan

]!_

2 dx

1= f .

01 + sinx + cosx

GiJi

Dat t = tg ~ (Khi x = 0 thl t = 0, con khi x = rc thlt = 1).

. 2 2

Ta eo

I = f 2dt = If '2dt

( 2t 1 - t2 J 1 + t2 + 2t + 1 - t2

0(1 + t2) 1 + __ + -_ 0

1 + t2 1 + t2

= In(l + t)l~ = In 2.

- Mot trong nhtrng phep d6i bier hay dung nii'a la phep thay bien x = a - t doi voi tich phan co can tren Ia a, ham dum la tfch phan chua cac bieu thrrc hrong giac va cac bieu tlurc nay lien quan den can tren a (theo nghia chung co moi Hen h~ ham so lirong giac cuacac goc lien quan dac biet). Vi the cac tich

phan nay thuong co can tren la ~, rc, 2rc, ... V oi cac tfch phan nay thuong dan den viec giiii m<)t phirong trlnh dan gian rna an so a day la tfch.phan I can tinh.

I dt = ft + 1 o

47

Thi du 1. Tinh tich phan

1t

2" . 4 d

1 = f sm x x

o sin4 x + cos4x

(1)

Dung phep thay bien x = 7t - t ~ dx = -dt va co 2

1 = _ f cos 4 tdt

Jl cos 4 t + sin 4 t 2

(2)

Til (1), (2) va co

1t 1t

2" . 4 A 2"

21 = r~n 4 x + cos x dx = f dx = 7t.

o sin x + cos 4 x 0 2

1 = 7t. 4

Thi du 2. Tinh tich phan 2n

1 = f x cos3 xdx . o

Gitli

D~t x = 27t - t ~ dx = -dt va co

o 2n

1 = - f (27t - t)cos3(27t - t)dt = f (27t - t)cos3 tdt. (1)

2n 0

VI cos(27t - t) = cost

Til (1) co:

2n 2n

1 = 27t J cos3tdt - J tcos3tdt

o 0

2n

~ zt = J cos3tdt. o

(2)

48

, .:1 3 cos 3t + 3 cos t· ,

Ta co cos3t = 4cos· t - 3cost => cos t = ,do do

, 4

27t 1 [27t 27t]

f cos3 tdt = -, f cos 3tdt + 3 f cos tdt

o 4 0 0

1 [1 . 3 127t 3' 127t] 0 ="4 3" SIn t 0 + SIn to::::;:

Thay (3) vao (2) va co 1 = o. Thi du 3. Tinh tich phan

7t . .

1 = f XSInX dx.

01 + cos2 x

Gidi

Dat x = 1t - t => dx = =dt va co

1 = _ s(1t - t)sin tdt = 1(1t - t)sin tdt

7t 1 + cos2 t 0 1 + cos ' t

= 1t 1 sin tdt _ 1 t sin tdt

o 1 + cos2 t 0 1 + cos t

=> 21 = 1t 1 sin tdt

01 + cos2 t

=> 1 = 1t 1 sint~. 201 + cos2t

Dat u = cost (khi t = 0 thi u = I, con khi t = 1t thi u = -I), ta co

7t. -1 1 1

f SIn tdt - _ f du - f du - 2 f du = 1t

1 + cos2t - 1 + u2 - 1 + u2 - 1 + u2 2

o 1 -1 ,0

1 2

(Nhu dli bier f~2 = 1t ) thay vao (I) va co 1 = ~.

ol+u 4 4

4-CPP .. SP-A

(3)

(I)

49

1!.

2 1 .

Thi du d. Tinh tich phan I == fIn + SIn x dx. o 1 + cosx

Giai

Dat x == 7t - t , thi

. 2

o 1!.

I == - fIn 1 + cos t dt == fIn 1 + c~s t dt

1!. 1 + sin t 0 1 + SIn t

2

n

= Jln(l+Sint)-ldt

o 1 + cost.

1!_

== _ J In 1 + sin t dt o l + cos t

~ I + I = 0 ~ I = O.

Thi du 5. Tinh tich phan

1t

I == fx sinx cos2 xdx. o

cuu

Dat x = 7t - t, khi d6

o

1= - f(7t - t)sintcos2 tdt 1t

(do sin(7t - t) == sint ; cos2(7t - t) = (-cost)2 = cos2t)

1t

= f(n - t)sin tcos2 tdt,

o

hay

1t 1t

I = rt f sin t cos2 tdt - ft sin t cos2 tdt ~

o 0

50

4-CPP .. SP-B

n In

2 . 1t 1 rt 21t

21 = -1t f= td(cost) = --(cos' t) = ----,(-1 - 1) = -.

o 3 0 3 3

Vay

1 = 1t.

3

1l 4

Thi du 6. Tinh tfch phan I = fln(l + tgx)dx.

o

Gidi

D· rt " at x = - - t va co

. 4

I ~ -11+ + tg(: - t) ]dt

4

n n

= Sln[1 + 1 - tgt]dt = Sln[1 + tgt + 1 - tgt]dt

o 1 + tgt 0 1 + tgt

1l 1l 1l

4 2 4 4

= fIn . dt = In 2 fdt - fln(l + tgt)dt

o 1 + tgt 0 0

21 = 1t In 2 ~ I = 1t In 2

4 8

Loal 6. Mot vai phep ddi bien khac khi lay tfch phan

Cac loai bai tap nay bao gorn nhieu loai khac mra so voi cac loai da trlnh bay trong 5 loai co ban 6 tren. Xet cac thi du minh hoa sau :

Thi du 1. (Dai hoc - Cao dang khoi B, 2006) Tinh tich phan

InS d

1= f x .

eX +2e-x-3 In1

51

cu.

Ta co I

InS dx

1= f---

x 2

In3e + - - 3

eX

InS xd

f e X

= e2x _ 3ex + 2 .

In3

(1)

Dat t = eX (khi x = In3 thi t = 3, con khi x = In5 tht t = 5) => dt = eXdx, khi do tir (1) suy fa

I - Sf dt _ sf dt

- t2 - 3t + 2 - (t - 1)(t - 2) 3 3

5f(t - 1) - (t - 2)

= dt

3 (t - 1)(t - 2)

= Jd(t - 2) _ Jd(t - 1)

3 (t - 2) 3 (t - 1)

= In t - 2[5 =In~.

t-13 2

Thi du Z, Tinh tich phan sau

2 7

I = f 1 - x dx.

I x(l + x 7) .

Gidi

Di)t t = x 7 (khi x = 1 thi t = 1, con khi x = 2 thi t = 128) => dt = 7x6dx.

2 7 6 128

I = fO - x )x dx = _!_ f (1 - t )dt

I x 7 (1 + x 7) 7 1 t(1 + t)

Taco

128

= _!_ f (1 + t) - 2t dt

7 I t(l + t)

52

1 [128 dt 128 dt ]

=- f--2f-

7 1 t II+t

I [ 1128 1128J 1

=7 IntI -2In(l+t)1 =7(lnI28-2In129+2In2)

= _!_In 4.128 = _!_In~.

7 1292 7 16641

Thi du 3. Tfnh tich phan

I

I = fx5(l- x~)6dx.

o

Gidi

Dat t = 1 - x3 => dt = -3idx, vay

I 1 0

I = fx3(l - x3)6x2dx = -_ fo - t)t6.dt

o 31

1 1 1 I

= _ ft6dt - _ ft7dt

30 30

= ~[t; : - t; :J = H ~ - ~)

=-

168 Thi d", 4. Tinh tich phan

I = ../2f2 ~2 +x dx. 2-x

o

DAt x = 2cost (khi x = 0 thl t = 7J , con khi x = .J2 thl t = 7t ·24

=> dx = -2sintdt. Ta co:

53

2 cos2 _!_ t

__ ---'='-2 = cot g _ .

2 sin2 _!_ 2

2

2(1 + cos t) 2(1 .- cos t)

=

1I_

4 t

1= - f2sintcotg"2dt 1I_

2

Vay

7t t

"2 . t t COS"2

= 2 f2.sm-cos---dt

2 2. t

1I_ sm-

4 2

1I_ 2

= f 2(1 + cos t)dt 1I_

4

1I_ 1I_ 7t

2 2 1t 1"2

. = 2 fdt + 2 fcostdt = 2.- + 2sint

7t 7t 4 1I_

"4"4 4

= 1t + 2(1 _ J2) = 1t + 2 _ J2 = 1t + 4 - 2J2.

2 2 2 2

Nhdn xet chung vephep d6'i bie'n

Nhu vay phep d6i bien dong mot vai tro eire kl quan trong trong viec tinh nguyen ham va tfch phan, Trong phan tren chung toi da c6 gang den mire t6i da de giup cac ban lira chon cac phep d6i bien thich hop nhat voi tirng loai hinh bai tap. Tuy nhien xin nhan rnanh rang moi phep d6i bien ay chi la nhfmg goi y tham khao, chir khong phai la cong thuc phdi tudn thea. Nhir cac ban da thay phep d6i bien rat da dang, neu qua sa da co the di vao ngo cut.

De ket thiic cho phan d6i bien cluing toi .xin trinh bay voi cac ban hai thi du sau.

Qua thi du nay chung toi mu6n hru y voi cac ban rang tnroc khi d6i bien dieu dau tien phai nghi ngay toi phep d6i bien cua ta co nghia hay khong ? (dieu nay cling gi6ng nhu viec dat dieu kien tnroc khi giai phuong trinh, bat phuong trinh ... ).

54

Ta bat dau bang thi du sau :

Tinh tich phan

1!

f dx

I = 01 + sin x·

Gidi

Ham s6 f(x) = 1 la lien tuc tren [0, 1t] (do 1 + sinx > 0 V X E [0, 1t2]

I + sin x . 2

nrc la 1 + sinx 7:- 0 V X E [0,;] va di nhien tich phan tren ton tai. x

Theo "ly thuyet" (xem IOC;li 5), dat t = tg 2

(chii Y tg~ xac dinh khi x E [0,;]). Khi x = 0 thi t = 0, con khi x = ; thi t = 1.

2

T 'd 2dt '1 . 1 2t (t + 1)

a co x = --2 va + Sll1X = + --2 = 2

l s- t l+t l+t

1 1

Vi;ly I = J 2dt 2 = 2 J dt 2 = 2 Jd(l + t1

0(1 + t2).~~.~ 0(1 + t) 0(1 + t)

1 + t2

~ l-:tl~ ~-2(l-1)~L

Nhdn xet :

- each tinh tren la chap nhan dUQ'C vi truce het no dung

- Tuy nhien no khong phai la each hay, vi ta co the tinh each khac nhu sau :

.1!..1!. .1!.

I = 2J dx 2J dx 2J dx

1 + sin x = 1t = 2 ( rt x)

o 0 1 + cos( - - x) 0 2 cos - - -

242

.55

,

R6 rang each tinh nay rat don gian va hoan roan co ban, rna lai hay han!

- Dieu muon noi han la neu nhu phai tinh

TC

I = f d~ (tfch phan nay di nhien ton tai).

01 + smx

Trong thi du nay thl phep thay bien t = tg; khong nhirng khong hay rna la khong chap nhan dtroc nrc la phep d6i bien sai, VI khi d~t t = tg% thl khi x = rt ta co t = tg; khong xac dinh! Vay phep d6i bien nay khong co nghia,

Di nhien ta co each tinh dan gian nhu tren

I ~ -tg(: - ~): ~ ~tg( -:) + tg: ~ 2

Bay gio' chuyen sang xet thf du sau :

Hay tinh tfch phan

1!. 2

I = f dx .

o 3sin2 x + cos2 x

cuu

Ham dum dau tich phan f(x) = . 2 1 2 = 1. 2 > ° V E [0, 7tJ,

3sm x + cos x 1 + 2sm x 2

do do de thay no la ham lien tuc tren [0,; ] ' vay no la ham kha tich tren [0,; ] nrc la tich phan I chac chan ton tai,

Theo nhir If thuyet da trinh bay trong loai 5, tich phan tren co the tinh diroc nho phep d6i bien t = tgx hoac t = cotgx. Tuy nhien ham s6 tgx khong xac dinh

khi x = ; , con ham s6 cotgx lai khong xac dinh khi x = O. v ~y khong the don thuan thuc hien diroc cac phep d6i bien tren.

56

K K

h· , h" ., I 4J dx 2J dx, hri

Tuy n ien ta cot e viet = . 2 2 + . 2 2' va c u

o 3 SIn X + cos X ll.. 3 SIn X + cos X 4

Y rang cit hai tich phan a ve phai deu ton tai (VI ill nhien cac ham s6 f(x) lien

11

tuc tren [0, 1t] va [1t, 1t]. Voi tfch phan II = f . 2 dx 2 ta c6 the dung

4 4 2 0 3 SIn X + cos x

phep d6i bien t = tgx (d1l tranh diroc diem x = ;). Ta co :

K

4 2

11 = f . 2cOS x

03 SIn x cos2 x

2 + 2 COS x COS x

dx

(Thay t = tgx)

Theo loai 4, ta dat tiep t = ~ tgu ~ dt = ~ d~ va co

,,3 ,,3 cos u

K

V oi tfch phan 12 = f . 2 dx 2' ta lai dung phep d6i bien t = cotgx

K 3sIn x + cos X

4

( 'd- , h d 0) Khi do , d -dx , , va a tran uoc x = . lOCO t = -.-2 - va co

SIn x

K 2 --2-

12 = J sin x

11 3 + cotg2x 4

dx

:5. 0

f d(cot gx) J dt

= - K 3 + cotg/x = -1 3 + t2 4

IJ dt

= t3 + 3· o

Th' I· 4 . A' d r;:;3 d J3du" eo oar ,tIep tuc ~t t = ,,",cotgu ~ t = --, .-2- va co

SIn u

57

1t 1t

I - -

12 = J dt = - f J3du = J3 fdU = nJ3.

o t2 + 3 11 sin2 U _3_ 3 11 18

2 sin2 U 3

Nhu the cac phep d6i bien x = tgt va x = cotgt van dung diroc nhung de dam bao tinh c6 nghia cua n6 ta phai lam nhir tren (chii y cac phep d6i bien

khong dung duoc cho I, nhirng phep thay bien x = tgt dung diroc cho 11, con x = cotgt dung diroc cho 12),

C. PHUONG PHAp rtcn PHAN TUNG PHAN

Theo cong thirc ve phep tinh vi phan, ta c6 : d(uv) = udv + vdu =>udv = d(uv) - vdu.

Ttr d6 ta di den cac cong thirc sau :

b b

JUdv = uvl: - Jvdu,

(1)

a

a

a day a, b la cac s6 thuc cho tnroc.

Cong thirc (1) goi Ia cong thirc tfch phan tirng phan. Phuong phap sir dung cong tlnrc (I) de tinh tich ph fin goi la phuong phap tich ph fin tung phan.

b

Nhu the de tfnh tfch ph fin J udv theo cong thirc (I) ta chuyen sang tinh a

b b

tfch phan J vdu «n nhien tfch phan J vdu phai de tinh han so voi tfch phan ban

a a

dau). Do d6 dieu quan trong a cho lam sao chon u, v thfch hop de c6 the dat duoc yeu cau tren. Dua vao each Iva chon u, v cluing toi trmh bay cac ki' thuat chfnh de su dung phuong phap tich ph fin tirng phan nhu diroi day.

58

Loai 1. Tfch phan can tinh co mot trong cac dang sau : b

1. fP(x)ekXdx, i:J day P(x) Hi da thirc.

a

Voi dang nay ta dat u = P(x), dv = lxdx.

b b

2. fp(x)coskxdx hoac fP(x)sinkxdx, o day P(x) la da thuc.

a

a

v oi dang nay ta d~t u = P(x) ; dv = coskxdx (hoac dv = sinkxdx).

b b

3. feux cos kxdx hoac Jeux sin kxdx ,

a

a

v oi dang nay co the chon.

[hO~C

u = eUx, dv = cos kxdx (hoac dv = sin kxdx u = coskx (hoac u = sin kx ; dv = euxdx.

b

4. feuXp(x) Inkxdx , i:J day P(x) la da thiic.

a

Vci dang nay ta d~t u = Pix), dv = Inkxdx. Xet cac thi du minh hoa sau day.

Thi du 1. (Dai hoc - Cao dang kh6i D, 2004). Tinh tich phan

3

I = fln(x2 - x)dx. 2

cu.

2 2x-1

D~t u = In(x - x) => du = 2 dx.

x - x

Theo cong thirc tfch phan tung phan va co

I 1 ( 2 ')13 3SX(2X - 1) d

=xnx -x -. x

2 . x(x - 1)

2 .

59

3J2x - 2 + 1

= 3ln 6 - 2ln 2 - dx

x-I

2

3 3 d

= In 54 - 2Jdx - J_x- = In54 - 2 -In(x _013

x-I 2

2 2

= In54 - 2 - In2 = 3In3 - 2.

Thi dlf. 2. (Dai hoc - Cao dang khoi D, 2006) Tfnh tfch phan

1

I = J(x - 2)e2xdx. o

Gitii

Di[lt u = x - 2 ~ du = dx

dv = e2xdx ~ v = Je2xdx = ~e2X.

Ap dung cong thirc tfnh tich phan tung phan, ta co

1 11 1 1

I = -(x - 2)e2x - - Je2xdx

2 0 20

= ~ (_e2 + 2) _ ~ e2x I:

1 2 1 2 1 5 3 2 5 - 3e2

= --e + 1 - -e + - = - - -e = .

2 4 4 4 4 4

Thi dlf. 3. (Dai hoc - Cao dang kh6i D, 2007)

e

Tinh tfch phan 1= Jx3In2xdx.

I cuu

2 2Inx

Di[lt u = In x ~ du = --dx

x

60

Theo cong thuc tfch phan tirng phan, ta co :

4 e e

X 2 1 f 3

I = -In x - - x In xdx .

4 1 21

Lai d~t ul = Inx ~ dUI = dx

x

= ~ __ 1 x 41e = e 4 __ 1 (e 4 _ 1)

4 16.1 4 16

3e4 1

=-+-.

16 16

Thay (2) vao (1) va co

e4 3e4 1 5e4 - 1

1=-----=---

4 32 32 32

Thf d~ 4. (De thi t6t nghiep THPT 2005) Tfnh tfch phan

1!. 2

I = f(x + sin2x)cosxdx.

o

cuu

Taco

1!. 1!.

2 2

I = fx cos xdx + fsin2xcosxdx.

o 0

De thay

1!. 1!. 1!.

2 2 . 3 2

fsin2xcosxdX = fsin2 xd(sinx) = sm x

o 0 3 0

(1)

(2)

(1)

1

=

3

(2)

61

DiH u = x => du = dx

dv = cosxdx => v = Jcosxdx = sinx.

Theo cong thirc tich phan tirng phan, thl

1!. 1!.

2 R 2

fxcosxdx = xsinxlJ - Jsinxdx

o 0

(3)

Thay (2), (3) vao (1) va co

I = 7t _ ~ = 37t - 4 . 236

Thi du 5. Tinh tfch phan

cui

(1)

Dat u = t => du = dt

dv = e'dt => v = Jeldt = et.

Theo cong thirc tfch phan tung phan ta eo

I I I

I = tel I - feldt = e - el I = e - (e - 1) = 1.

o 0 0

Bay gio thay (2) vao (1) va di den I = !. 2

(2)

62

Thi du 6. Tinh tich phan

11 2

I = fe2x cos3xdx. o

cu:

_ 2x 2x

Dat u = e => du = 2e dx

v = fcos3xdx = lSin3x.

Vay

III ~

1 = .!_ e2x sin 3x 2 - ~ f e2x sin 3xdx

3 0 30

1!

I ') ~

IT - -f 2x . 3 d

= --"3e - 3" e Sill x X.

o

2x 2x

u I = e => du I = 2e dx.

vI = fsin 3xdx = -*COS3X . Ta co :

(1)

11 11 11

2 1 12 2 2

fe2X sin3xdx = __ e2x cos3x + - fe2X cos3xdx

o 3 0 30

1 2.·

= - +-1. 3 3

Thay lai (2) vao (1) va di den

1 IT 2 4 I = --e - - --I

399

13 1 IT 2 - 3e IT - 2

=> -I = --e -- = ----

9 3 9 9

-3e1t - 2

1=---

13

(2)

Tit do, ta co

Nhdn xet :

1. Xet each chon u, v khac (theo If thuyet) sau day:

63

D~t U = cosJx => du = -3sin3xdx

v = Je2xdx = ~e2X . Nhu vay ta c6

1 [~3 ~

I = _e2x cos3x +? fe2X sin3xdx

2 0 - 0

.:!!.

1 3 2f 2x .

= -- + - e sm3xdx.

2 20 .

(3)

Lai dat u 1 = sin3x ~ du 1 = 3cos3xdx vI = Je2Xdx = ~e2X.

Ta c6

.:!!. n .:!!.

2 1 [2 3 2

f e2x sin 3xdx = - e2x sin 3x - - f e2x cos 3xdx

2 0 20

o .

1 n 3

= --e - -I.

2 2

(4)

thay (4) vao (3) va c6

1 3 TC 9 I = -- - -e --I

244

13 -3e1t - 2 . _3eTC - 2

=> -I =. => I = ----

4 4 13

Hai each giai tren deu thong nhata ch6 : Trong hai Hin tinh tich phan tung phan deu hoac chon u = e2x (hoac chon u la ham hrong giac)

b

Bay gia thea If thuyet c6 n6i : V6i tfch phan dang feax cos kxdx

a

b I.e

( f e ax sin kxdx c6 the chon u = e ax (hoac chon u la ham 1 uong giac), VI the ta a

d~t cau hoi : C6 the trong hai Ian sir dung phirong phap tich phan tirng phan moi Ian ta d~t u mot kieu c6 duoc khong? Cu the xet each lam sau day:

64

D~t u = cos3x, ta c6 (xem tren)

1!.

1 3 2J 2x .-

I = _ - + - e sm 3xdx.

2 22

LAn thu hai d~t UI = e2x :::::> dUI = 2e2xdx

vI = Jsin3xdx = -.!.eos3x.

3 '

(*)

1l ' It ll'

2 1 12 2 2

Khi d6 Je2x sin3xdx = __ e2x eos3x + -J,e2X eosxdx

o 3 0 30

1 2

= - +-1. 3 3

(**)

Thay (**) vao (*), di den

I = _ _!. + _!. + I :::::> 1= I 2 2

DAng- thtrc I = I cho ta thay sau hai IAn ap dung tich phan tirng phan, ta quay tra lai tfch phan ban dau. Hien nrong d6 goi la "hien tuong xoay vong" va can phai tranh khi sir dung phirong phap tfch phan tirng phan.

Loai 2. Phuong phap tfch phan nrng phan d6i voi cac dang tich phan khac Dl! sir dung c6 hieu qua phuong phap tfch ph an tirng phan khi tfnh tich phan, dieu quan trong nhat lam sao chon ham u mot each thich hop, Phep chon ham u phai dam bao duoc hai dieu sau day :

1. De dang tfnh duoc J vdu.

2. Thong thuong khi sir dung cong thirc tich phan tirng phan dl! tinh tfch phan, ta deu phai trai qua nhieu buoc. Vi vay ham u can chon sao cho trong cac

biroc li€p thea sir dung cong thirc tich phan tirng phan, thl viec tinh JVdu phai ngay cang dan gian di.

Ta hay khao sat ki dieu d6 qua cac thf du minh hoa sau :

Thi d~ 1. Tinh tfch phan

1l 4

I _ J xdx

_ 01 + eos2x'

5-CPP .. SP-A

65

cu.

Ta co

l!. l!.

I = 4f xdx ~..!_ 4f xdx

2cos2 x 2 cos2 x

o 0

D~t u =; x => du = dx

(1)

v = f- d~ = tgx.

cos x

Theo cong thirc tfch phan tirng ph lin va co

l!. l!.

4 xdx l!. 4

f 2 = xtgxlti - f tgxdx

o cos X. 0

l!. l!.

= 1t _ jSln xdx = 1t + jd(COS x)

4 0 cosx 4. oCosx

1t Il!. 1t Ji 1t I

= - + In cos x 4 :::: - + In - = - - -In 2.

4 0 4 2 4 2

Thay (2) vao (l) va co

. 1t 1

1= - - -ln2. 8 4

Nhdn xet : Xet bai thi tuyen sinh vao Cao dAng Su pham kh6i A - 2004

(2)

Tfnh

It

"4

I = fxtg2xdx. o

cu.

l!. l!. l!.

4 (I ) 4 xdx 4

I - f x - I dx = f 2 - f xdx .

- 0 COs2 x 0 cos x 0

Theo thf du 1, ta co ngay

(*)

Taco

l!.

1t 1 x2 4

1= ---ln2-- 422

o

1t 1 1t

= - - -ln2 --.

4 2 32

66

5-CPP .. SP-B

Thi du 2. (De thi Cao dang Giao thong II, 2004) 2 x2ex

Tinh nch phan I = f dx.

o (x + 2)2

Gidi

,

2x x 2xx

D~t u = x e => du = (2xe + x e )dx = xe (x + 2)dx

dx . -:-1

dv = => v = --.

(x + 2)2 x + 2

Theo cong thirc tfch phan timg phan va c6 222

-x eX .

I = + fxexdx

x+2o 0

2

= _e2 + fxexdx. o

Den day ap dung phep chon ham u dli trinh bay trong loai 1, ta d~t

u I = X => du I = dx

vI = fexdx = eX .

(1)

Ta c6

222 2 fxexdx = xexi - fexdx = 2e2 - exlo

o 0 0

= 2e 2 - e 2 + 1 = e 2 + 1.

Thay (2) vito (l) va c6 I = 1.

N hdn xet : C6 the xem nhu day la thi du rlit t6t de minh hoa cho nhtrng dieu chung toi dli trinh bay a tren.

2

- Neu d~t u = x 2 thl tfch phan fVdu = fexdu rat don gian, tuy (x + 2)

nhien sau d6 sang biroc tiep theo, ban se g~p mot tfch ph an phirc tap nhieu Ian hon tfch phan ban dau :

(2)

2 xex

f dx.

o (x + 2)

67

Thi d1;l3. Tinh tfch phan

1 7

1= J x dx

O(1+x4)2

cuu

D~t u = x4 ~ du = 4x3dx

. x3dx 1 d(1 + x4) -1

v = J(1 + x4)2 = 4 J(l + x4)2 = 4(1 of x4)'

Ap dung cong thuc tfch phan tirng phan, va c6

_x4 1 x3dx

1=· +J-~

4( 1 + x 4) 0 0 1 + x 4

= _! + _!_ Jd(1 + ~4)

8 40 1 + x4

1 1 411

= - - + -In(1 + x )

8 4 0

= _! + _!_ In 2 = 21n 2 - 1 .

8' 4 8

Nhdn xet :

cu.

Dat u = ~1 +. x2 ~ du = xdx ~1 + x2

dv = dx ~ v =x.

68

Vay ta co

~ 11 1 x2dx 1 x2 + 1 1

1 2 J---;=== -- r;::2 - J - dx

I=x +x - I VL.

o 0 \11 + x2 0 ~1 + x2

1 lId

= J2 - J\lx2 + 1 dx + J I 2 x

- 0 o\lx +1

Theo gia thiet, ta e6

I ~ ,fi - I + In(1 + JI + x2 { ~ 21 = .Ji + In(1 + J2) - In 2 ~ 1 = .Ji + _!_ In Ji + 1. 222

• 1 I_

N hdn xi! : V oi tich phan J) x 2 + ldx , khong th~ giai n6 voi cac phep d6i o

bien t = )x2 + 1 hoac x = tgt (mac dau theo nhir If thuyet a loai 1 phan d6i bien, loai 4 phan d6i bien "khuyen" ta nhir vay !), .

V m tfch phan nay phai nho vao tich phan timg phan ! va each lua chon ham

u nhu cac ban dii biet Ia hop H. '

Thi d~ 5. Cho f(x) Ia ham kha vi, lien tuc den dao ham cap 2, va gia sir

f(a) = feb) = O. Chung minh he thirc

b a

Jf"(x)(x - a)(b - x)dx =2 J~(x)dx.

a b

D~t u = (x - a)(b - x) ~ du = (a + b - 2x)dx

dv = f'(x)dx ~ v = Jf"(x)dx = f'(x). Tit d6 e6

b b

Jf"(x)(x - a)(b - x)dx = f'(x)(x - a)(b - x)l: - J(a + b - 2x)f'(x)dx

,

a

a

b

= - J(a + b - 2x)f'(x)dx.

a

(1)

69

Lai d~t u) = (a +b - 2x) => du, = -2dx

dv, = f(x)dx => v = jf'(x)dx ::::; f(x). Lai c6

b b

j(a + b - 2x)f'(x)dx = f(x)(a + b - 2x)l: + 2 jf(x)dx

a

a

b

= 2 jf(x)dx (nho rang f(a) = f(b) = 0). (2)

a

Thay (2) vao (1), va c6

b b a

jf"(x)(x - a)(b - x)dx = -2 jf(x)dx = 2 jf(x)dx.

a a b

D61a dpcm.

Nhdn xet : Trong thf du nay viec chon u = (x - a)(b - x) (hoac u) = a + b - 2a 6 buoc tiep theo Ia Ie tu nhien, vi chi c6 the mci tfnh dircc tfch phan jvdu.

(

Thuc ~a di~u nay di nhien vi theo dinh nghia ta c6 ngay jf"(x)dx = f'(x) + C,

con jf'(x)dx = f'(x) + C). '

§3. TiCH PH AN VOl HAM co DAU GIA TRl TUY~T D61 V A so LU(lC V~ CONG THDc TRUY H61

A. TICH PHAN CVA HAM SO nuor DAU GIA TR~ TUY$T 'DOl

Cling gi6ng nhu each xu If voi cac IOC;li bai tap khac c6 chua dau gia tri tuyet d6i, dieu tnroc het khi giai cac IOC;li bai tap nay Ia phai tien hanh xet dau de pha di cac dau gia tri tuyet d6i (kien thirc hay dung nhat la su dung dinh If ve dau cua tam thirc bac hai, nhi thirc bac nhat va su dung duong tron don vi dt xet dau cac ham hrong giac).

70

Buoc tia'p theo chuyen tich phan can tfnh thanh tong hoac hieu cac tfch

phan trong d6 bieq tlnrc dum dau tfch phan khong eon dau gia tri tuyet d6i nfra.

Xet cae thf du minh hoa sau day.

Thi dl! 1. (Dai hoc - Cao dang kh6i D, 2003) Tfnh tfch phan

2

I = ~x2 - xldx. o

Gidi

Lap bang xet dau sau

x

2

--1:-:-~--:-I1---~--x--_-x~2~~0~--,x2:x' I

o

Tic bang xet d~u tren, ta eo

1 2

I = f( x - x2 )dx + f( x2 - x )dX

o 1

21 31 12 22

x x x x

=-- -- +-

2 3 3 2

o 0 1

= ~(1 - 4 + 1) - ~(1 - 8 + 1)

=1.

Thi dl! 2. Tinh tfch phan

1t

I = f.J1 - sin 2x dx. o

ou:

Tac6

71

31t . 4

= J2 f Isin tl dt.

1t 4

Dua vao duong tron dan vi ta thay

sint < 0 khi - 1t < t < 0 va

, 4

sint > 0 khi 0 < t < 31t • 4

Vay ta di den

31t

o 4

I = J2 - f sin tdt + f sin tdt

1t 0

4

r 31t]

~ h l costl~~ - costl04

= J2(1 - J2 +'J2 + IJ = 2J2. 22·

tt« df!, 3. (Cao d~ng Giao thong, 2004)

5

Tfnh tich phan I = f (Ix + 21-lx - 2l)dx. -3

Gidi

Lap bang xet dau sau day

x -3 -2 2 5
Ix + 21 ~ -x -2 x+2 x+2
Ix -21 2-x 2-x x-2
Ix + 21-lx - 21 -4 2x 4 72

Tit bang bien thien va c6

-2 2 5

I = f-4dx + f 2xdx + f4dx

-3 -2 2

= -4.1 + x212 + 4.3

-2

= -4 + (4 - 4) + 12 = 8.

3 2

Thi du 4. Cho f(x) = 3x - x - 4x + 1,

3 2

g(x) = 2x + x - 3x - 1.

2

Tinh tich phan I = f If(x) - g(x)1 dx. ~I

Gidi

Tnroc het xet bat phirong trinh f(x) ~ g(x)·

<=> 3x3 - x2 - 4x ..;. 1 ~ 2x3 + x2 - 3x - 1

3 2

<=> x - 2x - x + 2 ~ 0

<=> (x - 1)(x2 - x - 2) ~ 0

[X ~ 2

<=> -1:::;; x :::;; 1.

Ta c6 tit d6

1 . 2

I = f [f(x) - g(x) )dx + f(g(x) - f(x) )dx

-I 1

1 2

= J( x3 - 2x2 - x + 2 )dx + f( _x3 + 2x2 + x - 2 )dX

-I 1

~ :[xt - x41:] + ~[ -xt + x31:] + H-xt + x21:] + 2(2 -1)

37

=-

12

73

Thi du 5. Tfnh tfch phan sau (theo m) 1

I = fxlx - mldx , 0 day m la tham sO. o

Gidi

VI x E [O, 1], nen ta c6

• Neu m > 1; thi x - m < 0"11 x E [0, 1].

• Neu m < 0, thi x - m > 0"11 x E [0, 1].

• Neu ° ::::;; m ::::;; 1; thl x - m ~ ° khi m ::::;; x ::::;; 1 x - m ::::;; ° khi ° :S x ::::;; m.

Til d6 ta di den

1 1 1

• Neu m > 1, thl 1= fx(m - x)dx = ~fXdx - fx2dx

. 0 0 0

2 1 3 1 m 1
x x
=m- =---
2 3 0 2 3
0
3m - 2
=
6 1

• Neu m < 0, thl 1= fx(x - mjdx = 2 -63m (dira vao tnrong hop m > 1). o

• Neu ° s m ::::;; 1 thl

m 1

I = f x (m - x) dx + f x (x - m )dx

Om'

m mIl

= m f xdx - f x 2 dx + f x 2 dx - m fXdx

o 0 m m

2m x

=m-

2

2 1 x -m-

2

m

o

m3 m 1

=---+-.

3 2 3

74

T6m lai, ta c6

m3 m 1 ,

I = - - - + - neu 0 ::5: m ::5: 1

3 2 3'

3m -2 6

neu m > 1

2 - 3rp 6

neu m <0.

it ? A , ~,;!""

B. SO LUOC VE SVDl.JNG CONG THO'C TRUY HOI DE TINH TICH PHAN

Trong mot s6 truong hopham dum -dau tfch phan phu thuoc vao tham s6 n, n la s6 tt! nhien, khi d6 ngiroi ta thuong ki hieu In de chi tfch phan phai tfnh. Trong muc nay nhtrng bai t~p tlurong c6 dang :

1. Hoac la doi hoi thiet lap mot cong thuc truy hoi, nrc la cong thtrc bieu

dien In theo cac In-k• a day 1 ::5: k ::5: n.

2. Hoac la chtrng minh mot cong thirc truy h6i cho truce.

3. Sau khi c6 cong thtrc truy hoi doi hoi tinh mot gia tri In cu the nao d6.

Xet cac thi du minh hOI:! sau :

Thi du 1.

1t

1t

2 2

Cho In = fsinn xdx va In = fcosn xdx.

o 0

1. Chung minh In = n - lIn_2 n

n -1

In = --In-2 vci n ~ 2.

n

Gidi

1t 2

1. Xet tich phan In· = fsinn xdx , voi n ~ 2.

o

n+ l 0-2

D~t u = sin x ~ du = (n - 1) sin xcosxdx.

75

dv = sinxdx => v = Isinxdx = -cosx.

Theo cong thirc tich phan ttrng phan, ta co

1t

1t 2

In = -sinn-I x cos x 12" + (n -1) [sinn-2 xcos2 xdx

. 0 0 .

1t 2

= (n -1) Isinn-2 x(t - sin2 X l= o

2 2

= (n - 1) J sin n - 2 xdx - J sin n xdx

o 0

1t

1t

= (n - l)1n-2 - (n - l)1n

. n-l

=> nln = (n - 1)ln-2 => In = --In-2 => dpcm. n

n -1

Tuong nr, ta co In = --In-2 =>dpcm ! n

2. Ta co

3 3 1

14 = '--12 = -.-10.

4 4 2

(1)

1t

1t

L'.lico

2 2

10 = I sino xdx = J dx = 1t. 002

-

Thay vao (1) va co 14 = 31t . 16

4 4 2

Lai co 15 = -13 = -·-JI·

5 5 3

(2)

Lai co

1t

2 ~

JI = J cosxdx = sinxlJ = 1. o

76

Thay lai vao (2) va co 15 = ~.

. 15

Chu y : De thay voi moi n ta co In = In-

1t

That yay dat x = - - t (khi do dx = -dt), ta co

. .. 2

7{

7{

2 0 2

In = fsinn xdx = - fcosn tdt = fcosn tdt = In-

o 7{ 0 2

1

Thi du 2. Cho In = fxnexdx, voi n ~ 1 la s6 tu nhien.

o

1. Chung minh In = e - nIn-1.

2. Ap dung tfnh Is.

ouu

_ 1

1. Xet tfch phan In = fxnexdx, voi n ~ 1. o

n n+ l

D~t U = x ::::::> du = nx dx

dv = eXdx::::::> V = fexdx = eX.

= e - nIn-1 ::::::> dpcm. 2. Ap dung phan 1 ta co

Is = e - 514 = e - 5(e - 413)

= e - 5e + 2013 = - 4e + 20(e - 312) = 16e - 6012 = '16e - 60(e - 211)

= -44e + 12011 = - 44e + 12p(e - 10),

(1)

77

I I

Lai thay 10 = JeXdx = eXI = e - 1 . Thay vao (I), va co

o 0

Is = 76e - 120(e - 1) = - 44e + 120.

7t

Thi d~ 3. Cho tfch phan In = Jeosn xeosnxdx. o

1. Chung minh rang In+ I =.!.. In· . 2.

2. Tit do hay tfnh Is.

ouu

7t

I. Ta eo In = Jeosn X cos nxdx o

7t

= Jeosn xeos[(n + l)x - X Jdx o

7t

= Jeosn -I eos(n +·I)xeosx + sin(n + l)xsinx Jdx o

7t 7t

= Jeosn xeos(n + I)xeosxdx + Jeosn xsin(n + l)xsinxdx. (1)

. 0 0

D~t u = sin(n + l)x => du = (n + 1 )eos(n + 1 )xdx

• eosn+1 X

v = Jeosn xsinxdx = - Jeosn xd(eosx) = - .

n + 1

Theo eOng thrrc tfch phan timg phan, ta eo

7t

Jeosn x sinjn + I)xsinxdx = o

7t

sin(n + I)xeosn+l X 7t

= + Jeosn+l xeos(n + I)xdx

n + 1 0 0

(2)

78

Thay (2) vao (I) va co

Do la dpcm! 2. Ta co til 1.

1 1 1 1 1

15 = -14 = -13 = -12 = -II. = -10·

2 22 23 24 25

1t

Mat khac 10 = fdx = n, vay 15 = ~.

o 2

§4.BAT DANG THUC TicH PHAN

D~. ghii cac bai toan ve b~t dAng thirc tfch phan ta sir dung cac kien thirc CrJ ban sau day:

I. Neu f(x) ~ g(x) v x E [a, b] va t6n tai cac tfch phan

b b

ff(x)dx va fg(x)dx, khi do ta co

a a

b b

ff(x)dx ~ fg(x)dx.

(I)

a a

2. Ta hay sir'dl;lng hai tnrong hop rieng cua (I)

b b

ff(x)dx ~ ]f(x)ldx

a a

b

m(b - a) ~ ff(x)dx ~ M(b - a)

a

a day M = max f'(x) ; m = min f(x).

aSxsb aSxSb

Xet cac thf du sau day.

79

Loai 1. Sir dung gia Hi Ion nhat va nho nhat .. cua ham s6 tren mien' lay tich phan. Thi du 1. Chung minh cac bat dang tlnrc tfch phan

2

1) ~ <. J xdx <.!_ ,

5 1 x2 + 1 2

1

2) 0 < Jx (1 - x)2 dx < ~.' 27

o

Gidi

x

1. Xet ham so f(x) = 2 tren [1 ; 2].

x +1

1 - x2

Ta c6 f'(x) = 2 va c6 bang bien thien sau day

(x2 + 1)

x

1

. 2

f(x)

f'(x)

Tir d6 M = max f(x) = f(1) = .!_ ; m = min f(x) = f(2) = ~.

1:$;x:$;2 2 15;x:$;2 5

2

Ta c6 ~(2 - 1) < f xdx < '!_(2 - 1)

5 1 x2 + 1 2

2 2f xdx 1

=> - < < - => dpcm !

5 1 x2 + 1 2

2. Xet ham s6 f(x) = x(1 - x)2 voi 0 ~ x ~ 1.

Ta c6 rex) = 3x2 - 4x + 1, nen c6 bang bien thien sau :

x

o

1/3

1

f'(x) + 0

f(x) ~ 0 ____-*------. 0

80

Ta c6 M = max f(x) = f(.!.) = _i_. ;

O~x~l . 3 27

m= min f(x) = min {f(O), f(1)} = min{O, O} = O.

O~x~l .

Til d6 ta. c6

1 4 1

o < f x (1 - x )2 dx < - f dx

o 270

1 4

, ~ 0 < f x (1 - x )2 dx < -.

. 27

o

Thf du 2. Chung minh

1tJ3 < 1 dx < 21tJ3 .

3 . 0 J cos2 x + cos x + 1 3

ciu

1

Xet ham s6 f'(x) = voi 0 ~ x ~ n.

Jcos2 x + cos x + 1

Ta c6 M = max f(x) = max F(t)

O~x~n -1~t~1

v6i

m = min f(x) = min F(t),

O~x~rt -1~t~1

1

F(t) = 2 ' - 1 ~ t ~ 1.

t + t + 1

F'(t) = -2t - 1 va c6 bang bien thien sau :

. (t2 + t + 1)2

Ta c6

~~~ 1

1, 3 ~ 3

2 1

M= J3;m= J3'

t

-1

1

1

2

-----~----~--~------

+ 0

F'(t)

F(t) .

V~y

6·CPP SP·A

81

Tit d6 suy fa

rt.J3 7tJ . dx 2rt.J3 d· ,

--< <--~ pern.

3 0 ~ eos2 x + cos x + 1 3

Loai 2. Sir dung cac tfnh chat co ban cua deb phan. Thi du 1. Chung rninh cac bat d!ng thuc sau :

11 .

1) 54J2 < J ( v'x + 7 + v'll - x )dx < 108. -7

7t

2) .J3 < JSin xdx < _!_.

4 x 2

7t

-

6

7tJ . 2 3rt

3) esm xdx >-.

o 2

1 1 xl9dx 1

4) -- < J <~.

20lfi 0 ~1 + x6 20

Gidi

1. Ta e6 (J;:+7 + v'11- x )2 = 18 + 2~(x + 7)(11- x), vi the ~l!a vito bat d!ng thirc Cosi 2../(x + 7)(11 - x) ~ (x + 7) + (11 - x) = 18,

ta di den

18 ~ (v'x ~ 7 + v'll - x )2 ~ 36 ¢:;> 3J2 s J;:+7 + v'11 - x s 6.

Tit d6 di den:

II 11 11

3J2 J dx < J ( v'x + 7 + v'll - x )dx < 6 J dx

-7 -7 -7

11

~ 54J2 < J (J;:+7 + v'11 - x )dX < 108 ~ dpern ! -7

82

6-CPP .. SP-B

2 X, h' ' f() sin x

. . et am so x = --.

x

, xeosx - sinx eosx(x .: tgx)

Ta eo f '(X) = = -____';'----'---'-

x2 x2

~ f' (x) < 0 Vx E (~; ~ )

~ f(x) la hlun nghich bien ~ren (~ ; ~) .

~ f(;) < f(x) < f(~)

3../3 3

~ - < f(x) <-

21t 1t

1t 1t Vx E (-'-) 6'3

.

1t

1t

1t

3../3 3J 3Jsin x 3 3J

~ -- dx < --dx < - dx

21t X 1t

1t 1t 1t

-

6

-

6

6

1t

../3 3Jsinx d 1

~-<--x<-

4 . x 2

1t

6

~dpem.

3. Dua vito bat ding thtrc

eX> 1 + x V x >O,ta eo

.22

esm X > 1 + sin x V x E (0; n).

Til do, ta eo

1t ,1t

JeSin2 xdx > J( 1 + sin2 x )dx

o 0

(1)

83

,

1t 1t 1t 1tJ1 - cos 2x d

VI J( 1 + sin2 x )dX = Jdx + fsin2 xdx = 7t + X

,0 0 0 0 2

7t 1 1tJ 37t 1. 11t 37t

= 7t + 2 - 2" cos 2xdx = 2 - 4 sm 2x 0 =2·

o

Thay vao (1) va c6 dpcm !

4. R6 rang \Ix E [0; 1], ta c6

xI9 xl9

_ < < xI9

¥i ~1 + x6

1 If' I9d If x 19 dx I

=> -3- x x < -::-;=== < fxI9dx

¥ioo~l+x6 0

1 I x 19dx 1

=>--<J <-

20¥i 0 ~ 1 + x 6 20

=> dpcm !

Thi dl;l 2. Cho f(x) la ham lien tuc tren [0 ; 1] va la ham nghich bien. Gia

su ala s6 rna 0 < a < 1. Chung minh rang

a I

ff(x)dx> a ff(x)dx.

o 0

Gidi

Do f(x) la ham nghich bien tren [0; 1], nen v6i moi x E (a; 1], ta c6 f(x) < f(a)

I I

=> Jf(x)dx < 'jf(a)dx == (1 - a )f(a).

a a

Dol-a>O

=>

1 I

( ) Jf(x)dx < f(a).

1- a

a

(1)

Lai c6 f(x) > f(a) \Ix E [0; a)

a a

=> ff(x)dx > ff(a)dx = uf'(u).

o 0

84

VI a >0

1 a

=> - ff(x)dx > f(a).

aO .

(2)

Tit (1), (2) suy ra

1 all

) => a ff(x)dx > (1 _ a) ff(x)dx

o a -,

a 1

=> (1 - a) ff(x)dx > a ff(x)dx

o a

a 1

=> ff(x)dx > a ff(x)dx

o 0

=> dpcm!

Nhdn xet : DAy la bai tap If thuyet hay va dan gian ve b~t d~ng thuc tfch phan,

85

,

Chuang 2

liNG DVNG CUA rica PHAN

Trong chuang trinh giang d~y va hoc t~p be? mOn Toan a nha truong ph6 thOng, ta quan tam d~n cac ung dl,mg chfnh cua phep tfnh tfch phan o~ giai quy~t hai bai toan sau :

- Tfnh di~n tfch hinh phang.

- Tfnh thg tfch v~t thg tao thanh khi dern hinh phang quay xung quanh mQt true

trong khOng gian.

Ngoai ra ta cGng dung tfch phan o~ chung minh cac h~ truro cua giai tfch t6 hop,

§1. TiNH DI~N rtcn HINH PHANG

I

1. Tom tit Ii thuyet

1. Dien tfeh hlnh phang xac dinh bm dirong eong y = f(x) Cho hlnh phang gim han bm cac dirong

{y = f(x),y = 0

x = a,x = b (a < b).

b

Khi d6 dien tfch -S cua n6 diroc tfnh boi cong thirc S = ~f(x)1 dx.

a

Tit cong tlurc tren, ta suy ra neu f(x) ~ OV X E [a; b] thl b

S = ff(X)dX.

a

y

o

86

Neu f(x) tuy y, thf du trong tnrong h<;1J> sau ta co y

cong thirc

bed b

jlf(x)ldX = jf(~)dX ~ jf(X)dX + jf(X)dX. 0

a a c d

2. Dien tfch hlnh phang giro han bbi hai dirong eong Cho hlnh phang giro han bm

{y = f(x), y = g(x)

X = a, x = b (a < b).

Khi do dien tfch S cua hlnh phang diroc tfnh bei cong thirc b

S = ~f(X) ~ g(x)1 dx.

a

Dac biet neu f(x) ~ g(x) V X E [a; b], khi do ta co b

S = j[f(X) ~ g(x)]dx.

a

y = f(x)

y = g(x)

o a

b x

3. Dien tfch hlnh phang gioi han boi cac dirong eong nr khep kin Cho hlnh phang giro han bci hai dirong eong nr khep kin

y = f(x) va y = g(x).

Gilt sir y = f(x) va y = g(x) cat nhau tai hai diem A, B co hoanh dQ nrong irng Ia a, b (a < b). Khi do dien tich S cua no diroc tfnh boi cong thirc sau :

. b

S = ~f(X) ~ g(x)ldx

a

y

y= g(x)

y = f(x)

87

2. Cae d,ng tean ee ban

Loai 1. Tim dien tich hinh phang

Cac bai toan tim dien tfch hinh phang thirong c6 ltroc do chung de giai nhir sau : - Tim giao diem cua cac dirong tao nen hinh phang.

- Ve hinh (neu thay can thiet),

- Sir dung cac cong thtrc da neu 0 tren.

Thi dlJ 1. (De thi Dai hQC, Cao d~ng kh6i A,2002) Tim dien tfch hinh phang gici han boi cac dirong

y = Ix2- 4x + 31 va y = x + 3.

x

Gidi

Xet giao diem cua hai duong y = Ix2 - 4x + 31 va y = x + 3. Til' do thi suy ra giao diem thuoc'nhanh rna x2 - 4x + 3 ~ 0, nen ta c6 phuong trinh

x2 - 4x + 3 = x + 3

"2 [x = 0

¢:> x - 5x = 0 ¢:>

x = 5.

Til' d6 suy ra dien tfch S can tim diroc tfnh nhir sau :

88

1 3

s= f[(X+3)-(x2 -4X+3)]dX + f[(X+3)+(x2 -4X+3)]dX +

o 1 5

+ f[(X +3)-(x2 -4x +3)]dX 3

1 3 5

= f(-X2 + 5x)dx + f(X2 - 3x + 6)dx + f(-X2 + 5x)dx

o 1 3

= 109 (dvdt),

6

I

Thi dl:' 2. (Dai hoc ..... Cao d~ng kh6i B, 2002)

TIm dien tfch hlnh phang gloi han bci cac dirong

~ 2

Y = V4 - 4 va y = 4:n·

cuu

Ta c6 the thay y = R c> {:2;': 4 _ x2 c> {:2;': y2 = L

4 16 4

V~y d6 thi cua dirong y = R chfnh 111 mra tren cua elip ~: + y: = 1 2

(phan nira tren true hoanh). HO'Il nita y = 4:n co do thi la mot parabol.

Hoanh de:) giao diem cua hai dirong la nghiern cua phirong trinh

~4- x: = 4~

x2 x4 4 2

<=> 4 - - = - <=> x + 8x - 128 = 0

4 32

<=> x2 = 8 <=> x = ±2.J2.

V~y hai dirong cat nhau tai hai diem co hoanh de:) x = 2.J2 va x = -2.J2.

89

y

-2(2 -2

1

D~t x = 4sint, thl

2.J2 !

f )16 - x2dx = f4COSt.4costdt

o 0

1t 4

= 8 f(1 + cos2t)dt

o

1t

= 2n + 4sin2tl~ = 2n + 4.

90

x

(1)

(2)

(3)

Thay (2), (3) vao (1), di den

8 S = 2n + 4 -'- 3

4

= 2n + - (dvdt).

3

. Thi du 3. (Dai h9C - Cao d~ng kh6i D, 2002)

Cho y = .-3x - 1 (C).

x-I

TIm dien tfch hlnh phang giro han bbi (C) va he true tOI;1 do Gidi

Ve phac d6 thi, ta c6

x

,

-3

G9i S la dien tfchhinh phang, thl

o 0

S = f-3x -1 dx =f-3(X -1) --4 dx

x-I x-I

_1 _1

3 3

000

= -3 fdx - 4 f~ = -3(._!_) .. 41nlx -11

x-I 3 1

_1 _1 -3

3 3

4

= -1 + 41n- (dvdt). 3

91

Thi du 4. (Dai hoc - Cao dang kh6i A, 2007)

TIm dien tich hlnh phang gioi han boi hai dtrong cong y = (e + l )x, va y = (1 + eX)x.

Gidi

Tnroc het ta tim giao diem giita hai dirong congo Hoanh d¢ giao. diem la nghiern cua phuong trlnh.

(e + 1)x = (1 + eX)x

~ x(I + eX -I - e) = 0 ~ x(ex - e) = 0

~ [x = 0 ~ [x = 0

eX = e x = I.

} }

Ta co S = fl(1 + eX)x - (1 + e)xldx = flx(eX ~ e)ldx.

o 0

Khi 0 s x s I, thl eX - e s 0, tir do di den

} }}

S = fx(e - eX )dx = e fXdX - fxeXdx 000

2 } } }

= e. x2 - fxeXdx = ~ - fxeXdX.

o 0 0

(1)

Dat u = x => d.u = dx

v = feXdX = eX. Tir do

} }

fxeXdx = xexl~ - JeXdx

o 0

= e - exl} = e - e + 1 = I. o -

(2)

e Thay (2) vao (1), va co S = - - 1.

2

92

Thi du 5. TIm dien tfch hinh phang giai han boi cac duong

2 x2 2, 8

y = x , y = -, y = - va y = -.

4 x x

ouu

y

x2 y=- 4

2

x

Tnroc h~t ta tim giao diem cua cac duong

G· di A' 2" 2 X' h ' h

• lao tern cua y = x Vi1 Y = -. et p U<1I1g tnn /

x

2 .

x2 = - <=:> x3 = 2 <=:> x = lfi. x

2

• Giao diem cua y = ~ va y = 2. Xet phirong trinh

4 x

x2 2 3

- = - <=:> x = 8 <=:> x = 2. 4 x

G· d·Il' 2 ,. 8 X' h ' h

• lao rem cua y = x va y = - . et p U<1I1g tnn

x

x2 = ! <=:> x3 = 8 <=:> x = 2. x

93

"- 2"

G· diem ci x, 8 X' h ' h

• lao iem eua y = - va y = - . et p uang tnn

4 x

x2 8 .

- = - ~ x3 = 32 ~ x = m. 4 x

GQi S la dien tfch cua hinh phang tren. Ta co

s ~ f( x2 - ~)dx + J[! - X:)dx

lfi 2

2 Vii

x3 2 Vii x3

= 3 - 2 In xlVii + 81nxlz' -12

lfi 2

12m 1

= -(8 - 2) - 21n- + 81n- - -(32.- 8)

3 m 2 12

= 81n~ + 21n~= 10 In4.

3 .

Thi du 6. Tim dien tieh hinh phang gioi han bOi parabol (P) : y = i - 4x + 5, va hai tiep tuyen cua (P) tai cac diem A(1 ; 2), B(4 ; 5) nam tren parabol.

ouu

Tnroc het sir dung cong thirc quen biet : y - Yo = f' (xo)(x - xo), d~ dang suy ra :

Tiep tuyen vci (P) tai A(l ; 2) la

y = -2x + 4 va tai B(4 ; 5) la y = 4x - 11 Hoanh dO giao diem M cua hai tiep tuyen la .

. ,

nghiem cua phirong trinh

-2x + 4 = 4x - 11 5

~ X=-.

2

y

94"

GQi S la dien tieh hlnh phang n6i tren, ta e6 5

2 4

S = J[(X2 - 4x + 5) - (-2x + 4)]dx + J[(X2 - 4x + 5) - (4x - 11)]dx

I 5

2

5

2 4

= J(X2 - 2x + l)dx + J(X2 - 8x + 16)dx

.1 5

2

,

5

2 _ 4

= J(X -n2d(x -1) + J(X - 4)2d(x - 4)

I 5

2

~ 4

= .!.(x - 1)312 + .!.(x - 4)31 = 2. (dvdt).

3 1 3 ~ 4

2

Thi du 7. Cho hinh 'phang gidi han boi hai dirong :

x2 + / = 4 va x2 + l + 2x = O. Tfnh dien tfch hlnh ay cui

De thay x2 + l = 4 la phuong trmh dirong tron tam tai goc toa do, ban kfnh bang 2 .

.

Ta lai e6

2 2 2 2

x + Y + 2x = 0 ~ (x + 1) + Y = 1

VI the x2 + l + 2x la phuong trlnh dirong tron tam tai diem 0 I (-1 ; 0) va ban kfnh bang 1.

Hinh phang gioi han boi hai duong tron diroc bieu dien bang mien sam mau trong hlnh ve ben.

2

-2

2

95

Kf hieu SI' ~, nhir hlnh ve ben va goi S la dien tfch hlnh phang can tlm, va co

(1)

2

S2 = f)4 - x2dx ..

o

(2)

D~t x = 2sint, thl

11. 11.

2 2

S2=, f2COSt.2costdt = 2 f(1 + cos2t)dt

o 0

11.

2 1[

= 2 fdt + sin 2tlJ = 7t. o

o

Ta co SI = f( )4 - x2 - )_x2 - 2x )dX

-2

o 0

= f~4-x2dX- f)-x2 -2xdx.

-2 -2

o 2

R5 rang f )4 - x2dx = f)4 - x2dx = 7t (theo phan tren)

-2 0

001

f )_x2 - 2x dx = f ~1 ~ (x + 1)2dx = f [t7 dt = ~ .

-2 -2 -I

Khi do tit (3) co SI = 7t _ 7t = 7t

2 2

S = 2 ( 7t + ~) = 37t.

. (3)

Nhdn xet "

- Cach tinh tren chi co y nghia cho ta mot thf du d~ tfnh diroc tfch hlnh phang bang phuong phap tfch phan rna, thor.

96

- Thirc ra sir dung cong thirc quen biet til' cap 1, ta eo ngay S = 1t(2)2 - 1t(1)2 = 31t.

Do la each giiti hay nhat ella bai nay ! .! ! !

Thi dlf 8. Tfnh dien tfch hlnh phang giOi han bOi cac dirong y == sin I x I va y = I x I - 1t.

Gidi

Do y = sin I x I va y = I x I - 1t la cac ham s6 chan tren R do do hlnh phang da eho la hlnh d6i xtmg qua true Oy ~ VI the xet giao di.em ella hai dirong tren khi x ~ O. Hoanh dQ cac giao diem la nghiem ella phuong trlnh

sinx = x - 1t, X ~ O. (1)

Tir I l ) <=> f(x)=x-sinx-1t=O. (2)

f'(x) = 1 - eosx ~ 0, vay x = 1t langhiem duy nhat ella (2) khi x ~ O.

Til' do hlnh phang da eho eo hlnh dang sau: : /

y

x

GQi S la dien tfch hlnh phang can tim, thl

n n

S = f[Sinlxl- dxl-1t)Jdx = 2 f[Sinx - (x -1t)]dx

-n 0

n n n

= 2 fSin xdx - 2 fXdX + 21t fdX

o o 0

= -2eosxl~ - x21: + 21t2

= 4 + 1t2 (dvdt).

, 7-CPP .. SP-A

97

Loai 2. Bai toan dien tich hlnh phang c6 tham s6.

Thi du 1. Cho parabol (,'1'): y = x2 va hai diem A, B E (,~ sao cho AB = 2. TIm A, B sao cho dien tfch hlnh phang gioi han boi (,~ va dirong thing AB dat gia tri Ion nhat.

Gidi

Gia su A(a ; a\ B(b ; b2) E «,U; ) (b > a)

___ -L-____;

la hai diem tren parabol va AB = 2.

Khi d6 AB c6 phuong trinh

b2 _ a2 .

y - a2 = (x - a) => y = (b + a)x - abo

b-a

Goi S la dien tich hinh phang can tim, ta c6

b b b b

S = K(b + a)x - ab - x2JdX = (b + a) fXdX - ab fdX - fx2dX

a

Vi

b2 _ a2 b3 _ a3

= (b + a) - ab(b - a) - ~--

2 3

= _!_(b - a)3(dvdt).

6

AB = 2 => I b - a r = b - a 5 2 .

Tir d6 thay vao (1), ta c6

4 S5 -. 3

.{b - a = 2 b2 - a2 = 0

Xet he

y

a

a

a

(1)

(2)

(Chu Y VI AB = ~(b - a)2 + (b2 - a)2 = 2 rna lai cful b - a = 2 => b2 - a2 = 0)

¢> {:: ~1 (do b >a).

98 7.CPP .. SP-8

Vay ket hop voi (2) do do maxS = ~ ~ A = (-I ; I) con B = (1 ; I).

Thi d~ 2. Cho parabol (,'1} ) y = x2. Viet phirong trinh duong thing (d) di qua di~m M(I ; 3) sao cho dien tfch hlnh phang gioi han bm (;jJ) va (d) Ia nho nhat.

Gidi

Gia sir dirong thang (d) cat parabol (.jJ) tai hai di~m A(a ; a2), B(b ; b2) (co th~ cho lit b > a).

Khi do theo thf du I, AB co phuong trmh Ia y = (b + a)x - ab, va neu S Ia dien tfch hinh phang gici han, bm (;jJ) va (d), thl van theo thf

I. 3

du 2 co S = 6"(b - a) (dvdt). (I)

VI duong thang (d) di qua M(1 ; 3), nen co : 3 = (b+a) - ab ~ a +b = 3 + abo Viet I~i (I) dum dang

(2)

s2 = 316[(b - a)2T = 316[(b + a)2 - 4ab T.

Tit (2), di den

S2 = _I [(ab + 3)2 _ 4abJ3 = _I [(ab + 1)2 + 8J3.

36 i 36

, 2 83 8..fi

Tu (3) suy ra S ~ - => S ~ --.

36 3

Dau bang trong (4) xay ra khi ab + 1 = 0 ~ ab = -I (hie ay b + a = 2)

(3)

(4)

Luc do dirong thang (d) co dang y = 2x + I.

Thi d~ 3. Tren (,jJ) : y = x2 lay hai di~m A(-I ; I) va B(2 ; 4). Tim di~m M tren cung AB sao cho tamgiac AMB co dien tfch Ian nhat.

99

Gidi

Tren parabol (,0/» l~y di~m M(a ; a2) (bday....:l<a<2).

Ap dung cong thirc viet phuong trtnh duong thang di qua hai diem, ta eo :

- Phuong trmh dirong thang qua A, B la Y == x + 2.

- Phuongtrlnh dirong thang qua A,M Ia y = (a - l)x + a.

- Phuong trmh duong thAng qua A, M la y = (a + 2)x - 2a. Taco

2

x

a 2

SAMB = j[(X + 2) - (a -1)x - a]dx + j[(X + 2) - (a + 2)x + 2a)]dx

-1 a

a 2.

= j (2 - a)(x + l)dx + j(a + 1)(2- x)dx

-1 a

= (2 - at: + x L + (a + l{ 2x _ x: ) :

= (2 -a{ ~ + a -~ + +(a + 1{ 4- 2-2a + ~)

(2 - a) 2 . '. (a + 1) 2

= (a + 2a + 1) + (a - 4a + 4)

. 2 2 .

., (2 - a)(a + l)[(a + 1) + (2 - a)]

2

3(2 - a)(a + 1)

=-----

2

Theo bat dAng thuc COsi thl

v'(2 - a)(a + 1) ~ (2 - a) + a + 1 = ~

2 2

9 ~ (2 - a)(a + 1) ~-.

4

(1)

100

Thay vao (1) va co

27 SAMB ~-' . 8

27

max S AMB = - <=:> 2 - a = a + 1 8

<=:> a = ~ <=:> M = (_!_ . _!_).

I 2 2 '4

Thi dl;l4. Cho parabol (.1') : y = x2 + 1 va ho dirong thang (dm) : y = mx + 2.

1. Chung minh rang voi moi m thl (.1'-') va (dm) Iuon cat nhau tai hai diem phan biet.

2. Tim m dt dien tfch hinh phang tao bbi (.1') va (dm) co dien tich nho nhat.

Gidi

1. Xet phirong trinh x2 + 1 = mx + 2 <=:> x2 - mx - 1 = O. (1)

Ta co !l = m2 + 4 > 0 voi moi m, vay (1) luon co hai nghiemphan bietvoi

moi m, ttIC la v6i moi m thl (C) va (dm) luon cat nhau tl;li hai ditm phan biet A, B.

2. GQi XI, x2 la hoanh dQ giao diem cua A va B nrong img, Nhu vay XI' x2 (x I < x2) la hai nghiem cua phuong trtnh (1).

GQi Sm Ia dien tich hlnh phang noi tren. Ta co

X2

Sm = f[[mx + 2] - x2 -lJdX XI

y

X

101

Theo dinh 19 Viet, thi xl + x2 = ~; xlx2 = -1, vay tu(2) e6

S = x2 - xl [3m2 _ 2(m2 + 1) +-6J = (x2 - xl) (m2 + 4).

m 6 6

Do x2 > xl nen X2 - Xl = JeX2 - Xl)2 = J(X2 - Xl)2 - 4XlXl = ~m2 + 4 , vi the Sm = !~(m2 + 4)3.

6

Tu d6 Sm dat gia tri be nhat <=> m = O. Luc d6 min Sm = ~

I ,

, §2. TINH THt rtcn V ~ T THt

1. Tom tit Iy thuyet

- Gia sir vat th~ sinh boi hlnh ph~ng gioi han bei cac dirong

{y = f(x) ; y = 0

X = a, X = b (a < b).

Khi quay quanh true Ox. GQi V Itt th~ tfch cua v~t th~ ay, thl ta e6 cong

thirc sau : '

b

V = 1t ff2 (x)dx.

y

a

y

o

x

o a

x

- Gia sir hlnh phang giro han bci hai dUOng

{y = f(x) ; y = g(x) ,(O:S; g(x) s f(x)

X = a, X = b (a < b).

102

Dem hlnh phang nay quay quanh true Ox va goi V la the tich cua v~t the thu diroc khi quay ~lnh nay. Luc d6 tao c6

/ b

V = 7t Rf2(x) - g2(x)Jdx .

.

a

y

. y

o a

b

x

- Gia sir hlnh phang duoc xac dinh bci

x = g(y) (lien tuc tre n doan [c ; d]) x=o

y=c

'y = d.

Hlnh phang nay khi quay quanh true Oy, thu diroc vat the c6 the tfch la V, thi d

V = 7t f[g(y)]2dy.

c

2. Cae d,ng tean ce ban

Thi dl:l 1. (De thi Dai hQC, Cao dang kh6i B - 2007)

Cho hlnh phang gim han bffi cac dirong y = xlnx, Y

y = 0 va x = e. Dem hlnh phang quay quanh true Ox. TIm the tich kh6i tron xoay thu diroc.

Gidi

Ta tim giao diem voi true hoanh : Xet phuong trinh 0 xlnx = 0 <=> lnx = o (do x > 0)

<=>x=l.

x

103