Lec8 Noise Figure Impact of Nonlinearity

6.
976
High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems
Lecture 8
Noise Figure, Impact of Amplifier Nonlinearities
Michael Perrott
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Copyright 2003 by Michael H. Perrott
M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
Noise Factor and Noise Figure (From Lec 7)
Definitions
Calculation of SNR
in
and SNR
out
i
out
R
s
e
nRs
v
in
Linear,Time Invariant
Circuit
(Noiseless) Z
in
v
x
Z
L
i
nout
Z
out
Equivalent output
referred current noise
(assumed to be independent
of Z
out
and Z
L
)
Alternative Noise Factor Expression
From previous slide
Calculation of Noise Factor
i
out
R
s
e
nRs
v
in
Circuit
(Noiseless) Z
in
v
x
Z
L
i
nout
Z
out
Equivalent output
of Z
out
and Z
L
)
Input Referred Noise Model
i
out
R
s
e
nRs
v
in
Circuit
(Noiseless) Z
in
v
x
Z
L
i
nout
Z
out
Equivalent output
of Z
out
and Z
L
)
i
out
Circuit
(Noiseless) Z
in
v
x
i
n
Y
s
i
s
i
in
e
n
i
n
Y
s
i
s
Can remove the signal source
since Noise Factor can be
expressed as the ratio of total
output noise to input noise
i
in,sc
=
i
out
e
n
Input-Referred Noise Figure Expression
We know that
Lets express the above in terms of input short circuit
current
e
n
i
n
Y
s
i
s
i
in,sc
=
i
out

In general, e
n
and i
n
will be correlated
- Y
c
is called the correlation admittance
Calculation of Noise Factor
By inspection of above figure
e
n
i
n
Y
s
i
s
i
in,sc
=
i
out

Noise Factor Expressed in Terms of Admittances
We can replace voltage and current noise currents
with impedances and admittances
i
u
Y
c
e
n
Y
s
i
s
i
in,sc
=
i
out

Take the derivative with respect to source admittance
and set to zero (to find minimum F), which yields
Plug these values into expression above to obtain
Optimal Source Admittance for Minimum Noise Factor
Express admittances as the sum of conductance, G,
and susceptance, B
Optimal Source Admittance for Minimum Noise Factor
After much algebra (see Appendix L of Gonzalez book
for derivation), we can derive
- Contours of constant noise factor are circles centered
about (G
opt
,B
opt
) in the admittance plane
- They are also circles on a Smith Chart (see pp 299-302
of Gonzalez for derivation and examples)
How does (G
opt
,B
opt
) compare to admittance achieving
maximum power transfer?
Optimizing For Noise Figure versus Power Transfer
One cannot generally achieve minimum noise figure if
maximum power transfer is desired
G
s
B
s
G
opt
B
opt
Example source
admittance for maximum
power transfer
Circles of constant
Noise Factor
(F
min
at the center)
i
out
Circuit
(Noiseless) Z
in
v
x
i
n
G
s
i
s
i
in
e
n
B
s
Signal
Source noise produced
by source conductance
Source
susceptance
Source
conductance
B
max
G
max
Optimal Noise Factor for MOS Transistor Amp
Consider the common source MOS amp (no
degeneration) considered in Lecture 7
- In Tom Lees book (pp. 272-276), the noise impedances
are derived as
- The optimal source admittance values to minimize noise
factor are therefore
Optimal Noise Factor for MOS Transistor Amp (Cont.)
Optimal admittance consists of a resistor and
inductor (wrong frequency behavior broadband
match fundamentally difficult)
- If there is zero correlation, inductor value should be set
to resonate with C
gs
at frequency of operation
Minimum noise figure
- Exact if one defines w
t
= g
m
/C
gs
Recall Noise Factor Comparison Plot From Lecture 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q
N
o
i
s
e

F
a
c
t
o
r

S
c
a
l
i
n
g

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
Noise Factor Scaling Coefficient Versus Q for 0.18 NMOS Device
c = -j0
c = -j0.55
c = -j1
c = -j1
c = -j0.55
c = -j0
Minimum across
all values of Q and
Achievable values as
a function of Q under
the constraint that
L
g
C
gs
1
= w
o
L
g
C
gs
1
Note: curves
meet if we
approximate
Q
2
+1 Q
2
Example: Noise Factor Calculation for Resistor Load
Total output noise
Total output noise due to source
Noise Factor
v
in
R
s
R
L
Source
v
out
e
nRs
e
nRL
R
s
R
L
Source
v
nout
Comparison of Noise Figure and Power Match
To achieve minimum Noise Factor
To achieve maximum power transfer
v
in
R
s
R
L
Source
v
out
e
nRs
e
nRL
R
s
R
L
Source
v
nout
Example: Noise Factor Calculation for Capacitor Load
Total output noise
Noise Factor
v
in
R
s
C
L
Source
v
out
e
nRs
R
s
Source
v
nout
C
L
Example: Noise Factor with Zero Source Resistance
Total output noise
Noise Factor
v
in
R
L
C
L
Source
v
out
e
nRL
R
L
v
nout
C
L
Example: Noise Factor Calculation for RC Load
Total output noise
Noise Factor
v
in
R
s
C
L
Source
v
out
e
nRs
R
s
Source
v
nout
C
L
R
L
e
nRL
R
L
V
s
R
S
R
L
V
x
1:N
Source
R
in
=
N
2
1
R
L
R
out
=N
2
R
s
V
out
=NV
x
e
nRs
e
nRL
R
L
R
S
V
x
1:N
Source
R
in
=
N
2
1
R
L
R
out
=N
2
R
s
V
nout
=NV
x
Example: Resistive Load with Source Transformer
For maximum power transfer (as derived in Lecture 3)
Noise Factor with Transformer Set for Max Power Transfer
Total output noise
e
nRs
e
nRL
R
L
R
S
V
x
1:N=
Source
R
in
=R
s
R
out
=R
L
V
nout
= V
x
R
L
R
s
R
L
R
s
Noise Factor
Observations
If you need to power match to a resistive load, you
must pay a 3 dB penalty in Noise Figure
- A transformer does not alleviate this issue
What value does a transformer provide?
- Almost-true answer: maximizes voltage gain given the
power match constraint, thereby reducing effect of
noise of following amplifiers
- Accurate answer: we need to wait until we talk about
cascaded noise factor calculations
e
nRs
e
nRL
R
L
R
S
V
x
1:N=
Source
R
in
=R
s
R
out
=R
L
V
nout
= V
x
R
L
R
s
R
L
R
s
Nonlinearities in Amplifiers
We can generally break up an amplifier into the
cascade of a memoryless nonlinearity and an input
and/or output transfer function
Impact of nonlinearities with sine wave input
- Causes harmonic distortion (i.e., creation of harmonics)
Impact of nonlinearities with several sine wave inputs
- Causes harmonic distortion for each input AND
intermodulation products
M
1
R
L
V
out
C
L
I
d
V
in
V
dd
Memoryless
Nonlinearity
1+sR
L
C
L
V
in
Lowpass
Filter
V
out
I
d -R
L
Analysis of Amplifier Nonlinearities
Focus on memoryless nonlinearity block
- The impact of filtering can be added later
Model nonlinearity as a Taylor series expansion up to
its third order term (assumes small signal variation)
- For harmonic distortion, consider
- For intermodulation, consider
Memoryless
Nonlinearity
x y
Harmonic Distortion
Substitute x(t) into polynomial expression
Fundamental Harmonics
Notice that each harmonic term, cos(nwt), has an
amplitude that grows in proportion to A
n
- Very small for small A, very large for large A
Frequency Domain View of Harmonic Distortion
Harmonics cause noise
- Their impact depends highly on application
LNA typically not of consequence
Power amp can degrade spectral mask
Audio amp depends on your listening preference!
Gain for fundamental component depends on input
amplitude!
Memoryless
Nonlinearity
x y
w
A
0
w
c
1
A +
0 2w 3w
3c
3
A
3
4
A
fund
=
Memoryless
Nonlinearity
x y
w
A
0
w
c
1
A +
0 2w 3w
3c
3
A
3
4
A
fund
=
1 dB Compression Point
Definition: input signal level
such that the small-signal
gain drops by 1 dB
- Input signal level is high!
A
1-dB
1 dB
20log(A)
20log(A
fund
)
Typically calculated from simulation or measurement
rather than analytically
- Analytical model must include many more terms in Taylor
series to be accurate in this context
Harmonic Products with An Input of Two Sine Waves
DC and fundamental components
Second and third harmonic terms
Similar result as having an input with one sine wave
- But, we havent yet considered cross terms!
Intermodulation Products
Second-order intermodulation (IM2) products
Third-order intermodulation (IM3) products
- These are the troublesome ones for narrowband
systems
Corruption of Narrowband Signals by Interferers
Wireless receivers must select a desired signal that is
accompanied by interferers that are often much larger
- LNA nonlinearity causes the creation of harmonic and
intermodulation products
- Must remove interference and its products to retrieve
desired signal
Memoryless
Nonlinearity
x y
w
1
0
w
2
W
X(w)
Desired
Narrowband
Signal
Interferers
0
w
1
2w
2
+w
1
w
2
2w
2
2w
1
-w
2
2w
1
+w
2
2w
2
-w
1
w
1
+w
2
w
2
-w
1
2w
1
3w
2
3w
1
W
Y(w)
Corruption of desired signal
Use Filtering to Remove Undesired Interference
Ineffective for IM3 term that falls in the desired signal
frequency band
Memoryless
Nonlinearity
x y
w
1
0
w
2
W
X(w)
Desired
Narrowband
Signal
Interferers
0
w
1
2w
2
+w
1
w
2
2w
2
2w
1
-w
2
2w
1
+w
2
2w
2
-w
1
w
1
+w
2
w
2
-w
1
2w
1
3w
2
3w
1
W
Y(w)
0
w
1
2w
2
+w
1
w
2
2w
2
2w
1
-w
2
2w
1
+w
2
2w
2
-w
1
w
1
+w
2
w
2
-w
1
2w
1
3w
2
3w
1
W
Z(w)
Bandpass
Filter
z
Characterization of Intermodulation
Magnitude of third order products is set by c
3
and
input signal amplitude (for small A)
Magnitude of first order term is set by c
1
and A (for
small A)
Relative impact of intermodulation products can be
calculated once we know A and the ratio of c
3
to c
1
- Problem: its often hard to extract the polynomial
coefficients through direct DC measurements
Need an indirect way to measure the ratio of c
3
to c
1
Two Tone Test
Input the sum of two equal amplitude sine waves into
the amplifier (assume Z
in
of amplifier = R
s
of source)
On a spectrum analyzer, measure first order and third
order terms as A is varied (A must remain small)
- First order term will increase linearly
- Third order IM term will increase as the cube of A
w
1
0
w
2
W
v
in
(w)
Equal Amplitude
Sine Waves
0
w
1
2w
2
+w
1
w
2
2w
2
2w
1
-w
2
2w
1
+w
2
2w
2
-w
1
w
1
+w
2
w
2
-w
1
2w
1
3w
2
3w
1
W
V
out
(w)
first-order output
third-order IM term
Amplifier
v
in
R
s
Z
in
=R
s
V
out
V
bias
2A
V
x
V
out
=c
o
+c
1
V
x
+c
2
V
x
+c
3
V
x
2 3
Note:
v
x
(w) =
v
in
(w)
2
Input-Referred Third Order Intercept Point (IIP3)
Plot the results of the two-tone test over a range of A
(where A remains small) on a log scale (i.e., dB)
- Extrapolate the results to find the intersection of the
first and third order terms
- IIP3 defined as the input power at which the
extrapolated lines intersect (higher value is better)
Note that IIP3 is a small signal parameter based on
extrapolation, in contrast to the 1-dB compression point
A
1-dB
1 dB
20log(A)
20log(A
fund
)
A
iip3
Third-order
IM term
First-order
output
c
3
A
3 3
4
=
= c
1
A
Relationship between IIP3, c
1
and c
3
Intersection point
Solve for A (gives A
iip3
)
Note that A corresponds to the peak value of the two
cosine waves coming into the amplifier input node (V
x
)
- Would like to instead like to express IIP3 in terms of power
A
1-dB
1 dB
20log(A)
20log(A
fund
)
A
iip3
Third-order
IM term
First-order
output
c
3
A
3 3
4
=
= c
1
A
IIP3 Expressed in Terms of Power at Source
IIP3 referenced to
V
x
(peak voltage)
IIP3 referenced to V
x
(rms voltage)
w
1
0
w
2
W
v
in
(w)
Equal Amplitude
Sine Waves
Amplifier
v
in
R
s
Z
in
=R
s
V
out
V
bias
2A
V
x
V
out
=c
o
+c
1
V
x
+c
2
V
x
+c
3
V
x
2 3
Note:
v
x
(w) =
v
in
(w)
2
Power across Z
in
= R
s
Note: Power from v
in
IIP3 as a Benchmark Specification
Since IIP3 is a convenient parameter to describe the level
of third order nonlinearity in an amplifier, it is often
quoted as a benchmark spec
Measurement of IIP3 on a discrete amplifier would be
done using the two-tone method described earlier
- This is rarely done on integrated amplifiers due to poor
access to the key nodes
- Instead, for a radio receiver for instance, one would simply
put in interferers and see how the receiver does
Note: performance in the presence of interferers is not just a
function of the amplifier nonlinearity
Calculation of IIP3 is most easily done using a simulator
such as Hspice or Spectre
- Two-tone method is not necessary simply curve fit to a
third order polynomial
- Note: two-tone can be done in CppSim
Impact of Differential Amplifiers on Nonlinearity
Assume v
x
is approximately incremental ground
M
1
M
2
2I
bias
v
id
I
1
I
2
2
-v
id
2
v
x
Memoryless
Nonlinearity
v
id
I
diff
= I
2
-I
1
Second order term removed and IIP3 increased!

Lec8 Noise Figure Impact of Nonlinearity

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Lec8 Noise Figure Impact of Nonlinearity

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6.

M.H. Perrott MIT OCW

M.H. Perrott MIT OCW

M.H. Perrott MIT OCW

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