Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
to
M a n u a l
accompany
APPLIED FLUID
MECHANICS
Sixth Edition
Robert L. Mott
University of Dayton
PEARSON
Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
Pearson Prentice Hall. A l l rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by
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Pearson Prentice Hall is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson is a registered trademark of Pearson pie
Prentice Hall is a registered trademark o f Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructors of classes using Mott, Applied Fluid Mechantes, Sixth Edition, may reproduce material from the
instructor's manual for classroom use.
10
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PEARSON
ISBN
0-13-172355-3
O n l i n e
I M
t o
A c c o m p a n y
Edition
Robert L. Mott
University
of
D a y t o n
PEARSON
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
FLOW MEASUREMENT
235
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
FORCES DUE T O FLUIDS IN M O T I O N
240
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
D R A G A N D LIFT
251
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
F A N S , B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , A N D THE F L O W OF GASES
260
CHAPTER NINETEEN
F L O W OF AIR IN D U C T S
269
SPREADSHEETS
273
iv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
THE N A T U R E OF FLUIDS A N D THE S T U D Y OF FLUID M E C H A N I C S
CHAPTER T W O
V I S C O S I T Y OF FLUIDS
12
CHAPTER THREE
PRESSURE M E A S U R E M E N T
19
CHAPTER FOUR
FORCES DUE T O S T A T I C FLUIDS
25
CHAPTER FIVE
BUOYANCY A N D STABILITY
44
CHAPTER SIX
F L O W OF FLUIDS
61
CHAPTER SEVEN
GENERAL ENERGY E Q U A T I O N
81
CHAPTER EIGHT
REYNOLDS N U M B E R , L A M I N A R F L O W , A N D TURBULENT F L O W
A N D ENERGY LOSSES DUE T O FRICTION
94
CHAPTER NINE
V E L O C I T Y PROFILES FOR CIRCULAR SECTIONS A N D
F L O W FOR N O N C I R C U L A R SECTIONS
113
CHAPTER T E N
M I N O R LOSSES
129
CHAPTER ELEVEN
SERIES PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
141
CHAPTER T W E L V E
PARALLEL PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
187
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
P U M P SELECTION A N D A P P L I C A T I O N
213
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
OPEN C H A N N E L F L O W
218
iii
D e s c r i p t i o n of S p r e a d s h e e t s I n c l u d e d on the C D in the B o o k
Introduction
T h i s book includes a C D - R O M that contains ten c o m p u t a t i o n a l aids that are k e y e d to the
book. T h e files are written as Microsoft Excel s p r e a d s h e e t s using V e r s i n 2 0 0 2 o n W i n d o w s
XP.
T h e ten s p r e a d s h e e t s are all included in o n e w o r k b o o k called Series Pipe S y s t e m s - M a s t e r .
T h e a m e s of e a c h s p r e a d s h e e t described below are on the t a b s at t h e bottom of the
w o r k b o o k w h e n it is o p e n e d . Y o u must c h o o s e w h i c h is appropriate for a given p r o b l e m .
Most a m e s start with either /, //, or /// indicating w h e t h e r the s p r e a d s h e e t is for a Class /,
Class II, or C l a s s /// pipe line s y s t e m a s d e f i n e d in C h a p t e r 11 of the text.
T h e s p r e a d s h e e t s are d e s i g n e d to faciltate t h e n u m e r o u s calculations required to solve the
variety of p r o b l e m s in C h a p t e r 11 Series Pipeline S y s t e m s . M a n y of the s p r e a d s h e e t s
a p p e a r in the text. O t h e r s w e r e p r e p a r e d to produce solutions for t h e Solutions M a n u a l . T h e
given s p r e a d s h e e t s include data a n d results f r o m certain figures in t h e text, f r o m e x a m p l e
p r o b l e m s , or in p r o b l e m s f r o m t h e e n d of C h a p t e r s 8 , 1 1 , a n d 13 containing the analysis a n d
d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s f e a t u r e d in the p r o g r a m s .
T h e following s e c t i o n s give brief descriptions of each s p r e a d s h e e t . M a n y are d i s c u s s e d in
the text in m o r e e x t e n s i v e detail. It is e x p e c t e d that y o u will verify all of the e l e m e n t s of e a c h
s p r e a d s h e e t before using t h e m for solutions to specific p r o b l e m s .
U s i n g the S p r e a d s h e e t s :
It is recommended
that the given spreadsheets
be
maintained
as they initially appear on the CD. To use them for solving
other
problems,
cali up the master workbook in Excel and use the "Save as" command
to
ame it something
different. That versin can then be used for a variety of
problems
ofyour o w n c h o i c e . Be careful that you do not modify the contents
of critical
cells
containing
complex equations.
However, you are encouraged
to add
additional
features to the spreadsheets
to enhance their utility.
T h e principies involved in the s p r e a d s h e e t s c o m e f r o m C h a p t e r s 6 - 1 1 and you should
study t h e c o n c e p t s a n d the solution t e c h n i q u e s for e a c h type of p r o b l e m before using the
given s p r e a d s h e e t s . It is highly r e c o m m e n d e d that you w o r k s a m p l e p r o b l e m s by hand first.
T h e n e n t e r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e data into the s p r e a d s h e e t to verify the solution. In most
s p r e a d s h e e t s , t h e d a t a that n e e d to be entered are identified by g r a y - s h a d e d reas and by
italic t y p e . Results are typically s h o w n in bold type.
2.
Enter the p r e s s u r e s (in k P a ) , velocities (in m/s), and elevations (in m ) at the reference
points in the System Data: at the top of the sheet. If the velocity at either reference point
is in a pipe, y o u m a y use a c o m p u t e d velocity f r o m v = Q/A that is included in the data
cells for the t w o pipes. In s u c h c a s e s , y o u enter the Excel c o m m a n d " = B 2 0 " for the
velocity in pipe 1 a n d " = E 2 0 " for the velocity in pipe 2.
5.
6.
7.
8.
T h e Results:
s e c t i o n at the b o t t o m of the s p r e a d s h e e t includes the total energy loss h<
the total h e a d o n the p u m p h, a n d the power a d d e d to the fluid by the p u m p P,. If y o u
enter a n efficiency for the p u m p , the power input to the p u m p P, is c o m p u t e d .
/ Power US: S a m e a s Power SI:, except U.S. C u s t o m a r y units are u s e d . T h e given solution
is for P r o b l e m 11.29 for the s y s t e m s h o w n in Figure 11.26. T h e first reference point is taken
just before the p u m p inlet. T h e r e f o r e there are no friction Iosses or mnor Iosses considered
in the suction pipe. T h e length is given ta be zero and all K f a c t o r s are z e r o for Pipe 1. In
Pipe 2, pipe friction, the loss in the elbow, and the loss in the nozzle are included.
/ Pressure
SI: Most of the layout a n d data entry for this s p r e a d s h e e t are the s a m e as those
in the first t w o s p r e a d s h e e t s , / Power SI, and / Power US. T h e difference here is that the
analysis d e t e r m i n e s the p r e s s u r e at o n e point in the s y s t e m w h e n the pressure at s o m e
other point is k n o w n . Class I s y s t e m s with o n e or two pipe sizes including minor Iosses can
be a n a l y z e d . T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t uses the k n o w n pressure at s o m e starting point and
c o m p u t e s the p r e s s u r e at a d o w n s t r e a m point, considering c h a n g e s in elevation, velocity
h e a d , pipe friction a n d minor Iosses. T h e e x a m p l e is the solution of P r o b l e m 11.7 for the
vi
s y s t e m s h o w n in Figure 11.17. p
is a s s u m e d to be 100 k P a . p is c o m p u t e d to be 78.21
2
kPa. T h e n A p = - 2 1 . 7 9 k P a .
/ Pressure
US: T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t is virtually identical to / Pressure
SI: e x c e p t for the
different unit s y s t e m u s e d . T h e e x a m p l e is the solution for P r o b l e m 11.3 using the s y s t e m
s h o w n in Figure 11.13. A n important difference o c c u r s here b e c a u s e the objective of t h e
p r o b l e m is to c o m p u t e the u p s t r e a m p r e s s u r e at the outlet of a p u m p w h e n the d e s i r e d
d o w n s t r e a m p r e s s u r e at the inlet to the hydraulic cylinder is s p e c i f i e d . Y o u s h o u l d e x a m i n e
the c o n t e n t s of cells B7 a n d B8 w h e r e t h e pressures are listed a n d E43 a n d E 4 4 w h e r e the
actual calculations for p r e s s u r e c h a n g e are p e r f o r m e d . T h e c h a n g e s d e m o n s t r a t e d here
b e t w e e n / Pressure
SI: a n d / Pressure
US: s h o w h o w the s p r e a d s h e e t s c a n be a d a p t e d to
specific t y p e s of p r o b l e m s . K n o w l e d g e of the fluid m e c h a n i c s of the p r o b l e m s a n d familiarity
with t h e d e s i g n of the s p r e a d s h e e t are required to m a k e s u c h a d j u s t m e n t s accurately.
Il-A & ll-B SI: T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t solves Class II series pipe line p r o b l e m s using either
M e t h o d ll-A or M e t h o d ll-B as d e s c r i b e d in C h a p t e r 11 of the text. SI Metric units are u s e d .
E x a m p l e P r o b l e m 11.3 using the s y s t e m s h o w n in Figure 11.7 is solved in t h e given sheet.
Y o u s h o u l d review the details of t h e s e s h e e t s f r o m the discussions in the book. In s u m m a r y ,
M e t h o d ll-A is u s e d for finding the m x i m u m velocity of flow a n d v o l u m e flow rate that a
given pipe c a n deliver w h i l e limiting the p r e s s u r e d r o p to a specified v a l u , without a n y
minor Iosses. This is a c c o m p l i s h e d by t h e upper part of the s p r e a d s h e e t only. Enter the
p r e s s u r e s at t w o s y s t e m reference points in the System Data: near the top of the sheet.
Enter other d a t a called for in the gray s h a d e d cells. Refer to E x a m p l e P r o b l e m 11.2 in the
text for a n illustration of t h e use of just the upper part of this s h e e t to solve Class II problems
w i t h o u t minor Iosses.
T h e lower part of the s p r e a d s h e e t i m p l e m e n t s Method ll-B for w h i c h minor Iosses are
c o n s i d e r e d in addition to t h e friction Iosses in the pipe. T h e solution p r o c e d u r e is iterative,
requiring y o u to a s s u m e a v o l u m e flow rate in the upper part of the lower section of the
s p r e a d s h e e t that is s o m e w h a t lower t h a n the result of the M e t h o d ll-A solution directly
a b o v e . Enter t h e minor loss coefficients in the lower part of the s p r e a d s h e e t . A s e a c h
estmate for flow rate is e n t e r e d , the pressure at a target point, called p , is c o m p u t e d . Y o u
m u s t c o m p a r e this p r e s s u r e with the desired pressure. S u c c e s s i v e c h a n g e s in the estmate
c a n be m a d e very rapidly until the desired pressure is acceptable within a small tolerance
that y o u d e c i d e .
2
II-A & ll-B US: T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t is identical to ll-A & ll-B: except for using the U.S.
C u s t o m a r y unit s y s t e m . P r o b l e m 11.10 is solved in the e x a m p l e . T h e s y s t e m in this problem
has no m i n o r Iosses so the upper part of the s p r e a d s h e e t s h o w s the m o s t pertinent data a n d
results. T h e lower part has b e e n adjusted to use the s a m e v o l u m e flow rate a s the result f r o m
the u p p e r part a n d all m i n o r Iosses have been set to zero. T h e result is that the pressure at
the target point, p , is very near the desired pressure. T h e small difference is d u e to rounding
a n d a possible difference b e t w e e n the result f r o m Equation 11.3 used to solve for Q in
M e t h o d ll-A a n d the calculation of friction factor a n d other t e r m s in M e t h o d l l - B .
z
III-A & lll-B SI: C l a s s III series pipe line problems require the determination of the m n i m u m
required size of pipe to carry a given v o l u m e flow rate of fluid with a limiting pressure drop.
Both M e t h o d Ill-A a n d M e t h o d lll-B as described in the text are s h o w n o n this spreadsheet.
If only pipe friction loss is c o n s i d e r e d , then only the upper part using M e t h o d Ill-A is
pertinent.
vi i
After s e e i n g the required total h e a d o n the p u m p for the desired flow rate, the user has
selected a centrifugal p u m p , m o d e l 2 x 3 - 1 0 with a 9-in impeller, using the p u m p performance
curves f r o m Figure 13.27. This p u m p will actually deliver s o m e w h a t m o r e flow at this head.
T h e s p r e a d s h e e t w a s u s e d to c o m p u t e data for the s y s t e m curve that is a plot of the total
h e a d v e r s u s the v o l u m e flow rate (capacity) delivered. Several data points for the resulting
total h e a d for different flow rates f r o m zero to 2 7 5 gal/min w e r e c o m p u t e d . T h e s e w e r e
entered o n p a g e 2 of the s p r e a d s h e e t and the s y s t e m curve w a s plotted o n the graph s h o w n
there. S i m u l t a n e o u s l y , data f r o m the actual p e r f o r m a n c e curve for the selected p u m p w e r e
entered a n d plotted o n the s a m e g r a p h . W h e r e the t w o curves intersect is the operating
point, predicting that the p u m p will deliver approximately 2 4 0 gal/min. T h e n y o u must go
b a c k to Figure 13.27 to d e t e r m i n e the other p e r f o r m a n c e parameters at this operating point,
efficiency, p o w e r r e q u i r e d , and NPSH
(net positive suction h e a d required).
R
viii
HYDROFLO
2, HCALC, a n d PumpBase
Software
by TAHOE DESIGN
SOFTWARE
I n c l u d e d on the C D with t h i s b o o k
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS
Sixth Edition
R o b e r t L. Mott
PumpBase
provides a n e x t e n s i v e s e a r c h a b l e d a t b a s e for c o m m e r c i a l l y available p u m p s
that m e e t the r e q u i r e m e n t s for a given s y s t e m . O n l y a f e w d a t a vales m u s t be input for
basic o p e r a t i o n of the p r o g r a m ; the operating point for a d e s i r e d v o l u m e flow rate at the
c o r r e s p o n d i n g total d y n a m i c h e a d TDH and the total static h e a d h , as f o u n d f r o m E q . (13
11). T h e p r o g r a m fits a s e c o n d d e g r e e e q u a t i o n b e t w e e n t h o s e t w o points and plots that as
the s y s t e m c u r v e . S e e Section 13.10 in the book. T h e p r o g r a m will s e a r c h its d a t b a s e ,
select s e v e r a l c a n d i d a t e p u m p s that m e e t the specifications, a n d report a list that is ordered
by p u m p efficiency. Y o u m a y select a n y c a n d i d a t e p u m p and cali for its p e r f o r m a n c e curve
to be d i s p l a y e d a l o n g with the s y s t e m c u r v e and listing of s u c h operating p a r a m e t e r s as the
mpeller d i a m e t e r , actual flow rate, p o w e r required efficiency, a n d NPSH .
Y o u are advised
to verify that the selected p u m p m e e t s all r e q u i r e m e n t s .
0
M o r e input d a t a a r e required if the fluid is not cool water, a limit for NPSH
s p e c i f i e d , or a certain type of p u m p is d e s i r e d .
is to be
S u g g e s t i o n s for u s e of t h e s e p r o g r a m s :
As with any software, it is essential
that the user have a solid understanding
of the
principies
involved in the analyses performed
by the s o f t w a r e a s well a s the details
ofdata entry and interpretation
of results. It is advised that practice with hand
calculations
for representative
problems
be completed before using the
software,
Then use the results of known, accurately-solved
problems
with the software to
verify that it is being used correctly and to gain confidence
in its
capabilities.
T h e following t y p e s of p r o b l e m s a n d projects can be solved with t h e s e p r o g r a m s :
E n e r g y Iosses d u e to friction in straight pipes and t u b e s (Chapter 8)
E n e r g y Iosses d u e to valves a n d fittings (Chapter 10)
A n a l y s i s of series pipeline s y s t e m s (Chapter 11)
A n a l y s i s of parallel pipeline s y s t e m s (Chapter 12)
A n a l y s i s of p u m p e d pipeline s y s t e m s (Chapters 11-13)
Selection of a suitable p u m p for a given s y s t e m (Chapter 13)
D e s i g n aid for d e s i g n p r o b l e m s s u c h a s t h o s e outlined at the end of Chapter 13.
Extensive s y s t e m d e s i g n as a snior d e s i g n project.
xi
Pipe t y p e s a n d sizes
L e n g t h of pipe for all parts of the s y s t e m
L a y o u t of the piping s y s t e m
L o c a t i o n of the p u m p
T y p e s a n d sizes of all valves a n d fittings a n d their p l a c e m e n t
List of materials required for the s y s t e m
A n a l y s i s of the pressure at pertinent points
D e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e total d y n a m i c h e a d o n the p u m p
Specification of a suitable p u m p having g o o d efficiency a n d able to deliver the
required v o l u m e f l o w rate in the s y s t e m a s d e s i g n e d
A s s u r a n c e that the specified p u m p has a satisfactory NPSH
to prevent
cavitation o v e r the entire range of e x p e c t e d s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n
W r i t t e n report d o c u m e n t i n g the d e s i g n a n d a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d using g o o d
report writing practice
R
xii
CHAPTER O N E
THE NATURE OF FLUIDS AND THE
STUDY OF FLUID MECHANICS
Conversin
factors
1.1
1250 m m ( l m / 1 0 m m ) = 1.25 m
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.05 m [ ( 1 0 m m ) / m ] = 2.05 x 10 m m
1.5
0.391 m [ ( 1 0 m m ) / m ] = 391 x 10 m m
1.6
1.7.
80 k m 10 m
1h
-x
xh
km
3600 s
1.8
1.9
1.10
8.65 i n ( 2 5 . 4 m m / i n ) = 220 m m
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
22.2 m/s
2500 f t
1.16
0.0283 m
1 min
x
min
,
=1.18m7s
<
x
ft
60 s
1.17
u=- =
0.50 k m
10 m
.
.
x
= 47.2m/s
km
10.6 s
T h e Nature of F l u i d s
,
1.18
1 f l
s
l.50km
3600 s
u =- =
x
= 1038km/h
t
5.2 s
h
1.19
s
lOOOft
lmi
3600 s
u =- =
x
x
t
14 s
5280 ft
h
1.20
s
1.0 m i 3600 s
u= - =
x
5.7 s
h
, ~,
1.21
2
a =
(2)(3.2km)
r
(4.7 m i n )
=
2
A O
...
= 632 m i / h
10 m
x
1 min
x
2,
.
=48.7mi/h
_
_,
,
= 8.05 x 10 m/s
2
r
(60 s )
km
g 13m)
X
V9.81m/s
2s
(2)(3.2km) 10 m
lft
1 min
ft
a = - = ^ -
fx
x
x
-=0.264
(4.7 m i n )
km
0.3048 m (60 s )
s
3
1.23
1.24
2
(2)(53in)
lft
t= = J
fx
= 0.524s
a
V32.2ft/s
12 i n
t
1.25
^ a5kg)(1.2m/s)
kg
-m
s
2
_m _(3600kg)
=
2
2
1.26
/l6kmY
(lQ m)
km
1h
^ k g m *
35.6 x 10
s2
(3600 s )
AT^ = 35.6 k N m
_ 75 k g J 6.85 m V _ , _ ^ ,
kg m
l.76xl0
2
V s
)
1.27
KE =
mu
_2(ff)_(2)(38.6N-m)
i
(2)(38.6)(3600)
Z T
^
3 7
(31.5) (10 )
2 ^
,.
3 0
lkg-m
2
S
(3600s)
-N
1 km
3
(10 m)
= 1.008 k g
(2.25 m / s )
. ] ? m .
31.5 k m J
( 2 ) ( 9 4 . 6 m N - m )
= 1.76kNm
198
n 3
J
l ^
mN
l k g ^
2
s -N
>
<
1 0 l g
kg
felSN^lkgj^
V
12 k g
Chapter 1
1.31
,.
3 2
o=j3gg>
V m
2 ( 2 1 2
175 g
N .
) i r ^ l ^
mN
kg
^^,(lBlug)(4fl/s)- lllvsVft
x
fflu
1 .3 J
l j ^ m
s -N
2
slug
_ w u _ (80001b)(10mi)
1h
(5280ft)
~
"~
~
~X
X
2
2g
(2)(32.2ft/s )(h)
(3600 s )
mi
JViS
^-<
?000)(10) (5280;
><'>'<
>' b.ft
(2)(32.2)(3600)
8 0 0 0
5 2 8 0
- M 7 M I . - *
,.34
- ! ! * - L - < - * e
2
1.35
2g
2(E)
2(15 I b - f t )
, l b - s2
m =
-=
,=6.20
= 6.20slugs
v
(2.2ft/s )
ft
A
_ 2 g ( X g ) _ 2(32.2ft)(38.6Ib-ft)(h )
2
, Iggga
o=
x
2
(3600s)
h
6.0 oz
39runs
x
3.12runs
^.
cr>A
ERA =
6 3 f t / s
) x i
fl_
12 i n
9innings
= 2.49 runs/game
game
lgame
x 150 mnings = 52 runs
x
game
30 Ib
141innings
,
1.40
(5280 f t )
1
1.39
)2Q2.2^X10lb-a)
1.38
1mi
[ b
(19.5) (5280)
3 7
(2)(32.2ft/s )
s (19.5mi)
2
^ 2)(32.2)(38.6)(3600)
,.
136
9 innings
, ^
1.41
lgame
9innings
40 runs x s
x
2 - = 129 innings
2.79 runs
game
,
1.42
,
ERA =
49 runs
x
123 innings
T h e Nature of F l u i d s
9 innings
5_ = 3.59 runs/game
game
The definition
ofpressure
2
1.43
1.44
1.45
,46
1.47
p . L
A
= 30.9MPa
> ^ 3 0 . 9 x l 0 ^
60001b
.
= 1 1 9 psi
;r(8.0in) /4
2
F
n= =
180001b
.
= 3 6 6 7 psi
7r(2.50in) /4
2
,
20.5xl0 N
(50mm)
1 m
pA =
x
' x
m
4
(10 m m )
F=
= 2.72 M P a
1.49
(I0 mm)
N
^- = 2 . 7 2 x l 0
m
m
=z
p=
- * ',
<
;r(40mm) /4
1.48
F
12.0kN
10 N
p = - =
x
A
;r(75mm) /4
kN
= 40.25 k N
2
1.50
F = p ^ = ( 6 0 0 0 1 b / i n ) ( 4 2 . 0 0 i n ] / 4 ) = 18850 Ib
1.51
n=i_
^
Z> =
F
=
4F
4F
_ L = - ^ - r : Then> =
;rZ)74
;rD
V^rp
2
4(20000 Ib)
V ;r(5000 l b / i n )
1.5
z,=
KF
4(30x10 N )
Vtf/?
VTT(15.0X10 N / m )
Chapter 1
1.53
F = pA
_ [7tD }
P
4
D(in)
D\in )
1.00
1.00
393
2.00
4.00
1571
3.00
9.00
3534
4.00
16.00
6283
5.00
25.00
9817
6.00
36.00
14137
7.00
49.00
19242
8.00
64.00
25133
~ A
4F
TT> /4
2
392.7 D Ib
l
F(lb)
1.54
1.55
in
7tD
30
25
20
Forc
15
(toxIOOO)
1 0
5
0
4(5000 Ib)
2
TV(D i n )
D(in)
Z> (in )
1.00
1.00
6366
2.00
4.00
1592
3.00
9.00
707
4.00
16.00
398
5.00
25.00
255
6.00
36.00
177
7.00
49.00
130
8.00
64.00
99
psi
p(psi)
6000
Pressure
(psO
4000
2000
O
0
5 8
Diametw (ri)
712N
(10 m m )
7r(20mm) /4
= 2.77 x 10 Pa = 2 . 2 7 M P a
6
m
p = 2.27 x 10 Pa (1 psi/6895 Pa) = 329 psi
6
1.56
T h e Nature o f F l u i d s
Bulk
modulus
1.57
Ap = -E(AV/V)
= -130000 psi(-O.Ol) = 1300 psi
Ap = - 8 9 6 MPa(-O.Ol) = 8.96 M P a
1.58
Ap = -E(AV/V)
= -3.59 x 10 psi(-O.Ol) = 35900 psi
Ap = - 2 4 7 5 0 MPa(-O.Ol) = 247.5 M P a
1.59
Ap = -E(AV/V)
= -189000 psi(-O.Ol) = 1890 psi
Ap = -1303 MPa(-O.Ol) = 13.03 M P a
1.60
1.61
1.62
AV _~p
V
AV _ - 2 0 . 0 M P a
V
1.63
_ - 3 0 0 0 psi
= -0.0159 = - 1 . 5 9 %
~ E ~~ 189000 psi
B u l k Modulus = E =
AVIV
AV =
AL
B u t p = FIA; V=AL;
-F
E =A
-A(AL)
EA
L
(AL)
1.64
=-1.53%
= -0.0153
~ 1303 MPa
~pV
AV
-A(AL)
FL
A(AL)
189000 Ib ^-(0.5 i n )
884 l b / i n
"
i n ( 4 2 in)4
3711 l b / i n
1.65
EA
(AL)
1.66
189000 Ib ^(2.00 i n )
14137 l b / i n
16 times higher
in (42.0in)(4)
1.67
w
610N
lkg-m/s
m= =
r-x"
g
9.81 m / s
N
. . . .
=62.2kg
Chapter 1
1.68
w
1.35xl0 N
lkg-m/s
w = =
xg
9.81 m / s
N
= 138kg
1.69
1.70
w=
= 450 g x - ^ - x 9.81 m / s
10 g
= 4.41kg-m/s
= 4.41 N
, -,
1.71
7.81b
-,-lb-s
w = =
- = 0.242
g
32.2 ft/s
ft
. ,
= 0.242 slugs
1.72
w
42.01b
w= =
g
32.2 f t / s
,
= 1 . 3 0 4 slugs
2
1
2
1.73
1.74
,
1.75
w
1601b
.
,
w = =
^ = 4 . 9 7 slugs
g
32.2 ft/s
w = 160 lb x 4.448 N / l b = 712 N
/fl= 5 0 . 9 Ib
'
slug
2
x
l b
/ f t
"
slug
= 8 . 3 1 Ib
1.76
iw = =
g
32.2 ft/s
= 0 . 0 3 1 1 slugs
2
1.78
F = 9 8 1 0 N x 1 . 0 l b / 4 . 4 4 8 N = 22051b
1.79
y = (sg) y
= (0.876)(9.81 k N / m ) = 8.59 k N / m
p = ( s g V w = (0.876)(1000 kg/m ) = 876 k g / m
3
,
1.81
P-
y
12.02N
s
1 kg-m/s
=
x
x
= 1.225 k g / m
g
9.81 m
N
T h e Nature of F l u i d s
1.82
7 = /?g = l - 9 6 4 k g /
3
m
= 19.27 N / m
x9.81m/s x
1 k g m/s
1.83
sg =
^
y @4C
8.860kN/m
y @4C
y
8.483 k N / m
9.81 k N / m
1.84
130.4 k N / m
8 6 5
50C
a t
^ = ;F = =2 25_kN_
V
1.85
= 0.903 a t 5 C
9.81kN/m
V= AL = KD LIA
m
1.56 kg
p = =
V~T
^
F
1.767 x l O ^ m
, ,
=883kg/m
3
J
y =M
= 883 k g / m x 9.81 m / s
- = 8.66x 1 5 _ = 8.66
1 k g m/s
ni
3
m
1.86
6.17kN
10 N
1 kg-m/s
?H = =
x
x
g
9.81 m/s
kN
N
= 629 k g
1.87
1.88
^ = / ? g = (1200 k g / m ) ( 9 . 8 1 m / s )
f
3
IN
k g m/s2
11.77 k N / m
. 1200 k g / m 3
,
/? @4C
W
1.89
1000 k g / m
__ w
22.0N
lkN
F = =
r~x;
y
( 0 . 8 2 6 ) ( 9 . 8 1 k N / m ) 10 N
3
,
1.90
,_
=2.72xl0 m
3
3
3
=10.59 k N / m
1080kg 9.81m
IN
lkN
-x
x
-x-
m
s
1 kg-m/s
10 N
.
1080 k g / m
Sg = /?//? =
r- = 1 . 0 8
^ ^
1000 k g / m
Y~Pg~
*
1.91
p = (sg)(p )
w
= (0.789)(1000 k g / m ) = 789 k g / m
3
Chapter 1
1.92
W
'
3.53xlO" m
9.38 k N / m
i-vr>-i-vT/
=
3
1.93
33.15N
9.81 k N / m
1 Q
9 < 3
33
1.94
castor
co
=y
co
i n
1.95
1.96
y
0.0765lb/ft
lslug
.
_
p = - =
x
f = 2.38 x 10
g
32.2 ft/s
l lb s /ft
i n
1.97
,
slugs/ft
l b
= 0.1227 l b / f t
x = p g = 0.00381slug/ft (32.2ft/s )
1.99
1.100
1.101
^ l
V
y
^
lgal
y @4C
W
w= ^
56.1 l b / f t
1.102
"
slug
1.98
^
ft
=56.1 lb/ft
, _ l b - s
,5.611b/ft^
62.4 l b / f t
0 W 9
1 .103
w^yV
=pgV=
T h e Nature of F l u i d s
ft
'
4
x==^x25.0galx
'
= 142 lb
s
7.48 gal
1
1.104
= ^ x - ^ x l ^ x l ^ = 1 . 2 0
cm
1000 k g 1 0 g
m
g=^
p
i i_
1.105
r,
5.01b
ft
0.0283 m
V =
=
x
y
(0.826)62.4 lb
ft
1.106
1.107
(10 c m )
_,_
x-i
3 ' = 2 7 4 5 c m
m
"
(7.95-0.50),
y}
inW_
(;r(6.0in) /4)(8.0in)
. ^
ft
1.109
V=A d =
c0
LUI
10
w
39.90 lb f t
7.48 gal
= =
x
r~
y_
13.54(62.4 lb)
ft
_ _
,
= 0 . 3 5 3 gal
= y V=
co
w^yV=
1.110
d =
= (2.32)
( 6 2
4 1 b )
ft
(8.64 in )
ft3)
,
= 0.724 lb
1728in
0
Chapter 1
9.8103
R = 0.9996
2
SERIES 1
POR/. (SERIES!)
20
40
60
80
100
TEMPERATURA C
20
40
60
100
TEMPERATURE C
Computer Assignment 2: Sample Output - Equations for Specific Weight and Density versus Temperature
are shown within the plots o f the output.
SERIES 1
POLY. (SERIES!)
CHAPTER T W O
VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS
2.1
Shearing stress is the forc required to slide one unit rea layer o f a substance over another.
2.2
2.3
2.4
O i l . It pours very slowly compared w i t h water. It takes a greater forc to stir the o i l ,
indicating a higher shearing stress for a given velocity gradient.
2.5
N-s/m or Pa-s
2.6
lb-s/ft
2.7
2.8
It does not conform to the standard SI system. I t uses obsolete basic units o f dynes and cm.
2.9
2.10
m /s
2.11
ft /s
2.12
1 stoke = 1 cm /s
2.13
It does not conform to the standard SI system. I t uses obsolete basic unit o f cm.
2.14
A newtonian fluid is one for which the dynamic viscosity is independent o f the velocity
gradient.
2.15
A nonnewtonian fluid is one for which the dynamic viscosity is dependent on the velocity
gradient.
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
12
Chapter 2
2.21
2.22
2.23
1.90 Pa-s
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
1.9 x 1 0
lb-s/ft
2.28
2.29
2.30
3.3 x 1 0
lb-s/ft
2.31
2.32
2.33
9.5 x 1 0
lb-s/ft
2.34
2.35
2.36
Viscosity index is a measure o f how greatly the viscosity o f a fluid changes w i t h temperature.
2.37
H i g h viscosity index ( V I ) .
2.38
2.39
The fluid occupies the small radial space between the stationary cup and the rotating drum.
Therefore, the fluid i n contact w i t h the cup has a zero velocity while that i n contact w i t h the
drum has a velocity equal to the surface speed o f the drum.
2.40
A meter measures the torque required to drive the rotating drum. The torque is a function o f
the drag forc on the surface o f the drum w h i c h is a function o f the shear stress i n the fluid.
K n o w i n g the shear stress and the velocity gradient, Equation 2-2 is used to compute the
dynamic viscosity.
2.41
The inside diameter o f the capillary tube; the velocity o f fluid flow; the length between
pressure taps; the pressure difference between the two points a distance L apart.
See Eq. (2-4).
-7
-5
-5
V i s c o s i t y of F l u i d s
13
2.42
Terminal velocity is that velocity achieved by the sphere when falling through the fluid when
the downward forc due to gravity is exactly balanced by the buoyant forc and the drag
forc on the sphere. The drag forc is a function o f the dynamic viscosity.
2.43
The diameter o f the ball; the terminal velocity (usually by noting distance traveled i n a given
time); the specific weight o f the fluid; the specific weight o f the ball.
2.44
The Saybolt viscometer employs a container i n which the fluid can be brought to a known,
controlled temperature, a small standard orfice i n the bottom o f the container and a calibrated
vessel for collecting a 60 m L sample o f the fluid. A stopwatch or timer is required to
measure the time required to collect the 60 m L sample.
2.45
N o . The time is reported as Saybolt Universal Seconds and is a relative measure o f viscosity.
2.46
Kinematic viscosity.
2.47
2.48
See Table 2.4. The kinematic viscosity o f SAE 20 o i l must be between 5.6 and 9.3 cSt at
100C using A S T M D 445. Its dynamic viscosity must be over 2.6 cP at 150C using A S T M
D 4683, D 4741, or D 5481. The kinematic viscosity o f S A E 2 0 W o i l must be over 5.6 cSt at
100C using A S T M D 445. Its dynamic viscosity for cranking must be below 9500 cP at
- 1 5 C using A S T M D 5293. For pumping it must be below 60,000 cP at - 2 0 C using A S T M
D 4684.
2.49
SAE 0 W through S A E 250 depending on the operating environment. See Table 2.4.
2.50
SAE 70W through SAE 60 depending on the operating environment and loads. See Table 2.5.
2.51
100C using A S T M D 445 testing method and at 150 C using A S T M D 4683, D 4741, or D
5481.
2.52
2.53
See Table 2.4. The kinematic viscosity o f SAE 5W-40 o i l must be between 12.5 and 16.3 cSt
at 100C using A S T M D 445. Its dynamic viscosity must be over 2.9 cP at 150C using
A S T M D 4683, D 4741, or D 5481. The kinematic viscosity must be over 3.8 cSt at 100C
using A S T M D 445. Its dynamic viscosity for cranking must be below 6600 cP at - 3 0 C using
A S T M D 5293. For pumping it must be below 60 000 cP at - 3 5 C using A S T M D 4684.
2.54
2.55
S A E 10W-30 engine o i l :
L o w temperature cranking viscosity at - 2 5 C : 7000 cP = 7000 mPa s = 7.0 Pa-s m x i m u m
L o w temperature pumping viscosity at - 3 0 C : 60 000 cP = 60 000 mPa s = 60 Pa-s m x i m u m
L o w shear rate kinematic viscosity at 100C: 9.3 cSt = 9.3 mm /s = 9.3 x 10~ m / 2 m n i m u m
L o w shear rate kinematic viscosity at 100C: 12.5 cSt = 12.5 mm /s = 12.5 x 10~ m / 2 m x i m u m
H i g h shear rate dynamic viscosity at 150C: 2.9 cP = 2.9 mPa s = 0.0029 Pa-s m n i m u m
6
14
Chapter 2
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
r = 0.12 poise [(1 Pa-s)/(10 poise)] = 0.012 Pa-s = 1.2 x 10~ Pa-s.
- 4
S A E 10 o i l
2.61
3
y = 0.94(9.81 k N / m ) = 9.22 k N / m
Z) = 1.6 m m = 1.6 x 1 0 ~ m
(y-y )D
r=
-
18u
(Eq. 2-9)
(77.0-9.22)kN(1.6xlO~ m)
10 N
, .N-s
-,
x
= 0.402
18 m ( 2 . 4 0 x 1 O m/s)
kN
A
LI
=0.402 P a - s
2.62
3
r j J P ^ P ^
32uX
Eq.2-4)
Px -Pi
= y h - y h = h(y
m
kN
kN
- y ) = 0.177 m(132.8 - 8.83) = 2 1 . 9 4 ^
m
m
0
(21.94kN/ )(0.0025 m )
m
kN^s
2.63
I g N
32(1.58 m/s)(0.300m)
kN
See Prob. 2.61. y = 0.94(62.4 lb/ft ) = 58.7 lb/ft : D = (0.063 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.00525 ft
{
v= slt = (10.0 in/10.4 s ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.0801 ft/s: / = (0.283 lb/in )(1728 i n / f t ) = 489 lb/ft
, .
<r.-r,V?
(489 - 5 8 . 7 ) ^ ( 0 . 0 0 5 2 5 <)) _
18v
2.64
32(4.82 ft/s)
3
See Problem 2.62. Use y = 844.9 lb/ft (App. B ) : y = (0.90)(62.4 lb/ft ) = 56.16 lb/ft
h = (7.00 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.5833 ft: D = (0.100 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.00833 ft
m
P\ -Pi
= Ky
32vX
2.65
V i s c o s i t y of F l u i d s
15
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
v= 6250/4.632 = 1349 m m 7 s
2.72
v= 438/4.632 = 94.6 m m 7 s
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
16
Chapter 2
(mm7s)
Min
Max
3.8
3.8
4.1
5.6
5.6
9.3
5.6
9.3
12.5
9.3
16.3
12.5
21.9
16.3
21.9
26.1
SUS
Min
38.9
38.9
39.8
44.6
44.6
56.8
44.6
56.8
68.3
83.2
106.6
Max
56.8
68.3
83.2
106.6
125.1
Problem 2.78
(See Problem 2.77 for method.)
SAE Viscosity Grades - Automotive Gear Lubricants
Kinematic Viscosity at 100 deg C
(mm /s)
SUS
Min
Max
SAE No.
Min
Max
70W
4.1
39.8
75W
4.1
39.8
80W
7.0
49.1
85W
11.0
62.8
7.0
80
11.0
49.1
62.8
85
11.0
13.5
62.8
72.1
90
13.5
24.0
72.1
115.8
140
24.0
41.0
115.8
192.6
250
41.0
192.6
2
V i s c o s i t y of F l u i d s
ISO VG
2
3
5
7
10
15
22
32
46
68
100
150
220
320
460
680
1000
1500
2200
3200
Min
1.98
2.88
4.14
6.12
9.00
13.5
19.8
28.8
41.4
61.2
90.0
135
198
288
414
612
900
1350
1980
2880
(mm /s)
Nom
2.2
3.2
4.6
6.8
10
15
22
32
46
68
100
150
220
320
460
680
1000
1500
2200
3200
Max
2.40
3.52
5.06
7.48
11.0
16.5
24.2
35.2
50.6
74.8
110
165
242
352
506
748
1100
1650
2420
3520
Min
32.5
35.6
39.6
46.0
55.4
71.6
97.0
136.2
193.1
284
417
625
917
1334
1918
2835
4169
6253
9171
13340
SUS
Nom
33.3
36.6
41.1
48.1
58.8
77.4
106.3
150.5
214
315
463
695
1019
1482
2131
3150
4632
6948
10190
14822
Max
34.0
37.6
42.6
50.3
62.4
83.4
115.9
164.9
235
347
510
764
1121
1630
2344
3465
5095
7643
11209
16305
18
Chapter 2
CHAPTER THREE
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Absolute and gage pressure
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Pabs "/'gage
3.6
True.
3.7
3.8
False. Absolute pressure cannot be negative because a perfect vacuum is the reference for
absolute pressure and a perfect vacuum is the lowest possible pressure.
3.9
True.
3.10
False. A gage pressure can be no lower than one atmosphere below the prevailing
atmospheric pressure. O n earth, the atmospheric pressure would never be as high as 150 kPa.
3.11
A t 4000 ft, p
3.12
A t l 3 , 5 0 0 f t , Pa =
3.13
3.14
/>
gage
3.15
/?
gage
= 1 5 7 - 101 = 56kPa(gage)
3.16
/?
gage
= 30 - 100 = - 7 0 kPa(gage)
3-17
/?
gage
= 74 - 97 = - 2 3 kPa(gage)
3.18
/>
gage
3.19
/>
abs
= 2 8 4 + 100 = 384kPa(abs)
3.20
/>
abs
Patn
alm
lm
Pressure Measurement
19
3.21
Pabs
3.22
3.23
Pabs ~ - 8 6 + 99 = 13 kPa(abs)
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
Pabs
3.31
3.32
3.33
Pressure-Elevation
Relationship
3
3.34
3.35
p = yh = (sgyyji:
sg =
p/yjt)
Sg =
1.8201b f t
144 i n
;
X
;
in (62.41b)(4.0ft)
ft
2
=1.05
3.36
p
52.75kNm
h = = ;
y
m 7.87 k N
_
= 6.70 m
ft
3.37
,
64.001b
lft
.
p = yh =
x 12.50 ft x
= 5.56 psig
'
ft
144 i n
3.38
p = yh =
'
F
ft
l b
x 50.0ftx
f t
9
144 i n
3
=21.67 psig
2
3.39
3.40
20
Chapter 3
3.41
p ir =PAa
3.42
3.43
p
= 24.77 kPa(abs) B y interpolation - A p p . E: y = (13.54)9.81 k N / m
y = 132.8 k N / m
PB = Pam + yh = 24.77 kPa + (132.8 kN/m )(0.325 m) = 67.93 kPa(abs)
atm
3.44
3.45
3.46
( 6 2
4 l b )
"
ft
6.25 ft x
144 i n
3.47
+ y ,h = p :
top
Pbot Ptop
h=
bot
Yo
3
,
( 3 5 . 5 - 3 0 . 0 ) l b ft 144 i n
h=^
x
in (0.95)(62.41b)
ft
2
3.48
= 13.36 ft
0 + yA
+ YA
y
0 + yA
= Pbot
2
, _P**-rA
3.49
_ 125.3 k N / m -(0.86)(9.81 k N / m ) ( 6 . 9 0 m )
+ yh
w
__ Pbot-YoK
0 + yA
18y - y A
h) +
^p ;
y h2=p t
w
bQ
- y ) + 1 8y
0
_ 158kN/m -(18m)(.86)(9.81kN/m )
- r
but A, = 18.0 - h
bol
+ YvA ^j^bot = h (y
Aot
9.81 k N / m
+ yh
y (\S-
bot
y
3.50
(0.86)(9.81kN/m )
[9.81-(0.86)(9.81)]kN/m
3.51
p = yh-
3.52
3.53
3.54
o
M n + Y ( . 4 5 7 m ) -y (\3U
m ) - y (0.50 m)
=p
aw
Pressure Measurement
21
3.55
pbot = - 3 4 . 0 kPa + y h + y h
= - 3 4 . 0 kPa + (0.85)(9.81 kN/m )(0.50 m ) + (9.81 kN/m )(0.75 m )
p = - 3 4 . 0 kPa + 4.17 + 7.36 = -22.47 kPa(gage)
0
b o t
3.56
pbot = p + y h + y h
= 200 k P a + [(0.80X9.81)(1.5) + (9.81)(2.6)]kN/m
Pbot = 200 + 11.77 + 25.51 = 237.3 kPa(gage)
air
Manometers
3.62
o
M n - Y m ( - 0 7 5 m)-y ,(0.10m)==p
p = -(13.54X9.81 kN/m )(0.075 m ) - (9.81X0.10) = -10.94 kPa(gage)
M
3.63
Pe - P
PB~PA
3.64
62.4 lb
= y9 m ) - y 1 9 m) =
x9
o(
lft
m
(0.85X62.4X19)
.
(.85X62.4)lb
.
-Pe = y (8 m ) - y(20 m) =
x8mx
lft
PA~PB
3.65
(62.4)(20)
p + y (. 15 m ) + y (.75 m ) - y (.50 m ) = p
PA - p = (-90X9.81 kN/m )(.15 m) + (13.54)(9.81)(.75) - (9.81)(0.50)
PA -PB = (1 -32 + 99.62 - 4.91 )kPa = 96.03 k P a
B
3.66
p + y (A5 m ) + y,(0.75 m ) - y ( 0 . 6 0 m) = p
PA -PB = (9.81 kN/m )(0.15 m ) + (13.54)(9.81)(0.75) -(0.86)(9.81)(0.60)
PA ~PB = (1.47 + 99.62 - 5.06)kPa = 96.03 k P a
B
3.67
o
pfh + Y,(.475 m ) - y ( . 3 0 m ) + y (.25 m ) - y ( . 3 7 5 m ) = p
PA = y (-725 m ) ~y (30 m ) - y ( . 3 7 5 m)
p = (13.54X9.81 kN/m )(.725 m) -(9.81)(.30) -(.90)(9.81)(.375)
p = (96.30 - 2 . 9 4 -3.31)kPa = 90.05 kPa(gage)
m
3.68
,nc^
P A - P B = (13.54) x
^
ft
6 2
4 1 b
x
-x(14in)x
(62.4X4)
--^
1728 i n
1728
3
(.9X62.4X6)
1728
22
Chapter 3
3.69
oft
x9ft
l f t 2
PA ~PB
3.70
ft
3.90 psi - 1.17 psi = 2.73 psi
144 in
a t m
3.71
(.90)(62.4)(3)
144
o
p^ + y h=p :h
= Lsm 15 = 0.115 m sin 15 = 0.0298 m
p = (0.87)(9.81 kN/m )(0.0298 m) = 0.254 kPa(gage)
m
GF
o
3.72
a.
pU + Ym(-815 m ) - y ( . 6 0 m ) = p
p = (13.54)(9.81 kN/m )(0.815 m) - (9.81)(.60) = 102.4 kPa(gage)
w
b.
p
p
atm
Baromeers
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
h =^ =
y
w
;
x
i n 62.41b
2
= 33.92 ft
ft
3.77
h = 29.29 in
3.78
h - 760 mm
3.79
The vapor pressure above the mercury column and the specific weight o f the mercury change.
3.80
A , - 1 . 0 in o f Mercury
. , - .
Ah =
x 1250 ft = -1.25 in
1000 ft
3.81
<.
.3048 m
,..
x 5200 ft x
= -134.7 mm
1000m
lft
h = 760 - 1 3 4 . 7 = 625.3 m m
kN
Patm = y h = 133.3 x 0.6253 m = 83.35 k P a
m
Ah =
Pressure Measurement
23
,
3.82
848.71b
= yh =
a t m
ft
,
3.83
ft
,
3.85
14.21b
in
/; =-
, .
x 30.65 i n x
.
= 15.05 psia
i
1728in
ft
1728 i n
xm
_, _
.
= 14.05 psia
1728 i n
848.71b
3.84
= yh =
a t m
x 28.6 i n x
lft
= 28.91 in
3
848.71b
ft
kN
= y h = 133.3 x 0.745 m = 99.3 kPa(abs)
m
atm
Expressing
3.86
P =
P
3.87
3.88
P =
3.89
3.90
3.91
3.92
P =
3.93
Pressure Gages and Transducers (See text for answers to 3.94 to 3.97.)
24
Chapter 3
CHAPTER FOUR
FORCES DUE TO STATIC FLUIDS
Forces due to gas
pressure
4.1
atm
A =
= 113.1 i
2
n
4
3
,
p tm = y h=
844.91b . . . .
lft
.
x30.5inx = 14.91 psi
ft
1728 i n
(14.91 - 0 . 1 2 ) l b / i n x 113.1 i n = 16731b
1 / 1 Q 1
F=
4.2
F=p-A
4.3
62.41b . . . .
lft
x11.20
in xx
j
:
20 in
= 0.0433 l b / i n
ft
n3
^
~3
11728
T O O ;i
F= (0.0433 lb/in )(2880 i n ) = 125 lb
A
4.4
4.5
;r(0.030m)
_ ._
= 7 . 0 7 x 1 0 ra
4
F = ( 3 . 5 0 x 1 0 N / m ) ( 7 . 0 7 x 10" m ) = 2.47 x 1 0 N = 2 . 4 7 k N
2
2
4.7
.
F = p-A;A=
4.6
F=p-A;A
= (0.800 m ) = 0.640 m
F = (34.4 x 10 N/m )(0.64 m ) = 22.0 x 10 N = 22.0 k N
3
F=p-A;
A = 24 x 1 8 i n = 432 i n
.
p = J h=
56.781b , .
lft
x 12.3 ft x
ft
144 i n
(4.85 lb/in )(432 i n ) = 2095 lb
,
..
= 4.85 l b / i n
n
F=
4.9
,
p = y h=
844.91b
F=
2
2
F=p-A;A
.
x 28.0 i n x
o
lft
,
,
=13.69 lb/m
r
2
2
ft
1728in
(13.76 lb/in )(0.442 i n ) = 6.05 lb
2
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
25
4.10
p = y h=
x 1.80 m = 17.66 k N / m
m
3
4.11
F
p
p
F
4.13
4.12
F
PB
p
F
atm
sw
F = y (hl2)A
= (62.4 lb/ft )(1.8 ft)(8.0 ft)(3.6 ft) = 3235 lb
F acts J_ wall, 1.20 ft from bottom o f gate
R
3.8 ft
Part (b)
SM
= P(1.2ft)- P(4.0ft)
F T = ^ ( 1 . 2 / 4 . 0 ) = 3235 lb(0.30) = 970.5 lb on two latches
On each latch: F = (970.5 lb)/2 = 485 lb
h i n g e
4.15
78.501b
ft
15.5 ft
-x 207.6 ft
1S.S ft
F = 126300 lb
h = 2/3 h = (2/3)(15.5 ft) = 10.33 ft
L = 2/3 L = (2/3)(17.90 ft) = 11.93 ft
R
26
Chapter 4
4.16
F = y(h/2)A =
ft
'
F = 89850 lb
h = 2/3 h = 2/3(12 ft) = 8.0 ft
Moment = F -4 ft = 359400 lb-ft
R
4.17
F =
y (h/2)A
9 81 k N
(0.86)
"
x0.7mx(1.98)(4.0)m
m
F = 46.8 k N
Aip = 2/3 h = (2/3)(1.4 m ) = 0.933 m
L = 2/3 Z = (2/3)(l .98 m ) = 1.32 m
R
Forces on submergedplae
4.18
reas
Centroid is at midpoint o f A B
A =14in + 4in=l8in=1.50ft
c
' - = 22.5 in
4
2
Area = l e
B/f _(42)(10) in
12
c _
"
= 3500 i n
12
c
-L
i n 4
Z ^ (22.5in)(420in )
_
length - XA f l - 4 2 In
0.37 in
4.19
h = 0.825 m = 825 m m
c
825 m m
= 953 m m
eos 30
,2
.
^-(450 m m )
,
2
A = i
- = 1.59 x 10 m m [.159 m ]
4
F = y M = (0.85)(9.81 kN/m )(.825 m)(0.159 m )
F = 1.09 k N
eos 30
/.. =
L..
~
p
nD
-L.=
c
/.
2.013 x l O
LA
(953)(1.59 x l 0 )
L =L+
P
;r(450)
,
=
=2.013 x 1 0 m m
64
64
= 13.3 mm
5
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
27
4.20
TTD
(2.4m)
A=
- =
= 4.524 m
4
4
gl ^(2.4m)
4
4
64
64
F = yh A = (1.10)(9.81 kN/m )(3.0 m)(4.524 m )
FR = 146.5 k N
3
f i
r
r
I
1.629 m
-L = - =
= 0.104m
'
Z
(3.464m)(4.524 m )
= 104 mm
L = L + 0.104 m = 3.464 + 0.104 = 3.568 m
c
4.21
S M App. J
B-2sn
z - H - y - 0 . 6 8 8 ft
0.813 ft
Z = a + 1 . 5 + z = 8.0/cos 45 + 1 . 5 + z
= 13.50 ft
h = Z eos 4 5 = 9.55 ft
F = y / U = (62.4 lb/ft )(9.55 ft)(3.0 ft )
= 1787 lb
A = H(G + B)I2 = 1.5(4.0)/2 = 3.0 f t
_ H\G
+ 4GB + B ) _
/,=
= 0.551 f t
36(G + B)
c
L
h
^
F
F
= Z ^
64
Lp
^
64
= 0.00307 ft
0.00307
LA
(4.46)(0.196)
c
e
0.00351 ft
L = L + 0.00351 =4.468 ft
n
28
Chapter 4
4.23
L = V e o s 4 0 = 0.855/cos 4 0
= l.llm
c
^ l
=0.1607 m
= yh A
= (0.90X9.81 kN/m X0.855 m)(A)
F = 1.213 k N
R
1.2 m
300 4
= (- )
x(3W)
12
64
I = 0.001073 m
/
0.001073
Lp L
LA
(1.116X0.1607)
4
L
L
- L = .00598 m = 5.98 mm
= 1.122 m
AC -_0.4S0 m
y - i 4 C o o $ 4 0 * - 0.345 m
h - 1 . 2 0 m - y - 0.855 m
4.24
J = KD /4 = 7i(2.0) /4 = 3.142 ft
F = y M
= 62.4 lb/ft x 6.536 ft x 3.142 ft
F =1281 lb
R
7 =
64
C
=0.785 f t
0.785
(9.243X3.142)
L -L
= 0.027 ft = [0.325 in]
L = 9.270 ft
p
a = 3.0/cos 4 5 = 4.243 ft
L = 5 + a = 9.243 ft
/z = Z eos 4 5 = 6.536 ft
c
4.25
L
Z
h
J
F
F
/ =
,(0-60X1 - O O )
12
12
0.05
Z
c
(1.309)(0.60)
Z = Z + 0.0637 = 1.372 m
p
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
^ o,
0 5
0.0637 m = 63.7 mm
4.26
a = - 20 = 25 in
4
7 = a + 25 = 50.0 i n = 4.167 ft
c
Lp
M i
12
L
(!X50
12
3,333 i n
4
83333 i n
LA
(50.0in)(400 i n )
c
C
4.167 in
L = L + 4.167 in = 54.167 in (4.514 ft)
p
4.27
7-0.2120-0.31 *m
A/ , - aja
^-OMAm
0.0347 m
= 0.0235 m
7 yl
c
(1.669 m ) ( 0 . 8 8 4 m )
= 23.5 mm
L + 0.0235 m = 1.669 m + 0.0235 m = 1.693 m
c
30
Chapter 4
4.28
7-O2120-8.48bi
A-*-g-6ZUIn
3
a= 1 0 i n / c o s 3 0 = 11.55 i n
Z = a + 8 + y = 11.55 + 8.0 + 8.48 = 28.03 in
c
ft)
6 2 8
^ X
144 i n
ft2
= 605.8 lb
1
L
'
- * "
- 0 997
LA
(28.03 inX628.3 i n )
2
= 7.135 in
L = L + 7.135 i n = 29.03 in
P
4.29
A = -5// =
2
(30X20) = 3 0 0 i n
36
36
a = 1 8 i n / c o s 5 0 = 28.0 i n
L = a + 6 + b = 28.0 + 6.0 + 13.33
L = 47.34 i n
h = L eos 50 = 30.43 i n
F = y M
c
1728 i n
-329.61b
T
T
h
i""
A ACCl
L - L = =
= 0.469 in
LA
(47.34 in)(300 i n )
L = L + 0.469 i n = 47.34 + 0.469 = 47.81 in
p
P
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
4.30
/z = Z
= 0.375 + 0.150 = 0.525 m
^ = (0.60)(0.30) +7r(0.3 0) /4
A = 0.2507 m
e
h -L
&375m
.80 m
!X30 m
I
_t
= y M
F = (0.67)(9.81 kN/m )(0.525 m)(0.2507 m )
F = 0.865 k N = 865 N
FR
= ^ X ^ +^
12
^
64
0.001748 m
0.001748 m
LA
C
= 0.0133 m = 13.3 mm
2
(0.525 mXO.2507 m )
4.31
0.001748 m
LA
C
0.0465 m = 46.5 mm
2
(0.150 m ) ( 0 . 2 5 0 7 m )
4.32
y = X^_9.0xlQ~
A,
0.1253 m
.60 m
= 0.0718 m
35"
r
y
-fl-0.15m
L = h = Y = 0.0718 m = 71.8 m m
c
A(m )
y(m)
I,(m )
Ay(m )
1 Rect.
0.0900
0.075
6.750 x 10""
2 Semicirc.
0.0353
0.0636
0.1253
h(m)
4
3.30 x 10~
1.688 x 10~
2.245 x 10"~
5.557 x 10~
2.243 x 10~
9.000 x 10~
Ah
L / = 2.276 x 1 0 " m
.
.
I
2.276xlQ- m
.....
. . .
L - L = =
= 0.0253 m = 25.3 mm
LA (0.0718m)(0.1253 m )
L = L + 25.3 m m = 97.1 mm
F = yh A = (0.67)(9.81 kN/m )(0.0718 m)(0.1253 m ) = 0.059 k N = 59 N
c
32
Chapter 4
4.33
Rectangular W a l l
F = y(hl2)A
R
4.34
A=
"> = 61.52 ft
_
H(G + 2B)
.
,
v =
- = 4.40 ft = /z = L
3(G + B)
F = yh A
F = 62.4 lb/ft x 4.40 ft x 61.52 ft
= 16894 lb
A
y-h
W-8ft
L =
HXG
fl-10ft
EndVIaw
+ 4GB + B )
FrontVtow
36(G + B)
3
8 [5.38 +4(5.38)(10) + 1 0 ] _
318.3 ft
36(5.38 + 10)
Lp
/.
318.3
LA
(4.40)(61.52)
Lp
4.35
1.176 ft
1.176 = 5.576 ft
Rectangular W a l l
2 f i = 8 . 0 f t / s i n 6 0 = 9.237 ft
A = AB x 15 ft = 138.6 f t
F = y(h/2)A
8ft
4.36
H(G + 2B)
4.6(1.2 + 2(3.856)]
y =
=
= 2.703 m
3(G + B)
h = H-
3(1.2 + 3.856)
y = 4 . 6 - 2 . 7 0 3 = 1.897 m = Z
4-1.887
c
FR = yh A Acts J_ page
11.63 rri
4.6(1.2 + 3.856)
A = H(G + B)
2
2
F = (1.10X9.81 k N / m ) ( 1.897 mX 11.63 m )
= 238kN
c
W-4.8m
y-2.703
H\G
Ic =
+4GB + B )
L -
I.
c
18.62 m
0.844 m
LA
L
Vlowtowart
and wal
= 18.62 rri
36(G + B)
(1.897 m ) ( l 1.63 m )
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
4.37
Rectangular W a l l : FR = yh A
F = (1.10X9.81 kN/m )(4.60/2)m(4.6)(3.0)m
c
= 343 k N
3.067 m
4.6 m
(4.60 m ) = 3.067 m
BadcWal'
4.38
END W A L L
A
Ay
y =
t
'
(D
0.8 m
y-Y
P- 1.067m
(i)
1.046
0.75
0.784
0.096
0.151
0.15
0.023
-0.504
0.151
0.50
0.075
-0.154
^A
= 1.348 m
_ Zjy.
TA
= 0.882 m
0.882-j ,
1.348 m
h = 1.5 m - Y
r
t
l
0.8 m
1.5 m
4 0
Z *
C
A )
0.3 m
1
0.5O3m -< 0.897 m
1.2m
= 0.846 m = L
7,=
4 y\
+ 7 +
(0.697X1.5)
+7 +
3
3
2
+ (1.046X0.096) +
12
(0.503X0.30)
+ (0.151)(0.504)
12
3
(0.503)(0.60) + (0.151X0.154)
36
I = 0.1960 + 0.0096 + 0.0011 + 0.0384 + 0.0030 + 0.0036 = 0.2518 m
2
7, =
7 + A - = 0.846m
C
LA
2 5 1 8
4.39
1J)m
1.50m
L =-xh
'
3
p
34
= - x 1.50 m = 1.00 m
3
/
BackWaH
Chapter 4
4.40
I = BIT/12
_
'
4
"
6.667 ft
2.00
mL
,h *
4.00
LA
(4.00ft)(5.00ft )
2J0O
1333
= 0.333 ft
IM
= 0 = F (\.667)
- F/X4.00)
_ (1248)(1.667)
520 lb
4.00
= 0 = F(2.333) - F <4.00)
YM
(1248X2.333)
F =
s
4.41
728 lb
W a t e r side:
^.,
X
.300
=Jw(hJ2)A
1.967
=(9.81)(1.25)(1.50) = 18.39 k N
-1.25
1.667-..
= - 2 . 5 0 = 1.667 m
3
0i~"
2.133
zao
T"
Oil side:
0J33
=y (h/2)A
O80
Water
= (2.50)(0.60) = 1.50 m
1.687
0J33
0667
A = (2.00)(0.60) = 1.20 ra
= (9.81)(0.9)(1.00)(1.20) = 10.59 k N
L = - p.
ZM
2 . 0 0 = 1.333 m
=0
= 7\
(1.967)-
(2.133)-7^(2.80)
Kf
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
35
4.42
h
L
F
= 38 +y = 38 + 5 eos 3 0 = 42.33 in
= V e o s 3 0 = 48.88 i n
= yh A
= 7r(10) /4 = 78.54 i n
c
1728 i n 7 f t
ft
= 120.1 lb
Lp
^
64
= 490.9 i n
LA
L
490.9 i n
= 0.128 in
2
(48.88 i n ) ( 7 8 . 5 4 i n )
= 0 = F (5.128)
R
- F <5.00)
c
head
m
= 1.655 m
(0.85X9.81 k N )
4.43
y
h
ce
2.013 x l O m m
Lpe
= ^
y
ce
m
= 2.317m
(1.10)(9.81 k N )
CL
3 0 = 5.317/cos 3 0 = 6.140 m
= (1.10)(9.81 kN/m )(5.317 m)(4.524 m ) = 259.6 k N
3
1.629 m
L
0.0586 m = 58.6 mm
LA
C
36
Lee = hjcos
F = y h A
Lpe
(2.864mm)(l.59 x l O m m )
25.0 k N
oD
4.42 ni ni
5
LA
4.44
L ^ = hjeos
F
(6.140 m)(4.524 m )
Chapter 4
4.45
2.501b
ft
1728 i n
.
.
x
= 48.41 i n = 4.034 ft
in (1.43)(62.41b)
1 ft
cs
Lc
I I=
rP
- T
83333 i n
LA
(110.5in)(400in )
1.885 in
2
Pa - 4 . 0 1 b ,
4.46
ft
. lZ?8 l
x
a
2
Y EC
(1.10)(62.4 lb)
i n
ft
= 100.7 m = 8.392 ft
17 562 i n
4.47
(144.3 in)(628.3 i n )
surfaces
R = 0.75 m, w = 2.00
3
F =9M
kN/m x
0.194 in
2
LA
Forces on curved
m;F =y-V=yAw
v
?r(0.75)
(1.85)(0.75)-
-375
2
x 2.00 m
- J3i h
= 35.89 k N
J4J
x =
%2
"4"
-0.73
4+4
2
A
A
_
x
= (0.75)(1.85) = 1.388 m
= TT(0.75) /4 = 0.442 m
_ (1.388)(.375)+ (0.442)(0.318)
0.361 m
=
1.388 + 0.442
h = h + s!2 = 1.85 + 0.75/2 = 2.225 m
F = yswK = 9.81 k N / m x (0.75)(2.00)(2.225)m
F = 32.74 k N
x
cdngon fluid.
0.75
- = 2.225+ = 2 . 2 2 5 + 0.021 = 2.246 m
12A
12(2.225)
h = h
p
FR = ^ F
}
- tan
+F = V 3 5 . 8 9 + 3 2 . 7 4
F
= tan
F
H
35.89
T T -
= 48.58 k N
47.6
32.74
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
37
4.48
F = yV=yAw
F = (0.826X9.81 kN/m )(1.389 m )(2.50 ) = 28.1 k N
= , + 2 = (0.62)(1.25) + 7t(1.25) /8
= 1.389 m
F =0
because horiz. forces are balanced
FK = F = 2 8 . 1 kN
V
4.49
yx =Rsin
15 = 3.882 ft
5 = / ? - ^ ! = 1 5 . 0 0 - 3 . 8 8 2 = 11.118 ft
h = h + y\ + s/2
= 10.0 + 3.882 + 5.559
hc= 19.441 ft
F = jhcsw = (62.4X 19.441)( 11.118)(5.00)
F - 67,437 lb
2
h =h +
= 19.441 + 0.530 ft
12/2.,
c
h = 19.971 ft
Fy = yV= yAfw
p
Ai = (14.489X10.0) = 144.89 ft
Ai = 1 ( y i X ^ c o s 1 5 ) = ^ (3.882)(14.489)
2
= 28.12 ft
9
75
9
75
A, = nR -
=7t(15.0)
360
360
= 147.26 ft
- = , + + = 320.27 ft
/ V = yAfw = (62.4)(320.27)(5.00)
= 99,925 lb
* i = 14.489/2 = 7.245 ft
2
Forcos shown
acdngon fluid.
X 2
= |
*3
= /3
(14.489) = 9.659 ft
^ = 9.301 ft
(from Machinery's
Handbook)
37.5
^ = 9.301 sin 37.5 = 5.662 ft
3
x = M+A x +Ax
2
FR
>
F
99925
^=tan-'^ = tan- ^=56.0
F
67437
,
38
Chapter 4
4.50
Fy=y V=yoAw
A=A +A
= (7.50)(9.50) + TI(7.50) /8
A = 93.34 ft
/> = ycAw = (0.85)(62.4)(93.34)(3.50)
Fy= 17328 \h = F
F =0
because horiz. forces are balanced
0
7.50fl
4.51
s = i ? - j = 6 . 0 0 - 5 . 1 9 6 = 0.804 m
h = h+y + sl2 = 5.20 + 5.196 + 0.402
hc= 10.798 m
Fff = Yw* = (0.72X9.81X0.804X4.00)0 0.798)
F = 245.3 k N
\*=
h = h +
0.804
= 10.798 +
I2h
A[p=
h =
Fv~
i =
p
12(10.798)
10.798 + 0 . 0 0 5 0 m
10.803 m
yV= yAw
( 5 . 2 0 X 3 . 0 0 ) = 15.60 m
A = i
A-6.00 m
(3.00)(5.196) = 7.794 m
360
12
r = + + = 32.819 m
/ V = Y w = (0.72)(9.81)(32.819)(4.00)
= 927.2 k N
x, = 3 . 0 0 / 2 = 1.500 m
x = 2(3.00)/3 = 2 . 0 0 m
2
Forcea shown
actlng on fluid.
i? sin 15
x = s i n 15 where 6 = 38.19715
x = (3.954)sin 15 = 1.023 m
3
x = M+^Xi
+ ^x*
4
F
= yF+F
</>= tan
-1
=V245.3 +927.2
927.2
tan
245.3
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
75.2
= 959.1 k N
Handbook)
4.52
Fy = yAw
A=Ai + 2 = (1.20)(2.80) + 7i(1.20) /4 = 4.491 m
F = (9.81 kN/m )(4.491 m )(1.50 m ) = 66.1 k N
xi = 0.5(1.20) = 0.60 m ; x = 0.424(1.20) = 0.509 m
2
x =
(3.36)(.60) + (l.13)(0.S09)
=-=
/7-3.435
4.491
= 0.577 m
h = h + s/2 = 2.80 + 1.20/2 = 3.40 m
F = yswh = (9.81)(1.20)(1.50)(3.40) = 60.0 k N
c
h = h + - A - = 3.40 +
p
= 3.435 m
12(3.40)
12/2,.
F
R = y v+ H
=V66.1 +60.0
=89.3 k N
ForcMjshown acting
on suriaos.
= tan"' ^
F
= t a n " =47.8
60.0
4=(1.20)(2.80) = 3 . 3 6 m
4.53
= R - ^ / 4 = 0.309 m
2
> = 3 . 6 6 9 m
1.20
h = 2.80 m
+Ax
X)
_ (3.36X0.60) + (0.309)(0.268)
A
3.669
x = 0.572 m
h = h + s/2 = 2.80 + 0.60 = 3.40 m
F = yswh = (9.81)(1.20)(1.50)(3.40) = 60.0 k N
c
h =h +
p
I2h
F
3.435 m
12(3.40)
+F
R = 4V H
=V54.0 +60.0
=
40
1.20
= 3.40 +
FOTOM srnwn
tctfcig on surfaoa.
=80.7kN
^ = 4 2 . 0
60.0
Chapter 4
4.54
67.64 in
2
H
_ i
- '
= tan
12(66)
\2h
F=
36
= 66 +
h-48ln
tan
^1
12.1
4067
Foro shown
actjng on fluid.
4.55
^
,
p
7.5 k N / m
,
Eq. Depth = h = =
= 0.765 m
y
9.81 k N / m
h = hi + / * = 1.85 + 0.765 = 2.615 m; h = h + s/2 = 2.615 + 0.75/2 = 2.990 m
A = (0.75)(2.615) = 1.961 m ; A = 0.442 m ; A = 2.403 m
F = yAw = (9.81X2.403)(2.000) = 47.15 k N
_ iX, + Ax
(1.961X0.375) + (0.442)(0.318)
0.365 m
2.403
r
ce
Xe
h'pe - h
0.75
=
\2h
= 0.016 m = 16 mm
12(2.99)
ce
F=
4 V+ H
= V47.15 + 44.00
47.15
^=tan"'5
4.56
tan
= 64.49 k N
47.0
44.00
4.65 k N / m
Eq. Depth = h = =
= 0.574 m
y
(0.826)(9.81kN/m )
a
F =yAw
4.57
Net horizontal forc = 0
From Section 4.11, net vertical forc equals the weight o f the displaced fluid acting upward
and the weight o f the cylinder acting downward.
= y V = (62A
TTD lb/ft )(0.164
*(6.00 fti )n )= 10.2 lb
ft
10.0 in = 282.7 i n x
0.164 f t
V = A-LL =
4
4
1728 i n
w = JcV= (0.284 lb/in )(282.7 i n ) = 80.3 lb
Net forc on bottom = w - Wj = 80.3 - 10.2 = 70.1 lb down
3
W/
4.58
iV, = wc
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
41
4.59
4.60
The specific weight o f the cylinder must be less than or equal to that o f the fluid i f no forc is
to be exerted on the tank bottom.
4.61
(See Prob. 4.57.) Because the depth o f the fluid does not affect the result, F
= 70.1 Ib
down. This is true as long as the fluid depth is greater than or equal to the diameter o f the
cylinder.
4.62
net
e-$m- (2.0/3.0)-41.8*
x- fleo a - 3.0 co a
x-238ln
B - 1 8 0 * + 2 -283.8*
w =y V
f
A=
= y4 L
4
=
g(6.0in)
'
w=
+ -(2x)(2.0)
360 2
'
4
y4 L
d
263.6
=Ai+A
+ (2.236)(2.0) = 25.18 i n
360
3
lft
1728 i n
Fnet = w c
42
= 9.09 lb
3
Chapter 4
4.63
n c t
= 70.1 lb down
M e t h o d o f Prob. 4.62 used for h < 6.00 i n and > 3.00 i n . For any depth < 3.00 i n , use figure
below.
Ruti Depth,/>0n)
4.64
_ 3
F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
43
CHAPTER FIVE
BUOYANCY A N D STABILITY
Buoyancy
5.1
XF =0
=w +
T-F
F = y V= (10.05 kN/m X0.45)(0.60X0.30)m = 0.814 k N = 814 N
T = F -w
= 814 - 2 5 8 = 556 N
v
5.2
+ F
= y V + y V = y ( V + V)
w
F = ; z - . D / 6 = ;z-(1.0m) /6 = 0.5236 m
H^
c
4.10 k N
23.6 k N / m
= F
tot
=0.6973 m
5.3
Itwillfloat.
w - F = 0; w = F ; y V = y V = y 0.9 F
Then, y = 0 . 9 y = (0.90)(1.10)(62.4 lb/ft ) = 61.78 lb/ft
c
5.5
F >F
5.4
- F
0;y V - V
c
yf
I * * | O30 da.
V ^V
d
7f
_ ;r(.30 m )
2
7
1.2 m
= 0.0683 m
9.81
4(0.0683) m
X=
*(0.30 m )
Y=
5.6
0.9664 m = 966 mm
1 2 0 0 - 9 6 6 = 234 mm
=0=
y=
y V -y V
c
yf
w - F - T = 0 = y F - yV
(y -7f)
c
1.2
w-F
c
5.7
= ^ . X
4
- T = F (y
2.67 k N
-y )-T
[23.6-(1.15)(9.81)] k N / m
0.217 m
3
>
44
Chapter 5
5.8
w - F - F
b
= O = W-y V
SP
- FSP
= w-
SP
yV
0
1 ft
1728 i n
F=
13.3 lb
SP
5.9
~LF
= O= w + w - F
=yV
bs
bs
= 9.81 k N / m x (0.100 m )
0 = y J^+80N-y F
F
/ ?
9.81 N
-9.81 N
0 = Vp(y - y ) + 70.19 N
F
y = -70-19 N _
F
r ~r
F
-70.19N
(470-9810)N/m
w
3
= 7.515 x 1(T m
5.10
w + w =F
c
w = F -w
A
.3
=yV
558.1 l b i n
lft
0.100 lb
w + w-
F.
w - F
= F
3 tf = 588.1 lb
= 62A l b / f t
= 588.1 - 3 0 = 558.1 lb = y F
w,
5.11
bA
/<
3.23 ft
1728 i n
O
- w = 588.1 - 30 = 558.1 lb (See Prob 5.10)
Jc
Y ^ - y ^ = 558.1 lb
y = (0.100 lb/in )(1728 i n / f t ) = 172.8 lb/ft
558.11b
558.1 lb
5.055 ft
w
y -y
A
5.12
w -F
c
x=
(172.8-62.4)lb/ft
= 0 = yV-
ycS
rs
= y S? c
y^X
ys
5.13
yV
+w - F =0
s
F = y (V
w
+ V ) = 62A lb/ft
= 0.04485 lb
w = F - w = 0.04485 - 0.020 = 0.02485 lb
s
f f
B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
A-
m it
1728 i n
5.14
= y / F , + V ) = Y/ -(>")".
4
w =F =yV
b
X..
4
2.30
3 rv3
m ft
1728 i n
- i - 4 A.3\
= Y/7.47 x l O ^ f f )
= 2*1 = V
7.47 x1oQ 4 4 8 5
Y /
U
l b
= 60.03 lb/ft ; sg =
ft
= 60.03/62.40 = 0.962
5.15
^ = ^ +
^2
3 /y3
m ft
1728 i n
w
0.04485 lb
.
Y/= =
K
6.903 x 1 o ft
64.97 lb/ft ; sg =
6.903 x 10~ f t
= 64.97/62.4 = 1.041
-4
rf
5.16
I V
+ W C -
= F
=0
bc
Water
Surfao
+ /\. - W
""TT(I.OO)
w =yB
V = 8.00 lb/ft
3.0 +
TT(I.OO)
Saa
Watsr
T-64.0?
ft
1.50 ft
2.00 ft
= 23.041b
2
;r(2.0) (3.0)
F
= Y / * c = 64.0 lb/ft
= yV
= 64.0 lb/ft
i \
i t
3.00 ft
= 201.061b
12
.2.00+^ >
12
ft
= 117.291b
w = 117.29 + 201.06 - 23.04 = 295.31 lb
c
5.17
F = w-F
= y V - J V = F C Y - Yw)
F = (1.50) ft (491 - 62.4) lb/ft = 1447 lb T
e
5.18
w-F
+F =0
F = F -w
e
5.19
Vdy
w - F = 0 = w - yswVd
b
j/- =
y
46
= y V -y Vc=
S I F
292xl0 gm
9.81 m
kg
10.10kN/m
IN
x
3
10 g m
lkN
,
- x - =283.6 m
kgm/s
10 N
m
3 3
Chapter 5
5.20
w = F ; yV =
yV
sw
V = Vj ^ = Vj
= y, 0.863; 86.3% submerged; 13.7% above
r
10.10 k N / n r
d
5.21
w = F ;y V
b
wood
= yV
110
Ywood Yw
115 / V j 9
V =^-.L
=^
4
rf
6.750 = 1.074m
360
TV(A5)
Z7-225
I 2X)(.115)
241.5
VA
*\
450
^1.^_
F =
8-)n-'^-30.74*
/J-180*20-241.5*
X - ROCA, 8 - 25 co 30.74*
" 360
X- 0.1934 m
= 0.8703 m
Ywood = (9.81 kN/m )(.8703/1.074) = 7.95 k N / m
3
5.22
w-
F = 0=
y V -yKV
V
3
JC = JK = 8 . 0 7 k N / m
O ^ - , , ^ T ,
5.23
w-F
X=
= 0 = y F -y F
^-600mm
6.46 k N / m
^4 750 m m
= y -Z-y l-X
r f
9.44 k N / m
w - p
c
6.46 k N / m
h=L-X=
5.24
y A-L
c
Srtaos
750 m m = 513 m m
7 5 0 - 5 1 3 = 237 m m
+ w -
br
Y8t
95*C- _
9.44 kN/m
l
i
= 0
Yc^-Y^ + Yfl^-Y<^ = 0
ycA-L - y^A-L + yaA-t - y ^ - / = 0
c
KJB
- Y*) = L(y
r K-/r
t= L
/ w
- Y )
C
nc*
(9.44-6.46)kN/m
=750mm = 30.0 m m
(
8
4.0-9.44)kN/m
Y
/ c
YB
5.25
3
x .75 n f
*r045)'
w = JcK = 6.46 k N / m x
4
= 0.771 k N
3
w = yV
B
;r(.45)
= 84.0 k N / m x " "
3
.45 m
os.
Srtaos
.75 m
2
x .030 m '
I
= 0.4008 k N
B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
Brasa
.030 m
47
= yV
= 9.81 k N / m x
fdrlL
.03 m
= 0.0468 k N
F
=yV
hc
=w +w-
=y V
w
X=
y AX
w
1.125 k N
r- = 0.721 m submerged = 721 m m
(9.81kN/m )(^-(.45)m /4j
3
YA
W
29 m m above surface
5.26
Y C T = 15.60 k N / m
w - F
c
+w -
w = yV
c
=0
bi
= 6.50 k N / m x
fiiSL
= ycxV = 1 5 . 6 0 k N / m x
d
- F
= yV
bg
- ycjV
= V (y
.75
= Q.7753 k N
.70
m = 1.737 k N
- Y C T ) = F^ - w = 1.737 - 0.7753
= 0.9614 k N
0.9614 k N
i r
V=
*
3
= 0.01406 m =At
0.9614 k N
r
Ya-Yci
(84.0-15.60) k N / m
V,
0.01406 m
S -=
= 0.0884 m = 88.4 m m
A
;r(0.45) /4m
3
t=
5.27
5.28
= F = yjV = y -A-X
X=
^
YA
- ^
x JL
= 0.965 x l O- m = 0.965 m m
( 9 . 8 1 k N / m ) ( - ( 0 . 0 8 2 m ) ) 10 N
3
7tD
5.29
W t . o f steel bar = w = y V
L
4
-(.038m)
10 N
' 0.08 m
4
kN
s
,
w = 76.8 k N / m
O
w + w
s
,
X=
t
48
w
7.02 N
2- =
yA
(9.81kN/m )
w
= ysAL = y
= 6.97 N
= YV4Z
lkN
- - = 0.135 m = 135 m m
-(0.082 m ) 10 N
2
Chapter 5
5.30
= ^ L . L =
0.080 m = 9.073 x 10" m
4
4
F = JV = 9.81 k N / m x 9.073 x 10" m x 10 N / k N = 0.890 N
b%
WT-
bc
-F
hs
=0
bc
=w -F
T
bs
6.13N
X=
= 0.118 m = 118 m m
-x-
-(0.082 m )
10 N
2
(-(21 i n ) )
5.31
3 6 i n )
w = F = 4y V
T
lkN
-x
9.81 k N / m
y AX
= 4(62.4 lb/ft )
dmm
ft
4
1728 i n
= 1801 lb
5.33
w + w =F = yV
D
V =
+ 178.5 Ib
62.4 l b / f t
ft3
t Q t a l
V =
A -L
1.196 f t
144 i n
= 0.399 f t x
L
3.0
ft
ft
B y trial: X = 4.67 in when A = 57.4 i n
n
= 57.4 i n
5.34
d r u m s
w 0 0 d
bn
= 1 8 0 1 lb (Prob. 5.31)
=yV
w
Wioad= F
-w -w =
B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
49
5.35
T= F
Hoat
Sea Water"
F
T
But w = y V
F
48
bp
~w
br
14 In |
34 in
Ib
-64.0p
V =
(18.0in) (48in)
1728 i n / f t
= yV
bp
= 9.00 ft
(18.0,n)'(34,n)^
3
3 7 5 f t
Concrete
Block
1728 i n / f t
T= 4 0 8 - 108 = 3001b
Check concrete block: F
SeaFIoor
n c t
= w -
F
5.36
= yV
b<;
b<
_6001b
= 4.00 f t
150 l b / f t
Yc
= (64.0 lb/ft )(4.00 f t ) = 256 lb
w = 6001b; V =
F
ti
net
/ Y
bc
bF
F,
V =
4521b
,
1728 i n
7.063 f t x
ft
64.0 l b / f t
12204 i n
V =
Ti
48
(\S.0mf(X)
12204 i n
X=
(18.0 i n )
324 i n
= 37.67 i n submerged
ZF =0
= w-
T= w -
F,
w = yV
Surfacs
- F,
0.101b
3.00
x (6.0 i n ) = 21.6 lb
in
Water
3., ( 6 i n ) ( 3 . 0 i n )
= 6 2 . 4 lb/ft* x
1728 i n / f t
2
=y y
w
=y ^
0
=0.&5F
bw
3.90 lb
= 3.315 1b
50
Chapter 5
5.38
F = w - F
s
= yV
nD
- yV
f
_-(6.0in)
4
= 0.1636 f t
= V (y - y )
ft
1728 i n
= 0.1636 f t
xlO.Oinx-
0.2841b
F
1728 i n
x
62.41b
fV
= 70.1 lb
acts up on cylinder; down on tank bottom
Stability
5.39
w - F = 0
y V = yV =
b
yV
c
.1.0 m da
y AX
f
_y A(\.0m)
Ji
8.00kN/m /(1.0m)
9.81 k N / m
.me
= 0.8155 m
cb-
X1.0m
y-
ch
MB
nD /64
2
0.04909 m
-(1.0m) /64
2
(xD /4)(X)
[(1.0m) /4](0.8155m)
4
n
= 0.0766 m
3
0.6405 m
= j ; + M B = 0.4077 + 0.0766 = 0.4844 m < j u n s t a b l e
c b
5.40
cg
w =F =yV
b
X=
y AX
w
2501b(144in /ft )
= 0.4808 ft
yA
(62.41b/ft )(30in)(40in)
22 in
o-fr-iao 15^<
10.50
ob-+-
c b
me
mc
ch
B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
51
5.41
F = jswVd =
w
y AX
450000 lb
sw
X=
3
yA
me.
= 7.031 ft
y = XI2 = 3.516 ft
7 = (50)(20) /12 = 3.333 x 10 f t
V = AX= (20)(50)(7.031)ft = 7031 f t
MB=I/V
= 4.741
^ c = J c b + M B = 3 . 5 1 6 + 4.741
= 8.256 f t > j s t a b l e
ch
20 x 50 ft
1 '
_ 8 . !56
MB
Sea Water
16
Platfbrm
X 8.00
L _ L
cg
5.42
10.0 Inda
cg
1 2
2 ^ m c 10.8
cg
5.43
300 mm i
cb
cg
1200
600
4w83
5.44
.lOOmmtquara
cb
cs
= 48.61 m m
5.45
F = yV
X=
<y unstable
cg
= ywAX
70.01b
YA
W-48
,mc
c b
cs
24.0
10.55
52
in<j unstable
cg
Chapter 5
5.46
cg
>
m c
3 /
LWX
\2X
= Vl2W(MB
m i n
) = Vl2(8)(8)ft
= 27.71 ft
W
5.47
X=
16.0 f t ; y
MB
=j/
m i n
m c
c b
-y
= y -y =
cb
cg
= Vl2(X)(MB
5.48
m i n
ch
) = Vl2(16.0)(5.50)ft
= 32.50 ft
cg
3D
1.50 m
da.
from dia.
3D
5D
16
5(1.50 m)
16
16
16
.60
= 0.469 m
/ = 7rZ> /64 = 7r(1.50 m) /64 = 0.2485 m
V = TTD /12 = Tt(1.50 m) /12 = 0.8836 m
M B = / / F = 0.281 m
Jmc =^cb + M B = 0.469 + 0.281 = 0.750 m > j s t a b l e
4
/mo--
7 5 0
me
-469
cg
5.49
me
TtD /64
MB
F
82
rf
(TVD /4)(X)
\6X
16(0.965)
T
H
= 435 m m
Jmc =^cb + M B = X/2 + M B = .965/2 + 435 = 436 m m
me is w e l l above cup; cg is w i t h i n cup
.'. I t is stable
5.50
ch
=XI2
= 67.5
MB
MB
182 da.
82 mm da.
mm
nZ> 164
4
(TTD /4)(X)
82
16X
16(135)
Jmc=^cb + M B = 6 7 . 5 + 3.11 = 7 0 . 6 1 m m
Because w t . o f bar is wt. o f cup,
y * L Bar/2 = 80/2 = 40 m m
Jmc>Jc stable
cg
= 3.11 m m
me
135
60
67.5
40
Cup
B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
Bar
53
5.51
Ves
Sub. v o l . o f cup
-(82)
= V
CS
+ V
2
5
(118) = 6.232 x 1 0 m m
5
= 7.139 x 10 m m
CS
= 19 m m
y - cb o f steel bar =
s
38 mm da. bar
S
s
_ J^S
ycb
y S CS
C
_ (19)(9.073xl0 ) + (97)(6.232xl0 ) _
87.1 m m
7.139xl0
4;
-(82)764
m m = 3.11 m m
7.139xl0
MB
y =y b + M B = 90.2 m m
c
y
5.52
cg
wt. o f cupstable
cs
/ _
MB
-/y/64
2
(TID IA)(X)
(450)
\6X
16(600)
cg
54
= 21.1 m m
00
800
750
378 I
300
321
Chapter 5
5.53
450 mi ola.
50"
cb
7TDV64
MB
V
MB
[TTD /4](X)
Jf- 788.4
700
450'
16 X
16.1 m m
338.4
16(788.4)
.y +
+M
MB
B=
= 394.2 + 16.1 = 410.3 m m
y
==ycb
.VcgWtot = y w + y M> composite c y l .
w = y V = 0.7753 k N
y = 750/2 + 1 = 375 + 88.4 = 463.4 m m
cb
mc
cgof brees
840.0 k N
-(.45 m )
(0.0884 m )
m
= 1.181 k N
^5 = til = 44.2 m m
. y w +y M>
.
ycg
c
5.54
w =F =
3840 lb
mc
= 7.50 ft
sw
<y stable
sw
w
y
210.3 m m
(0.7753 + 1.181)
y AX
X=
(463.4)(0.7753) + (44.2)(1.181)
. y = X / 2 = 3.75ft
7 = 4 ( 2 ) / 1 2 = 2.667 f t
V = AX= (2)(4)(7.5) = 60 f t
M B = I/V = 2.667/60 = 0.0444 ft
J>mc = ycb + M B = 3.75 + 0.0444 = 3.794 ft
y = H/2 = 8.00/2 = 4.00 ft > j ^ u n s t a b l e
c b
8.0
/g
_ L
cg
7"
2ft x4ftrectanc>
5.55
w =F =
b
y AX
sw
Y A
(64.01b/ft )(3ft)(4ft)
SW
= 2.03 i n
y =X/2
= 1.016 i n
y = 1 2 i n + 34 i n = 4 6 . 0 i n
/ = (48)(36) in /12 = 1.866 x 10 i n
V = (48)(36)(2.03)in = 3510 i n
MB=I/V =
53.17 i n
j - c = ^ c b + M B = 1.016+ 53.17
me
ch
cs
B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
46
= 54.18 in
34
t
54.1B
>y stable
i
In x 48 In rectangle
cg
55
5.56
w -F =0 =yV
y AH
_ yH
b
-y V
tot
= y AH-
yo
AX
/
Rwaangfc6irix12ln
0.90(62.4 l b / f t )
= 3.419 i n
I
t
y = XI2= 1.709 i n
X - 3 - 4 1 9 3.00
I
*
y = H/2 = 6.00/2 = 3.00 i n
_i
I1
/ = 12(6) /12 = 2 1 6 i n
V = (12)(6)(3.419) = 246.2 i n
MB=I/V
= 0.877 i n
Jmc = y b + M B = 1.709 + 0.877 = 2.586 in < j u n s t a b l e
c b
c g
6.00
m
n cc--551 r
cb/
1-708 ZS80
5.57
w-F
cg
=yV
= y^AY
2100001b
c b
1&29
= 1.50 ft given
c g
' S I
MB =
r~
= 2.804 ft
yA
(60)(20) /12
"cb
= 11.888 ft
(60)(20)(2.804)
Jme = y* + M B = 1.402 + 11.888 ft = 13.290 ft > j s t a b l e
cg
5.58
4500001b
yA
y
cb
(62.4)(60)(20)
= X/2 = 3.005 ft
MB-
2 0
3 / 1 2
( )( )
= 5.547 ft
V
(60)(20)(6.010)
Jmc = ya> + M B = 3.005 + 5.547 = 8.552 ftabove barge
cg is within bargestable
M o r e complete solution:
w
240000lb
= 4.444 ft
Depth o f coal = d
c
(45 lb/ft )(60ft)(20ft)
7A
d
w
c
y c
w
B
_ (240000)(2.222) + (210000X1.50)
1.885 f t < j s t a b l e
mc
450000
56
Chapter 5
5.59
w = F = y Vd = y A L
w = yA L
1
= - (.600)(.300)(1.20)(2.36)kN
b
tot
407
= 0.255 k N
A
GX+2
vovo
(B-2X)(X)
+ X
0 - 0 0 0 mm
(fl-OJSOm)
A =BX-2X
+X
Equate
A =
d
=600X-X
(0.87)(9.81kN/m )(1.20m)
2
= 0.02489 m x
=BX-X
0.255 k N
w
yL
T
( 1
^"
m
= 2.489 x 1 0 m m
6 0 0 X - X = 2.489 x 10
X - 6 0 0 X + 2.489 x 10 = 0; X= 44.8 m m by Quadratic Eq.
G = B- 2X= 600 - 2 ( 4 4 . 8 ) = 510 m m
7 = G Z , / 1 2 = (510) (1200)/12 = 1.329 x 1 0 m m
2
1 0
r f
cb
>> = - ( 3 0 0 ) = 100
cg
5.60
a)
>y
mc
yc
=^
X
+
c b
Squan
Sx S
J L
2
o
\2X
2
X - SX+ S ^ = 0
2
+ ^
-sx=o
x=
Sy/S -4S /6
S
S r rTr
_ = Vl-2/3
2
2
= S --(0.5774)
2
2
X>
b)
-stable
= SI2
cg
mm<y
0.7885" orX<
= 0.7885' or 0.21 \S
For S = 75 m m
X> 0.7885"= 59.2 m m , I < 0.2115"= 15.8 mm
B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
57
5.61
Entirehull:
4?S3m
i
=
(.72)(.40) +(2.88)(1.2)
3.60
y = 1.040 m
Submerged V o l u m e :
_ (.72)(0.4) + (2.16)(1.05)
yb
2.88
= 0.8875 m
F = ( 2 . 8 8 ) ( 5 . 5 ) = 15.84 m
7 = 5 . 5 ( 2 . 4 ) / 1 2 = 6.336 m
y =ycb + I/V = 0.8875 + 0.40 = 1.2875 m
cg
>y stable
5.62
a)
w = F ;y Vc
= yV
_301b
w -ft
;r(.5ft) (1.0ft)
d
2
1.9631b
^
y
= 0.03147 f t
62.4 lb/ft
1.963 lb
12
cg
3\/1 TOO ,3 l
_ (0.03147 ft')(1728
in') _
,
ft
_
7v(D f(X)
12
3
X=
4SV
_TCX
12
_
48(54.37)
K
3X
7V(X/2) X
48
_
9.40 i n
71
0.75(9.40) = 7.05 i n
_ nD\
_ -(9.40/2)
_
= 23.95 i n
64
64
M B = I/V = 23.95/54.37 = 0.441 i n
y = ycb + M B = 7.05 + 0.441 = 7.491 in
3H
0.75(12) = 9.00 in
y<g ~~7~
d
y
b)
<yc unstable
g
Yc = 55.0 lb/ft
w=
c
1.963(55/30) = 3.600 lb
w
0.0577 O'(1778 m )
3.6001b
62.4 l b / f t
7t
58
Chapter 5
nD
/=
_ - ( ! ! .51/2)
64
64
= 53.77 i n
/
53 77
M B = = r l l = 0.539 i n
V
99.69
y = 0 . 7 5 X = 0.75(11.51) = 8.633 i n
y
=y b + M B = 8.633 + 0.539 = 9.172 in
y = 9.00 in
<y stable
A
c b
m c
cs
5.63
(a)
YX
=0 = F
- ^
- ^
W +W = F ; But F = y V
Vd ~ V + VcyU, Where V = V o l . o f hemisphere; V i = V o l . o f cyl. below surface
c
hs
hs
cy
hs
cyl
(b)
hs
vT
hs
vT
cy
hs
= 11.85 k N / m = /
1500
1400
350
Fluid
Surface
Fb
B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
59
(c)
cg
mc
cb
cb
1= 7tD /64 = (1.50 m) /64 = 0.2485 m For circular cross section at fluid surface.
V = 1.502 m From part (a).
MB = (0.2548 m )/(1.502 m ) = 0.1654 m
The center o f buoyancy is at the centroid o f the displaced volume. The displaced
volume is a composite o f a cylinder and a hemisphere. The position o f its centroid must
be computed from the principie o f composite volumes. Measure all y vales from
bottom of vessel.
3
(ycbWd) = (y )(V )
yc = (y )(V ) +
hs
hs
hs
+ (ycyuWcyi-d)
(y .d)(V ,d)]/Vd
cyl
cy
hs
cyU
hs
cb
5.64
mc
cb
mc
cg
= 0 = F + F - W; T h e n F , =
S
W-F
F = y V i, W= y iV ;
Where V = Volume o f aluminum club head
Vai = Wly = (0.500 lb)/(0.100 lb/in ) = 5.00 i n
F =W-F
= 5.00 lb - (62.4 lb/ft )(5.00 i n ) ( l ft )/(1728 i n )
F = 0.319 lb
b
al
60
Chapter 5
CHAPTER SIX
F L O W OF FLUIDS
Conversin
factors
5
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
m /s
F l o w of F l u i d s
61
6.22
6.23
Q
Q
Q
Q
6.24
ft /s
6.25
0.85 gal
Q=
l h
27
_
= 3.16 x 10 ft /s
i n
x
60 m i n
5 f t 3 /
449 gal/min
.l!M,JL,J!^
24 h
6.28
l.OftVs
x
h
- U ^ x'
= 2.77*)-%
60 m i n 449 gal/min
6.26
g -
60 m i n
= 1J6
.
lrJ
449 gal/min
_
19.5 m L
1.0L
l.OmVs
0 =
x
x
= 3.25 x 10 m / s
min
1 0 m L 60000 L / m i n
3 #
3
6.30
PT= yQ = (0.90)(9.81 kN/m )(2.35 x 10~ m /s) = 2.07 x 10~ kN/s = 20.7 N/s
M = pQ = (0.90)(1000 kg/m )(2.35 x 10~ m /s) = 2.115 kg/s
3
_
W 28.5 N
m
1.0kN l.Oh
_
_
0 = =
x
x-x
=7.47x10 m / s
Y
h
1.08(9.81 k N ) 1 0 N 3600 s
M = p g = (1.08)(1000 kg/m )(7.47 x 10" m /s) = 8.07 x 10" kg/s
i
6.31
3 /
6.32
_
^
28.5N
m
l h
O= =
x
x
Y
12.50 N 3600 s
_4
= 6.33 x 10 m /s
in
3 /
6.33
_
M = pQ=
1.20 k g 640 f t
1.0 slug
l m i n 0.0283 m
x
x
x
xm
m i n 14.59 kg
60 s
ft
62
3 2 . 2 2 . 4 8 x l O " slug 1 l b - s /
3600s
x
^x
x
=28781b/hr
s
s
slug
hr
Chapter 6
6.34
6.35
^
W 12001b
ft
1 hr
0=- =
x
x
= 5.38 ft /s
y
hr
0.0621b 3600 s
6.36
W=yQ =
62.41b
ft
1.0 f t
min
7.48 gal
w __ 7425 lb m i n
W
Continuity
6.37
lhr
13.761b
= 13.76 lb/min =
t
8.99 h r
60 m i n
equation
v:A=e
o
D=
6.38
1.65 gal
= !*
=7.50 ft =
10.0 ft/s
^
4
yj4A/ic = ^ 4 ( 7 . 5 0 ) / n = 3.09 ft
A]V = A v ;
X
v =v
2
1.65 ft ' 1 2 ^
26.4 ft/s
vAy
v y
6.39
1.0m /s
0 = 2000 L / m i n x
= 0.0333 m /s
60000 L / m i n
3
0 _ 0.0333 m /s
Di =
0.472 m/s
A,
7r(.30m) /4
3
Q
0.0333 m /s
,
.
u.= =
= 1.89 m/s
A
-(.15m) /4
o
2
6.40
A,v = A u ;
t
v = u, = L>,
= 1.20 m/s
4
6.41
Qi =A
=A v +A v
xV]
Q =^
2
l
15
0.300 m/s
UooJ
= Q + Qi
= ^(0-050 m )
03 _ 0.0484 m /s
v
3
6.17 m/s
7r(.100m) /4
3
6.42
min
lft /s
= = 10 gal/min x
v
449 gal/min
F l o w of F l u i d s
1.0 ft/s
63
xx,
^
60.61b
,4.50 ft 3600s
_ _ ,
,
0^= y g = y,4u =
5 0.2006 f t x
x
= 1.97 x 10 lb/h
ft
s
hr
t
rt
rt
l S
6.43
6.44
v = = 19.7 L / m i n x
--^
x
= 0.856 m/s
A
60000 L / m i n 3.835 x l 0 ~ m
4
6.45
g
0.0668 ft /s
- 3 2
= =
= 8.35 x 10 f t max.
v
8.0 ft/s
1 1/4 x 0.065 tube - > ^ , = 6.842 x 10" f t
Actual Dj = g / ^ = (0.0668 ft /s)/(6.842 x 10" f t ) = 9.77 ft/s
1
0.0668
ft /s
_ .
= 2.67 x 10 ft m i n .
1 r t
25.0 ft/s
g
6.46
0.0668 ft /s
- 2 ^ 2
= 3.34 x 10 ft max.
n
= =
,
2.0 ft/s
2-in x 0.065 is largest tube listed - > l, = 1.907 x 10~ f t
Actual i)! = QIA = (0.0668 ft /s)/(1.907 x 10~ f t ) = 3.50 ft/s
2
0.0668 ft /s
7.0 ft/s
= -S- =
. . .
_ - 2
.
9.54 x 10 ft m i n .
1
-3
6.47
= 1800 L / m i n x
= 0.030 m /s
60000 L / m i n
6.48
For
r *c
6.49
64
Q
400L/min
l m /s
, , - . , . - ,
D = =
- x
= 3.075 m/s [2-in Sch 40 pipe]
A
2.168x10 m
60000 L / m i n
3
6.50
Chapter 6
, .
6.51
r
Q 400gal/min
1 ft /s
,
^ , VA - O t.
v = =
x
= 10.08 ft/s [4-in Sch 40]
^
0.0884 ft 449 gal/min
3
&
6.52
i) =
A
, r-,
6.53
(0.07986)(449)
3
.
Q 2.80 L / m i n
lm /s
, ^
, ,
.
A=- =
x
= 1.556 x 10 m m i n .
u
0.30 m/s
60000 L / m i n
3/4 x 0.065 steel tube, A = 1.948 x 10~ m
r
Q
D _
6
I N
95 gal/min
lft /s
= e
a , Q j a
ft
0.2006
4
6.55
6.54
1.055
ft/s
449 gal/min
(Q.5X95)
(0.05132)(449)
3
6.56
6.57
Q = 60 m / h ( l h/3600 s) = 0.01667 m /s
Suction pipe:
3 i n Sch 40; A = 4.768 x 10~ m ; v, = QIA = 3.73 m/s
3 1/2 i n Sch 40; A = 6.381 x 10~ m ; v = QIA = 2.61 m/s
Discharge pipe: 2 i n Sch 40; ^ = 2.168 x 10~ m ; v = QIA = 7.69 m/s
3
6.58
3\
= -
= 1.508 x lo" m =
2
*ti>/A
15.0m/s
3
A = V 4 ^ / - = ^ 4 ( 1 . 5 0 8 x l 0 ^ m ) / - =4.38 x 1 0 " m x
6.59
P
Q
7.50ft /s
D = =
;
4,
-(4.60 i n )
lft
4
144in
F l o w of F l u i d s
^
m
=43.8 m m
Bernoulli's
equation
6.60
+ z +
2
YG
2g
YG
O.llmVs
24.90 m
6.22 m
T(0.15 m ) / 4
2
r
P2 = />, +
vAy
2
= 415 kPa
2
x
0.67(9.81 k N )
2(9.81m/s )
2g
220 k P a
2
P +z
A
6.61
+ i ^ - = ^a- + z
2g
Yw
+s--u
2g
0.37 m /s
A
5.23 m
"(0.3 m ) / 4
1.31m
vAy
2
( A- B) +
Z
2g
= 66.2 kPa +
9.81 k N
2/2
(5.23 -1.31 )m7
s
2
-4.5 +
m
p
66
2(9.81 m / s )
Chapter 6
6.62
Z A
7
2
A ~ B
_
B
2g
D
= v (A /A )
565 k N
+^2g
=0
=-53.94 m
"
m (9.81 k N / m )
2
= v (D ID f
+ ^ - = ^fi- + z
2g
y
= D (70/35) = 4u ; u = 16u ;
^ A - ^ B = - 1 ^
5
45u
u
= 2g(-53.94m)
Q =Av
A
6.63
2g(53.94m)
15
15
-(.070 m )
2
2
60.61b
o-o
2g
PA
= y
= 75 ft/s; u = u
ft
(75
lft
75
1 ft /s
0.0223 f t
42.19 ft/s
0.0223 ft /s
3.71 ft
"1 _/> +
. u .
+
+ , z Z
s
y
2g
y
2g'
lft
501b (0.955 - 3 . 7 1 ) f t
-0.0694 psi
2(32.2 ft/s )
144 i n
ft
0.02333
ft./>
+ ZA
2g
-O.
= JK
Un
PA-PB
0.0060 f t
_ 0.0223 _ 0.955
4,
25.1 psig
449 gal/min
g
144 i n
= 75 21
Vl.0y
+ ^3 ,- ; p = 0, z = z
2g
2(32.2 f t / s )
Q= 10 gal/min x
-42.19 )ft /s
6.65
o.
Pt. A before nozzle; Pt. B outside nozzle: *- + z +^=^ - +z
2g
y
y
2
6.64
8.40 m/s
+ z +
V.
2g
y
u =j2g(z
2
g =^
2 l ) 2
= 0,v
= 1.206 m/s;
7r(.15m) /4
+ z + ^ - - + z +~2g
2g
y
x
= y
( * . - * A ) -
F l o w of F l u i d s
2g
=0
m /s
2
_ 1.1206 m / s
2g
9.81 k N
PA
Q _ 0.0213 m /s
U =
= 0,p
-z )
2g
= 0.0741 m
2(9.81 m / s )
0,v=0
67
6.66
+ z . + - - = + z + - 2 - ; ^ , = 0,^1 = 0 , ^ 2 = 0
2g
2g Yo
Yo
2
^
,
(.035 m )
7.67 m
7.38 x 10~ m
Q = A x> =
x
4
s
s
Q _ 7 . 3 8 x 1^-3
0 - m37i s _ 0.940m
o _ o
2
(0.10m) /4
2g
2g
9.81 m
=(0.85)
+ z. + ^h - = ^ - + z + -
0.0450 m
2g
2(9.81 m / s )
2g
y*
(z,-z )--^
2g
2g
_ 0.94 m / s
J L
[4.0-0.045]m =33.0kPa
; pt = 0, u , = 0
2g
2g
6.67
o,
+ z. + = + z + : Pt. 1 at water surface; Pt. 2 outside nozzle; v = 0 , p = 0
2g
u = 2g(p /r
2
2g
32.2 ft
+ ^ - z ) = 12
(3in)
59.06 ft
ft
+ 8.0 ft
59.06 ft/s
2
:
2.90 ft7s
2g
62.41b
2g
(z -z )
2g
ft
-10ft +
(20)
ft /s
lft
-1.64 psig
2
o:
+ z. + = + z + : Pt. 1 at water surface; Pt. 2 outside nozzle;
2g Y
2g
6.69
P\ =Pi=0,
u = j2g(z
2
(2 = ^ u =
2
68
- + z, + -
i n 62.4 lb f t
s
144in
6.68
f t 144 i n
v
^
,
{? = A v
201b
u, = 0
? r (
''
Q 2 5 m )
Chapter 6
P\
_ A
+ z, +
2g
^ , = 0,
= 0,ZI = Z
2g
= v /4 = 2.375 m/s
2
9.81kN
(2.375) m /s
2(9.81m/s )
2g
2.82 k P a
z , + - ^ - = - ^ + z + - S - ; />, = 0,i), = 0
2g
r
2g
B
PB=
6.70
(*1 - Z
(SeeProb. 6.69) v
, -
-11.65 k P a
= 14.46m/s
"(.025 m ) / 4
2
^ _(14.46) m /s
10.66 m
2g
6.71
==
A,
2(9.81)
2g
(2.375)
= 9.81 -0.90-
) -
[2(9.81 m / s ) ]
x 1 Q
3 m
= ~
= . 8 5 m/s
;r(.05m) /4
4,
2g
-
Z
Z
Analysis for u ,
2
l _
2g
Q,PA,PB
]=
-(-18kN)
2
(2.85) m /s
3
1.42 m
m (9.81 k N / m )
2(9.81 m / s )
u = ^2g(z -z )
x
2g
_ Y ~Pn
ZX
6.72
^ B _
^ =
= 3 . 5 0 2 m/s
A
= 2 =
; r (
/A
= r
2 5
' ^
4
>
= (0.86)(9.81)
/>C=/>A = - 5 . 2 7
-(3.502)
= (8.437)[-0.625] = -5.27 k P a
2(9.81)
2g
(z,-*,)--*2g
F l o w of F l u i d s
kPa
69
2g
Yo
2g
Yo
YO
PD=
2g
+z + - +z + ,z
r
2g
/
2g
A
ZB
^ - l
_ /> - / \ _ ( 4 2 - 5 0 ) l b f t ( 1 4 4 i n )
B
2g
in
TV
A
(62.41b)ft
=-18.46 ft
- | = 0.25u ; v{ = 0.0625 u
0.0625u -ul
-0.9375u
= 2 g ( - 1 8 . 4 6 ft)
=2g(-18.46ft)
35.6 ft/s
'
s (-0.9375)
,r Z 4, l _ P* ,r _Z +, -B ., _Z _ Zg
2g
2g
Yo
Yo
U
PA
_ PB -PA _ ( 2 8 . 2 - 2 5 . 6 ) lb f t (144 i n )
2
i n (0.90)(62.4 lb)ft
2g
v
=v ^- = o
A
vD y
B
6.55u -u
5.55u
= 2.56v ; u = 6.55Ug
= 6.667 ft
=2g(6.667ft)
= 2g(6.667 ft)
2(32.2)(6.667) ^
5.55
2
^
,
-(8in)
8.79ft
ft
Q = A x> = - i
- x
x
4
s
144 i n
B
,3,
=3.07ft /s
3
2g
2g
2g
2g
16u -u _15u
A
2g
2g
2g
Manometer: p + y y + yji - y h - y y =p
A
PA ~PB = y h ~yji
m
PA
-PB
[cancel terms w i t h y]
= Ky - y ) = A(13.54y , - y ) = A(12.54y )
m
15u
= 12.54/; =
2g
2gq2.54)
2(9.81 m 1 2 5 4 X 0 2 5 0 m )
15
s 2
1 5
6.76
m /s
D,
B
A
\ AJ
2
12.54/2
_ 15u _ 1 5 ( 2 . 5 0 ) m / s
_
; 4.778 m
2(9.81 m / s2^i)
2
2g
6.77
^
7
^ =^
2g
yo
^ 2g
~ O,
(DA]
A KDB)
l
L 50 J
l00
^A
A
PB-PA
u =16u
( B~ A)
2g
7o
2
ol - u = u
-16u
= -15u
PB-PA
= -yw(0.20 m ) - y(0.40)m
(
^ ^ = ^
- 0 . 4 0
7o
-9-81(0.20m)_
8.64
z - z = 0.60
B
-\5u
u
= / 2 ( 9 . 8 1 m / s ) ( - 0 . 0 2 7 m ) / - 1 5 = 0.188 m/s
A
Q = A x> = ^
A
Flow of Fluids
6.78
( 200
+
2g
K
A
vi = 50.6u
2
7.11u
u -u = -50.6^=-49.6u
PB-PA
-Q35
(l-40)(9.81kN/m )(0.60m)
0 5
'
-49.6/J
v
= y (0.35 m ) - y (0.60 m )
PB-PA
v 75 y
V^y
z - z = 0.25 m
B
( B~ A)
(0.90)(9.81 k N / m )
Q = A x>
A
6.79
^
+z
Yo
^ B
2g
Let z - z X
Let y = Distance from B to
surface o f Mercury.
A
2g
2
2
PA
-PB
^ B ^ A - T ^ A
B
_ _^B-^A
B
-
+ *A
Yo
^A
2g
Manometer: p
+ yoy
PA_P
]L
YA
Yj_
13^54^ _
In:
0.90^
Yo
Yo
[cancel terms w i t h y]
ymh-yoh-y y-y<X-pA
I 4 . 0 4 h - X + X =
^ ^ =
^
2g
2g
2
:
A
^
,
{? = / l D
A
6.80
= 11.86 ft/s
15(12 in/ft)
15
;r(4in)
11.86ft
ft
" -X
X144in
1.035 ffVs
2
14.04/z= 1 5 u / 2 g
15(2.50 f t / s )
2
72
1 O n
h =
0.1037 f t x
ft
= 1.24 n
Chapter 6
6.81
+z
u. = =
;
A
;r(6in) /4
2g
2g
= 20.37 ft/s
ft
= 4 u =81.49 ft/s
PB^PA+Y
2g
62.4 lb
ft
(20.37
2(32.2
ft/s )
6.82
^
2g
2g
2
PA
~PB
Z
A-
^B = A
A
=u
A
lft
31.94 psig
0.08840
144 i n
+z
Z
-81.49 )ft /s
0.02333
2
ft
- = 3.789u
ft
n
-Z
2g
==
- 2 4 in
Manometer: p
PA-PB
in) + y (8
~
r
= y (16
0
in)
6
= 16in + ^ ( 8 i n ) = 16in +
( g j ) = 25.08 in
r
55.0 i b / f t
n
i n 25.08 in - 24.0 in = 1 3 . 3 6 u / 2 g
^
^|2 (1.08in)
g
^|2(32.2ft/s ) 1.08in)
(
e = ^ w = 0.08840 ft x
F l o w of F l u i d s
13.36(12 in/ft)
13.36
A
=- 0.0582
> - ft7s
~
3
= (3.789u ) -u =13.36u
B - ^ A
-
6.83
-5.27 k N / m
8.437 k N / m
vi
(3.502 m/s )
2g
2(9.81 m / s )
+0.625 m
_ Uc
2g
2g
VE
2g
= -0.625 m =
7
Pt. B : z = 13.0 m ;
= 0.625 m
2g
-30.58
=-3.625 m
8.437
7
Pt. C: Same as Pt. A
P t . D : z = 0; ^ = 0.625 m ; ^ =
= 9.375 m
2g
x
8.437
D
Pt.2:z
= 0;i = ^ i m = 1 0 . 0 m ; ^ = 0
2g
2(9.81)
r
T - Y
Tota head
10.0 m - z ,
2g
Reference
2ff
R1
74
Pt2
Chapter 6
6.84
. p
50.01b 144 i n
ft
.
Pt.A:
=
x
x
= 115.4ft
y
in
ft
62.41b
A
v\ _ ( 0 . 2 5 u ) _ [(0.25)(35.6ft/s)] _
B
2g
P , .
f i L
1.23ft
2(32.2 f t / s )
2g
( ^ X 1 4 4 )
62.4
- T o t a l head = 116.6 ft
o _ (35.6)
2g
= 19.7 ft
2(32.2)
Total Head
"
_ -la-
F l o w of F l u i d s
6.85
+ z
Y
i> = pg(z
G
+ =~ +z
2g
Y
=p
= 0, t = 0
A
S
2
^(1.25n)
y4 =
x
4
144 i n
ft
i n - 3
= 8.522 x 10
ft
x ^ = (43.95) A
0.02333
= i
6 ft/s
= 1.867 ft/s
u I2g
v J2g
=(1.867)764.4 = 0.054 f t =
PointB: ^
+z
= 0,D = 0
vi
( A~ B)
Z
v l2g
+ ^ =^= +z +^-;
2
x
2
= u / 2 g = u/2g
ft
2g
[15.0 f t - 4.0
ft]-f^T=
144 m
4-77 psig
^ = = ( z - z ) - ^- = 15 ft - 4.0 f t = 11.0 ft
r
2g
A
Same v al es at point D .
,2
Point C: ^
= (z - z ) A
2g
3
Point E:
= ( z - z ) - v\l2g
A
= 9 ft - 4.0 ft = 5.0 ft
Point F: ^
r
76
Chapter 6
6.86
.,2
r
- + z, +
=
2
-p
2g
_u, -u
_(9o ) -
D ^
u.
80
2(9.81 W . 5
ffl
s (80)
2
F l o w of F l u i d s
11
2g
feOS^n)
25.
_r (0.60m)
- - 0.60 m = 13.54(0.60) - 0.60 = 7.52 m
80
2g
Manometer: p + y (DJ2)
l
2g
P\-Pt
u, -v.-~ =
A
+z
= p
6.87
i ^ =l
2g
Y
+-
Z 2
(ft)
u(ft/s)
10
25.4
22.7
19.7
16.1
11.4
= J2g(z
-z )
2
g
25
20
o<ftfs) 15
10
5
0
1.5
9.83
1.0
8.02
0.5
5.67
10
/i(ft)
lft /s
0 = 200 gal/min x
3
= 0.445 ft7s
449 gal/min
2
0.445 f t / s
144 i n _ 9.07 ft
2
^(3.00 i n ) / 4 ( f t )
2
2
= (9.07
l * - ' "f "t /s ))
2(32.2 ft/s )
=lL.
2g
Torricelli's
theorem
6.89
r
ig
y
2g
Ref. Fig. 6.37; Pt. 1 at tank surface; Pt. 2 in jet outside orfice
2
6.90
,^^(9-07) ft /s)
2
=
2g
2(32.2 f t / s )
6.91
6.92
total = +
6.93
12-0 lb ft 144 i n
^r^
= 2.50 ft +
Y
in
62.4 lb ft
2 . 5 0 + 27.69 = 30.19 ft
ft
78
ftx
^
144in
10.18 psig
2
Chapter 6
6.94
.95
2 i A ,
t -t =
2
j )
l^
(hl
l 2
2 ( 4 Q Q )
-hl )=
(2.68
1/2
- 0 ) = 296 s [4 m i n , 56 s]
6.96
= (300/20) = 225
(,Q55
4,- =
(DJDjf
t - h=
2
- 0 ) = 23.8 s
'
2
(12/0.50) = 576
,
(15.0 ft - 0 ) = 556 s (9 m i n , 16 s)
^2(32.2 ft/s )
2
,/2
6.98
1/2
^2(9ll)
6.97
^//4 - = (PJDjf
= (22.0/0.50) = 1936
g = (32.2 ft/s )(12 in/ft) = 386 in/s
7
_ 2(4-^),
fe - fi =
V2g
6.99
7 (386in/s )
1 8 5
/ 2
U1 / 22
t 2
6.101
2(1936) ,
2
6.100
AJAj = (D/Djf
h
f l
2 5 Q Q
> (l.38
72(9.81)
1 / 2
-1.155
1 / 2
) = 113 s (1 min, 53 s)
2
\2
7
=,4400
- r, =
2
2(14400)
0.625in
(38
72(386)
, / 2
6.102
A /Aj = (D /Dj)
t
-25.5
i
1 / 2
46.5 ft
= 4067
J
(23.0 -2.0 ) = 3 4 2 7 s (57 min, 7 s)
F l o w of F l u i d s
4 Q 6 7
72(32.2
>
ft/s )
172
172
79
6.103
h = 11.54 f t = Y
2
(26.54
72(32.2)
6.104
1/2
-11.54
1 / 2
) = 252 s (4 m i n , 12 s)
'
p
2.81b f t 144 i n
_ =
Y
i n 62.4 lb f t
2
. .
12 i n
__ . .
= 6.46 ft x
= 77.5 i n
ft
t -U
2(14400) ( l l 5 . 5
1 / 2
-100
1 / 2
) = 774 s (12 m i n , 54 s)
72(386)
6.105
-f, = ^SL(2.094
72(9.81)
2
6.106
l / 2
l / 2
- 2 . 0 3 9 ) = 1 .94
. s
'
= 3.57m
9.81 k N
80
= jg^l( .95^-4.722'
4
/ 2
) =57.8s
Chapter 6
CHAPTER SEVEN
GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION
7.1
; Zj = z and v = Oj
+ z,
2g
Yo
P
-p
( 7 4 . 6 - 6 2 . 2 ) lb
ft
144 i n
(0.83)(62.4 lb)
Yo
2g
Yo
ft
34.5 l b ft/lb
7.2
^
7
i - / ^
g
7,
2g
U
z
Y
62.4 lb
^ - h
1 ft
2(32.2 ft/s )
= 40 ft/s
2(9.81 m ) 140 k N m
-z )-h
2
52.1 psig
2
(z,
144 i n
2g
2g
( l ^ C ^ _
2g
o=
= 1 0 ft/s
ft
7.3
2g
= 60 psig
' v
A
~O
PB=PA+Y,
= o
+ 2.4 m - 2.0 m
m 9.81 k N
= 17.0 m/s
\2//1
g = Au
2
7.4
..
1-7
A _ /
---..
1 ( 1 - 1
Pt
Pl
_3/
m/s
Pt. 1 at water surface.
Pt. 2 i n stream outside pipe.
i L
z+
g -h = - 7, + z +
z
P\=p
2g
' y
= 0 and Oi = 0
2g
(4.56 m / s )
10 m
1.864xl0^ m
= 8.94 m =
2(9.81 m / s )
02 = 4.56 m/s
8.94 N m
N
EA
J4L
2g
2g
2
-o
Q _ 0.20 flVs
o.
A.
0.02333 f t
L
^2o_
= 8.57 ft/s
2
2g
7.5
0.085 m /s
2g
h=
h = (z! - z ) - r -
4,
0.0884
81
Manometer: p
PA-PB
3 6
J j L
= 18.6 ft
- 1 M ft
L
(-4.0 ft)
5 7
< -
2 6
/ s
- 15.7 f,
7.6
A
L Z . ! z , = z and 1 4 = ^ : ^ = ^ l
K
g
K
g
Y
Manometer: p + yJJC) + y (6.4 in) - y T(6.4 in) - y^X) =p
Pi ~p _ r ( 6 . 4 i n ) - x ( 6 . 4 i n ) _ 1.60^(6.4 i n ) - y ( 6 . 4 in) _ 3.84 i n
+
C T
i2in/ft
= 0 . 3 2 f t = A
=
: ^,2^^2(32.2ft/s-X032ft)
2g
g
i>2 =
(1.95 ft/s)
O.lOftVs
=
4
7.7
= 5 4
r = 1.95 ft/s
0.05132 f t
^ + z + ^ - - \ = ^ + z + - : = U: A = ^ Z ^ l + ( _ ^ )
Yo
g
Yo
g
Yo
Manometer: p + y (X) + y (0.38 m ) - y (0.38 m) - y (X) - y ( l .0 m) = p
2
Z )
p,-p,
y (0.38 m ) r ( 0 . 6 2 m )
'
^ - '
'. + L&
Yo
Yo
Yo
1
13.54r (0.38 m )
L^
+ o.62 m = 6.337 m
- Y
90
\ gj
2gh
u
(1.20 m / s )
,2
7.8
+ z, + + h -h
Y
g
A
.,2
=~ +z +
K
g
px = 0, Z] = z , and v 2
500 k N
y
/ W
^
7.9
2 2 5 0 L M n ( l m y
60000 L / m i n
9.81 k N
3
^ = ElZA.
X
A
(500 - 68)kN
2
PA = h y Q
82
=0
m 9.81kN/m
6
F
^
'
= (44.04)(9.81)(0.0375) = 16.20 k W
Chapter 7
7.10
^L
Pi=p
u;
+ z, +^- + h -h,
= ^ - + z, +
2g
= 0; v = 0
(10 ft/s)
^ = ( z - z , ) + ^ - = 20ft +
=21.55 ft
2g
2(32.2 ft/s )
2
20.0 ft
2800gal^
IftVs
60 min/hr
| Assume A
449 gal/min
g
0.1039 ft /s
(^=: _S- =
= 10.0 ft/S
4
0.01039 f t
2
a)
lhp
550 lb-ft/s
0.254 h p
b)
7.11
, = ^ = =0.508 = 50.8%
P,
0.50 hp
2
^- + z
o,
^ - + h -h =^A
z +^2
p,
^
r
^_
a)
,
+
401bft 144in
ft
7.12
>
~ 2
i n 62.4 lb ft
= 0.0277 ftVs
lft /s
449 gal/min
3
745gal/h
60 min/h
P = h y Q=
A
222.8 l b - f t
62.41b 0.0277
x
x
ft
P
0.700 hp
e = - f =P
1.0 hp
Z 2
Z l
348 lb ft
lhp
lb
550 l b - f t / l b
0.700 = 7 0 . 0 %
PL + z, +
+ ^ - / = + z +^-:u
2g
2g
^ = ^aZ^i
ft
lb
0.700 h p
b)
= u
0.75 m
[520-(-30)]kN
) =+ 0.75 m
m 9.81 kN/m
2
= 56.82 m
Assume / - O
L
Q = 75 L / m i n x
lm /s
= 1.25 x 10~ m /s
60000 L / m i n
= ^ Y w g = (56.82 m)(9.81 k N / m ) ( l .25 x 10~ m /s) = 0.697 kN-m/s = 0.697 k W
3
83
7.13
zA + ^
2g
A =^
- z +
"
2g
- B
Q
1.25 x l O ~
o. = =
- = 0.577 m/s
2.168 x l 0 ~
Q _ 1.25x10
= 2.243 m/s
A
5.574 x l 0 ~
-A
2g
7o
/
Q = 75 L / m i n = 1.25 x 10" m /s
(Prob. 7.12)
h -h, =
A = 2.5
2
\ Sj
[275-(-20)]kN
,
/;., - .
,, + 1.20 m
m (.85)(9.81 k N / m )
A
(2.243 - 0 . 5 7 7 ) m / s
2(9.81 m / s )
(2.243 m / s )
i 2.5
'
2(9.81 m / s )
c
PA = h y Q
A
- 0
7.14
a)
PK
z .
^ - h
S
= ^
n +
2g
Yo
. .2
PB
K, ( A
Z
b)
^
K
B ) - ^ - K
U B
2g
62.41b
PB
ft
(9.97 ft/s)
-10 f t -
lft
6ft
2
2(32.2 ft/s )
^ - h
= ^
"
,
u = 0
A
2.0ft /s
0.2006 ft
,
= 9.97 ft/s
-7.60 psig
144 i n
^
2g
= 0
u = o = 9.97 ft/s
c
PD = 0
Pe = rw ( . D - c ) - 7 r K
2g
Z
OD = 0
C)
+ z
+-. + h -h
2
rw
h
d)
7.15
-h
= z -z +
D
P = hJQ
A
=L
+^L
2
Y
h,+h
= 21.9 psig
144 in
pA
=p =;0
D
= U D = 0
= 50 ft + 6 ft + 12 ft = 68.0 ft
8486 l b - f t
hp
lb
550 l b - f t /lb
15.4 hp
a)
84
lft
= ^ P - [ 4 0 f t - 1 . 5 4 f t + 12ft]
PB =
K \A
B>
~
2g
ft
10ft-1.54ft-6ft]-lA
144 i n
Chapter 7
b)
c)
d)
Lo
a)
+ Z.+2g
Yo
h^
A
Yo
^ + {z -z,)
Yo
825 k N m
+h =
'
+ 14.5 m + 4 . 2 m = 117.6 m
m (0.85)(9.81kN)
9.81kN
= A ^ e = (117.6m)(0.85)
60000 L / m i n
m
= 13.73 k W
y
l
- i
+ z, + 7
" 2g
b)
Pi
7
2g
P3= 7
_ (0.85)(9.81 k N )
1.4 N - m
2(9.81m/s )
m
3
= 6 _840L/min(lm /s)
0 3
(4.53 m / s )
-3.0 m -
:
3
60000 L / m i n
3.090 x 10~ m
= -45.4 k P a
N
4.53 m/s
- ^ + z,
>7
+ A -A, = ^ +
z + ~
2g
>7
2g
v = 0
x
9 1 m / s
A = ( z - z i ) + + A = 1 . 2 5 m + ( )
+ 3 . 0 m = 4.68m
2g
2(9.81 m / s )
2
6 _ 60L/min(lm7s)
1
X
60000 L / m i n
2.91 m/s
3.437 x l 0 ~
9 . 8 1 k N V 60 m
PA ~ h jjQ (4.68m)(0.95)
A
60000s
m
3
0.0436kN-m
10 N
43.6N-m
= 43.6W
x =
kN
s
s
7.18
,
Q
6.013xl0" m /s
. .
Outlet 2 = =
; = 2.36 m/s
4,
;r(.018m) /4
n
U
,
,
p
v
- + z, + - - + A, - A, = + z, +
2g
2g
7
2
A = ( z - z , ) + ^
2g
2
+ A = (1.00-0.375)m +
3 6 m / s
( ) + 0.22m = 1 . 1 3 m
2(9.81 m/s )
2
7.19
_
W
55.61b/s
Q
0.891
ft /s
Q=
=
- = 0 . 8 9 1 ft/s: u = - = ^ =
;
= 10.21 ft/s
X,
62.4 lb/ft
;r(4/12) /4ft
/4V
= 10.21 ft/s
= 18.15 ft/s at outlet o f upper pipe (Pt. B )
v3y
n
^ +z
^
+A
= ^ . +z
^Z_^
A ; A = 0and^ = 0
2
2g
2(32.2
ft/s )
-2.01bft
144m
in (62.41b)
ft
7.20
g=
a l / m i n ( l f t 3 / s
7.21
= 0.0203 ft /s
3
^
P
- g
>
449 gal/min
PA = h y Q
^ * L
= 0 . 6 2 6 = 62.6%
0.850 hp
K
1.0 L
lm
0 = - = ^ ^ x - ^ - = 2 . 5 0 x 10" m /s
r
40s
10 L
5
Pi = YmA =
r\
Y,
2g
6.67 k N / m
'
x
a)
b)
x . .
stroke
-(5.0 i n ) ( l f t ) 20 i n ft
Q = , | x
= - i -'x
=
time
4(144in )
15 s 12 i n
2
CV
,
0.01515 ft /s
Poyi =
A
cyi
86
Z,
'
0 , - 0 .2
7.22
>
s~\
C >
'
xA (-0.15
m) = -20.0
kPa
-U.UIII;
v.visjra
h3
m
Chapter 7
3 )
A
Yo
b+
Yo
2g
+ i
2g
2
P t . C i n cylinder.
(z -z ) +
PB=PC YO
T _
"D
2g
20 i n
ft
n,,,,ft
Q
0.01515 ft /s
= 0.1111: u = - ^ - =
= 15.52 ft/s
o =
x
15s
12in
s
A
0.000976 f t
3
lft
(62.41b)
ioft+(nil'-15-523>+35.oft
/> = 560 psig + 0.90ft
2(32.2)
B
144in
= 576.1 psig
d)
EA +
7.
+ ^ - h , = ^ - + z
2g
y
/>D = YO
Vo =
o*
+ ^
2g
2g
15.52 ft/s
B =
(0.90)(62.41b)
PD
ft
-5.0
ft-
(15.52 ft/s)
lft
-11.5 ft
2(32.2 ft/s )
144 i n
P D = -4.98 psig
2
e)
A
X
A =
A
^
2g
2
+
(z - z
)+
A
-A
= c
+ /!
2g
= 0,^ = 0
806721b-ft
+A
0
i ^
3
+
(.Hll)
ft (0.9)(62.41b)
2g
+ 11.5 ft + 35 ft
h = 1498 ft
PA = h y Q
A
7.23
4,
-+ z +
2g
2g
- z
>
) + ^ - ^
2g
ffj.-34)0tf)lft.3
0.90(9810 N / m )
P = h yQ =
R
/IHYOABOB
^
550
= . 3 2 hp
2
1.772 x l 0 ~ m
^ ^ - . ( z
U = U B - - - = 1.5
A
3.835 x l 0 ~ m
u = 6.93 m/s; assume h = 0
A
(6.93'-l.Stf>.W
2(9.81 m / s )
3
= 9.15 k W
87
7.57 ft /s
(A
7.24
= FAZPR.
+ (z
-z )-
= 9.74 ft/s
_ 6 _ 7.57 _
o, = - - = = 2.71 ft/s
4
2.792
2g
Yw
0.7771 f t
_ o n ^ A _2.0(9.74) _
h, = 2 . 0
= 2.95 ft
2g
2(32.2)
2
g = 3400gal/mm(lft /s)
ft3/s
449 gal/min
3
[21.4-(-5)]lb-ft (144in )^
(9.74 - 2 . 7 4 )
+ 3ft
f t - 2 . 9 5 ft = 62.3ft
2(32.2)
in (62.41b)lft
o a
PR = h J Q
R
29454 f t - l b / s
53.6 hp
(550 f t - l b / s ) / h p
Pt. 1 at o i l surface. p = 0 and v = 0
x
7.25
+z
+ ^ - h
2g
Yo
= ^ +
y
0.25 m /s
p =0
2
10 m - 0.638 m - 1.40 m = 7 . 9 6 m
z +^2g
-h =
2g
h = (z -z )R
- h
,
= 3.54 m/s:
ol
~~
3.54 m / s
0.638 m
>r(0.30m)74
2g
2(9.8 l ) m / s
P =
= (7.96 m)(0.86)(9.81 kN/m )(0.25 m /3) = 16.79 kN-m/s = 16.79 k W
P = P -e =
16.79 k W x 0.75 = 12.60 k W
4
7.26
2g
Yf
2
Pi
-Pi + (z - z , ) - U - ,
+ h
2g
Yf
gal/min/449 = 0.0891 ft /s
3
0.0891 ft /s
0.05132 f t
Q _ 0.0891
4
3
h=
A
= 1.74 ft/s
Q=40
= ^
2g
Yf
h =
= 3.82 ft/s
0.02333
50.0-(-2.30)llb-ft 144 in
(3.82 - 1 . 7 4 ) f t
i
+ 25ft + - ^
. \
+ 3.4ft = 154.1 ft
in (60.01b)ft
2(32.2 ft/s )s
2
7.27
/.8
P, = P /e =
A
P\
^
i
2
/i = (z, - z
Q
02
88
i
g
2g
p ~0,u =0
l
=0
600L/min(lm /s)
= 5.14 m/s
3
Chapter 7
7.29
77
2g
2g
( I~^)r-~
2g
3
(12.58m/s)
-4.60m
35.0 k N / m = 35.0 k P a
2(9.81 m / s )
. n _ _ A - A = - + z + ~
2g
2g
p =0
2
= (Z] -
t>2
O
1000 gal/min
lft /s
= =
x
= 6.41 ft/s
A
0.3472 f t
449 gal/min
hL
7.30
12.58 m/s
4.768 x l 0 ~ m
7K
0.060 m /s
3
A
PB=
_ Q _
- -r - - A*
2g
z )
2
(6.41 f t / s )
h, = 165 ft
ftlb/lb
2(32.2 ft/s )
P
h ~ "
r g
n
7.31
rw
+z,+^-A,
2g
g
h = (z -z )
}
= 146.4 ft
3
= ^ +z
+ h
2g
= P + ^
g
3
o =
A
5.01b(ft X144m )
(6-lOft/s)
ft
in (62.41b)(ft )
2(32.2 ft/s )
7.32
Q _ 3.341 ft /s
A,, =
EAZJIA.
+ (
)+
(9.62 - 6 . 1 0 ) f t / s
0.3472 f t
3
2g
(85-5)lb(ft )144m
2
in (62.41b)ft
2
+ 2 8 f t
2(32.2 ft/s )
^
= 9.62 ft/s
2
+
25 ft
+ z, +
2g
YK
YK
= A + ( z , - * ) - u _ 103.4 k N / m
2
2g
8.07 k N / m
(4.28 m/s)
5.0 m -
6.88 m
2
2(9.81 m / s )
L_
= 0.936 m
lm /s
500 L / m i n
3
1.945 x l O " m
= 4.28 m/s
60000 L / m i n
5
u
(8.56 m / s )
_ _.
_2_ = _^
'
- 3 74
2g
2(9.81 m / s )
ryr. ,
Then h = 6.88 m x
C
3.74m
0.936 m
8.07 k N
= fie
P\
( * 2 - * i )
:r-
2g
= 27.52 m
7.35
P + +h
+h -h =&-
Zl
z +%-.
p.=p
= 0,ut = 0
2g
Y
2
u
-^--h
2g
h = (z -z )R
z -z
1
+h
H
= -1.0ft
0.390 ft /s
j . i Z 2 - z , 3
2j
2(32.2)
*,
,,
..
PA = h yQ: h =
A
_
12496ft-lb/s
= _ _ .,...,.
= 552.5 ft
~ (58.03 lb/ft )(0.390 ft /s)
3
. (514.5ft)(58.031b/ft')(0.390ft'/s)
550ft-lb/s/hp
90
Chapter 7
7.36
o,
Pi = O, o, = O
Z, + - = -
P2 = y
2g
3
Q
Ub =
0.390 ft /s
=
r- = 7.59 it/s
0.05132 f t
J _ (7.59)
2
2
2g
= 0.896 ft
2(32.2)
2
lft
p = 5 8 . 0 3 [ - 4 . 0 f t - 0 . 8 9 6 ft-2.80 ft]
144 i n
ft
2
-3.10 psig
2
o:.3 .
: p =
g
7.37
0,o =0
i
lb,
= 5 8 . 0 3 - ^ - [ - 4 . 0 - 2.13 - 2.80 + 552.51 '
.
ft
144in
P3= y
l - Z
) - ^
3 L
2g
Pi = 219.1 psig
7.38
y
p
7.39
= j P 3
A +
y
7.40
= A
y
g
(28.5 ft)
207.6 psig
o:6_.
y
= 2 1 9 . 1 psig - 58.03 ^
+ A
g
/> = [(z -z )
5
^ - h
2g
+ h^J
lb,
= 58.03[-1.0 ft + 3.50 ft]
lft
144in
1.01 psig
2
For Q = 175 gal/min, Fig. 6.2 suggests using either a 2 Vi-in or 3-in Schedule 40 steel pipe for
the suction line. The given 3-in pipe is satisfactory. However, noting that the pressure at the
inlet to the pump is -3.10 psig, a larger pipe may be warranted to decrease the energy Iosses
in the suction line and increase the pump inlet pressure. See Chapters 9-13, especially
Section 13.12 on net positive suction head (NPSH).
Fig. 6.2 suggests either a 2-in or 2 Vi-in pipe for the discharge line. The given 2 Vi-in pipe size
is satisfactory.
91
7.41
P
y
^ h
2g
= l .
y
P =
^
^ =o
2g
2g
3
ft
3
3
= 0.668 ft /s
7.48 gal
8s
0.668 ft /s
144 i n
x
= 30.64 ft/s
^(2.0 i n ) / 4
ft
_ Q
4
: 2
0.668 f t / s
144 i n
_
= 0.378 ft/s
0
A,
7z-(18.0in) /4
Pi = 47.42
ft
(30.64 - 0 . 3 7 8 ) f t / s
lft
-1.833 ft +
r
+ 4.75 ft
144 i n
2(32.2 ft/s )
Jb
:
+ z, + 2g
7.42
h, +h
r
301b
h = ^
A
+ (z -z )
2
v\
2g
= ^ - + z, +
+ h -L
in
ft
62.41b
144 i n
ft
r
62.41b
40 gal/min
(lft /s)hp
P< = h yQ = 304.7 ft x
x
s
^
LJL = 3.08 hp
'
ft
449gal/min 5 5 0 f t - l b / s
A
7.43
92
= ^ = ^ = 4 . 2 8 h p
e
0.72
Chapter 7
.2
7.44
A _ ^ = A
2
Yo
..2
+
A .
Yo
=p
Pi -Pi
Px-Pi
Yo
=j^L(38,5in)-38.5in =
Yo
- Y
540.7 i n x - ^ _ = 45.06 ft
1
Yo
Q
135 gal/min
lftVs
0.3007 f t / s
= =
e
=
- = 24.50 ft/s
4
0.01227 f t
449gal/min
0.01227ft
Q
0.3007 ft /s
^ = JL=:
= 10.21 fiVs
4
0.02944 ft
u
h = 45.06 ft +
R
(24.5 - 1 0 . 2 1 ) f t / s
n,
2(32.2 f t / s )
2
=
f t
7.45
= 891.0 ft-lb/s x
P = P xe =\
0
^
= 1.62 hp
550 f t - l b / s
93
CHAPTER EIGHT
REYNOLDS NUMBER, LAMINAR FLOW,
T U R B U L E N T FLOW, AND ENERGY LOSSES
DUE TO FRICTION
U
= Q =J ^ ^ x l
A
TT(4.0 i n ) / 4
! ^ !
ft
oDp.
(2.29)(0.333)(1.26)(1.94) _
//
7.5 x l O "
L from A p p . D
5.2
j V
= =
4000(4.38x10^)
D
5.3
Let
ft
2/12
= 2000 =
0.3048 m
ft
vDplp
j V ,
2000(4.0x10 - )
(0.10)(0.895)(1000)
0
Q = i> = ^ C -
.4
u= Q/A =
1 0
/ S
=
v
,
c)
d)
= ,.
x ,0* (v from A p p . A )
5 3
A ^ u=D ^/ ^ ^(10.72X0.1723)(1.53)
^ ^
,
//
6.60 x l O "
=
t
5
(p^fromApp.B)
uZV
(10.72)(0.1723)(1.86)
,
.
.
,
^ = i
-J'- = 253 (/>, // from A p p . B )
//
1.36 x 10
vDp
(10.72X0.1723)(0.87)(1.94)
, , ,
Afo =
^ =^
'.^
'- = 3.28 x 10 (// from A p p . D )
v
9.5x10
A r
N =
R
XT
4
4
QDp
= < ! ^ ^ >
1.21x10
_ oDp_QD _
1\
0.02333 f t
a)
" ),
jU
AjU
71D
4Qp
4Qp
Dmm ~~
TTjLlD
ftMN
.
Q = 4.0 L / m i n x
_ 4Q
~
TZN V
R
60000 L / m i n
94
Chapter 8
,
a)
_
-D
4(6.667 x l O " )
=
;r(2000)(v)
4.244x10"
min
4.244 x l O "
T~
6.56x10~
0.0647 m = 64.7 m m
>
min
1 Q
8 (
* " f
2.87 x 10~
8 0 )
c)
d)
8.6
N =
R
4,244
1 0 8(
9Q)
1.8 x 10~
( 2
*
f
1.07x10"'
6 )
9 7 ) ( Q
7 7
-
5xl0
lm /s
9 ) ( 8 9 0 )
- 4.12 x 1 0 - Pa-s
fi
N
Q
8.50 L / m i n
_
.
v - =
rx
=2.97 m/s
A
4.768 x l 0 " m
60000 L / m i n
From A p p . D , o i l must be heated to 100C for SAE 10 o i l .
R
8.7
Auto. Hydraulic O i l
i
At 2 1 2 F
A
,r
N
oD
4.30 x 1 o
1.30 x 1 o
O
t>= =
A
1 f t 4 i
4
- 4
10(0.4011)
7.21x10^
006X00475)
OOX0.40U)
M d i u m Hydraulic O i l
(10X0.4011)
10(0.4011)
<
= = 5.11 x 10 turb. N =
~ = 5.11 x 10 turb.
-6
325 L / m i n
-x
3
1.772 x 10~ m
u ^
1 m /s
= 3 . 0 6 m/s
60000 L / m i n
(0.899)(0.0243)(860)
3.95x10
O
25 L / m i n
1 m /s
. __ _ ,
u= =
x = 0 . 8 9 9 m/s
A
4.636xlO^m
60000 L / m i n
2
8.10
Afr = ^
=
v
( 1
7 8 ) (
Q 1 3
3.60 x l 0 '
4 )
= 6.62 x 10
Q
15.0 L / m i n
= =
A 1.407 x 10"
4
Turbulent
1 m /s
x
,
.
= 1.78 m/s
60000 L / m i n
R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S DUE T O FRICTION
95
^8.59X^563)
v
1.40 x l O
>
- 5
Q
16.5 ft /s
.
u= =
= 8.59 ft/s
A
1.920 f t
0
^ G
0 ^
_ ^
hr
J h r _
7.48 gal
3600 s
2.029 x l O
_
- 5
=
ft
o.732 ft/s
j O g _ (0.732)(0.00508)(0.88)(1.94) _
//
6.2xl0
- 3
(0.732)(0.00508)(0.88)(1.94)
__ . _
.
N = - =
= 33.4 L a m i n a r
H
1.90 x l O
Note: sg o f o i l may be slightly lower at 160F.
A r
3. 13
- 4
1 ) =
^ (4000)(4.0
=
Dp
1 0 -)
1 X
(0.2423)(1.56)
2
<2
45 L / m i n
1 m /s
. , .
u= =
-x
= 2 . 6 7 m/s
A
2.812x1o m
60000 L / m i n
uDp
(2.67)(0.01892)(0.89)(1000)
_
A'/, = - = ~
- = 5.61 x 10
H
8xl0
-4
A r
. , ^
Turbulent
- 3
Note: | i from A p p . D .
, _
3.16
,
U7
N=
R
uZ>/> (2.67)(0.01892)(890)
. . .
=
= 15.0 very l o w L a m i n a r
H
3.0
3
Q
45 L / m i n
lm /s
- ,
L>= =
:-x
=0.423m/s
A
1.772 x 1 0 m
60000 L / m i n
uDp
(0.423)(0.0475)(890)
_ _
, _
iV = =
T-^
= 2237 Critical Zone
H
8xl0
-3
A r
- 3
, ,
3.18
D
3.19
uDp
(0.423X0.0475X890)
,
.
N = =
= 5.97 very l o w L a m i n a r
p.
3.0
A r
Q
u = ^ =
A
1-65 gal/min
-x
2.509 x 1 o
- 4
ft
1 ft /s
= 14.65 ft/s
449 gal/min
^^14.65)(0.01788)
v
o_D
2.37x10^
=
96
(14.65X0.01788) _
4.20x10
-5
Chapter 8
Changing from laminar flow, through critical zone, into turbulent flow could cause erratic
performance. A l s o , L> = 14.65 ft/s is quite high, causing large pressure drops through the
system.
~,
8.21
n
> Q
500gal/min
A = =
x
lft /s
,.. . .
10.0 ft/s
2
2
CT
449 gal/min
2
(500/499)f /s
t
= 2 1 2 > < 1 0 4
8.22
^ . j ^ .
2000(1.21x10^^).
D
0.0621 ft
For N = 4000,
= 2(0.3897 ft/s) = 0.7794 ft/s
QI=AUY
= (3.027 x 10" ft )(0.3897 ft/s)
R
-3 A3/
449 gal/min
= 1.180 x H T ftVsx
1 ft /s
Qi = 0.530 gal/minLower L i m i t
Qi = 2Q = 1.060 gal/minUpper L i m i t
3
8.23
_ AV^(2000X3.84x -) _
1 0
Z>
g, =
g
8.24
0.0621
2
"
= 0.1681 gal/min
= 2 g i = 0.3362 gal/min
1.30 es x l ^ x l Q - f t V s
1 es
ft2/g
Q = 45 gal/min x
= 0.1002 ft /s
449 gal/min
3
Q
0.1002 ft /s
v
- = 14.65 ft/s
A
6.842 x l O " f t
3
^ 1 4 . 6 5 X 0 . 0 9 3 3 ) ^ 3 ^
1.40x1o-
v
8.25
v = 17.0 es x
6 m
/ S
= 1.7 x 10" m /s
1 es
Q
215 L / m i n
1 m /s
,
,
u= =
-x
= 7 . 1 4 2 m/s
A
5.017 x l O " m
60000 L / m i n
g _ p . l 4 2 X W 3 ) _
,
3
1.70x10
-5
97
8.26
v = 1.20 es x
/ S
= 1.20 x 10" m /s
les
Q
200 L / m i n
lm /s
.
=
=
= 8.69 m/s
^
3.835 x l O ^ m
60000 L / m i n
^
(8.69)(0.0221),
3
8.27
i +
r
1.20 x 1 o
- 6
0, = ^
= i +z +-i:
7
2g
2g
/?i - ^ 2 = To[z - z , + A ]
2
vDp
(0.64)(0.0243)(0.86)(1000)
_ _
.
. .
64
AT = - = ^
^
,
= 787 ( L a m i n a r ) ; / =
ju
1.70 x l O
TV,
i r
J y
- 2
L
>2g
. 0 8 1 3 x ^ x < ^ = 4 . 1 9 m
0.0243 2(9.81)
8.28
+ --h =
Z ]
+ z + -?-:
ot = uzi=z :
p\-pi
yJi
Q
12.9 L / m i n
1 m /s
, ^
,
u = -=^ =
-x
= 1.528 m/s
A
1.407 x l 0 " m
60000 L / m i n
c
= ^uD
v
=
=
(1.528)(0.0134)
^ ^ x^ 10 (turbulent)
" ^ " ; " ^ ^ =_ 5.35
3.83x10
4
1 f t 4
= / ^ ^ = ( 0 . 0 2 0 5 ) . - ^ . ( ^ = 8 . 1 9 m
D2g
0.0134 2(9.81)
Pi -Pi
8.29
= JJIL
Let N = 2 0 0 0 ; / = 64/N
K
t j
_/V
j ;
Dp
h = /
^
L
98
= 0.032; N =
R
(2000X8.3X10- )
f t J s
(0.3355)(0.895)(1.94)
- = (0.032)
&*?L ft
D2g
0.3355 2(32.2)
= i .20 ft = 1.20 f t l b / l b
Chapter 8
.30
EA
^ , -
Yo
PB=PA
+ ^ .
+ JO[Z
- Z
- h
Yo
L
=UB
]
4
J V ^
(800)(4xl0~ )
(0.2557X0.90X1.94)
> 2 g
p
800 0.2557
P,
o
+ z, +-~-h
Y
2g
.31
2(32.2)
l
, = 37.3 psig
144in
P->
v
= + z +- -:
Y
S
i
=yh = yf
zi = z : L>I = v^. p -p
D2g
Q
20 L / m i n
1 m /s
u = =
;rx
= 0 . 7 1 9 m/s
4.636 x l 0 ~ m
60000 L / m i n
y
8.62kN
s
1 0 N 1 kg-m/s
p = =
x
x
x
= 879 k g / m
4
9.81m
kN
(0.719X0.0243X879)
H
3.95 x l O
D/e = 0.0243/4.6 x 10~ = 528; T h e n / = 0.027
100
( 719">
Pi-p
= 8.62 k N / m x 0.027 x
xi-^
>-m = 25.2 k N / m = 25.2 k P a
0.0243
2(9.81)
4
.32
F r o m Prob. S.3\,p
-p
=
2
yJiL,
h-pi
-p ly
2
(1035-669)kN/m
. L v
h =
= 37.3 m = /
9.81 k N / m
D2g
^^2g
(37.3)(0.03388)(2)(9.81)
L
Lo
(30)(4.16)
Q
225 L / m i n
1 m /s
,
,
o= =
- x
= 4 . 1 6 m/s
A
9.017 x l O ^ m
60000 L / m i n
A
vD
(4.16)(0.03388) . ! .
v
1.30x10^
e = >/55 = 0.03388/55 = 6.16 x 1 0
=
0 8 x
Then ^
= 55
fo =
r/
0.048
?
- 4
R E Y N O L D S N U M B E R , LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION
8.33
A + z, +
Pl
2g
2g
n = z, - z
= + z, + -
Q
2.50 ft /s
= M. =
A
0.2006 f t
.= 12.46 ft/s
A
oD
(12.46X0.5054) _
v
,
, L
h=
550
1.5xHT*
(12.46)
(12.46)
+ = 0.0165x
x + =45.7ft
2g
0.5054 2(32.2)
2(32.2)
2g
F r o m Prob. 8.31, p
,05054^ .
D
8.34
9.15x10-
-p
~ JJIL = J
Q = 15.0 ftVs
_
= 8.49
f.t ./
A
-(1.50ft) /4
D 2g
uD
(8.49X1.50)
, L v
P\-Pi=
yi
F2
t f
Y f
rJ
D _ J J ^
4x1o
- 4
62.41b
5280 ft
=
rx0.0158x
(8.49) f t / s
lft
x
2(32.2 ft/s )
144in
ft3
8.35
1.40x10-
.
= 3 0 . 5 psi
A
-fi-^ /o
3
Q = 1500 gal/min x
= 3.34 ft /s
449 gal/min
Q_ _ 3.34ft'/s
A
0.5479 f t
, _ ( 6 ^ 9 7 / . . 5 7 7 f
2g
2(32.2)
0
.2
a)
+ i _ _ /,
2
w
- A
^A.
z, - z
= A = + + ,
^ g .
(6:097X0.835) _
D _0835^
=
1.5x1o
- ,
;
1 M
; 5
-4
A = /
^ 5 . 0 lb-ft
2
i n 62.41b
100
1.21x10-
144 i n
ft
2
+
Chapter 8
2g
Q
7
3
3.34 ft /s
4,
0.3472 ft
*_
>
2g
.
= 9.62 ft/s
n
A=A
r.
<
, ( 8 5 - 5 ) I b l f (144 , )
2g
+
n'(62.41b)ft>
(^2'-6.097')ft'/s'
2(32.2 ft/s )
^(9.62X0.665!)
*
m
v
0-6651
1.5 x 1 0
A
/ ^
D2g
i j
= hyQ
A
8.36
+ (z - i)
z
- 300.4 ft x *L
ft
-4
= ( 0 . 0 1 6 ) x ^ l x < ^ = 8 9 . 9 f t
0.6651 2(32.2)
n
+ z. + + h. -h,
y
2
h=
tf
1.21x10-
+z
* L
550 ft-lb/s
+
2
g
Q =
& x - l A h
60 m i n
ft3/s
= 0.0277 ft /s
449 gal/min
Q
0.0277 ft /s ,
.
.
u = =
, = 4.61 ft/s i n pipe
A
0.0060 f t
^,(4.60(0.0874) _
ft/
\21xl0A, . f
L !L
D2g
(.
1.5X10
-4
7 5 ) - ! ^ x < 2 l ft - 14.54 ft
0.0874 2(32.2)
(401b)ft(144in')
in (62.41b)ft
2
D,_O08M
= 226.8 ft
2 2
8.37
>1
Pl
' + z, + - h = + z + - 2g
2g
r
Pi
(z -z )
+- - + h
2g
75 gal/min
1 ft /s
11.8 ft/s:
L>2
2
A, ~ 0.01414 ft
449 gal/min
^^(11.8)(0.1342)
v
1.21x103
h = f
= 1
(11.8)
2g
=
= 0.0225
= (0.0225)
(2.167 ft) = 109.0 ft
D 2g
0.1342
Pl
ft
l b
46.9 psi
l f t 2
8.38
+ z, + + h, -h,
2g
y
o.
= + z, +
2g
y
o%
a)
= 2.167 ft
2(32.2)
D _0A3^
=
s
\.5x\0~
3 1 > < 1 Q 5 :
h = + ( z - z ^ + ^ + h,
2g
y
A
95 L / m i n
2
^-(0.025 m ) / 4
2g
(3.23) _
= 0.530 m
2(9.81)
= 4 . 4 4 x l 0 : / = 0.021 (smooth)
2.0x10"
M
f
= 3.23 m/s:
60000 L / m i n
(3.23)(0.025)(1100)
/V =
hi=
lm /s
= ( 0 . 0 2 1 ) - ^ - ( 0 . 5 3 0 ) m = 37.86 m
D2g
0.025
140 k N / m
(1.10)(9.81kN/m )
3
b)
+ z +
h = + z + - - : ^ = ^ + [ ( z - z ) + /z]y
2g
2g
y
y
p = 140 kPa + (1.10)(9.81 kN/m )[8.5 m + 37.86 m ] = 640 kPa
3
102
Chapter 8
8.39
0.02 m / s
u = =
a)
1.682xl0" m
= Y
3 _
M g t -
Laminar
r - = 1.189 m/s
~P3
/>2
Pump
YO/
D2g
_ ^
1.189(0.1463)(930)
//
0.15
3/
/>2 - / > = Y A = (0.93)(9.81 k N / m )
64 Y
,2
1079
+ z, + - - + / ^ - / z ='- + z + -^-:
2g
hj - h
y
853 k N / m
2
m
0.1463; 2(9.81)
Pi =P3, ui = Oi,Zi = z
V l - 1 8 9 )
.,2
b)
3200
2g
r - = 93.5 m
(0.93)(9.81 k N / m )
^
.40
3
A t 100C, n = 7 . 9 x 10^ Pa-s
a)
, ,
N = -~ =
- = 2 . 0 5 x 10 turbulent
ju
7.9 x l O"
Z>/e = 0.1463 m/4.6 x 10" m = 3 1 8 0 ; / = 0.026
A r
i n 4
fc-
i ^
Z> 2 g
0.026)^-<!?)!
0.1463 2(9.81)
. 40.98 m
PA = ^ Y 2 = (40.98)(0.93)(9.81)(0.02) = 7.48 k W
/
b)
i)
D 2g
L
/u
(0.026)(1.189m/s)
8 1 m
/s-)
R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION
103
4 1
900 L / m i n 1 m /s
0.015 m /s
Q_
PB =
uD
7 ~ 7.538xlO"
(1.99)(0.098)
N =
1.30x10"
80.5
L v
= (0.0165)
D2g
0.098
/? = 9.81 k N / m
(1.99)
12
2 7
ft3/s
h=
< 1 8
fc.
= 89.9 kPa
A
2
.56X0.0874)
= 18.56 ft/s
= 1
D 0MT4_
1.21 x 10
^
>2g
1 1 1 4 f t 3 / s
+ h
= 2.735 m
y^ + (z -z )
Pl
= 0.1114 ft /s: o = ^ = 1
0.0060 f t
449 gal/min
P\
2(9.81)
Q = 50 gal/min x
= 1.99 m/s
2(9.8 )
" _<L)1_ . 3
8.42
= 1.50xl0 : =
. = 6 5 3 3 3 : / = 0.0165
e
1.5x10"
h=
0.015 m /s
60000 L / m i n
1.5x1o"
( 0 . 0 2 4 3 ) ^ , f l ^
0.0874
2(32.2)
ft=335ft
(401b)ft
1 4 4 m l
i n 62.4 lb
ft
PA = h J Q = (647 ft)(62.4 lb/ft )(0.1114 ft /s)/550 = 8.18 hp
x
(b) Increase the pipe size to 1 1/2-in Schedule 40. Results: o = 7.88 ft/s; N = 8.74 x 10 ;
D/e = 8 9 5 ; / = 0.0232; Then, h = 37.5 ft; h = 349.8 ft; Power = P = 4.42 hp.
R
8.43
+ ^ - A
v-
= ^ +
7o
, -
= Y A
60 gal/min
0.01414 f t
1 ft /s
x -:
= 9.45 ft/s
449 gal/min
^ , ( 9 . 4 5 X 0 . 1 3 4 2 X 0 94X1.94)
H
,
h=
L
L o
8.5 x l O "
2
64
40
(9.45)
=
x
x
ft = 97.23 ft
D 2g
212 0.1342 2(32.2)
ft
Px - ^ 2 = YA = ( 0 . 9 4 ) ^ ^ ( 9 7 . 2 3 f t ) - ^
ft
144 m
T
104
=39.6psi
Chapter 8
P_
8.44
2g
2g
2g
Y
3
Q
0.50 ft /s
Q
0.50
= =
- = 7 . 2 8 ft/s: U B = =
= 15.03 ft/s
A
0.06868 f t
A
0.03326
u Dp
_ (15.03)(0.2058)(1.026)(1.94) _
1.54 x 10
4.0x10"
M
D
0.2058
= 1372: / = 0.020
e
1.5x10"
A = /
A ^
D2g
. 0 2 0 ) - ^ - x ^ l ft = 27.28 ft
0.2058
2(32.2)
3
25.0-(-3.50)llbft 144in
(15.03) - ( 7 . 2 8 ) f t / s
^
.
+ 80 ft + i
- i
in (1.026)(62.41b) f t
2(32.2 f t / s )
PA = h yQ = (174.1 ft)(1.026)(62.4 lb/ft )(0.50 ft /s)/550 = 10.13 hp
}
h = i
+ 27.28 ft = 174.1 ft
8.45
vDp
QDp
QDp
AQp
Ap.
nD
4gp
Ar
nDfi
nN p
R
4(0.90ff/s)(1.24)(l 9 4 l b . - / f t - ) ,
S
7r(300)(5.0xl0" l b - s / f t )
2 1/2-in Type K Copper Tube: D = 0.2029 ft: A = 0.03234 f t
9 Q f t 3 / s
u = g = ,
i
0.03234 ft
=
= 2 7 . 8 ft/s
2
- (27.8)(0.2029)(1.24)(1.94)
5.0 x l O "
L
P\-Pi
= 272
1 ) 2
/
s
m ^ o , n
(27.8) lb
lft
= Y A = y / = (1.24)(62.4)x
x272 0.2029 2(32.2) f t 144 i n
D2g
v
411 psi
Pt. 1 at pump outlet i n pipe.
8.46
+ z,+2g
Y
2g
_ Q _ 4.00 ft /s
A
2g
^(11.52X0.665!)
v
w
1.21 x l O "
A i
D 2g
fl
= 11.52 ft/s
. ^ . < I i ^
0.6651 2(32.2)
1.5 x 1 o =
. ,
ft
62.41b
ft
0.3472 ft
- m ^ : i 2 o . i
2(32.2)
+
ft-lft
144in
142.1 psi
2
105
8.47
+ z
+ h
P t . l a t pump outlet.
2g
Assume z = z ,v
[ 1 4 2 . 1 - ( - 2 . 3 6 ) ] lb
^
(62.4 l b / f t ) ( i n ) ( 1 f t / 1 4 4 i n )
h = 333.5 ft-lb/lb
A
333.5 f t - l b
P = h yQ =
A
62.41b
ft
lb
8.48
PK
+ Z, +
PA=PB
- z)
lhp
151 h p
550 ft-lb/s
Q
l
+ Z +
+ Jg[(z
PB
- / ! , =
4.00ft
i4
0.5479 f t
Assume sg = 0.68
+ h]
4.25ft /s
(7.76)(0.8350)(1.32)
N = vDp
7.2x10"
M
D
0.8350
5567: / = 0 . 0 1 4 5
e
1.5x10"
1.19 x 10
//From App. D .
Z) 2 g
^
0.8350
2(32.2)
= 40.0 p s i g + ^ ^ [ 8 5 + 5 1 . 9 ] ^ ^ - = 8 0 . 3 psig
ft
'144in
8.49
2g
(Z
+ /
0.668 ft /s
= 0.668 ft /s
oil-App. C
>
:
4
449 gal/min
2g
=0
7o
Zj) +
Pl
= 7.56 ft/s
0.08840 ft
4.3/
J
Q
0.668 ft /s
,.,
3= =
- = 13.02 ft/s = i>,
4
0.05132 f t
L
ul
U vi
2
_u Z?
*
^
v
=
(13.02X0.2557)
2.15 x l O "
= 1548 ( L a m i n a r ) : / =
^ A _ (7.56)(0.3355)
2.15 x l O "
h = 0.0413
= 1180 ( L a m i n a r ) : /
2
75
(13.02)
0.2557
2(32.2)
(13.02)
25
+ 0.0543-
(7.56)
= 0.0543
2
35.5 ft
ft + 35.5 ft = 3 9 . 1 ft
2(32.2)
= ^ y e = (39.1ft)(0.890)
(62.41b) (0.668ft )
lhp
ft
106
= 0.0413
0.3355 2(32.2)
64
1.0 ft +
64
2.64 hp
550 ft-lb/s
Chapter 8
8.50
j
P
v\
El + z + v\
- ~ - h = ^ + z +- -:
[
2
Sg
Yo
P\-P2
o = o
Yo
Yo
2g
+
lo[{Z2-Z\) h\
vDp
(3.65)(0.0189)(930)
64
= 1938 ( L a m i n a r ) : / = = 0.0330
3.31x10"
^
-p
P ]
8.51
A i ^ o x j a S O ) ^ - ^
=20.760,
D 2g
0.0189 2(9.81)
pi-p
N
60000 L / m i n
Q
0.003
t> = - -
64
= 67.8 ( L a m i n a r ) : / =
fe./^.(0.944).^L.S^m.JJ,
D2g
i4
0.944
0.0738
= 0.003 m /s
rt
Q =
0.960
N
180L/mm-lm /s
4.282x10"
0.701 m/s
2(9.81)
p, -p
N O T E : For problems 8.52 through 8.62 the objective is to compute the valu o f the friction
f a c t o r , / from the Swamee-Jain equation (8-7) from Section 8.8, shown below:
(8-7)
/ =
'
log
5.1 A
3.1(D/E)
For each problem, the calculation o f the Reynolds number and the relative roughness are
shown followed by the result o f the calculation f o r /
8.52
Q
12.9 L / m i n
u = =
A
60000 L / m i n
o_D__
lm /s
4
1.407 x l O"
= 1.528 m/s
2
0.528X0.0134)^3^^
fi
3.83 x l O "
20 L / m i n
lm /s
60000 L / m i n
4.636 x l 0 ~ m
= 0.719 m/s
4
vDp
(0.719)(0.0243)(880)
ft
3.95x10"
= 3.89x
-55 .
107
8.54
Q
2.50ft /s
v= =
= 12.16 ft/s
0.2056 f t
2
, ^,(12.16X0.5^2) ,
v
/ = 0.0191
8.55
_ M U
1 0 ;
9.15x10^
4X10"
-5
ft /s
2
7rD
D = 18 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 1.50 ft; A =
= 1.767 f t
Q
15.0ft /s
.
o= =
= 8.49 ft/s
1.767 f t
n A n J L
<g
(8.49X1.50)
v
/ = 0.0155
8.56
1.40 x l O "
1 0 :
4X10"
1500gal/min
A
r j t =
0.5479 f t
1 ft /s
449 gal/min
(6.097)(0.835) ^
1.21x1o
^835^
1.5x1o
-5
=
-4
/ = 0.0156
8.57
_ Q _
95 L / m i n
1 m /s
3.23 m/s
A
4.909 f t x 10" m
60000 L / m i n
vDp
(3.23)(0.025)(1.10)(1000)
.
/V = - =
,
= 4.44 x 10 : D/e = Smooth [Large D/e]
/i
2.0x10
2
A r
A A
/ = 0.0213
8.58
1200L/min
1 m /s
,
,
;-x
= 1.19 m/s
1.682 x 10~ m
60000 L / m i n
2
^J1.19)(0.1463)(9.30
ju
D/e =
7.8x10"
) = 2 0 7 x l ( ) 4
, = 3 1 8 0 ; / = 0.0264
4.6 x 10"
0
108
Chapter 8
8.59
4.39 x l O "
O 0409
>/ = ^ 1 L ^ = 8 8 9 ; / = 0.0206
4.6 x l O "
e
8.60
Q
0.026 m /s
u = =
- = 6.07 m/s
A 4.282 x l O " m
3
^^(6.07X0-0738X802)
8.61
//
(Q-Q738)
1.5x10-"
1.92 x l 0 ~
=
1 ( ) 5
Q
3.0 ft /s
u = =
= 3.82 ft/s
^
0.7854 ft
D (3.82X1.00)
0
v
Ve=
1.05 x l O 1
tf
, = 2 5 0 0 ; / = 0.0175
4.0 x l O '
4
8.62
uDp
(12.0X0.5054X1.76)
H
Diz =
2.24 x l O "
1 q 3
5 0 5 4
= 3 3 6 9 ; / = 0.0388
1.5 x l O "
4
Hazen-Williams Formula
8.63
-11.852
h=
L
e
L
\32AC R
0.63
A= 550
1.50
(1.32)(0.2056)(140)(0.128)
= 15.22 ft
u
R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION
109
.64
1 m /s
= 0.0167 m /s;Z, = 45 m
60000 L / m i n
4-in type K copper tube; D = 97.97 m m = 0.09797 m , A = 7.538 x 1 0 m
i? = ,0/4 = 0.0245 m , Q = 130
Q= 1000 L / m i n x
-3
nl.852
h=
L
Q
L
O.S5AC R
0.0167
= 45
0.85(7.538 x l 0 - ) ( 1 3 0 ) ( 0 . 0 2 4 5 )
h = 2.436 m
L
.65
7.50
A , = 5280
28.51 ft
(1.32)(1.767)(100)(0.375) 0.63
3
.66
1 ft /s
Q= 1500 gal/min x
= 3.341 f t 7 s ; Z = 1500 ft
449 gal/min
D = 10.02 i n = 0.835 ft; A = 0.5479 f t
C = 100; R = DIA = 0.2088
Tl.852
3.341
/= 1500
(1.32)(0.5479)(100)(0.2088)
h = 31.38 ft
L
.67
Q = 900 L / m i n x
=0.015 m /s; L = 80 m
60000 L / m i n
D = 97.97 m m = 0.09797 m ; A = 7.538 x 10~ m
i? = DIA = 0.0245 m ; C = 130
3
11.852
0.015
/= 80
3.56 m
(0.85)(7.538xl0- )(130)(0.0245)
.68
-11.852
h = 80
0.20
= 8.35 ft
(1.32)(0.03326)(100)(0.0515)
110
Chapter 8
.69
-11.852
2.0
hr = 2500
61.4 ft
(1.32)(0.3472)(100)(0.1663)
b)
Ti.852
2.0
h = 2500
28.3 ft
(1.32)(0.3694)(140)(0.1715)
.70
Q = 300 gal/min x i
? = 0.668 ft /s
449 gal/min
s = 10 ft/1200 ft = 0.00833 ft/ft
3
10.380
2.31(0.668)
D =
= 0.495 ft
(130)(0.00833)
6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe; D = 0.5054 ft
Actual h for 6-in pipe
L
-11-852
h, = L
l.32AC,R
1.852
0.668
h = 1200
= 9.05 ft
(1.32)(0.2006)(130)(0.1264)
.71
F r o m 8.70
Q = 0.668 ft /s
D = 0.5054 ft = 6.065 in; A = 0.2006 f t
R=D/4
= 0.1264 ft; C = 100
0.668
A = 1200
1.32(0.2006)(100)(0.1264)
A, = 14.72 ft
R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION
8.72
a)
-jl.852
h = lOOOft
L
0.2227
(1.32)(0.02333)(130)(0.0431) 0.63
h = 186 f t
L
b)
= 0.0639 ft
Hl.852
h = 1000
r
0.2227
(1.32)(0.05132)(130)(0.0639) 0.63
h = 27.27 f t
L
112
Chapter 8
CHAPTER NINE
VELOCITY PROFILES FOR CIRCULAR SECTIONS
A N D F L O W IN NONCIRCULAR SECTIONS
9.1
9.2
Problem 9.1
Average velocity
F u l l radius
Radius (in)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.0338
9.3
Problem 9.2
Average velocity
Full radius
Radius (in)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.3725
10.72 ft/s
1.0338 i n
Velocity, U
21.44 ft/s
20.64 ft/s
18.23 ft/s
14.22 ft/s
8.60 ft/s
1.38 ft/s
0.00 ft/s
0.3679 ft/s
0.3725 i n
Velocity, U
0.7358 ft/s
0.7225 ft/s
0.6828 ft/s
0.6165 ft/s
0.5237 ft/s
0.4044 ft/s
0.2585 ft/s
0.0862 ft/s
0.0000 ft/s
9.4
-3
V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S
113
Problem 9.3
Average velocity
F u l l radius
Radius (in)
0.00
8.00
16.00
24.00
32.00
40.00
48.00
48.99
9.5
Problem 9.4
Average velocity
F u l l radius
Radius (mm)
0.000
4.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
23.75
6.63E-03 m/s
48.985 m m
Velocity, U
0.01327 m/s
0.01291 m/s
0.01185 m/s
0.01008 m/s
0.00760 m/s
0.00442 m/s
0.00053 m/s
0.00000 m/s
0.2352 m/s
23.75 m m
Velocity, U
0.470 m/s
0.457 m/s
0.417 m/s
0.350 m/s
0.257 m/s
0.137 m/s
0.000 m/s
rf- ImwHond
I f U = v = average velocity
u=
2u[l-(r/r f]
168.3
f-10.97 mm
(rlr f
=0.5
r - Cf2 - 73.15 mm
0
= 51.72 m m
+ t = (73.15 - 51.72) + 10.97 = 32.40 m m
d = (r -r)
0
9.6
S-tnSchedutoeOpJp
9.7
, .
..
-y =
= 84.15 m m ; at this position, r - 0,
r r
U=2o
114
Chapter 9
9.8
U= 2 u [ l - ( r / r ) ] = 2 u [ l - (0.3297) ] = 1.783 u
/
u =
2.48m/s
,
.
. . .
= 1.39 m/s average velocity
1.783
1.783
v = 850 es x 1.0 x 10" m /s/cs = 8.50 x 10" m /s
vD
(1.39)(0.1463)
.
=
=- r = 239 L a m i n a r O K
v
8.50x1o"
6
A r
u=
12.9 L / m i n
1.407 x 10~ m
3.83 x l O "
lmVs
r x
_ M l ^ t
1.5 x 1 o
:
60000 L / m i n
= 1 . 5 3 m/s
= 0.0205
- 6
o=
= (3-60X10-X2-20xlO- )
Dp
Q-Ao
*
(1.20X870)
= ^
4
1
^ =
, = 2 6 0 0 0 ; / = 0.0222
4.6 x l O "
5
mx
2.\5y[f\og (y/r )
w
t / = 0.759[1.213 + 0 . 3 2 0 l o g ( y r ) ] m/s
1 0
V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S FOR C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S
115
Prob 9./o
y(mm)
C/(m/s)
yin
10
0.0167
0.488 0.530
20
0.0333
0.561 0.592
30
0.050
0.604 0.628
40
0.0667
0.634 0.654
50
0.0833
0.658 0.674
I I
100
0.1667
0.731 0.735
300
0.50
0.847 0.833
500
0.833
0.901 0.879
600
1.00
0.920 0.895
500
400
Ir
a.
300
200
100
Prob. Prob.
9.10 9.11
9.11
]r
600
/
0
.40
.80
Veodty. U (m/s)
.80
1.0
vDp
(0.759)(1.20)(870) _
4.20x10"
1.89 x 1 0 ; / = -0158
(y/r )]
10
U= o[\ +1.4377
Let U-
+ 2.1577log (yr 7
1 0
Divide by
77
0 = 1 . 4 3 + 2.151og (j//r )
10
10810(^0)= 2.15
L
y/r
116
v 0
= 10
6 6 5
-0.665
Chapter 9
9.13
^ At
Aty
16-75 /s
2.792 ft
/=0.0137
2
avg
10
9.14
C/max = ( l + 1 . 4 3 7 7 ) : olU
avg
= l / ( l +1.43^7)
mm
Smooth pipes
N
9.15
o/U
m3x
0.040
0.778
1 x 10
0.031
0.799
1 x 10
0.0175
0.841
1 x 10
0.0118
0.866
4 x 10
= l / ( l +1.4377)
max
1670
/
0.041
0.775
1 x 10
0.032
0.796
1 x 10
0.021
0.828
1 x 10
0.0185
0.837
4 x 10
400 gal/min
9.16
0.0884
o_D^
ft
lft /s
.
10.08 ft/s
449 gal/min
(10.08X0.3355)
v
1.40xl0"
_0 3355^ _
;
1.5xl0"
U= ( l + 1.43V0.0182 + 2 . 1 5 V 0 . 0 1 8 2 1 o g ( y r ) ]
10
I0
(yr )]
0
V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S
117
9.17
y(in)
ylr
0.05
0.025
7.33
5.83
0.10
0.050
8.21
7.19
0.15
0.075
8.72
7.98
0.20
0.099
9.09
8.55
0.50
0.248
10.25
10.35
1.00
0.497
11.13
11.71
1.50
0.745
11.65
12.51
2.013
1.000
12.02
13.09
D
_
9 ^ "
1.5
//
*1.0
9./7
-9.A
1
12
(Veloty(fl/3)
O 3355
5
5.0 x l O "
2.0
7 ( P r o b . 9.17)
/(ft/s)
Ap = yh
(y/r )
10
10
Prob.9.!6
D2g
(0.3355)(2)(32.2)
3
9.19
Q = A v ; Q = A v ; But v = o specified
s
a M 4
=
A
5
A, = 8.189 x 1 0 " m
4
g
Q
9.20
4 1.792X10 ^
8.189 x l O "
2
L/min
1 m /s
,
,
Upipe = =
;-x
= 0.402 m/s
A
1.864xl0~ m
60000 L / m i n
gduct = ^ D ^ D = (0.0355 m )(0.402 m/s) = 0.0143 m /s x
A
J f t
"
lm/s
fduct = 857 L / m i n
118
Chapter 9
9.21
= 0.1390 f t -
"
x - j L _ = 0.0799 f t
144in
Noncircular
9.22
cross
4
sections
3.259xl0~ m
R=
+ TT(0.025) = 0.3493 m
, _
= 9.33 x 1 0 m
n
3
3
WP
0.3493 m
Q
150 m
lhr
1
_
o - =
x
x
- = 12.78 m/s
A
hr
3600 s 3.259x10" m
y
12.5 N - s
1 kg-m/s
P
"
3
:
1-274 k g / m
g
m 9.81 m
m
_ v{4R)p
(12.78)(4)(9.33xl0- )(1.274) _
^
3
*
9.23
//
2.0 x l O "
Q < |
WP = 2(6 in) + 2(12 in) + 2TT(4.0 in) = 61.13 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 5.094 ft
R
0.3255 f t
WP
2
=
f t
5.094 ft
3
Q
200 f t
lmin
1
u= =
x
-x
= 10.24 ft/s
^
min
60 s
0.3255 ft
y
0.1141b-s
lslug
~ . ,
,r-j
p = Z_ = _ ^
f = 0.00354 slugs/ft
2
g
N
*
9.24
ft (32.2ft)
v(4R)p
n
llb-s /ft
(10.24)(4)(0.0639)(0.00354)
3.34 x l 0 ~
.=
g = -
^ 8.79 ft/s
A
0.455 ft
2
, _ ! > * * _ (8.79X4X0.0898) .
v
9.25
tf
8.29x10^
5
^
y.
i/
6.309xlQ- m /s
^
> = 4.75 gal/min x
= 3.00 x 10 m /s
1 gal/min
Q
3.00xl0" m /s
.
.
= 3.66 m/s
A
8.189x10^ m
3
^^3.66X0.0102!)^^^,,,
3.04 x l 0 ~
V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S
119
Shell:
A = 3.059 x 10" m - TC(0.0127 m ) / 4 = 1.792 x 10" m
WP = 7r(0.01974 m ) + TC(0.0127 m) = 0.1019 m
R = A/WP = 0.00176 m = 1.76 x 10~ m
4
Q
1.89xl0~ m /s
.
u = =
- = 10.56 m/s
A
1.792 x l O ~ m
4
. ( ^ J l O ^ W d ^ x ^ - X H O O )
//
1.62 x l 0 ~
1 0
'=
5 0
49Turbule
^
9.26
^
450 L / m i n x 1 m /s
3/
Pipe: Q =
= 0.00750 m /s
60000 L / m i n
g
0.00750 m /s
,
= M. =
. _ = 0 . 4 0 2 m/s
A
1.864xl0~ m
^(0.402X0.154!)
n
1.02 x l O "
L - Water at 2 0 C
D u c t : Benzene at 7 0 C : p = sg(p ) = 0.862(1000) = 862 k g / m
A
0.0355 m
-=
WP
=0.0157m
2.257 m
. AV;
(6.08xl0-)(3.5x -) _
1 0
H
4Rp
4(0.0157)(862)
Q = A v = (0.0355 m )(0.392 m/s) = 1.39 x 10" m /s
2
9.27
lasidePipes: N =
R
^ ^
3.35x10
= 1.00 x 10
WP
ft
2.813 ft
o m
v
120
0.0799
(25X4X0.0284)
1.21 x l O "
Chapter 9
9.28
lm
Q = 850 L / m i n x
/s
0.01417 m /s
60000 L / m i n
A=A
- 34
she
u b e
v 33
2
2
D o
1.565xl0~ m
WP
0.2760 m
_ Q_
0.01417 m / s
2
3
= 5.670 x 1 0 ~ m
= 9.05 m/s
1.565xl0" m
^_(9.05)(4)(5.670xl0" )
v
9.29
1.30 x l O "
1.58 x 10
R=AIWP
N
vARp
_N p:
_ (1500X3.38x10^)
^ 6.09 ft/s
4Rp
4(9.77 x l 0 ~ ) ( 2 . 1 3 )
2
9.30
h*+
18
12
1625 m m
WP
2
:
2.444 m m
665 m m
50
A
50 m
h
10 mm
1625 m m
lh
5 J O
3600 s
H - -
Obnsnsians in mm
u= 8.55 m/s
_ L>(4/?)( O)_(8.55)(4)(0.00244)(1.15) _
/
5.90 x 10
1.63x10"
9.31
(0.622)(4)(0.0528)(1260)
= 552
0.30
(App. D )
V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S
121
9.32
^ = (0.14446) = 0.02087 m
WP = 4(0.14446) = 0.5778 m
R
0.02087 m
WP
0.5778m
2.77 mm
I
r
0.0361 m
144.48
(4R)
(35.9)(4)(0.0361)
3.22 x l 0 ~
1.61 x 10
U-150 j
0.75 m / s
= 2
A
9.33
0.02087 m
A = (0.75)(0.75) +
= 35.9 m/s
2
;r(1.50)
_
= 1.446 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.01004 f t
z
Q
78.0 gal/min
1 ftVs
v = =
-x
A
0.01004 f t
449 gal/min
o(4R)
(17.30)(4)(0.02250)
17.30 ft/s
9.34
A=
1.40 xlO~
(2(;r)(0.50)
;r(0.75)
+ 2(0.50)(0.50) +
1.112 x 10
- (0.50)
4(0.50)
M5(2)
;r(0.25)
WIO^p)
N^_
(1^10')(1.40xlO-')
47?
4(0.0177)
122
Chapter 9
9.35
a = 1.50
b = 1.50
= 1.098 i n
sin 105
S
= 0.7765 i n
sin 105
PART
WP
0.2209 i n
0.0552
0.2945
0.0736
0.3927
0.0920
0.4909
0.5625
1.500
2.250
2.000
0.4118
0.4118
1.0981 = a
0.2912
A=
1.178 i n
0.7765 = b
4.3690 i n
R=A/WP
1.1301 = WP
Np
o=
B y L a w o f Sines
ARp
= 0.595 ft/s
(4)(0.0471)(1.53)
(4.369.n-)(0.S95 /s)
a
(144in /ft )
9.36
A = (2)(8) = 16 m m ( l m / 1 0 m m ) = 1.60 x 1 0 m
WP = 2(8) + 2(2) = 20 m m = 0.020 m
5
R =
1.60xl0" m
2
4
= 8.00 x 10" m
WP
0.020 m
Q = Av = (1.60 x 10" m )(25.0 m/s) = 4.00 x 1 0 m /s each
fiot = (4.00 x 10^ m /s)6 = 2.40 x 10 m /s
o(4R)(p)
(25)(4)(8.00 x 10"" )(1.20)
= 6.40 x 10
p
1.50 x l O
5
- 5
9.37
From Prob. 9.24, R = 0.0898 ft; N = 3.808 x 10 ; v = 8.79 ft/s; Water at 90F
R
L
h=
L
4 R
2g
_ (0.0165)(30)(8.79)
1.65 ft
(4)(0.0898)(2)(32.2)
3
= h
Jw
-
5 = 4226; t h e n / = 0 . 0 1 6 5
8.5x10"
V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S
123
9.38
g ()
e
4.6xl0~
=
= 1.23 x 10
222; t h e n / = 0 . 0 3 0
A j
/ (0.030)(5.25)(3.66)'
D2g
(0.01021)(2)(9.81)
3
Ap = yJi
,
r
h =f
-5
'
1 0
5 6 2
'
10* c
= 186.5 m
= 0.044
ARlg
4(0.00176)2(9.81)
Ap = yh = (10.79 kN/m )(186.5 m) = 2018 k N / m = 2018 kPa [Very high]
3
9.39
^= s
4.6x10
h -/
= 3350; t h e n / = 0.021
=
D 2g
- 0.00427 m
" '
(0.1541)(2)(9.81)
3
N = 6.08 x 10 ; R = 0.0157 m ; 1*
J4X0.0157) =
0.023;
K-f.!L-
9.40
(0 0 ^ X 3 . 8 0 X 0 . 3 9 2 ) ' _
4 R
Ap = y h
4.6xl0~
2g
(4X0.0157)(2)(9.81)
1.5 x l O "
L S_
(0.021)(50)(25)
3
>2g
Ap = yJi
(0.1342)(2)(32.2)
3
= 758; t h e n / = 0.0225
1.5x10
- L . l .
4 # 2g
Ap =
124
(4)(0.0284)
(0-02X50X25)'
(4)(0.0284)(2)(32.2)
3
Chapter 9
9.41
4)(5.670xl0- )
1.5 x l O
(0-017X3.60X9.05)'
4 i? 2 g
Ap =
9.42
64 _ 6 4 _
=
1 Q
.3
f t
_57in_
1500
= f
ft
12m/ft
2
= (0-0427)(4.75)(6.09)
2
=
ft
4 i? 2 g
(4)(9.77xl0~ )(2)(32.2)
3
9.43
64
64
/ = = - = 0 . 1 1 6 : R = 0.0528 m
N
552
R
4 R
A/? = y h
G
9.44
2g
(4)(0.0528)(2)(9.81)
3
(4X0.0361)
1.5 x 1 o
-6
^ ^ ^ ( 0 ^ x ^ x ^
4 R
2g
(4)(0.0361)(2)(9.81)
3
I Water at 90C
9.45
f t :
1^(4X0-0225)
= 1.112 x 10
- 5
s
2.5 x l O
L = (105 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 8.75 ft
^ul (0.019)(8.75)(17.30)
4 R
2g
f t
(4)(0.0225)(2)(32.2)
3
V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S
125
9.46
Data from Prob. 9.34 and Fig. 9.20. N = 1.5 x 10 : R = 0.0177 ft; o = 29.66 ft/s
R
4 R
(4)(0.0177)
1.5x10"
[Steel]
= 472: / = 0.025
= f
2
=
(0-025)(3.75)(29.66)
4 i? 2 g
ft
(4)(0.0177)(2)(32.2)
3
9.47
WP
= 0.0138 ft
1.312 ft
AT, = ^
//
V
4 R p
3
8
^
4(0.0138)(2.13)
h~
= (0.0325)
4 R
9.48
/ = 0.0325
4 i?
4(0.0138)
5x10"
(23.05)\ 2
: 11000
10.67
51.9 f t
4(0.0138) 2(32.2)
2g
2
Q = Au=
g^ ""
g a
i/ i
m
R =
= 0.0119wz
WP
_ Q _ 3000 L / m i n
u= =
0.0076 m
1 m /s
= 6.58 m/s
60000 L / m i n
0.0135
h=
L
9.49
(0.0135)(2.25)(6.58)
4 R
2g
4(0.0119)(2)(9.81)
1.41 m
o(4 R)p
(20)(4)(0.1848)(2.06x 10" )
>
4.14x10"
9.50
M
u
A ^ 3 . 5 x l 0
J
Dp
4
)
( 5 . 0 x l O -
(0.044)(1.53)
126
Chapter 9
*(0.044ft)'
^
4
3
D 2g
>
(0.044)(2)(32.2)
^ = ^l=8793;/=0.0232
e
5x10^
Ap = yh = (49.01 lb/ft )(58.2 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 19.8 psi
Shell: M e t h y l A l c o h o l at 7 7 F ( A p p . B )
3
A ^ J 3 . 5 x l 0
4 Rp
) ( U 7 x l 0 - )
4(0.0119)(1.53)
2
4(0.0119)
5x10^
^_ / 0.0232) 10.5)(5.61)
i
= (
A R2g
ft
4(0.0119)(2)(32.2)
3
9 51
v = 1.67 T 1 0
-5
ft /s = Kinematic viscosity
A = (1.431 x 1 0
-2
-6
9.52
v(4R)p/p
2
tot
A = AJ2
WP = ID+
= (2.093 x 1 0
JID)I2
-2
ft )/2 = 1.0465 x 1 0
-2
ft
= 2.093 x 10~ f t
= v(4R)p/p=
V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S
Turbulent
127
Both Side Channels: VA-in Type K copper tube (Half). ID = 0.1234 ft; A
A = AJI = (1.196 x 10~ ) / 2 = 5.98 x 1 0 f t
tol
-3
= 1.196 x 10" f t
-4
Turbulent
LT
9.53
1 0 - 3
-4
-4
128
Chapter 9
CHAPTER TEN
MINOR LOSSES
10.1
D ID
2
10.2
3.0xl0" m /s
, ,
, D,
85.4 m m
=
- = 6.47 m/s: =
=3.51
4
4.636xl0~ m
>, 24.3 m m
Ui=
7 3
4 7
i = 0 . 7 3 (Table 10.1): h = K , ^ - ( - )
2g
2(9.81)
L
10.3
>
6
O.lOftVs
A
0.2803ft ,
n ^ r r w
m n
= =
- = 20.0ft/s: =
1 = 3.51 K = 0.73 (Table 10.1)
4
0.00499 f t
D.
0.07975 ft
"
(0-73X20.0ft/s)
4.55 f t
2g
2(32.2 ft/s )
2
10.4
D,
6.0
P\> . - . " \ _ A , = ^ - + z, + - ut
^ - : ^ - = - ^ = 3 . 0 - > / : = 0.78 (Table 10.1)
+ z, + 2g >, 2.0
2
2g
; assume z\ = z
2g
-^2 = r
A = ^ , / 2 g = (0.78)(4.0ft/s) /2(32.2ft/s ) = 0.194 ft
^i
A]
vAy
-T
U.oJ
= 4.0 ft/s
62.4 lb p.,444 - 4 . 0
Pi
10.5
-Pi
ft
= 0.444 ft/s
2
lft
+ 0.194 f t x
2(32.2)
-0.0224 psi
144in
Q.44 - 4 . 0 0
P-PI^
10.6
62.4
+ 0.0398 ft x
2(32.2)
lft
144in
-0.0891 psi
2
10.7
MINOR L O S S E S
129
10.8
g
4
85gal/ n
0.02333 f t
m i
IftVs
= g . l l ft/s: A
gjQ _f
449 gal/min
Z>,
0.1723
5
h = ^ o , / 2 g = ^ ( 8 . 1 1 ) / 2 ( 3 2 . 2 ) = ( 1 . 0 2 2 ft)
L
10.9
10
15
20
30
40
60
0.03
0.08
0.16
0.31
0.48
0.59
0.71
0.031
0.082
0.164
0.317
0.491
0.603
0.726 ft
( A - A V 2
( A - A V 2
L=
D - 0.5054
Di-KiA7231t
sin(6>/2)
(0.5054 - 0 . 1 7 2 3 ) / 2 _ 0.1666 ft
L=
sin(>/2)
~sin(6>/2)
Prob. 10.10
0
9/2
sin(6>/2)
10
Prob. 10.8
Prob. 10.11
(ft)
0.01745
9.54
0.0414
0.031
0.0724
0.08716
1.910
0.0083
0.082
0.0903
15
7.5
0.1305
1.276
0.0055
0.164
0.1695
20
10
0.1736
0.959
0.0042
0.317
0.3212
30
15
0.2588
0.643
0.0028
0.491
0.4938
40
20
0.342
0.487
0.0021
0.603
0.6051
60
30
0.500
0.333
0.0014
0.726
0.7274
^(0.0215)
Lf
D2g
D=
(D +D )/2
2
W (
2.099)'
(ft)
Lf
(ft)
(0.3389)(2)(32.2)
(0.5054+ 0.1723)/2 = 0.3389 ft
2
A = 7 T A / 4 = TT(0.3389) /4 = 0.0902 ft
u
0.0902 f t
P
v
130
85gal/min
ftVs
449 gal/min
( 2 j 9 X 0 J 3 W ) _
1.21xl0~
. g
;
M 3
1.5x10"*
C h a p t e r 10
.8
Energy Losa,
(ft)
'
Rrob. 10.
Prob. 1D.11
a:
^ = 3
O
10"
20'
30*
40*
50
60'
Corte Angle
10.12
p =Pi
500 kPa +
+ y
0,z =z
9.79 k N 4.98
2g
-0.584
2(9.81)
= 512.2 k P a
12.2 kPa Recovery
Q
=
Vi
150 L / m i n
1 m /s
5.017xlO"
= 0.584 m/s
p=i
2
4.98 m/s
60000 L / m i n
150
10.13
r X
503.7 kPa
= 500 + 9.79
+ y
4.98
-0.584
-0.873
30% o f ideal
2
(4.98)
o,
h = K-^ = 0.69
= 0.873 m
2(9.81)
2g
L
DJD,
10.14
10.15
b.
c.
e=\0;K=
Q_
0.04 mVs
1.864xl0~ m
MINOR L O S S E S
2(9.81)
2g
= 2.146 m/s
2
10.16
= 1.0(7.48)72(32.2) = 0.868 ft
E x i t loss: h =
1.0 v /2g
Q
1.50ft /s
o = =
A 0.2006 ft
10.17
= 7 . 4 8 ft/s
2
Sudden contraction: h =
Ko 12g
A l = 4.00 ft/s
l = 16.00 ft/s
1
KA.)
I a J
U.oJ
For Z V A 2 = 2.0, = 0.34 (Table 10.3)
(A)
02=01
p2=pi+r
10.18
2g
62.41b
80 p s i g + (0.87)
ft
4.00 -16.00
-1.35 ftx
2(32.2)
lft
144 i n
I2g)
10.20
Sudden contraction: h =
K(o/2g)
A _ 122.3 m m
>
49.3 m m
O
2 =
500 L / m i n
~ X 3
1.905 x l 0 " m
1 m /s
:
2
60000 L / m i n
10.21
=2.48
A
10.22
=0.3188ft/0.125ft =2.55
O
250gal/min
1 ft /s
,.,., ^
,,
2= = / t
, ~ : =45.38 f t / s ; = 0.31 (Table 10.3)
A
0.01227 f t
449 gal/min
3
t J
A = u
132
2
2
/ 2 g = (0.31)(45.38) /2(32.2) = 9 . 9 1 ft
2
C h a p t e r 10
10.23
10.24
2.55
Ku/2g = ( 4 5 . 3 8 ) / 2 ( 3 2 . 2 ) = ( 3 1 . 9 8 ft)
2
10.25
D ID
h (ft)
150
0.36
11.51
120
0.28
8.95
105
0.23
7.35
90
0.19
6.08
76
0.135
4.32
50-60
0.075
2.40
15-40
0.045
1.44
10
0.048
1.53
0.084
2.69
0.109
3.49
/
/
150
6 - 90*
MINOR L O S S E S
8 -120*
6 - 1 8 0 * - sudden
133
10.27
1 0
.28
u.= ^
A
50gaVmin_ _
1 ft /s
1.907 x 10~ f t
449 gal/min
5.84 ft/s
..2
h = K
(5.84 ft/s)
= 0.50
0.265 ft
2
2(32.2 f t / s )
10.29
Entrance loss: h.
a.
c.
10.30
( 3
^ K
2g
Q m / s ) 2
= (0.459m)
2(9.81 m / s )
2
= 1.0; h = 0.459 m
= 0 . 2 5 ; h = 0.115 m
b. = 0.50; h = 0.229 m
d. = 0.04;/j = 0.018 m
10.31
10.32
10.33
&p=y
=/ fr
LE.
Q
750 L / m i n
3.09 x 10" m
1.58 psi
= 10.4 ft/s
449 gal/min
1 m /2
2
= 4.045 m/s:
60000 L / m i n
9.81kN
=/
D2g
2g
(4.045)
0.834 m
2(9.81)
[0.018(30)(0.834m)] =4.42 k P a
10.36
/s
144 i n
Ap = yh
10.35
(ft)(l f t )
Elbow /
2(32.2)
lft
(10.4)
(0.016)(150)
650 gal/min
0.1390 f t
f=
u=
ft
D2g
Angle
valve
10.34
62.4 lb
= (0.90)
= (9.81)[(0.018)(50)(0.834)] = 7.36 k P a
Ap is proportional to LJD.
134
C h a p t e r 10
10.37
V] = Di, assume zx = z2
- E L
-h,
zx
2g
A>en
C i s e r e t u r n b e n d : LJD = 50, f =
12.5 gal/min
0.0021 l f t
a g p
1 ft /s
= 13.19 ft/s
449 gal/min
(13.19)(0.0518)(2.13)
= 4 J l x l 0
3.38x10"
M
D/e = 0.0518/1.5 x 10" = 345: / = 0.041
4
h,
( 1 3
=f
i b
A,
T
D2g
10.38
.00
(13.19)
0.0518
2(32.2)
= (0.041)
p -p
1 9 )
L = (0.027)(50) "
ft = 3.65 ft
D 2g
2(32.2)
= 17.12 ft
g . (12.5/449)
A
ft'/s^
>/fi =
2.097 x l O " f t
u ^
(13.28)(0.05167)(2.13
3.38 x l O "
M
0.05167
= 3 4 4 ; / = 0.041
1
(1.5x1o" )
U s e / = 0.027 because ZVe is the same as for the 1/2-in steel pipe in Problem 10.37.
r
h,
= 2f
^
D2g
= (2)(0.027)(14)
( 1 3 - 2 8 )
= 2.07 ft (2 Bends)
2(32.2)
8.50
A,
= / = (0.041)
0.05167
A*
D2g
J
(13.28)
= 18.46 ft
2(32.2)
r[h
Liabc
+\
n d
MINOR L O S S E S
135
= g
0-40 f t / s
A
0.05132
/ = 0.018 (Table 10.5)
=
L
>
/ * = / r ^ = ( 0 . 0 1 8 ) ( 2 0 ) ^ ? ^ - = 0.340 ft
D2g
2(32.2)
10.40
_ g _
0.08 m /s
0.01365 m
= 4.76 m/s
2
10.41
fr
D2g
T
( 4 J 6 )
= (0.018)(60)
=1.25m
2(9.81)
K
- = 285.7 m m
Q
250 L / m i n
1 m /s
,
,
u = =
r-x
= 8 . 3 1 m/s
4
5.017 x l O - W
60000 L / m i n
n
v
3.60 x l O "
e
1.5x10"*
/ r = 0.0115 i n zone o f complete turbulence
h=
L
( 8 - 3 1 ) 2
^ = (0.0115)(32)
=1.29m
D2g
2(9.81)
T
10.42
h=
L
136
^ ^ n n ^ ,
en (8-3 D
f - - = (0.0115)(11.8) " '
=0.477m
D2g
2(9.81)
v
T
T
C h a p t e r 10
10.43
ugp
(6.43X0.0498X802)^ 3 ^ ^
j.
1.92xl0"
^ ^ 4 9 8
1.5x10^
h=
^ = (0.010)(40.5)
=0.85m
D 2 g
2(9.81)
( 6 - 4 3 )
r
r
P r o p o s a l 2 - Bend + tube: =
= 3 . 0 1 : ^ = 11.8
D
49.8 m m
13
A
/,
"
' D2g
=/*^U(0.017)
^
=
'0.0498 2(9.81)
D
10.44
^ = ( 0 . 0 1 0 ) ( 1 1 . 8 ) ^ = 0.248 m
2(9.81)
/z,
=l.llm
0.862 m
750 L / m i n
o==^=^
1.905 x 10" m
3
1 m /s
2
= 6.56m/s:
60000 L / m i n
^^^6.560(0.0493X802)
L
2g
^ t
= 2.194m
2(9.81)
1.92x10"
i"
Z3/e = 0.0493/4.6 x 10" = 1072: / = 0.0215: / = 0.019
5
/i
=f
= (0.0215)f
2.59 m
0.85 m
2.59 m
= 2.59 m
(2.194) = 1.340 m
0.0493
L
1.11 m
10.45
40 L / m i n
A
1 m /s
1.948 x l 0 " m
= 3.42 m/s
60000 L / m i n
D
0.01575
=
- = 342: f = 0.025 in zone o f complete turbulence
s
4.6 x l O "
/ y
n 4D
h = f ^
= (0.025)(29) "
= 0.432 m
D 2 g
' 2(9.81)
T
T
j T
MINOR L O S S E S
137
10.46
o,
+ z, +- -h,
2g
Y
+ 7 ' i"
2g
rw
2
=^
- + z -z
,= ^
=^
4
_/TV
^2
vi - vi
= 0.001963 m
A -= ^ = "
2
1 A
1
\ 2
m
=0.007854 m
2g
Z\
-1.20 m
6 . 0 x l 0 " m /s
, _,
A
vi
(3.056)
= 0.476 m
Ui = =
= 3.056 m/s: - =
4
0.001963 m
2g
2(9.81)
e . M ^ l . 0.764 m /
L ^ ! . 0.0297 n .
A
0.007854
2g
2(9.81)
s :
Px-Pi
Px -P
Yl(
Y (0.35 m ) _ ( 0 . 8 5 m ) _ 132.8(0.35 m )
r w
+ -
+ 0.85 m
9.69
y.
P l
LetA =
2g
h
4.90m
Then= -=
=10.3
u /2g
0.476 m
90 Bend. Steel tube; Vi i n O D x 0.065 i n w a l l thickness.
r = 2.00 i n . D = 0.370 i n = 0.03083 ft.
D/s = 0.030S3/1.5 x 10" = 206. T h e n / = 0.0295 i n fully turbulent zone. A = 7.467 x 10" f t .
Q = 3.5 gal/min = 0.00780 ft /s. v = Q/A = (0.00780 ft /s)/(0.00780 f t ) = 10.44 ft .
(v /2g) = (10.44 ft/s) /[2(32.2 ft/s )] = 1.692 ft. rID = 2.00 in/0.370 i n = 5.41.
LJD = 17 (Fig. 10.27).
K =fjJ(LJD)
= 0.0295(17) = 0.5015.
h = ( v / 2 g ) = 0.5015(1.692 ft) = 0.849 ft = h
2
10.47
10.48
D/s = 0.09033/1.5 x 10~ = 602. T h e n / = 0.023 i n fully turbulent zone. A = 6.409 x 10~ f t .
Q = 27.5 gal/min = 0.0612 ft /s. v = QIA = (0.0612 ft /s)/(0.006409 f t ) = 9.556 ft/s
(v /2g) = (9.556 ft/s) /[2(32.2 ft/s )] = 1.418 ft. rID = 3.25 in/1.084 i n = 3.00.
LJD = 12.5 (Fig.I0.27),
K =fjl{LjD)
= 0.023(12.5) = 0.288.
h = ( v / 2 g ) = 0.288(1.418 ft) = 0.408 ft = h
r
10.49
Data from Problem 10.47. Coil w i t h 6.0 revolutions. K = 0.5015 for one 90 bend.
n = 6.0 rev(4 9 0 bends)/rev = 24 9 0 bends. v / 2 g = 1.692 ft. rID = 5.41. f = 0.0295.
K = {n- 1) [0.25 rf-ArlD) + 0.5K] + K [Equation 10-10]
K = (24 - l)[0.25a(0.0295)(5.41) + 0.5(0.5015)] + 0.5015 = 9.15 = K
h = K (v l2g)
= (9.15)(1.692 ft) = 15.5 ft = h
2
138
C h a p t e r 10
10.50
Data from Problem 10.48. Coil w i t h 8.5 revolutions. K = 0.288 for one 9 0 bend.
n = 8.5 rev(4 9 0 bends)/rev = 34 9 0 bends. v /2g = 1.418 ft. rID = 3 . 0 0 . / = 0.023.
K = (n- \)(0.257fj(r/D)
+ 0.5K] + K [Equation 10-10]
K = (34 - l)[0.25m(0.023)(3.00) + 0.5(0.288)] + 0.288 = 6.83 = K
h = K (v /2g)
= (6.83)(1.418) = 9.68 ft = h
2
10.51
Data from Problem 10.47. 145 degree bend. K = 0.5015 for one 90 bend.
2
= 0.0295.
10.52
Data from Problem 10.48. 60 degree bend. K = 0.288 for one 9 0 bend.
n = 6 0 7 9 0 = 0.667 9 0 bends. v /2g = 1.418 ft. rID = 3 . 0 0 . / = 0.023.
K = (n - \)[(0.257fj(rlD)+
0.5K] +K [Equation 10-10]
K = (0.667 - 1) [0.25m(0.023)(3.00) + 0.5(0.288)] + 0.288 = 0.222 =K
h = K (v /2g)
= (0.222)(1.418) = 0.315 ft = h
2
10.53
10.54
Directional control valve. Figure 10.29. For Q = 7.5 gal/min, Ap = 104 psi.
For Q = 10 gal/min, Ap = 175 psi.
10.55
10.56
Procedure like Prob. 10.55: For Q = 7.5 gal/min, Ap = 104 psi. v = 12.5 ft/s. K=
For Q = 10 gal/min, Ap = 175 psi. v = 16.67 fUs. K = 104.
10.57
110
From Problem 10.53, Q = 5.0 gal/min, Ap = 60.0 psi, and sg = 0.90. Then,
C = Q/yjAp/sg
= 5 . 0 / V 6 0 / 0 . 9 0 = 0.612 = C
10.58
See Problem 10.57 for procedure and data from Problem 10.54.
For Q = 7.5 gal/min: C = Q/^Ap/sg
v
= 7.5/^104/0.90 = 0.698 = C
= 10.0/V175/0.90 = 0.717 = C
For Problems 10.59 to 10.70, vales o f C, are found from Table 10.6.
10.59
Ap = sg(QIC )
= 0.981(150/170) = 0.764 psi
sg = 61.2 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.981
v
MINOR L O S S E S
139
10.60
Ap = sg(QIC f
= 0.989(600/640) = 0.869 psi
sg = 61.7 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.989
v
10.61
Ap = sg(QIC f
= 0.997(15/25) = 0.359 psi
sg = 62.2 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.997
v
10.62
Ap = sg(Q/C f
10.63
Ap = sg(QIC f
10.64
Ap = sg(QIC f
10.65
Ap = sg(QIC f
10.66
Ap = sg(QIC f
10.67
Ap = sg{QIC f
10.68
Ap = sg(QIC f
10.69
Ap = sg(QIC f
10.70
Ap = sg(QIC f
140
C h a p t e r 10
CHAPTER ELEVEN
SERIES PIPE LINE SYSTEMS
Class I systems
11.1
P
u
, ,
, -B . ,
+ z + - ~ h = Pn +
z +
2g
7
S
A
A =
L_
-A,
12m-^-1.0^-O/ (30)^-/-^
r
Entr.
/r
2g
PB
2g
(1.99 m/s)
1 ^Q
3 Elbows
Friction
- = 0.202 m
2(9.81 m / s )
2
2g
6
PB
11.2
(0.202)
(L098
m
= 85.1 k N / m = 85.1 k P a
2
ul
Class I ; ^ + z. + "
2g
y
80.5
,
p
u,
A =^- +z +-^-:
r
2g
i
u =Lfe = 0 ; ^ = 0
A
0.019
38
2g
h=
0.0525
Exit
Friction
(inpipe): u =
K = //.J7.32 + 724/1
30/7*,, + l.OA+Z-
435 L / m i n
2.168xl0" m
1 m /s
2
3.344 m/s
60000 L / m i n
(3.344)7(2)(9.81) = 0.570 m
uZ)p _ (3.344)(0.0525)(820)
> _
0.0525
4.6x10"
1.70x10"
1 1 4 1 ; / = 0.0222
= 143.5 k P a
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
141
11.3
o:
^ - h
2g
Class I ;
y
Q
v=
+ ^ : p =pB+r[(z -z )
2g
+ h]
(5.73)
2g
2(32.2)
1 ft /s
60 gal/min
A =0.02333 f t
= ^ +z
y
= 5.73 / s : h =
= 0.509 ft
-x-449 gal/min
50
h = (6.5 + 60f + 290J)h : f = 0.019
A = 6.5A + 2 ( 3 0 y A + / 0.1723
vDp _ (5.73)(0.1723)(0.90)(1.94)
D
0.1723
2.87 x 10 : = T] ~
6.0 x l O "
s
1.5x10"
i
i n 4
1150
= 2 0 0 p s
^ ^ M [ 2 5 f t
ft
l 2
7.73ft]
144 i n
11.4
212.8 psig
Class I
3
+ A
PB
+ ir2
PA=PB
i = ^ f t
2g
2(32.2)
Q
VA
( B- A)-
2g
= 6 . 7 9 f t ; ^ = 1.32ft
2g
A
f=
T
= 1.67ft /s
449 gal/min
2g
1 ft /s
Q = 750 gal/min x
3
1.67 / s
0.07986 f t
0.181 f t
= 20.9 ft/s
2
0.017
h = 2(30)/ i + f
i + 0 . 2 8 - = (1.30 + 1 2 5 f ) ^
2g
0.3188 f t 2 g
2g
" 2 g
L
Elbows
Friction
Enlarge
Where D ID = 0.4801/0.3188 = 1.51 - > = 0.28 (Table 10.1)
2
A t l 0 0 F , v = 7.21 x 1 0 - t f / s ; ^
=
^
"
v
>/e = 0.3188/1.5 x 10" = 2125 - > / = 0.032
h = [1.30 + 125(0.032)](6.79 ft) = 36.0 ft
0
= ^ ^ = 9 . 2 5
7.21x10^
xlO
p .500p
A
S l g +
(0-89S)(62.41b)
[40 +
(1 32
6 7 9 )+
3 6 0 ]
^g
142
C h a p t e r 11
11.5
Classl; * + z
+ ^ - h
= ^ +z
2g
' y
2
L
T h e n p =p
A
+ 7
+ ^
2g
2g
g
0.015 mVs
0.892
2
A A / 1 A C
- = 0.892 m/s; =
m = 0.0405 m
A
1.682x10 m
2g
2(9.81)
Q
0.015
___
. u
(7.87)
IM = - =
= 7.87 m/s; - - = ^
m = 3.16 m
4
1.905x10
2g
2(9.81)
^^(0.892X0.1463)
,
L> =
2.12xl0~
4.6 x l O "
(7.87X0.0493)
=
B
2.12 x l O "
J M 9 ^
4.6 x l 0 ~
0.028
fm = 0.019
^ = /
7 B
= 12.5 M P a +
m
p
11.6
= 12.74 M P a
Classl
Pts. 1 and 2 at reservoir surfaces: p =p
x
= 0; \ = 02 = 0
+ z , + h, - + z , + : Zi - z = h = sum o f 8 Iosses
7
2g
7
2g
2
fl
6-in pipe: o =
6
h = 1.0^L
2g
Entr.
2(30)^3 i
0.0843 2 g
Zj
= 0.0185
re
160/
+ 0.43^
" 2g
Gate valve
2g
Enl.
7 6
0.1560 2 g
Friction 6-in
^ - + 1.0^2g
2g
r 6
Elbows 6-in
2
"2g
z , - z = X
= 1.88 x 10
Exit
52.7 n i
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
143
11.7
Classl
E
^ +z
+ ^ - h
= ^ - +z
+ ^ : p -p +y[(z -z )
A
+ hi];
O =VB
A
Q
1.70L/min
lm'/s
. . . .
.
o
^ ,
,-3
UB= =
-x
= 0.346 m/s: = 6 . 1 0 x 1 0 m
A
8.189x10 m
60000L/min
2g
^gP
(0.346X0.01021X1250) _
D _
2
o=
A
3.0x10
= /
L + 150/_ + 3 4 0 / + 8 ( 5 0 ) / = 0.577 m
0.010212g
2g
2g
2g
r
Friction
PA-PB
[ 3
Ball chk.
Globe v .
8 Ret. bends
144
C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID
MECHANICS
O b j e c t i v e : Pressure:
Point
1 Pressure
Reference
flow rate:
Q = 2.83E-05m /s
Pressure
at point
1=
"Pressure
100
kPa
78.4
kPa
at point
2 =
Velocity
at point
1=
0.346
Velocity
at point
2 =
0.346
Fluid
Pipe
Wall roughness:
1=
0 m
Elevation
at point 2 =
1.2 m
2
12.2625
kN/nr'
i: = 1.50E-06
L =
Kinematic
Pipe
2:
1:
= f(UD) =
nf/s
None
30 m
D =
Length:
0.09797
: - 1.50E-06
L=
[ N = vD/v]
0.0563 Using Eq. 8-7
Energy loss h
82.96
L1
0.5064 m
L2
0.0119 m
(f = 0.013)
L3
0.0270 m
(f = 0.013)
L4
0.0317 m
(f = 0.013)
K =
1.95
Energy loss h
Globe
Valve:
K =
4.420
Energy loss h
Bends:
K =
0.65
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
Energy loss h
La
0.00 m
L1
0.00 m
0.00 m
Energy
2:
K = f(UD) =
1
Energy loss h
0.00
losses-Pipe
Pipe:
0.00
Energy loss h
2: K =
0 00
Energy loss h
L2
Element
3: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 m
Element
4: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 m
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
0.5770 m
Friction
T
Qty.
Element
Qty.
Valve:
Return
8.2
Friction factor: f =
Check
Table
0.0282
See
0 m
Area: A = 7.54E-03 m
[A = T I D / 4 ]
D/s =
65313
Relative roughness
LID =
0
Flow Velocity =
0.0038 m/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head =
0.0000 m
- 2.40E-07
Wall roughness:
2
Friction factor: f =
viscosity
Diameter:
Area: A = 8.19E-05 m
D/E =
6807
LID =
2938
Flow Velocity =
0.346 m/s
Velocity head = 0.006104 m
Pipe:
at point
weight
Length:
Elevation
Energy
equation:
m/s->
Properties:
Specific
SI Metric U n i t s
Data:
Volurne
SI:
Problem 11.7-Mott-Modified
Fig. 11.17
System
points
Uot
L8
Friction
Results:
Change
in pressure
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
A to B:
-21.79 k P a
drop.
145
Class II systems
11.8
Class I I A = 3 0 . 0 f t = / -LeL
D2g
Then v -
\2g\D
Method I I C Iteraton
2(32.2)(30)(0.3188)
24.64
/(25)
vD _ u(0.3188)
v
7.37xl0"
4.33 * 1 0 V ) :
2120
^
s
~ ^
1.5x10"
(32.2X0.3188)(30)
Q = -2.22(0.3188)
(1.784)(7.37xl O" )
25
3.7(2120)
(0.3188)Vl2.32
I
3
g = 3.05 ft /s
11.9
Class I I
El + Z, +^--h,
2g
r
T
30 m
=&- + 7
"
2g
Method I I C Iteraton
68 k N / m
^
rL o
2gh,D
, - = 7.70m = /
;u =
7
((0.90)(9.81kN/m )
D2g
V
2(9.81)(7.70)(0.04658)
0.235 >
0.04658
= 31053
u=
.
/(30)
V /
*
1-5x10s
u(0.04658)(900)
17
3.0 x l O "
146
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.8
System
U S C u s t o m a r y Units
Data:
Pressure
at point
1=
Pressure
at point 2 =
Energy loss: h =
Properties:
Specific
Pipe data:
Elevation
at point
100 psig
Elevation
at point 2=
Water at 100F
weight
62.00
Diameter:
D -
Wall roughness:
Length:
1=
0 ft
0 ft
30.00 ft
Fluid
psig
112.917
lb/ft
Kinematic
0.3188
ft
s = 1.50E-04
ft
L =
25 ft
Area: A =
0.07982
ft
Results:
2
7.37E-06
f'Vs
Mximum
vales
3.0546ft /s
Velocity: v =
38.27ft/s
2125.33
D/s =
viscosity
pipe
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
Problem 11.9
System
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1-
168 kPa
Elevation
at point
Pressure
at point
2-
WOWPa
Elevation
at point 2-
Energy ioss: h =
Properties:
Specific
Pipe data:
Om
0m
7.70 m
Fluid
1=
weight
2-in steel
Diameter:
8.83kN/m'
tube,
D =
Wall roughness:
viscosity
= 3.33E-06
m /s
t = 0.083
0.04658ft
r. = 1.50E-06
Length:
Kinematic
L =
ft
30 ft
Area: A = 0.001704 m
Results:
2
Mximum
vales
3
D/s = 31053.33
0.0056m /s
Velocity: v =
3.31 m/s
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Probiem 11.10
System
Data:
U S C u s t o m a r y L Inits
Pressure
at point
1=
Pressure
at point 2 =
Energy loss: h =
L
Fluid
Properties:
Specific
250 psig
Elevation
at point
180 psig
Elevation
at point 2=
202.22
68.47
ductile
D=
s=
L =
Area: A =
D/s =
iron
55 ft
0 ft
ft
1=
lb/ft
Kinematic
viscosity
1.59E-06
ft /s
pipe
0.512 ft
4.00E-04
ft
Results:
5000 ft
0.20589
1280
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
ft
Mximum
vales
1.4500ft /s
Using Eq. 11 -3
7.04ft/s
147
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.11
System
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1=
550 kPa
Elevation
at point
1=
7.5 m
Pressure
at point
2-
585 kPa
Elevation
at point
2=
Om
Energy loss: h =
3.93m
Fluid Properties:
Specific
Water at 15C
weight
Pipe data:1-1/4x0.083
9.81 kN/m
drawn
Diameter:
steel
0.02753m
Wall roughness:
c-
1.50E-06m
Length:
L=
7.5 m
Results:
2
0.000595m
Include
Volume
IIA:
Pipe
2 is
Data:
3.01 m/s
0.462 m
585.01 k P a
in
Pipe:
K = f(UD) =
1
0.0194
K
Should
estmate
is equal
272
Flow Velocity =
Velocity head =
Energy
550 kPa
Pressure p =
Adjust
LID =
be >
for Q until
or greater
than
585 k P a
p
desired.
Velocity at point 1 =
3.01
Velocity at point 2 =
3.01
0.462 m
0.462 m
Qty.
5.29
Energy loss h
L1
2.45 m Friction
K =
1.605
Energy loss h
L2
1.48 m f =
Element
3: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 m
Element
4: Kj =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 m
Element
5: K-, =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K.- =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
3.93 m
Ball check
valu:
;!
L5
L8
148
rn/s
Given: Pressure p , =
NOTE:
computed
3.91 m/s
at Point
0.0023 m /s
Velocity: v =
Iosses:
then pressure
Additional
of Method
m"/s
vales
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
= 1.15E-06
Mximum
18353.33
D/s =
viscosity
pipe
D=
Area: A =
Kinematic
Uot
0.0107
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.12
System
U S C u s t o m a r y Ui i t s
Data:
Pressure
at point
1=
120 psig
Elevation
at point
1 =
Pressure
at point
2 =
105 psig
Elevation
at point
2-
Energy loss: h =
19.85 ft
Fluid Properties:
Turpentine at 77F
Specific
weight
54.20 lb/ft
ductile
iron
D=
Wall roughness:
0.06026
ft
Results:
2
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
Include
then pressure
Additional
of Method
Energy
Iosses
Pipe:
Long
Volume
in
flow rate: Q =
Pipe:
K, = f(UD)
0.89850
NOTE:
computed
217
14.91 ft/s
3.452 ft
2.43E+05
0.0226
is equal
Should
estmate
ff'/s
105.00 p s i g
be >
105 p s i g
for Q until
or greater
than
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
Vel. head at point 2 =
desired.
3.45 ft
Qty.
K
=
4.89
Energy loss h
L1
Energy loss h
L2
16.90 ft Friction
K- =
0.43
2.97 ft
Element
3: K , =
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
2.45 ft
Element
4: K. =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 ft
Element
5: K . -
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K
Element
7: K
Element
rad elbow:
120 psig
Adjust
=
=
=
=
0.9782 ft /s
16.23 ft/s
Given: Pressure p =
IIA:
Data:
Flow Velocity
Velocity head
Reynolds No.
Friction factor: f
1.70E-05iT/s
vales
Pressure p
LID =
Mximum
Iosses:
at Point 2 is
Pipe
viscosity
692.5
D/s =
Kinematic
ft
60 ft
Area: A =
ft
4.00E-04
L=
pipe
0.277
i: =
Length:
0 ft
20 ft
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
8: K , =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
19.86 ft
Ltot
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
f -=
T
0.0215
149
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Figure 11.18
System
U S C u s t o m a r y Urits
Data:
Pressure
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2-
Energy loss: h =
Elevation
at point
1=
0 psig
Elevation
at point
2=
28.45
Fluid Properties:
20 psig
weight
Ft
62.00 lb/ft
aluminum
Diameter:
Wall roughness:
i: =
Length:
L -
Kinematic
1.00E-08
minor
Iosses:
at Point
Additional
Pipe
Results:
2
0.00137
ft
Mximum
of Method
vales
3
4170000
0.0194 ft /s
Velocity: v =
Volume
IIA:
flow rate:
Q=
0.01107
Pressure p =
0.00 p s i g
Adjust
Data:
Flow Velocity =
be >
0 psig
for Q until
or greater
than
desired.
Velocity at point 1 =
8.11 ft/s
Velocity head =
estmate
is equal
480
Should
1.020 ft
ff/s
20 psig
NOTE:
Velocity at point 2 =
Reynolds No. =
4.59E+04
1.02 ft
Friction factor: f =
0.0212
16.32 ft
Iosses
Pipe:
in
Pipe:
K , = f(UD) =
Using Eq. 11 -3
14.23 ft/s
Given: Pressure p =
2 is computed
LID =
Energy
f /s
ft
20 ft
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
then pressure
= 7.37E-06
0.417 ft
D/e=
viscosity
tube
D =
Area:/\=
Include
18 ft
Specific
Method
0 ft
Qty.
10.15
Energy loss h
L1
10.36 ft Friction
Bend:
K -
0.34
Energy loss h
L2
0.35 ft f = 0.01
*Nozzle:
K =
2.40
Energy loss h
L3
2.45 ft
Element
4: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 ft
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
13.15 ft
Uot
L8
than outlet
velocity
Assumed
head.
Nozzle
150
Velocity:
v = v (Ap/A )
N
= v (Dp/D )
p
= 4.0v
= 4.0(8.11
ft/s) = 32.44
ft/s
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Figure 11.18
System
U S C u s t o m a r y Url i t s
Data:
Pressure
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2=
Energy loss: h =
80 psig
Elevation
at point
1=
0 ft
0 psig
Elevation
at point
2=
18 ft
167.81 ft
Fluid Properties:
Specific
weight
62.00
aluminum
Diameter:
Ib/t
Kinematic
Length:
L=
1.00E-08
ft
Results:
20 ft
Area: A =
0.00137
D/z =
ft
minor
Iosses;
then pressure
at Point
Additional
Pipe
of Method
vales
3
0.0522 ft /s
Velocity: v =
38.20 ft/s
Volume
flow rate: Q =
0.02781
Given: Pressure pi =
HA;
NOTE:
Data:
Adjust
estmate
is equal
480
Should
be >
0 psig
for Q until
or greater
than
desired.
Flow Velocity =
20.36 ft/s
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity head =
6.439 ft
Velocity at point 2 =
Reynolds No. =
1.15E+05
6.44 ft
Friction factor: f =
0.0173
103.02 ft
Iosses
Pipe:
in
Pipe:
K = f(UD) =
f
Qty.
8.32
Energy loss h
L2
L3
15.45 ft
L4
0.00 ft
L5
0.00 ft
L1
K =
0.34
Energy loss h
*Nozzle:
K =
2.40
Energy loss h
Element
4: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
Uo
*K
K restated
in terms
= 0.1'5(vvi)
Nozzle
53.57 ft Friction
Bend:
ff/s
0.01 p s i g
computed
80 psig
Pressure p =
2 is
UD =
Energy
Mximum
4170000
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Include
ft /s
0.417 ft
r:=
= 7.37E-06
tube
D=
Wall roughness:
Method
viscosity
Velocity:
= 0.15(4)
of velocity
than outlet
71.21
Assumed
ft
velocity
head.
= 2.40
v = v (Ap/A )
N
2.19 ft f = 0.01
= v (Dp/D )
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
= 4.0v
= 4.0(20.36
151
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.14
Figure 11.19
System
Data:
SI Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2 =
Energy loss: h =
Elevation
at point
1=
Om
0 kPa
Elevation
at point
2=
5m
13.59 m
Fluid Properties:
kPa
150
Specific
weight
Pipe data:2-in
8.07 kN/m'
Type K Copper
Diameter:
D=
Wall roughness:
c -
Length:
L =
1.50E-06
Area: A = 0.001948
Results:
Include
then pressure
Additional
33200
Volume
of Method
IIA;
flow rate:
Given: Pressure p =
in
Adjust
=
=
=
=
Pipe:
602
4.36 m/s
0.967 m
109E+05
0.0177
Should
estmate
is equal
for Q until
or greater
0.01 k P a
0 kPa
p
than
desired.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
0.00
4.36
0.000
0.967
rr/s
Qty.
10.69
Energy loss h
L1
K =
152
Energy loss h
L2
1.47 m
Element
3: K . =
0.50
Energy loss h
L3
0.48 m
Element
4: K
0.17
Energy loss h
0.33 m
Element
5: K -, -
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K,- =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Element
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
12.62 m
Pipe:
Ki = f(UD)
L4
L7
L8
Ltot
152
be >
150 kPa
NOTE:
Data:
Flow Velocity
Velocity head
Reynolds No.
Friction factor: f
Iosses
computed
0.0098 m /s
5.05 m/s
Q = 0.008485
m /s
vales
Pressure p
2 is
UD
Energy
Mximum
Iosses:
at Point
Pipe
- 1.99E-06
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
viscosity
tube
0.0498
30 m
D/e =
Kinematic.
10.33 m Friction
f =
T
0.0095
C h a p t e r 11
11.14
o,
+ z, + 2-
Pl
150 k N / m
2g
+ h,
2g
- 5 m = 13.59
8.07 k N / m
-
Pl
1 , 2
0 . 5 o f +160/,. f
2g
2g
Entrance
2(18)/, f
2g
Valve
0.0498 m
Method I I C
^ - f - - (2.46
0.0498 m 2 g
602/)f
2g
Friction
Bends
300 m m
L.
= 6.02 ^ - ^ = 18 (Fig. 10.23)
49.8 mm
D
U/Z) =
D/s
=^ - + h
2g
= 33200
Y.5 x l O " m
0.010 (Approx.)
f=
r
In Eq. I :
2
13.59 m =
u =
+ (2.46 + 6 0 2 / ) - ^ = (3.46 + 6 0 2 f ) E 2g
2g
2g
2g(13.59m)
2(9.81)(13.59)
3.46 + 6 0 2 /
3.46 + 6 0 2 /
266.6
\ 3.46+ 6 0 2 /
T r y / = 0.02
266.6
o
vDp
A r
./ 3.46 + 602(0.02) = 4 . 1 5 m / s ; N =
:
(4.15)(0.0498)(823)
M - = -
- - - r . xl O- 4"
1.64
, ,
A
, <
= 1-04 x 10
11.15
Method I I C
PA
+z
z - Zn = h =
+ -- A =
2g
y
2
+
Elbows
30
+ /6
ot
0.156 2 g
Friction
10 m:
PA =PB
=0
2g
/z,= 1 . 0 ^ + 2 ( 3 0 ) / , . | L
2g
2g
Entrance
_ _ ^ 0.08432 2 g
Friction
2
+
Enlarge. =
=1.85
>,
0.0843
+ 3 0 / . - 5 - + 45 / . - S - + 1 . 0 - 5 - V Based on 6-in p i p e ; /
' '2g
2g
2g
67
67
u
Elbow
Valve
6 r
=0.019
Exit
2
Ub
h = (2.77 + 6 5 2 / ) - ^ + (2.43 + 1 9 2 / )
2g
2g
L
But o = u
3
A =
^ 0.156 ^
2
2
= 3.42u ; u = 1 1 . 7 3 u
0.0843
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
153
h = (2.77 + 652/3)
+ (2.43 + 1 9 2 / ) - ^ - = (34.9 + 7 6 4 6 / + 1 9 2 / ) ^
-'2g
~2g
J
2g
Solve for v
I
1
2gh
_ I
(34.9 + 7 6 4 6 / + 1 9 2 / )
2(9.81)(10)
V 34.9 + 7 6 4 6 / + 1 9 2 /
196.2
134.6 + 7 6 4 6 / + 1 9 2 /
Itrate for b o t h / a n d / :
6
0-0843 m ^
1.2xl0~ m
^1560^
1.2 x l O "
" , ( 0 - 0 8 " 3 )
6.56xl(T
6.56xl(T
S
3
u (0.156)
T r y / = / = 0.02
196.2
,
.
= 1 . 0 1 2 m/s
= 1 . 2 9 x 1 0 (3.46) = 4 . 4 6 x 1 0
5
- > N e w / = 0.0195
5
= 2 . 3 8 x l 0 ( 1 . 0 1 2 ) = 2 . 4 1 x l 0 - > N e w / = 0.020
, n-, ,
= 1.02 m/s
u =
6
03
/V
N
fli
Rt
Q =Au
6
154
7r(0.156m)
= " v " v
! 02 m/s = 1.95 x 10
m /s
C h a p t e r 11
11.16
Method I I C
= 0
2
+ h,
2
Yo
RA.
+ Z
A"B
Z
Y
175 k N / m
Y,,
S
2
-4.5m
= 14.68m = - ^ L - - ^ + /,
2g
g
0.93(9.81 k N / m )
A/ = / ,
^
+ 0.52 i + / ,
^ + 2(30)/, - /
'
0.0498 2g
2g
0.098 2g
2g
4
r 4
= 0.010 approx.
Friction(2-in)
Enlarge.
Friction (4-in)
Elbows
0.0498
= A (0-0498X930)
9.50x10"
D /
B
= "B(0-098)(930) ^
9.5 x l O "
7(8
But
DA = L>B
v (].97)
=3.87UB:
V Aj
D
V\ = 15.0u
+ (0.6 + 1 0 2 0 / )
2g
2g
[8.40 + 9 0 3 0 / + 1020/]
2
2g
In E q .
. . ,
14.68 -
vi
15u
2g
2g
, vi
+ ^ [ 8 . 4 0 + 9030/ + 1020/ ] = -=-[-5.60 + 9030/
2g
2g
2
-5.60 + 9 0 3 0 / + 1 0 2 0 /
Try/ =/
2
V -5.60 + 9030f
+1020/J
Itrate for
288.1
2g(14.68)
+1020/
both f
and / .
= 0.02
288.1
= 4 . 8 8 x 10 (4.69) = 2.29 x 10 ; N
New f
= 0 . 0 2 5 5 , / = 0.0305
288.
RA
Q = A OB
B
I<B
= 1.02 x 10
3
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
155
Class III
11.17
systems
Class I I I
1000 ft
CU
Pl
J
Pl
"2
\
+ z, +
2g - A, = + z, + 2 g
n gh
_ vD
4QD
D2gn D*
;r (32.2)(23.61)
D 2g
8(1000)(0.5)
8LQ
(61.01b) ft
= (0-267ff
4(0.5)
1.453 x l O
NR
2
nD v
^-(4.38x10 ")D
T r y / = 0.02
D = [0.267(0.02)]
1.453xl0
02
= 0.351 ft;
D
= 4.14xl0 ; =
0.351
NR =
0.351
= 2330
1.5x10"
N e w / = 0.0175
5
L Minimum
11.18
D =
8LQ
8(30)(0.06)
f
x gh
150 k N / m
9.53 k N / m
y
4Q
- 4
= [5.67 x 1 o / ]
7r (9.81)(15.74)
P i - P
= 15.74m
4(0.06)
2.12xl0
NR-
jtvD
^ ( 3 . 6 0 x 1 0 )D
T r y / = 0.02
D = [5.67 x 10~ (0.02)] = 0.103 m ;
4
0.103
a2
1.5x10"
N e w / = 0.0105
D = 0.0901 m;N
,6. D
= 2.35 x 10"; = 60100 - > / = 0.0105 No change
ff
L M i n i m u m Specify 4-in type K copper tube; D = 97.97 m m
156
C h a p t e r 11
///-A & / / / - B S / :
Method
Problem 11.18
minimum
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
lll-A: Uses
Equation
Data:
with a limited
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1-
150 kPa
Pressure
at point 2 =
0 kPa
Elevation
at point
1-
0m
Elevation
at point 2=
0m
L =
Volume
Pipe
Fluid
Iosses)
Water at 80C
weight
Viscosity
3.60E-07
m Vs.
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 1 1 - 1 3 :
L/gh =
0.194292
Argument in bracket:
2.89E-22
30 m
>: = 1.50E-06
Properties:
Kinematic
the
length
Specific
0.06 m Vs
of pipe: L=
wall roughness:
volume
pressure
15.74 m
flow rate: Q -
Length
11-13 to compute
Minimum diameter: D =
0.0908 m
S p e c i f y 4-in t y p e K c o p p e r t u b e : D = 97.97 m m
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS
Method
minimum
lll-A: Uses
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Equation
Data:
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2=
Elevation
at point
1=
Elevation
at point 2-
Volume
flow rate- Q =
Length
Pipe
with a limited
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
of pipe: L =
wall roughness:
0 psig
0 psig
volume
pressure
Fluid
Kinematic
0 ft
Viscosity
10560 ft
ft
minimum
2.522695
Argument in bracket:
6.22E-11
lll-A: Uses
Equation
at point
1=
110 psig
Pressure
at point 2 =
100 psig
Elevation
at point
1=
0 ft
Elevation
at point 2 =
0 ft
23.61 ft
L =
ft
the
Water at 160F
weight
Viscosity
6 . 00 lb/ft'
4.38E-06
ft Vs
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:
L/gh =
1.315562
Argument in bracket:
1.11 E-07
s = 1.50E-04
Specific
compute
length
Fluid Properties:
Kinematic
0.5 ft /s
1000 ft
11-8to
Pressure
1.9556 ft
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
of pipe:
Minimum diameter: D =
Method
Length
1.21E-05ft /s
L/gh =
flow rate: Q =
lb/ft"
Volume
62.40
30 067 ft'Vs
Problem 11.17
Data:
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:
System
Iosses)
Water at 60F
weight
130.00 ft
r. - 4.00E-04
the
length
Properties:
Specific
130 ft
11-8 to compute
0.3479 ft
S p e c i f y 5-in S c h . 8 0 s t e e l p i p e ; D = 0.4100 ft
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
157
Method
Problem 11.20
minimum
System
Data:
S I Metric Units
at point
1-
0 psig
Pressure
at point
2=
Opsig
Elevation
at point
1 =
Elevation
at point
2=
on
12.00 ft
Volume
flow rate:
Length
Q =
of pipe:
0.8909
Kinematic
lll-B:
then pressure
Additional
Use results
at Point
Pipe
Include
2 is
Specified
0.13894 f t
LID =
178
Flow Velocity =
Velocity head =
Energy
Iosses
If velocity
Data:
2804
Friction factor: f =
0.0175
in
Pipe:
K = f(L/D)
Viscosity
62.20
Mi'
9.15E-06 ls
L/gh =
0.194099
Argument in bracket:
2.91 E-09
pipe diameter:
D -
0.3007 ft
0.4206ft-min std sz
is in the pipe,
Velocity at point 1 =
0.00 ft/s
Velocity at point 2 =
6.41 ft/s
0.000 ft
0.638 ft
Given
Desired
Actual
pressure
pressure
pressure
(Compare
actual
at point
1 =
at point
at point
2=
0 psig
0 psig
2=
2.28
with desired
pressure
psig
at point 2)
Qty.
3.12
Energy loss h
L1
1.99 ft
K -
0.50
Energy loss h
L2
0.32 ft
valve:
K> =
5.44
Energy loss h
L3
3.47 ft f = 0.016
Elbow:
K =
0.48
Energy loss h
L4
0.31 ft f = 0.016
Element
5: K- =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K -
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
Le
0.00 ft
6.09 ft
Entrance:
Globe
Sld.
158
at 80F
Results:
0.638 ft
2.95E+05
Pipe Friction:
6.41 ft/s
Reynolds No. =
Iosses:
Water
weight
Iosses)
Mnimum diameter: D =
computed.
Flow r e a : A =
rate of fluid
ft
lll-A:
minor
flow
75 ft
of Method
diameter:
the
length
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 1 1 - 8 :
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
actual
volume
Specific
ft'Vs
v. = 1.50E-04
11-8 to compute
Fluid Properties:
12 ft
L=
wall roughness:
Specify
Equation
Pressure
Method
Uses
Figure 11.22
Pipe
lll-A:
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Ltot
C h a p t e r 11
r \ +
-r
K=^
2g
+ z,
- + /z,
2g
7
'
= 0; u, = 0
2g
/ = 0.018
r
= 3.07 m
In Eq.
z, - z
= ^ + h,.=0.782
2g
But /z =
11.22
z, -
+ 3.07= 3.85 m
z , +
'--/?, =
2g
+ Z, + - '
"
2g
=y ( z , - z ) - h , - - ^ 2g
2
Q = 30 gal/min x
1 ft /s
1 = 0.0668 ft7s
449 gal/min
3
02
Q _ 0.0668 ft /s _
A
0.02333 ft
2.86 ft/s
. ^
_ (2.86)
2g
= 0.127 ft
2(32.2)
Entrance
Filter
Friction
uDp _ (2.86X0-1723X0.92X1.94)
3.6xl0~
Valve
1 7 2 3
= 2.45x10-^ = -e
1.5x10"
= 1149
/ = 0.0265
h = (0.127 ft)[2.50 + 58.0(0.0265)] = 0.513 ft
In E q . :
L
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
0.94 psig
159
11.23
Class I Pt. 1 at collector tank surface; Pt. 3 at upper tank surface. p =p =0,
^
y
o,
^ ~ h
2g
= ^ +z
y
o,
^ : h
2g
= ( z
- z ) + h =\9.0ft
]
h,=
h,
+h,
ua
= 0 . 5 1 3 ft + /
J
0.01039 f t
N
= 6.43 ft/s:
Exit
Friction
Ch. valve
3.6 x l O "
2g
y < /
o.
(6.43)
2g
2(32.2)
- (6-43)(0.H5)(0.92)(1.94) _
0.0668 ft /s
r f
l
. ( 1 0 0 l
)- +
+/
2g
0.115 ft 2 g
i
d 7
+ h
u, = i>j = 0
= 0.642 ft
0.115
Power = P
= h yQ = (24.24 ft)(0.92)
62 A lb
0.0668 ft
3\
1 hp
ft
Method
Problem 11.24
minimum
lll-A: Uses
550 ft-lb/s
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Equation
Data:
Pressure
ai point
Pressure
at point 2=
1=
0 psig
Elevation
at point
9 ft
Elevation
at point 2-
Volume
flow rate: Q -
Length
of pipe: L=
0 psig
1=
160
with a limited
S I Metric U n i t s
0 ft
12.00 ft
0.-6682
ft'Vs
39 ft
: = 1.50E-04
ft
11-8 to compute
Figure 11.24 - Return System from upper tank that will flow a given volume
System
2 = 0.169 hp
pressure
Fluid Properties:
Kinematic
length
Specific
the
Iosses)
- Given
weight
Viscosity
properties
57.47lb/ft
2.02E-05ft' ls
:i
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:
L/gh =
0.134576
Argument in bracket:
1.37E-09
0.1059ft
C h a p t e r 11
Specified
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
lll-B:
Specify
actual
then pressure
Additional
Use results
of Method
diameter:
Include
at Point 2 is
Pipe
minor
Iosses:
Pipe
Friction:
0.01039 f t
767
0 . 7 5 f t - m i n std sz
valu
0.00 ft/s
6.43 ft/s
0.000 ft
0.643 ft
Results:
Given
Desired
Actual
pressure
at point
pressure
at point 2 =
pressure
(Compare
actual
at point
1=
0 psig
0 psig
2 =
0.36
with desired
pressure
psig
at point
2)
Qty.
Pipe:
=
8.84
Energy loss h
5.68 ft
1.00
Energy loss h
0.64 ft
K., =
0.66
Energy loss h
L3
0.85 ft f = 0.022
thru run: K =
0.44
Energy loss h
L4
0.28 ft f = 0.022
K , = f(L/D)
Entrance:
Elbows:
Tee-flow
is in the pipe,
Velocity at point 2 =
2
339
L/D =
Flow Velocity =
6.43 ft/s
Velocity head =
0.643 ft
Reynolds No. = 3.67E+04
Friction factor: f =
0.0261
in
D -
Velocity at point 1 =
Data:
Iosses
If velocity
computed.
Flow r e a : A =
Energy
pipe diameter:
lll-A:
L1
L2
Element
5: K , =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Element
7: K - =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
7.45 ft
Cl
L5
L6
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
Ltot
161
11.25
~p
_ 10.01b
in
ft
144m
62.41b
ft
2
=
/(32.2)(0.07975)(23.08) ,
2
-2.22(0.07975) y
(1.7841)(1.2 l x l O " )
o
3.7(532)
(0.07975)^0.5927
3/
Q = 0.0333 ft7s
u =
Q
g
0.0333 ft /s
.
r- = 6.68 ft/s
0.00499 ft
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.25
System
U S C u s t o m a r y lJ n i t s
Data:
Pressure
at point 1 =
110 psig
Elevation
at point 1 =
0 ft
Pressure
at point 2=
100 psig
Elevation
at point 2=
0 ft
Energy loss: h =
23.08 ft
Fluid Properties:
Specific
weight
Diameter:
Wall roughness::.Length:
62.40 lb/ft
ductile
ron
0.07975
ft
1.50E-04
ft
L =
D/s =
Results:
100 ft
0.00500
531.667
Kinematic
viscosity
1.21 E-05
ft /s
pipe
D =
Area: A =
162
Water at 60F
ft
Mximum
vales
0.03332 ft /s
6.67 ft/s
C h a p t e r 11
Method
Problem 11.26
minimum
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
lll-A: Uses
Equation
11-8 to compute
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
1=
at point
Pressure
at point 2=
Elevation
at point
1-
0 ft
Kinematic
Elevation
al point
2=
0 ft
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 1 1 - 8 :
Volume
flow rate: Q =
Length
r. =
Specific
27.17 ft
0.22272
of pipe: L =
Fluid Properties:
100 psig
diameter;
then pressure
Additional
at Point 2 is
Pipe
Specified
LID =
696
Flow Velocity =
Velocity head =
Friction factor: f =
Iosses
in Pipe:
Pipe Friction:
K , = f(L/D)
Element
D -
0.1655 ft
0.1723ft-min
is in the pipe,
enter "=B23"
for valu
Velocity at point 1 =
9.55 ft/s
Velocity at point 2 =
9.55 ft/s
1.417 ft
1.417 ft
Desired
pressure
Actual pressure
0.0200
(Compare
actual
at point
1=
at point 2 =
at point
108 psig
100 psig
2=
102.18
with desired
pressure
psig
13.94
Energy loss h
L1
19.75 ft
L2
0.00 ft
2: K- =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 ft
Element
4: K -
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 ft
Element
5' K:-. =
0 00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
19.75 ft
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
at point 2)
Qty.
K? =
Element:
std sz
Results:
1.417 ft
pipe diameter:
Given pressure
9.55 ft/s
If velocity
computed.
1149
ft7s
Iosses:
0.02332 f t
Data:
Flow r e a : A =
lb/ft
= 4.55E-06
Minimum diameter: D =
lll-A:
Viscosity
at 77F
42.40
1.50E-04
minor
720 ft
of Method
Include
weight
L/gh =0.137164
ft Vs
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Specify
Gasoline
Iosses)
Pressure
Method
length
108 psig
the
Ltot
163
11.27
'
+ -h, =2g
"
r
3
_ Q
2 =
7.917 x l 0 " m / s
= J
yl
3.090 x 10~ n r
= 2.56m/s: i = ^ l =
2g
2(9.81)
- -2 - +, m
n i o 1 2 . 9 0 m u
/// =
(0.0195)
'
2g
0.0627 m 2 g
2
Entrance
vD
N
(2.56)(0.0627)
=
7
Q ] 8 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ( ) )
i.
0.335 m
( 0
. 1 8 ) ( 3 4 0 ) - ^ - = 4.09 m
0
2g
2g
2 Elbows
Friction
3.60x10"
2g
2g
Valve
D
0.0627
= 4.46xlO : =
e
4.6x10"
1363 - > / = 0 . 0 1 9 5
fr=
0.018
p = '
3 k
m
11.28
Design problem w i t h variable solutions: Pressure at pump inlet can be increased by: lowering
the pump, raising the reservoir, reducing the flow velocity i n the pipe by using a larger pipe,
reducing the h in the valve by using a less restrictive valve (gate, butterfly), eliminating elbows
or using long-radius elbows, using a well-rounded entrance, and shortening the suction line.
L
11.29
= 0
3
0.50 ft /s
+z
+ ^ -A, +K = ^ + z +
2g
2g
7
(z -z ) +^
B
- ^
2g
^ + /^
7
0.05132 ft
u
_ (9.743)
2g
0.50
ft = 1.474 ft
0.50
- = 54.2 ft/s
TT(1.3/12)
= 15.03 ft/s
0.03326
= < l l = 3.5<>9ft
2g
2(32.2)
164
2(32.2)
Q
Q
A
= 9.743 ft/s
r
:
- ^ = 45.7ft
2g
/ 7
7 _ 6 4 . 0 lb/ft
g
32.2 ft/s
3
=
slugs
ft
C h a p t e r 11
- * P
Rj
(15.Q3)(0.2Q58)(1.988) _
ju
4.0 x l ( T
g < |
82 ft
A/ = (0.0205)
0.2058 ft
Friction
Elbow
Nozzle
ft
11.30
= 0.018
N
R
^ p
(9.743)(0.2557)(1.988)
ju
4.0 x l O "
"
2 5 5 7
g = e
1.5 x l O "
82
Ai = (0.0205)
^
4
1705; / = 0.0205
=
4
11.31
y
h L
2g
M
+f ^ ^ f
+ f (30) f = [ / ( 6 7 2 ) + /
0.0409 m 2g
2g
T
2g
Valve
Q
Friction
200 L / m i n
1.31xlO" m
u_D__
. . .
u
(2.54)
= 2.54 m/s: =
60000 L / m i n
1.30x10"*
(370)]
2g
Elbow
lm'/s
(2.54X0.0409)
v
2g
= 340)$-
= 0, Da = ( j .
2g
4.6 x l O "
= 0.328 m
2(9.81)
D _a0409^
e
/ = 0.021
r
9.81 k N
[25 m + 7.73 m ] = 321.1 kPa
m
See spreadsheet on page 167 for solution to Problem 11.31 using the spreadsheet I Pressure SI.
p
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
165
Problems 11.32 and 11.33 are solved using the spreadsheet on the following two pages. These
problems are o f the Class I I type and are solved using the procedure described i n Section 11.5.
Method I I - B is used because the system contains significant minor Iosses. I n fact, one objective o f
these t w o problems is to compare the performance o f two design approaches for the same system,
using a different, more efficient valve i n Problem 11.33 as compared w i t h Problem 11.32.
Recall that Method I I - A is set up and solved first in the spreadsheet. This ignores the minor Iosses and
gives an upper l i m i t for the volume flow rate that can be delivered through the system w i t h a given
pressure drop or head loss. Then, Method I I - B is used iteratively to hone i n on the m x i m u m volume
flow rate that can be carried w i t h the minor Iosses considered. The designer enters a series o f
estimates for the valu o f Q and observes the resulting pressure at the outlet from the piping system.
Obviously this pressure for this problem should be exactly zero because the pipe discharges into the
free atmosphere. Each trial requires only a few seconds to complete and the designer should continu
making estimates until the pressure at the outlet is at or cise to zero.
3
Problem 11.32 shows that Q = 0.00283 m /s (170 L/min) can be delivered through the given system
w i t h a fully open globe valve installed and w i t h a pressure o f 300 kPa at point A at the water main.
In Problem 11.33, the globe valve is replaced w i t h a fully open gate valve having much less energy
loss. The result is that Q = 0.003394 m /s (204 L/min) can be delivered w i t h the same pressure at
point A . This is approximately a 20% increase i n flow. Also, it is only about 3% less than the flow
that could be delivered through the pipe w i t h no minor Iosses at all, as shown in the results o f Method
I I - A at the top o f the spreadsheet.
3
166
C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID
1 Pressure
MECHANICS
O b j e c t i v e : Pressure:
Point
Reference
Data:
Volume
1=
Pressure
at point
2=
Velocity
at point
1=
Velocity
at point 2=
Elevation
at point
320.58
kPa
Elevation
at point 2 =
0.00 kPa
9.81
D =
Wall roughness:
>: = 4.60E-05
Length:
L-
Pipe
2:
Diameter:
27.5 m
Elbow:
Globe
Energy
1:
0.63
Energy loss h
K =
7.14
Energy loss h
5.13 m
L2
0.21 m
(f = 0.021)
L3
2.34 m
(fr = 0.021)
4: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 m
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
L8
0.00 m
L1
0.00 m
L2
0.00 m
losses-Pipe
Pipe:
2:
Ki = f(UD) =
Energy loss h
K
0.00
Energy loss h
2: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
3: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 m
Element
4: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 m
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Friction
T
Qty.
Element
L1
Element
8.2
K=
Table
See
Om
Qty.
=
2
Valve:
L =
15.64
Ki = f(L/D)
0.09797
r. = 1.50E-06m
Area: A = 7.54E-03 m
[A = 7iD /4]
Diz =
65313
Relative roughness
L/D =
0
Flow Velocity = 0.4422 m/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head = 0.0100 m
D=
Length:
2
Pipe:
= 1.30E-06nf/s
Wall roughness:
Area: A = 1.31E-03 m
Diz =
889
LID =
672
Flow Velocity =
2.537 m/s
Velocity head =0.328084 m
Energy
viscosity
None
M
m
25 m
kN/m
pipe
0.0409
Om
m/s --Sil
Water at 10C
weight
1=
2.537 m/s - x
2.537
Properties:
Pipe
equation:
m /s
Q = 3.33E-03
at point
Specific
S I Metric U n i t s
flow rale:
Pressure
Fluid
SI:
Problem 11.31
Fig. 11.27
System
points
L8
Uot
Results:
Pressure
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
point:
Friction
7.68 m
-320.58 k P a
320.58 k P a
167
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.32
Figure 11.27
System
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1-
Pressure
at point
2-
loss:
h=
Energy
300 kPa
Elevation
at point
1=
0 kPa
Elevation
at point
2-
5.58 m
Fluid Properties:
Specific
Pipe
weight
9.81 kN/m'
Kinematic
D=
Wall roughness:
0.0409
L=
Area:
m /s
m
Results:
27.5 m
A = 0.00131
Iosses:
then pressure
at Point
Additional
Pipe
of Method
Volume
Adjust
Velocity head =
2.15 m/s
0.236 m
Pipe:
in Pipe 1:
Ki = f(UD) =
1 std. elbows:
Globe
valve:
K,=
:
K-, =
0.00 k P a
be >
0 kPa
for Q until
than desired
pressure.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
estmate
is greater
672
Should
0.0237
m /s
300 kPa
NOTE:
Data:
2.66 m/s
Given: Pressure p =
IIA:
computed
UD =
0.0035 m /s
Pressure p
2 is
Flow Velocity =
Iosses
vales
Velocity: v =
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
Mximum
889.13
D/E=
0.236 m
0.236 m
Qty.
K
15.91
Energy loss h
0.63
7.14
Energy loss h
L1
3.75 m Friction
Energy loss h
L2
0.15 m
Energy loss h
L3
1.68 m
L4
0.00 m
0.00 m
Element
4: K =
0.00
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K - -
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
5.58 m
r>
168
-1.30E-06
>: = 4.60E-05
Length:
Energy
viscosity
data:
Diameter:
Include
Om
25 m
Ltot
L8
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.33
Figure 11.27
System
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2=
loss:
h =
Energy
300 kPa
Elevation
at point
1=
0 kPa
Elevation
at point
2-
Specific
weight
9.81 kN/n
Kinematic
Diameter:
D-
0.0409
= 1.30E-06
nV/s
t: - 4.60E-05
Length:
L=
Area:
m
Results:
27.5 m
A = 0.00131
D/s=
Method
Iosses;
then pressure
at Point
Additional
Pipe
889.13
of Method
Volume
IIA:
2.58 m/s
Pressure p =
0.01 k P a
Friction factor: f =
in Pipe 1:
0.0232
K
Should
be >
for Q until
than desired
0 kPa
Velocity at point 1 =
0.340 m
0.340 m
Qty.
15.61
Energy loss h
5.31
K -
0.63
Energy loss h
0.21 m
K =
0.17
Energy loss h
0.06 m
Ki = f{UD) =
:
L1
L2
L3
m Friction
Element
4: K -
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
5.58 m
L/min
pressure.
Velocity at point 2 =
0.340 m
m /s = 203.6
300 kPa
estmate
is greater
672
valve:
Q -0.003394
t
Adjust
Velocity head =
Gate
flow rate:
2.66 m/s
Given: Pressure p =
NOTE:
Data:
1 std. elbows.
0.0035 m /s
Velocity: v=
computed
Flow Velocity =
Pipe:
vales
2 is
LID =
Iosses
Mximum
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Energy
viscosity
data:
Wall roughness:
Include
25 m
5.58 m
Fluid Properties:
Pipe
Om
L4
L5
L6
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
Ltot
169
11.34
+ z. + -h,
Y
2g
= + z, + :
y
2g
N =
0.02333 ft
vDp
= 23.87 ft/s:
>-5
2-
!) +
u _ ( 2 3 . 8 7 )
2g
449 gal/min
(23.87X0.1723)0.53)
= 8.844 ft
2(32.2)
= 3.00xl0 :
2.10x10"
M
0.1723
4
+Y
1 ft /s
Pi P
_ g _ 250 gal/min
l>2
= 1 1 4 9 - > / = 0.0205
1.5x10
2
K 7 .
"Oft
0.1723
= o,
019
ftj2g
Friction
(D
170
= 40.0 psig +
49
lft
ft]_ ,
= 103.3 psig
144in
2
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.35
Figure 11.28
System
U S C u s t o m a r y Urits
Data:
Pressure
at point
1=
125 psig
Elevation
at point
1 =
18 ft
Pressure
at point
2 =
40 psig
Elevation
at point
2 =
38 ft
Energy loss: h_ =
Fluid Properties:
Specific
Pipe data:
229.74
ft
49.01
D-
Wall roughness:
L=
Results:
2
0.02332
ft
1148.67
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
Include
Iosses:
then pressure
at Point
Additional
Pipe
Flow Velocity
Velocity head
Reynolds No.
Friction factor: f
Energy
Iosses
in
= 1.37E-05
of Method
Mximum
flow rate:
Q =
computed
NOTE:
=
=
=
=
Pipe:
638
28.30 ft/s
12.438 ft
3.56E+05
0.0200
is equal
Should
estmate
40.1 p s i g
40 p s i g
for Q until
or greater
than
desired.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
12.44 ft
Qty.
12.79
Energy loss h
0.57
Energy loss h
L2
14.18 ft f =
0.019
K, =
3.04
Energy loss h
L3
37.81 ft f =
0.019
0.50
Energy loss h
L4
6.22 ft
Element
5: K-, =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K,- -
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
217.26 ft
Pipe:
K, = f(UD)
Sid. Elbows:
gal/min
125 psig
be >
Adjust
=
0.7981 ft /s
34.23 ft/s
Given: Pressure p =
HA:
Pressure p
2 is
rrVs
vales
Volume
Data:
LID
viscosity
ft
110 ft
D/s=
Kinematic
ft
1.50E-04
Area: A =
pipe
0.1723
>: =
Length:
lb/ft'
Uot
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
L1
159.05 ft Friction
T
171
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.36
Figure 11.28
System
U S C u s t o m a r y Urlits
Data:
Pressure
at point
1=
125 psig
Elevation
at point
1 =
18 ft
Pressure
at point
2 =
40 psig
Elevation
at point
2 =
38 ft
Energy loss: h =
229.74
Fluid Properties:
Specific.
Pipe data:
ft
49.01
D=
Wall roughness:
/: =
Length:
lb/ft
0.1723
ft
1.50E-04
ft
Results:
110 ft
0.02332
ft
1148.67
D/s=
Include
Iosses:
then pressure
at Point
Additional
Pipe
computed
flow rate:
Q =
0.0200
is equal
Should
estmate
ft /s
= 323.1
40.00 P s i g
40 P s i g
than
desired.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
14.79 Ft
Qty.
12.74
Energy loss h
0.570
L1
188.44 ft Friction
Energy loss h
L2
K> =
0.152
Energy loss h
L3
2.25 ft f =
Entrance:
K. =
0.500
Energy loss h
7.40 ft
Element
5: K , -
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K, =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K - -
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
214.95 ft
gal/min
125 Psig
be >
for Q until
or greater
L4
Uot
172
0.71960
NOTE:
638
30.86 ft/s
14.790 ft
3.88E+05
0.7981 ft /s
34.23 ft/s
gate valve:
Std. Elbows:
Open
ft'/s
vales
Given: Pressure p =
Adjust
Pipe:
K, = f(UD)
Mximum
Friction factor: f =
Pipe:
HA:
Data:
in
= 1.37E-05
Pressure p
Flow Velocity =
Velocity head =
Reynolds No. =
Iosses
of Method
2 is
L/D =
Energy
viscosity
Volume
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
Kinematic
pipe
L=
Area: A =
16.86 ft f = 0.019
T
0.019
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.37
U S C u s t o m a r y Urlits
Data:
Pressure
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2=
Energy loss: h =
Specific
Pipe data:
Elevation
at point
1 -
18 ft
40 psig
Elevation
at point
2 =
38 ft
229.74
Fluid Properties:
125 psig
ft
49.01
lb/ft
Diameter:
D=
0.1723
ft
:=
1.50E-04
ft
Length:
L=
Results:
110 ft
2
0.02332
D/e=
ft
Method
Iosses:
then pressure
at Point
Additional
Pipe
Flow Velocity
Velocity head
Reynolds No.
Friction factor: f
Energy
Iosses
Pipe:
of Method
HA:
computed
in
=
=
=
=
Pipe:
K, = f(UD)
Velocity: v =
34.23 ft/s
flow rate:
0.0199
K
is equal
Should
at
at
at
at
40.01 P s i g
be >
for Q until
or greater
Velocity
Velocity
Vel. head
Vel. head
than
point
point
point
point
1
2
1
2
=
=
=
=
40 P s i g
p
desired.
Qty.
12.73
Energy loss h
L1
0.380
Energy loss h
L2
11.53 ft f = 0.019
L3
2.31 ft f = 0.019
L4
193.14 ft Friction
Long
R. Elbows:
Open
gate valve:
0.152
Energy loss h
Entrance:
0.500
Energy loss h
7.58 ft
5: K
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Element
L5
Element
6: K
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Element
7: K.- =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
214.56 ft
gal/min
125 Psig
estmate
Given: Pressure p =
NOTE:
638
31.25 ft/s
15.167 ft
3.93E+05
0.7981 ft /s
Adjust
=
1.37E-05ft /s
vales
Pressure p
2 is
Mximum
Volume
Data:
LID
viscosity
1148.67
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Include
Kinematic
pipe
Wall roughness:
Area: A =
L6
Uot
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
173
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.38
Figure 11.29
System
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1=
415
kPa
Elevation
at point
1=
0 m
Pressure
at point
2 =
200
kPa
Elevation
at point 2 =
Om
loss:
h =
Energy
Specific
Pipe data:
21.92
Fluid Properties:
Water at 15C
weight
9.81 kN/m
6-in Schedule
Diameter:
40 steel
D=
0.1023
Length:
L=
Include
minor
Results:
Pipe
Volume
HA:
Given: Pressure p =
Iosses
Adjust
Data:
in
=
978
=
4.22 m/s
0.908 m
=
= 3.75E+05
= 0.0178
Pipe:
Should
estmate
is greater
200.07 k P a
200 k P a
than desired
pressure.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
Vel. head at point 2 =
0.00
4.22
0.000
0.908
Qty.
17.35
Energy loss h
L1
K =
5.78
Energy loss h
L2
5.25 m f = 0.017
K ?=
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 m
Element
4: K.< =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 m
Element
5: K, =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K - =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
21.00 m
Pipe:
Globe
K = f(UD)
f
valve:
Entrance:
Uot
174
m'/s
be >
for Q until
Using Eq. 11 -3
415 kPa
NOTE:
computed
0.0412 m /s
5.02 m/s
UD
m'Vs
vales
Pressure p
at Point 2 is
Flow Velocity
Velocity head
Reynolds No.
Friction factor: f
Energy
Mximum
Iosses;
then pressure
Additional
of Method
= 1.15E-06
100 m
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
ll-B: Use results
viscosity
Area: A =0.008219 m
D/e=
2224
Method
Kinematic
pipe
t: = 4.60E-05
Wall roughness:
15.75 m Friction
T
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.39
Figuro 11.29 - Butterfly valve
System
Data:
Pressure
S I Metric U n i t s
at point
Pressure
1=
at point
2 =
loss:
h =
Energy
Specific
Elevation
at point
1=
Om
200 kPa
Elevation
at point 2 =
Om
21.92 m
Fluid Properties:
415 kPa
Water at
weight
9.81 kN/m
40 steel
D =
Wall roughness:
0.1023
/: = 4.60E-05
Length:
15C
L=
Kinematic
m
Results:
100 m
then pressure
Additional
of Method
Volume
IIA:
Pipe
Adjust
Pipe:
Globe
Pipe:
415 kPa
200.07 k P a
Entrance:
estmate
is greater
be >
for Q until
than desired
200 k P a
p
pressure.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
0.908 m
Qty.
17.35
Energy loss h
K =
5.78
Energy loss h
L2
5.25 m f = 0.017
K; =
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 m
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 m
Energy loss h
LS
0.00 m
K, = f(UD) =
valve:
Pressure p =
Should
m /s
Given: Pressure p =
2
Data:
in
0.0412 m /s
5.02 m/s
NOTE:
978
Flow Velocity =
4.22 m/s
Velocity head =
0.908 m
Reynolds No. = 3.75E+05
Friction factor: f = 0.0178
Iosses
vales
computed
LID =
Energy
Mximum
Iosses:
ai Point 2 is
m /s
pipe
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
= 1.15E-06
Area: A =0.008219 m
D/s = 2223.913
Include
viscosity
\\ p
L1
15.75 m Friction
T
Element
4: K =
0.00
Element
5: K , -
0.00
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K- =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
21.00 m
Ltot
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
175
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.40
Figure 11.29 5-in pipe:
Globe valvo
System
Data:
Pressure
S I Metric U n i t s
at point
Pressure
1=
at point
Energy
Fluid
loss:
2 =
200
h=
21.92
Properties:
Specific
415
Water at
weight
=
D -
Length:
at point
1 =
Om
kPa
Elevation
at point 2 =
Om
15C
kN/m
Kinematic
L=
100 m
Results:
then pressure
Additional
of Method
Volume
computed
NOTE:
Data:
Adjust
780
Friction factor: f =
Iosses
in Pipe:
estmate
is greater
Flow Velocity =
4.69 m/s
Velocity head =
1.122 m
Reynolds No. =5.23E+05
0.0168
0.060570
Should
415 kPa
200.04 k P a
be >
for Q until
than desired
200 k P a
p
pressure.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
Vel. head at point 2 =
0.00
4.69
0.000
1.122
Qty.
K
13.09
Energy loss h
5.440
Energy loss h
L2
6.10 m f =
K=
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 m
Element
4: K.. =
0.00
Energy loss hi =
0.00 m
Element
5: K
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
6: K =
0.00
Element
7: K- =
0.00
Flement
8: K =
0.00
Globe
K, = f(UD)
valve:
Entrance:
:i
;i
mVs
Pipe:
14.69 m Friction
T
L5
0.00 m
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Energy loss h
0.00 m
20.79 m
L7
LB
Ltot
176
0.0746 m /s
5.78 m/s
flow rate: Q =
Pressure p
at Point 2 is
Pipe
vales
Given: Pressure p , =
HA:
Iosses:
LID =
Energy
Mximum
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
= 1.15E-06ir/s
Area: A =0.012908 m
D/s =2786.957
Include
viscosity
pipe
0.1282
i: = 4.60E-05
Wall roughness:
Elevation
9.81
kPa
0.016
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.41
Figure 11.29-5 in pipe
System
SI Metric U n i t s
Data:
Pressure
at point
1 =
475
kPa
Elevation
at point
1=
Om
Pressure
at point
2 =
200
kPa
Elevation
at point
2 =
Om
Energy
loss:
Fluid Properties:
Specific
Pipe data:
21.92
Water at 15C
weight
9.81 kN/m
6-in Schedule
Diameter:
40 steel
D=
Wall roughness:
0.1282
i: = 4.60E-05
Length:
L =
Kinematic
rn
Results:
100 m
Include
minor
then pressure
Additional
of Method
Volume
Pipe
NOTE:
Data:
in
Adjust
780
Should
200 k P a
for Q until
than desired
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
Vel. head at point 2 =
0.00
5.41
0.000
1.491
Qty.
Energy loss h
K =
0.720
Energy loss h
K-, -
0.00
valve:
pressure.
Butterfly
415 kPa
200.03 k P a
12.98
Kt = f(UD)
L1
19.35 m Friction
L2
1.07 m f = 0.016
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 m
L4
0.00 m
L5
0.00 m
L6
0.00 m
Element
4: K
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
5: K. , =
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
6: K
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
7: K,- =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
20.42 m
m /s
be >
Pipe:
Entrance:
estmate
is greater
=
5.41 m/s
=
1.491 m
= 6.03E+05
= 0.0166
Pipe:
0.0746 m /s
5.78 m/s
Pressure p
Flow Velocity
Velocity head
Reynolds No.
Friction factor: f
Iosses
vales
Given: Pressure p? =
HA;
computed
LID =
Energy
Mximum
Iosses:
at Point 2 is
m /s
pipe
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
ll-B: Use results
= 1.15E-06
Area: A =0.012908 m
D/s =2786.957
Method
viscosity
Uot
177
11.42
ft
^
1.0 i n
2100 rev
Q =
x
x
rev
mm
1728 i n
3/
= 0.0203 ft7s
3
mm
3
6(Ts
+ z, + - h. + h. = + z, + -
2g
2g
Water* 60* F
z Z\ h
2
hi2g
0 - ^ - 0 . 0 6 2 5 ft
Then
550 ft-lb/s
= 82.5 ft-lb/s
hp
82.5 ft-lb/s
yQ
g =- ^
^ = 6.60 ft/s: L ^ ^ t o.677 ft
^-(0.0625 f t ) / 4
2g
2(32.2)
2
= 65.27 ft
3
|^62.4 l b j ^0.0203 f t ^
A= / = (0.0225)
(0.677 ft) = 24.36 ft
D 2g
0.0625
vD _ (6.60)(0.0625) _
= 3.41 x 10* - > / = 0.0225 (Smooth curve)
v
1.21x10z - z, = 65.27 ft - 24.36 ft - 0.677 ft = 40.2 f t
N
178
C h a p t e r 11
Method
Water at 60F
System
Data:
at point
1-
80 psig
at point
2 =
60 psig
Elevation
at point
1=
0 ft
Elevation
at point
2 =
25 ft
Pipe
lll-B:
Specify
actual
Q =
of pipe:
L =
diameter;
then pressure
Additional
at Point
Pipe
2 is
LID =
1788
Flow Velocity =
Velocity head =
Friction factor: f =
Pipe
in
Friction:
Pipe:
If velocity
K = f(L/D)
is in the pipe,
5.66 ft/s
5.66 ft/s
0.497 ft
0.497 ft
Given
5.66 ft/s
Desired
Actual
0.0191
pressure
at point
1=
pressure
at point
2=
at point
2=
pressure
(Compare
actual
with desired
Energy loss h
0.136
Energy loss h
0.765
Energy loss h
K =
0.510
Energy loss h
K.<, =
0.272
Energy loss h
K =
1.700
Energy loss h
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
valu
80 psig
60 psig
60.80
psig
pressure
at point
2)
Qty.
K =
Swing
Velocity at point 2 =
valve:
Velocity a l point 1 =
ft7s
=0.880858
enter
34.19
Butterfly
D = 0.3355
K =
Gate valve:
= 1.21E-05
Results:
0.497 ft
lb/ft
Iosses:
pipe diameter:
computed.
2237
Energy
Viscosity
at 60F
62.40
lll-A;
Specified
0.08840 ft
Water
weight
Iosses)
Data:
Flow r e a : A =
L/gh
ft
minor
volume
the
length
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 1 1 - 8 :
600 ft
of Method
Include
11-8 to compute
Properties:
Specific
0.5 ft'Vs
i: = 1.50E-04
Use results
Fluid
Kinematic
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
Equation
of pipe of a given
21.15 ft
flow rate:
wall roughness:
Uses
Pressure
Length
size
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
Volume
lll-A:
minimum
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Ltot
L1
16.98 ft
L2
0.07 ft f = 0.017
L3
0.38 ft f = 0.017
L4
0.76 ft f = 0.017
L5
0.27 ft f = 0.017
LB
0.84 ft f = 0.017
L7
0.00 ft
0.00 ft
19.30 ft
L8
lll-A
solution.
standard
size; D = 0.3355 ft.
Problem
11.44 answer is the result of the bottom portion for Method lll-B
solution.
Pipe size is set to 0.3355 ft for the 4-in Schedule
40 steel pipe. With minor Iosses
considered,
the pressure
at point 2 is 60.80 psig, greater than the desired 60.0 psig. Therefore,
it is
satisfactory.
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
179
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
minimum
Water at 60F
System
Data:
at point
1-
15 psig
Pressure
at point
2=
0 psig
Elevation
at point
1=
Elevation
at point
2=
172.8 ft
12.22 ft
Length
Pipe
of pipe:
L =
wall roughness:
Kinematic
Method
lll-B:
actual
Use results
then pressure
Additional
diameter;
of Method
Include
at Point 2 is
Pipe
Velocity head =
Energy
Iosses
in
Specified
Pipe Friction:
K , = f(UD) =
Ball check
valve:
8 std. elbows:
Element:
weight
Viscosity
pipe diameter:
If velocity
is in the pipe,
ft /s
0.1124 ft
0.1342ft-m\n
6.30 Ws
Velocity at point 2 =
6.30 ft/s
0.616 ft
0.616 ft
Results:
412
Given
6.30 ft/s
Desired
0.616 ft
Actual
0.0193
pressure
at point
pressure
at point 2 =
pressure
(Compare
actual
1=
at point
2=
with desired
15 psig
0 psig
2.13
psig
pressure
at point 2)
Qty.
1.50
K =
0.30
4.90 ft
Energy loss h
L2
0.92 ft(f
Energy loss h
L3
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 ft
L1
Element:
K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.27 ft
Element:
K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.84 ft
7: K - =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
7.31 ft
Element
std sz
for valu
Velocity at point 1 =
K =
i:
:i
enter "=B23"
Energy loss h
K_ =
ib/ft
Element
L5
180
D=
62.40
= 1.21E-05
7.96
Iosses;
134200
Pipe:
Water at 60F
Minimum diameter: D =
Iosses)
ft
Flow r e a : A = 0.01414 ft 2
LID =
Data:
Flow Velocity =
length
computed.
the
L/gh =0.140592
ft'Vs
lll-A:
minor
of a given
volume
compute
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Specify
11-8to
Properties:
Specific
55.3 ft
i: = 1.00E-06
pressure
Fluid
150.4 ft
Equation
size ofpipe
with a limited
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
Volume
lll-A: Uses
= 0.01 est)
C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID
1 Power
MECHANICS
O b j e c t i v e : Pump
Reference
power
flow rate:
Q =
Pressure
at point
Pressure
at point 2 =
equation:
0.08909
1=
ff/s
Elevation
at point
psig
Elevation
at point 2 =
psig
IfRef.
pt. is in pipe:
1=
150.4
172.8 ft
ft
Velocity
at point
1=
0.00 ft
Velocity
at point 2 =
0.62 ft
Fluid
Water at 60F
Properties:
Specific
Pipe
U.S. C u s t o m a r y Units
Data:
Volume
Problem 11.46
System
points
US:
weight
62.40
D=
0.1342
Kinematic
Pipe
pipe
2:
Diameter:
ft
Wall roughness:
55.3 ft
1.21E-05ff/s
D=
1ft
: = 1.50E-04
Length:
L=
Area: A =
ft
[See Table
Flow Velocity =
0.78540 f t
6667
0
0.11 ft/s
Velocity head =
Velocity head =
0.000 ft
Diz =
LID =
0.616 ft
8.2}
Qft
Area: A = 0.01414 f t
D/e = 134200
UD =
412
Flow Velocity =
6.30 ft/s
[A = 7tD /4]
Relative roughness
[v = Q/A]
[^/2g]
[N
= vD/v]
Qty.
losses-Pipe
1:
Pipe:
K =
7.96
Energy loss h
4.90 ft
valu:
K =
1.50
Energy loss h
Ball check
L2
K =
0.30
Energy loss h
Element
4: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
Std. elbows:
Energy
NONE
Energy
viscosity
ft
: = 1.00E-06
L=
lb/ft'
losses-Pipe
2:
Pipe:
Elbow:
Nozzle:
Element
L3
L4
Qty.
8.16
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
K =
0.54
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
L1
L2
K =
32.60
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
4: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
L3
L4
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
7.31 ft
30.3 ft
0.31 hp
Uot
Results:
Pump
efficiency
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
76.00
0.403 hp
181
Method
Problem 11.47
minimum
System
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
at point
1 =
OkPa
Pressure
at point
2=
OkPa
Elevation
at point
1 =
Elevation
at point
2=
flow rate:
Length
Pipe
of pipe:
wall roughness:
Q=
lll-B:
Specify
actual
diameter;
then pressure
Additional
Include
at Point
Pipe
2 is
Specified
pipe diameter:
If velocity
is in the pipe,
Friction factor: f =
4.20
= f(UD) =
kN/m
;
m 7s
0.0220 m
0.02753m
(Appendix G
0.000 m
0.000 m
254
Results:
Given
m/s
Desired
0.899 m
Actual
0.0211
K
Pipe:
Filter:
enter
Velocity at point 1 =
Friction:
D=
Iosses;
18353
Flow Velocity =
Velocity head =
Pipe
= 2.39E-06
Velocity at point 2 =
L/D =
7.87
Data:
in
Viscosity
Minimum diameter: D =
lll-A;
minor
computed.
Iosses
weight
m Vs
Flow r e a : A = 0.000595 m
Energy
Properties:
L/gh = 0.047571
7m
of Method
Iosses)
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-13:
; = 1.50E-06m
Use results
Kinematic
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
the
length
0.0025
L=
11-13 to compute
volume
Specific
17.4 m
15.00
Equation
of pipe of a given
Fluid
2.4 m
Uses
size
Pressure
Volume
lll-A:
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
(Actual
pressure
at point
1 =
pressure
at point
2=
0 kPa
at point
2=
5.74 kPa
pressure
p should
2
be > desired
0 kPa
pressure)
Qty.
5.37
Energy loss h
4.83 m
L1
K, =
8.50
Energy loss h
L2
7.64 m
K? =
1.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.90 m
Exit: K- =
1.00
Energy loss h
0.90 m
Entrance:
L4
Element
5: K , =
0.00
Energy loss h s =
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Element
7: K- =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
L6
L7
L8
14.27
.0025 m /s
150 L/min
182
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Figure 11.31 Propyl alcohol at 25C to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1=
0 kPa
Elevation
at point
1=
17.4 m
Pressure
at point 2 =
0 kPa
Elevation
at point 2 =
2.4 m
Energy
loss:
15.00
Fluid Properties:
Specific
7.87 kN/m'
tube;
Diameter:
D =
0.02753
i; =
1.50E-06
L=
Include
minor
Results:
Additional
of Method
Volume
HA:
Pipe
Iosses
Pipe:
Q = 0.002566
NOTE:
Should
estmate
is greater
n'/s
0 kPa
0.00 k P a
0 kPa
be >
for Q until
than desired
pressure.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.000
Qty.
5.34
Energy loss h
L1
5.06 m Friction
K =
8.500
Energy loss h
L2
8.05 m
K =
0.68
Energy loss h
L3
0.95 m
1.00
L4
0.95 m
L5
0.00 m
0.00 m
K = f(UD)
1
Entrance:
0.0047 m /s
7.87 m/s
Adjust
Pipe:
Filter:
flow rate:
computed
Data:
in
m /s
vales
Pressure p
at Point 2 is
LID =
254
Flow Velocity =
4.31 m/s
Velocity head =
0.947 m
Reynolds No. = 4.96E+04
Friction factor: f =
0.0210
Energy
Mximum
Iosses:
then pressure
2.39E-06
m
7 m
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
ll-B: Use results
Area: A =0.0005953 m
D/e = 18353.333
Method
viscosity
t = 0.083
Wall roughness:
Length:
Kinematic
:i
Exit 4: K =
4
Energy loss h
Element
5: K , =
1.00
Energy loss h
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h s -
0.00 m
L6
L7
Ltot
15.00 m
A c t u a l v o l u m e flow rate w h e n p
0.00
kPa
3
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
183
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1 =
0 kPa
Elevation
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2 =
0 kPa
Elevation
at point
2=
Energy
loss:
h=
10.40
Pipe data:
7.87 kN/m
1 1/4-in steel
tube;
D =
0.02753
Wall roughness:
r. =
1.50E-06
Length:
L=
Results:
7 m
Area: A =0.0005953 m
D/e = 18353.333
Include
minor
Additional
of Method
Pipe
2 is
Flow Velocity
Velocity head
Reynolds No.
Friction factor: f
Energy
Iosses
Pipe:
HA:
Velocity: v =
6.42 m/s
in
=
=
=
=
Pipe:
K = f(UD)
7
Filter:
Given: Pressure
Adjust
254
3.56 m/s
0.647 m
4.10E+04
0.0219
0.0038 m /s
NOTE:
computed
Data:
LID =
m /s
vales
Should
estmate
is greater
0 kPa
0.00 k P a
be >
0 kPa
for Q until
than desired
pressure.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.000
Qty.
5.57
Energy loss h
L1
3.61 m Friction
8.500
Energy loss h
L2
5.50 m
K =
1.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.65 m
Exit 4: K- =
1.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.65 m
Entrance:
m /s
Pressure p
at Point
= 2.39E-06
Iosses:
then pressure
viscosity
Mximum
Volume
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
ll-B: Use results
Kinematic
t = 0.083
Diameter:
Method
2.4 m
Fluid Properties:
Specific
12.8 m
Element
5: K., =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K
L6
0.00 m
Element
Element
0.00
Energy loss h
7: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
Uot
A c t u a l v o l u m e f l o w rate w h e n
10.40 m
p
= 0.00
kPa
3
184
C h a p t e r 11
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.49
Figure 11.31 Propyl alcohol at 25C to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1=
O kPa
Elevation
at point
1=
17.4 m
Pressure
at point
2 =
O kPa
Elevation
at point
2 =
2.4 m
loss:
h =
Energy
10.87 m
Fluid Properties:
Specific
Pipe data:
1 1/4-in steel
7.87 kN/nf
tube;
Diameter:
D =
0.02753
i:=
1.50E-06
L=
then pressure
Additional
Results:
2
of Method
IIA:
2 is
computed
-32.5 kPa
0.00 k P a
Pipe:
Should
estmate
is greater
at
at
at
at
for Q until
point
point
point
point
8.500
K =
1.00
Exit 4: K. =
Entrance:
:I
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.000
Qty.
Energy loss h
F//fer: K =
pressure.
1=
2=
1=
2=
K , = f(UD) =
3.76 m Friction
Energy loss h
L2
5.76 m
Energy loss h
L3
0.68 m
1.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.68 m
5.54
L1
Element
5: K, =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
L/min
0 kPa
be >
than desired
Velocity
Velocity
Vel. head
Vel. head
Using Eq. 11 -3
mVs = 130.2
Pressure p =
Adjust
254
Flow Velocity =
3.65 m/s
Velocity head =
0.678 m
Reynolds No. = 4.20E+04
Friction factor: f =
0.0218
Pipe:
Given: Pressure p =
NOTE:
Data:
in
0.0039 m /s
6.58 m/s
at Point
Iosses
vales
Volume
LID =
Energy
Mximum
Iosses;
Pipe
m /s
m
7m
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
- 2.39E-06
Area: A =0.0005953 m
D/s = 18353.333
Include
viscosity
t = 0.083
Wall roughness:
Length:
Kinematic
Ltot
A c t u a l v o l u m e flow rate w h e n p
10.87 m
2
0.00 kPa
3
S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
185
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
Data:
S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2-
loss:
h =
Energy
OkPa
Elevation
at point
1=
17.4 m
0 kPa
Elevation
at point
2=
2.4 m
15.00 m
Fluid Properties:
Specific
7.87kN/m
tube;
Diameter:
D =
0.02753
Wall roughness:
r. =
1.50E-06
Length:
Area:
'
Kinematic
L=
A =0.0005953 m
then pressure
Results:
Mximum
Additional
Pipe
2 is
Velocity: v =
Volume
IIA:
in
flow rate:
computed
Pipe:
K = f(UD) =
m /s
0 kPa
Pressure p =
0.00 k P a
Adjust
254
4.08 m/s
0.849 m
4.70E+04
0.0213
Q = 0.002430
Given: Pressure p =
NOTE:
Should
estmate
is greater
7.87 m/s
Data:
Flow Velocity =
Velocity head =
Reynolds No. =
Friction factor: f =
Iosses
0.0047 m /s
LID =
Energy
of Method
vales
Iosses:
at Point
nf/s
m
7m
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Include
= 2.39E-06
D/s = 18353.333
Method
viscosity
t = 0.083
0 kPa
be >
for Q until
than desired
pressure.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
0.000 m
Qty.
4.59 m Friction
Energy loss h
L2
7.22 m
Energy loss h
L3
0.85 m
1.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.85 m
K, =
1.76
Energy loss h
L5
1.49 m f = 0.011
Element
6: K, =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
Pipe:
5.41
Energy loss h
K =
8.500
K, =
1.00
Exit 4: K. =
Filter:
Entrance:
L1
Uot
A c t u a l v o l u m e flow rate w h e n p
15.00 m
2
0.00 kPa
3
186
C h a p t e r 11
CHAPTER T W E L V E
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE SYSTEMS
Systems with two
branches
2
12.1
+ z
r
+ ^ - = +
2g
y
Z B + ?
= h =h
(700-550)kN/nr
A = 2B,
=/, _ ^ _ ^ 0.1023 2 g
= 0.017
8.80 k N / m
Upperbrancha:
f
2g
Friction
Lower branchb:
= /
( 3 0 ) ^ - = [587/.+1.02]^2g
2g
Elbows
- ^ - ^ +/
0.0779 2 g
Friction
b 7
o r
/ ,=0.018
U =UB
b r
Valve
Elbows
Assume / = / = 0.02:
A, = 1 7 . 0 5 m = f 5 8 7 / , + 1 . 0 2 l - ; = l ( - X - )
2g
V [587/,+1.02]
a
8 1
1 7
0 5
i a
^^(5.08X0.1023)^
*
4.8 x l O "
.08m/s
_ O 1 0 2 ^ , 2224
4.6 x l O "
^ 0 . 0 2
No change
h
L
i b
= 17.05m = [ 7 7 0
**
/ b
/ b
+5.4]i;.
2g'
J
= f ^ ^
\j [ 7 7 0 / + 5 . 4 ]
= 4
.01m/s
=_ji_L =
1 ^ . = 6.51x10*: =
r = 1693 - > = 0.022
v
4.8 x l O "
4.6 x l 0 ~
6
Recompute v :
b
^ =
j(9.81)(17.052
[ 7 7 0 / + 5.4]
*
3
1 Q
4 _^
h
S
Then O =
= (8.213 x l O " m )(5.08 m/s) = 4.17 x l O m /s 1
^
^
g = , 4 u = ( 4 . 7 6 8 x l O " m )(3.87 m/s) = 1.85 x l O " ) m / s j
a
, ,
a=6.02xl0- m /s
2
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
187
12.2
br
(160)^- + /
2g
Valve 1
a r
o ^
( 8 ) ^ + 1 . 5 $ - = ( 1 6 8 / , , + 7 . 5 ) ^ - = 10.69
2g
2g
2g
K Sj
2
Valve 2
Heat exch.
^ = 2 / . ( 3 0 ) ^ +/ ,(340)^ +/
2g
2g
7
^ ^ =[174/+400/
0.115 2 g
2 Elbows
Valve
b r
]^[174/
2g
b +
8.80]^
2g
Friction
/ ^ = [174(0.023)+ 8 . 8 0 ] | - = 1 2 . 8 o | ^
2
Let A, = A, : 1 0 . 6 9 - ^ = 1 2 . 8 - ^ :
"
^
2g
2g
u =1.094ub
a
g, = ^ u + A^=^a(l-094M,) + A M , = M,[1.094A+A]
(9
0 223
M,=
s
=
:
= 6 . 2 1 ft/s; u = 1.094^ = 6.79 ft/s
1.0944,+4,
1-094(0.0233)+ 0.01039
j A
6.21(0.115)
a
/,h
J h
1.21 x 10
u
Repeat: h, =13.15=-; u = 1.10914,; 14, = 6.15 ft/s; u = 6.83 ft/s
2g
a
RB
^ =10.69^<'-
'
"
2g
><
8 3
>^7.74ft
2(32.2)
62.4 lb
< lft
144 i n
12.3
h, = /
3.36 psi
^=- = ( 5 7 1 X ) and h. = h, : / .
0.0525 2 g
2g
'
J b
=0.019
Friction
=
/b 7 ^ 7 ^
0.0525 2 g
3/^(30)^- + /
2g
b 7
( l 5 0 ) ^ = [ 1 1 4 2 / + 4.56]^2g
2g
11.42u = 2 7 . 4 u
a
QA = AO*
188
+A v
b
= A (\.55
a
oJ+AbUb
= Ub[2.55A]
C h a p t e r 12
850 L / m i n 1 m /s
.
.
i\, =
=
;
= 2.56 m/s
2.554,
2.55(2.168x10 m ) ( 6 0 0 0 0 L/min)
u - 1.55ub = 3.97 m/s
A
1.30x10"
4.6x10^
_ u D _ (2.56)(0.0525) _
,
.
iV = - J ^ =
"
_ i = 1.03 x 10 : = 1 1 4 1 - > / = 0.0215
v
1.30 x l O "
?
b
/ v
5 3
7 4
=29.1 l a
o = 1.56L>I,
a
850/60000
. ,,
L>b= =
= 2.55 m/s: u = 1 . 5 6 = 3.98 m/s
2.564,
(2.56)(2.168xl0~ )
N o change inf o r /
a
= j h = yh
571(0.021)
95.0 kPa
2(9.81)
12.4
lft /s
Q _ = 1350 gal/min
s
449 gal/min
f
=0.015; f
6T
2r
n ^ l f
0.5054 2 g
^ (
h, = / - J 2 _ J + 2 /
2
l l
But \
^
=0.019
2 r
2 /
0.1723 2 g
7 = 8 x 10" lb-s/ft
3
) f
2g
/ r O
2g
^ r ( 3 0 ) f = [989/ +
2g
1.5)$2g
( 3 0 ) - ? + [2902/ + 1 . 1 4 ] i
2g
2g
2
=/z, : [ 9 8 9 / + 7 . 5 ] ^ = [ 2 9 0 2 / + 1 . 1 4 ] ^
2
l 2 9 0 2 / +1.14
2
V 989/
+7.5
0.5054
_
f>
0.1723
= 3369: T r y / = 0.016:
=
-=1149;
U J
1.5xl0"
6
s /6 1 . 5 x l 0 "
T r y / = 0.02
4
2902(0.02)+ 1.14
u=
6
02
V 989(0.016)+7.5
= Q6 + Q = A u +A o
2
=1.59^2
= A (\.59
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
o,)+ A o
2
= ^ [ 1 . 5 9 4 , + ^ ] = 3.01 ft /s
189
uz =
f t
/ S
1.59(0.2006)+ (0.02333) f t
^ o ^ p
^ (13.98X0.5054X1.69)
8x1o-
Ap
(8.79X0.1723X1.69)
7(2
8 xlO"
No change i n / o r /
g = A u = (0.2006 ft )(13.98 ft/s) = 2.80 ft /s [1258 gal/min]
Q = A o = (0.02333)(8.79) = 0.205 ft /s [92 gal/min]
6
12.5
Q _ 8.33 x 10 m / s _ ^
D
u = =5- =
- = 1.061 m/s:
4
^(0.100) m /4
l^fj
1
0.100
= 66667
**
i
1.30x10
= 8-18 x 1 0 ^
.8.33x1^
2
4,
/ a
(4.24)(0.05)
1.30x10"*
^7>Hf
0.100m2g
Friction
K
= /
^ 7 ^ + /
0.05 2g
Friction
f t
{
=
^r(30)^+
2g
K - =
2 Elbows
Valve
2g
a r
= (0.010) (approx.)
1.5x10"*
0
= . 0 1 0 (approx.)
0
( 3 0 0 / + 0.60 +
K)f
2g
r ( 3 0 ) ^ = (600/ +0.60)^2g
2g
b
2 Elbows
2
= 0.0186;
/ a
JD^
7r(0.05) m / 4
tVgj,
v
1.5x10"*
=(600(0.0163)+ 0 . 6 0 ) ^ - = 1 0 . 3 8 ^
V^^-^v
A
= 4u ; u =16u
a
2
a
Equate /z,
-h
b
190
C h a p t e r 12
,2
12.6
+z
+ ^ - h
2g
.,2
= ^ +z
y
,
p.
20 lb f t 144 i n
h = tLh. =
Y
in (62.41b)ft
2
U =UB,/7
+ ^ :
2g
= 0,Z = Z
A
~ ,
,
= 46,2 ft = A, = h
h = 2 ( 0 . 9 ) - ^ - + 5^- = 6 . 8 - i - : = 2 ( 0 . 9 ) - ^ + 1 0 - ^ - = 1 1 . 8 ^ 2g
2g
2g
2g
2g
2g
x
a.
2(32.2)(46.2)
*' 6.8
( ^ t f
6.8
144in
<
11.8
144in
b.
c.
12.7
A = [ 2 9 0 2 / + 1.14]-^2g
2
h = [ 9 8 9 / + 7.5]
6
Ql = [989f
r o . o v + 7.5]
Q
2
2gA
2(32.2)(0.2006)
6
6
A = [ 9 8 9 / + 7.5](0.3859)g
= [381.6/ + 2.894] Q
= [ 2 9 0 2 / + 1 . 1 4 ] - = = - = [ 2 9 0 2 / +1.14]
=^
2g^
2(32.2)(0.02333)
2
J 2
A = [ 2 9 0 2 / + 1.14](28.53)g
^ J \ P
"
QJ\P
(0.2006)(8xl0
u D^
2
A X
TJ
a(0.5054)(1.69)
R
= [ 8 2 7 9 1 / + 32.52] Q
QDp
Au
ll
Q (0.1723)(1.69)
2
1 ( ) 6
(0.2333)(8xl0~ )
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
191
= ]
-3369-.
N
N
Ki
h = [82791(0.0195) + 32.52] Q = 1 6 4 7 g
=k Q
TRIAL
PIPE
2.50
-0.51
2.716
6
2
-0.294
2.792
fi
Q)h = kQ
1.33 x 10
0.0160
9.000
7.96 x 10
0.0195
1647
1.45 x 10
0.016
9.000
4.59 x 10
0.020
1688
56.25
2kQ
45.00
-428.4
1679.94
-372.15
1724.94
66.39
-145.9
48.89
-79.51
992.5
1041.4
1.49 x 10
0.016
9.000
70.16
50.26
0.020
1688
-80.00
-9.84
734.95
785.21
-0.21575
-0.07635
-0.01253
-0.2177
3.40 x 10
2.805
1.49 x 10
0.016
9.000
70.81
50.49
-0.00037
3.20 x 10
0.020
1688
-71.05
692.65
642.16
(Negligible)
-0.205
-0.24
2.805 ft7s; Q = 0.205 ft7s
2
12.8
1 m /s
Q = 850 L / m i n x
A
60000 L/min
* = 571/
2g
a
^ M
2gA
571/ g
a
2
a
:(6.192xl0 )/ &
2(9.81X2.168x10" )
o
/z =[1142/ + 4 . 5 6 ] - ^
2g
b
[1142/ +4.56]&
2gA
[H42/ + 4 . 5 6 ^
b
=
3
2(9.81)(2.168xl0- )
192
1 q 4
2
b
C h a p t e r 12
*'
N
Rm
A^v
=(1.863 x 1 0 ) & ; N
Rh
=(1.863 x l O ) 0
Trial 1
3
Try 0 = 0.0100 m /s
a
Ri
C o m p u t e / u s i n g Eq. (9.9):
0.25
Ja "
log
1
3.7(1141)
= 0.0208
5.74
5
(i.86xl0 )
0.25
= 0.0225
5.74
log
3.7(1141)
(7.77xl0 )
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
193
N E T W O R K A N A L Y S I S U S I N G HARDY C R O S S T E C H N I Q U E
TWO B R A N C H E S
PROBLEM
TRIAL
CIRCUIT
PIPE
R E Y . NO.
FR. FACT.
h = kQ 2
1.000E-02
1.86E+05
0.0208
2kQ
1.29E+05
12.873
2575
-4.170E-03
7.77E+04
0.0225
3.28E+05
-5.704
2736
7.168
5310
S U M O F h ANO 2kQ 2
DELTA Q
% CHANGE
13.50
-32.37
1.350E-03
8.650E-03
1.61E+05
0.0210
1.30E+05
9.733
2250
-0.02
-5.520E-03
1.03E+05
0.0218
3.20E+05
-9.745
3531
0.04
-0.012
5781
-2.005E-06
8 652E-03
1.61E+05
0.0210
1.30E+05
9.737
2251
0.00
-5.518E-03
1.03E+05
0.0218
3.20E+05
-9.738
3530
0.00
0.000
5781
S U M O F h AND 2kQ =
FINAL V A L U E S F O R F L O W R A T E S F R O M TRIAL 3:
P I P E a: Q =
0.00865
cu. m/s
PIPEa:Q=
519
L/min
P I P E b: Q -
0.00552
c u . m/s
P I P E b: Q =
331
L/min
-8.069E-08
12.9
D2g
DlgA
:. k
DlgA
k kfo kc\
a
/(50)
+6-1.2
(0.205 8)(64.4)(0.03326)
0+F-O.6
= 3410/
/(30)
k = kf =
= 2046/
(0.2058)(64.4)(0.03326)
V a l e s o f / t o be computed.
4
QD
0(0.2058)
Av
(0.03326)(1.21 x l O " )
= (5.114 x 1 O ) 0
5
5.74
3.7(1372)
(N )
R
0.25
log
5.74
1.970x10"
(N )
R
e +e =i.2ft /
T r y 0 = 0.50; 0 = 0.70
a
0.50
T r y Q = 0.10; Q = 0.40
c
0 -0 =O.3Oft /s
T r y Q = 0.40, 0 = 0.10
d
g + g =0.60ft /s
T r y g = 0.10; g = 0.50
e
0 b + Qc = Ge + 0.30 ft /s
0.70 + 0.10 = 0.50 + 0.30 (check)
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
195
Similarly,
5
= 3.580 x l O ;
= 2.557 x 10 ; N
R{
= 5.114 x 10 ; N
= 5.114 x 10
=2.045 x 10
0.0197
5.74
(2.557 x l O )
Aa = (34T0)(0.0197) = 67.18
Similarly:
196
PIPE
Eq. for k
0.0197
67.18
K = 3410/
0.0194
66.00
h = 3410/
0.0233
47.65
K = 2046/
0.0200
68.26
0.0197
67.18
= 3410/
0.0233
47.65
*f=2046/
= 3410/
C h a p t e r 12
PROBLEM 12.9
A
CIRCUIT
PIPE
REY. NO.
FR. FACT.
0.5000
2.56E+05
0.0197
67.24
16.810
67.24
-0.7000
3.58E+05
0.0194
65.99
-32.337
92.39
12.71
o.tooo
5.11E+04
0.0233
47.64
0.476
9.53
-88.97
-0.1000
5.11E+04
0.0233
47.64
-0.476
9.53
41.80
0.4000
2.05E+05
0 0200
68.25
10.921
54.60
-10.45
-0.5000
2.56E+05
0.0197
67.24
-16.810
67.24
8.36
0.1000
5.11E+04
0.0233
47.64
0.476
9.53
-41.80
-5.889
140.90
%CHANGE
-17.79
-8.897E-02
-4.180E-02
0 5890
3.01E+05
0.0195
66.59
23.101
78.44
-0.6110
312E+05
0.0195
66.46
-24.813
81.22
0.69
0.1472
7.53E+04
0.0221
45.17
0.978
13.30
-2.88
-0.734
172.96
-0.1472
7.53E+04
0.0221
45.17
-0.978
13.30
4.74
0.4418
2.26E+05
0.0199
67.78
13.230
59.89
-1.58
-0.4582
2.34E+05
0.0198
67.62
-14.196
0.1418
7.25E+04
0.0222
45.38
0.913
61.96
12.87
1.62
-4.92
-1.032
148.02
-0.72
-4.241E-03
-6.972E-03
0.5932
3.03E+05
0.0195
66.57
23.425
7898
-0.6068
3.10E+05
0.0195
66.48
-24.479
80.68
0.10
0.1444
7.39E+04
0.0221
45.28
0.945
13.08
-0.44
-0.109
172.74
-0.1444
7.39E+04
0.0221
45.28
-0.945
13.08
0.43
0.4488
-0.4512
2.30E+05
0.0199
67.71
13.636
60.77
-0.14
2.31 E+05
0.0198
67.69
-13.781
61.08
0.14
7.61 E+04
0.0220
45.11
169.16
DELTA Q
-15.051
2kQ
h = kQ 2
6
t
0.1488
0.998
13.42
-0.091
148.36
-0.11
-6.294E-04
-0.41
-6.150E-04
continued
12.9
TRIAL
(continued)
A
h - kQ 2
2kQ
DELTA Q
%CHANGE
CIRCUIT
PIPE
R E Y . NO.
FR. FACT.
0.5938
3.04E+05
0.0195
66.56
23.474
79.06
-0.6062
3.10E+05
0.0195
66.49
-24.429
80.60
0.01
0.1445
7.39E+04
0.0221
45.28
0.945
13.08
-0.04
-0.011
172.74
S U M O F h AND 2kQ =
2
-0.01
-6.261 E - 0 5
-0.1445
7.39E+04
0.0221
45.28
-0.945
13.08
0.05
0.4494
2.30E+05
0.0199
67.70
13.673
60.85
-0.02
-0.4506
2.30E+05
0.0199
67.69
-13.745
61.01
0.02
0.1494
7.64E+04
0.0220
45.09
1.006
13.47
-0.011
148.41
S U M O F h AND 2kQ =
PIPE a: Q =
0.5938
PIPEd:Q=
0.4494
PIPEb:Q=
0.6062
PIPEe:Q=
0.4506
PIPEc:Q=
0.1445
PIPEf:Q=
0.1494
-0.05
-7.565E-05
12.10
i n
o u t
l.OmVs
= 0.100 m7s = 1.0 x 10"' m /s
60000 L / m i n
= 1500 L / m i n = 0.025 m /s (Each) = 2.5 x 10" m /s
3
= 6000 L / m i n x
=/
D2g
2
2
- D2gA
D(2)gA
3
=^-r =
r r =(3-765 x 10 )/L
D(2)gA
(0.07384)(2)(9.81)(4.282xl0- )
4
k=
QD =
0(0.07384)
= (1.500 x 1 O ) 0
Av
0.25
f=7
1
log
5.74
3.7D/E
f
log 5.49x10"
V
(N )
R
5.74^
Oh - 0 . 1 0 0 m /
ed=o.ioo
0 a + Qb = 0.025
0 = 0.025 + Q + Q
0 d
0 + 0
0 g + 0 . = 0.025
= 0
+0.025
0 f + 0
For Trial 1:
0
= 0.5 x 1 0 " @
g = 4.0 x 10" (Assume)
2
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
0
0
= 4.Ox l O '
= 1.0 x 10"
= 2.Ox 1 0 "
2
= O.5x 1 0 " @
0 = 2 . O x 10' (Assume)
f
199
TRIAL
P R O B L E M 12.10
A
h = kQ 2
CIRCUIT
PIPE
R E Y . NO.
FR. F A C T .
0.0200
3.00E+05
0.0146
9900
3.960
-0.0050
7.50E+04
0.0191
10781
-0.0400
6.00E+05
0.0130
2944
-0.270
107.81
27.58
-4.710
235.49
-1.019
739.31
3.45
-1.379E-G3
0.0400
6.00E+05
0.0130
2944
4.710
235.49
6.00E+05
0.0130
7359
-11.774
588.69
16.28
0.0100
1.50E+05
0.0166
9373
0.937
187.45
-65.11
-0.0200
3.00E+05
0.0146
3300
-1.320
132.02
-7.447
1143.65
-16.28
32.56
-6.511E-03
t
g
0.0200
3.00E+05
0.0146
3300
1.320
132.02
-18.64
-0.0200
3.00E+06
0.0146
9900
3.960
396.00
18.64
0.0050
7.50E+04
0.0191
10781
0.0214
0.270
107.81
-2.370
635.83
418.42
9.60
56.65
3.21 E+05
0.0144
9786
4.473
11557
-0.152
83.70
2890
-5.886
260.85
-1.565
762.97
-0.0036
5.43E+04
0.0205
-0.0451
6.77E+05
0.0128
-74.56
-3.728E-03
4.55
-2.051 E-03
0.0451
6.77E+05
0.0128
2890
5.886
260.85
-0.0335
5.02E+05
0.0134
7568
-8.487
506.85
3.27
0.0165
2.48E+05
0.0151
8536
2.327
281.88
-6.64
-0.0172
2.58E+05
0.0150
3389
-1.005
116.70
-1.278
1166.27
-6.89
-0.0400
% CHANGE
DELTA Q
2kQ
396.00
-2.43
6.37
-1.096E-03
0.0172
2.58E+05
0.0150
3389
1.005
116.70
-9.21
g
h
-0.0163
2.44E+05
0.0152
10269
-2.719
334.21
9.75
0.0087
1.31E+05
0.0170
9624
0.733
168.00
0.981
618.90
-18.17
-1.586E-03
continued
12.10
TRIAL
(continued)
h = kQ*2
CIRCUIT
PIPE
R E Y . NO.
FR. FACT.
0.0234
3.51 E + 0 5
0.0142
9633
5.288
-0.0016
2.35E+04
0 0248
14029
-0.0442
6.63E+05
0.0128
2899
-2.30
-0.035
44.04
34.26
-5.658
256.15
1.22
-0.404
751.61
-5.378E-04
0.0442
6.63E+05
0.0128
2899
5.658
256.15
-1.49
4.86E+05
0.0135
7608
-7.983
492.90
2.03
0.0176
2.64E+05
0.0149
8438
2.616
297.15
-3.73
-0.0177
2.66E+05
0.0149
3372
-1.057
119.42
3.71
-0.766
1165.61
0.0177
2.66E+05
0.0149
3372
1.057
119.42
-1 90
-0.0147
2.20E+05
0.0154
10462
-2.257
307.31
2 29
0.0103
1.55E+05
0.0165
9317
0.991
192.18
-0.208
618.91
-6.575E-04
-3.26
-3.366E-04
0.0240
3.60E+05
0.0142
9596
5.513
460.00
-1.06
-0.0010
1.55E+04
0.0276
15588
-0.017
32.17
24.63
-0.0443
6.64E+05
0.0128
2898
-5.686
256.74
-0.190
748.91
0.57
-2.542E-04
0.0443
6.64E+05
0.0128
2898
5.686
256.74
-0.44
-0.0317
4.76E+05
0.0135
7633
-7.688
484.50
0.61
0.0183
2.74E+05
0.0148
8383
2.797
306.24
-1.07
-0.0174
2.61E+05
0.0150
3383
-1.023
117.64
1.12
-0.227
1165.11
0.0174
2.61E+05
0.0150
3383
-0.0143
2.15E+05
0.0155
10507
0 0107
1.60E+05
0.0164
9260
S U M O F h AND 2kQ =
3
451.42
0.0324
S U M O F h AND 2kQ =
2
%CHANGE
DELTA Q
2kQ
-1.951E-04
1.023
117.64
-2.164
301.54
1.02
1.050
197.24
-1.38
-0.091
616.42
-0.85
-1.470E-04
continued
12.10
TRIAL
(continued)
A
h = kQ 2
CIRCUIT
PIPE
R E Y . NO.
FR. FACT.
00242
3.63E+05
0.0141
9579
5.620
464.04
-0.35
-0.0008
1.17E+04
0.0297
16793
-0.010
26.12
10.75
-0.0442
6.64E+05
0.0128
2899
-5.672
256.45
-0.062
746.62
0.0442
6.64E+05
0.0128
2899
5.672
256.45
-0.18
4.73E+05
0.0135
7641
-7.601
482.00
0.26
0.0185
2.77E+05
0.0148
8368
2 851
308.93
-0.44
-0.0173
2.60E+05
0.0150
3385
-1.017
117.37
-0.095
1164.75
0.47
-8.142E-05
0.0173
2.60E+05
0.0150
3385
1.017
117.37
-0.27
-0.0142
2.13E+05
0.0155
10527
-2.123
299.02
0.34
00106
1.62E+05
0.0164
9236
1.077
199.44
-0.029
615.63
-0.44
-4.759E-05
2.431 E - 0 2
3.65E+05
0.0141
9573
6.656
465.37
-0.14
-6.041E-04
1.04E+04
0.0307
17318
-0.008
24.04
4.74
-4.424E-02
6.64E+05
0.0128
2899
-5.672
256.44
0.07
-0.025
745.86
4.424E-02
6.64E+05
0.0128
2899
5.672
256.44
-0.06
-3.146E-02
4.72E+05
0.0135
7644
-7.565
480.96
0.09
-0.15
1.854E-02
2.78E+05
0.0148
8361
2.874
310.05
-1.730E-02
2.60E+05
0.0150
3386
-1.014
117.18
-0.033
1164.63
0.19
-8.361E-05
-0.0315
% CHANGE
DELTA Q
2kQ
-3.289E-06
0.16
-2.812E-05
1.730E-02
2.60E+05
0.0150
3386
1.014
117.18
-0.11
-1.416E-02
2.12E+05
0.0155
10533
-2.111
298.20
0.13
1.084 E-02
1.63E+05
0.0163
9228
1.085
200.15
-0.011
615.53
-0.17
-1.855E-05
-o
>
>
rr-
m
r
-
32
m
z
m
(/>
-<
(/>
H
m
3
(/>
/2./0
(continued)
1458
P I P E b: Q = 42
o
co
P I P E c : Q = 2654
PIPEe:Q=1ll2
PIPEg:Q=849
P I P E d: Q = 1888
P I P E f: Q = 1038
P I P E h: Q = 651
12.11
D 2g
,(2) =
D2gA
D2gA
ffi^
- 1 = 12.38/
(1.25)(64.4)(1.227)
16-in pipe
t -
>
,-9.158/
(1.406)(64.4)(1.553)
2
18-in pipe
k=
,=51.70/
(0.9948)(64.4)(0.7771)
12-in pipe
/(2000)
(1.25)(64.4)0.227)
16-in pipe
O * -
.-3,.77/
(0.9948)(64.4)(0.7771)
12-in pipe
/(4000)
>
=- = 6 4 . 3 1 /
194
(1.094)(64.4)(0.9396)
14-in pipe
*=
_
/(4000)
J J ^ l
(0.9948)(64.4)(0.7771)
>94i
1 0 3
.39/
12-in pipe
,=774.69/
(0.6651)(64.4)(0.3472)
8-in pipe
o * . m m , = 2 9 0 . 5 1 /
(0.6651)(64.4)(0.3472)
8-in pipe
Reynolds numbers: Assume water at 60F; v = 1.21 x 1 0
16-in pipes:
204
-5
ft /s
C h a p t e r 12
N,^
Dlz=
=^
=
=(8.419 x 1 0 <
Av
(1.227)(1.21xl(T )
5
) e
Similarly:
4
12-in p i p e s : :
8-in pipes: @,@,
+ = 15.5 ft /s
+ = @ ) + 4ft7s
3
+ =
=(U)+3ft /s
=1.5ft7s+
+ @ = @
= +
+ = + +
+ 3ft /s
+ = 3 f t 7 s
3
1 ft /s
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
205
e (ft)
1
2
3
4
1.2500
1.2500
1.4060
0.9948
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
U . S . C u s t Units
12 Pipes
D/E
8333
8333
12.37
12.37
8.42E+04
8.42E+04
9373
6632
9.16
51.68
7.48E+04
1.06E+05
8333
8333
16.50
12.37
8.42E+04
8.42E+04
6632
7293
6632
4434
6632
4434
38.76
64.26
103.35
773.68
38.76
290.13
1.06E+05
9.62E+04
1.06E+05
1.58E+05
1.06E+05
1.58E+05
1.2500
1.2500
0.9948
1.0940
0.9948
0.6651
0.9948
0.6651
1500
1500
2000
2000
2000
1.50E-04
1500
1500
4000
4000
4000
1500
1500
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.50E-04
Circuit
Pipe
Q (ft7s)
NR
1
4
6
3
7.0000
2.5000
-4.0000
-8.5000
5.89E+05
2.64E+05
3.37E+05
6.36E+05
4.5000
3.0000
-2.0000
-2.5000
3.79E+05
2.53E+05
2.12E+05
2.64E+05
6
9
11
8
4.0000
3.5000
-1.5000
-4.5000
3.37E+05
3.70E+05
1.59E+05
4.33E+05
7
10
12
9
2.0000
1.0000
-2.0000
-3.5000
2.12E+05
1.58E+05
3.16E+05
3.70E+05
Trlal 1
5
7
4
3
h = kQ"
2kQ
8.7592
5.2171
2.5026
4.1737
1.5236
2.2082
0.0144
0.1788
0.0162
0.8347
0.0154
0.1904
0.0142 0.1299
Summations:
0.0152
0.1877
0.0160
0.2639
0.0166 0.6451
0.0162
0.8347
1.5445
3.8008
2.3748
-2.5806
-5.2171
Summations:
0.0154
0.1904
0.0155
1.6029
0.0174
0.6730
-1.6221
3.0472
19.6360
-1.5142
0.0151 0.9710
Summations:
0.0166 0.6451
0.0179 13.8120
0.0164 4.7639
0.0155
1.6029
Summations:
-19.6619
1.5071
-3.0472
-9.3847
2.5806
13.8120
-19.0556
-19.6360
-22.2991
10.4081
1.6892
1.5832
2.5806
4.1737
10.0267
1.5236
11.2206
2.0190
8.7386
23.5017
2.5806
27.6240
19.0556
11.2206
60.4808
AQ
% Chg
2.12
5.94
-3.71
-1.75
0.14839
-3.60
-5.39
8.09
6.47
-0.16178
1.60
1.83
-4.28
-1.43
0.06413
-18.43
-36.87
18.43
10.53
-0.3687
continued
206
C h a p t e r 12
12.11
(continued)
Trial2
Circuit
Q (ft7s)
Pipe
4
6
3
6.8516
2.1898
-4.0843
-8.6484
5.77E+05
2.32E+05
3.44E+05
6.47E+05
2
5
7
4
4.6618
3.1618
-2.2069
-2.1898
3.92E+05
2.66E+05
2.33E+05
2.32E+05
6
9
11
8
4.0843
3.0672
-1.5641
-4.5641
3.44E+05
3.24E+05
1.65E+05
4.39E+05
7
10
12
9
2.2069
1.3687
-1.6313
-3.0672
2.33E+05
2.17E+05
2.58E+05
3.24E+05
0.0145 0.1791
0.0164 0.8495
0.0154 0.1899
0.0142 0.1297
Summations:
0.0151 0.1869
0.0159 0.2619
0.0164 0.6365
0.0164 0.8495
Summations:
0.0154 0.1899
0.0157
1.6276
0.0173 0.6687
0.0151 0.9695
Summations:
0.0164 0.6365
0.0171 13.2579
0.0168 4.8700
0.0157
1.6276
Summations:
h = kQ'
8.4099
4.0737
-3.1686
-9.6983
-0.3833
4.0617
2.6186
-3.0999
-4.0737
-0.4932
3.1686
15.3121
-1.6360
-20.1952
-3.3504
3.0999
24.8364
-12.9597
-15.3121
-0.3356
2kQ
AQ
% Chg
2.4549
3.7205
1.5516
2.2428
9.9698 -0.03845
1.7426
1.6564
2.8092
3.7205
9.9287 -0.04967
1.5516
9.9845
2.0919
8.8495
22.4775 -0.14906
2.8092
36.2921
15.8888
9.9845
64.9746 -0.00517
-0.56
-1.76
0.94
0.44
-1.07
-1.57
2.25
2.27
-3.65
-4.86
9.53
3.27
-0.23
-0.38
0.32
0.17
Trial 3
Circuit
Q (ft7s)
Pipe
1
4
6
3
6.8901
2.1786
-4.1949
-8.6099
5.80E+05
2.30E+05
3.53E+05
6.44E+05
2
5
7
4
4.7115
3.2115
-2.1624
-2.1786
3.97E+05
2.70E+05
2.29E+05
2.30E+05
6
9
11
8
4.1949
3.2111
-1.4151
-4.4151
3.53E+05
3.40E+05
1.50E+05
4.25E+05
7
10
12
9
2.1624
1.3739
-1.6261
-3.2111
2.29E+05
2.17E+05
2.57E+05
3.40E+05
0.0145 0.1790
0.0165 0.8501
0.0153 0.1893
0.0142 0.1297
Summations:
0.0151 0.1867
0.0158 0.2614
0.0165 0.6382
0.0165 0.8501
Summations:
0.0153 0.1893
0.0157
1.6189
0.0175 0.6791
0.0151 0.9730
Summations:
0.0165 0.6382
0.0171 13.2518
0.0168 4.8717
0.0157
1.6189
Summations:
h = kQ
8.4997
4.0348
-3.3314
-9.6165
-0.4134
4.1435
2.6958
-2.9843
-4.0348
-0.1799
3.3314
16.6920
-1.3599
-18.9662
-0.3027
2.9843
25.0127
-12.8824
-16.6920
-1.5774
2kQ
AQ
% Chg
2.4672
3.7041
1.5883
2.2338
9.9934 -0.04136
1.7589
1.6788
2.7602
3.7041
9.9020 -0.01817
1.5883
10.3965
1.9220
8.5916
22.4984 -0.01345
2.7602
36.4123
15.8442
10.3965
65.4132 -O.02411
-0.60
-1.90
0.99
0.48
-0.39
-0.57
0.84
0.83
-0.32
-0.42
0.95
0.30
-1.12
-1.76
1.48
0.75
continued
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
207
12.11
(continued)
Trial 4
Q (ft7s)
Pipe
Circuit
1
4
6
3
6.9314
2.2018
-4.1670
-8.5686
5.83E+05
2.33E+05
3.51 E+05
6.41 E+05
2
5
7
4
4.7296
3.2296
-2.1684
-2.2018
3.98E+05
2.72E+05
2.29E+05
2.33E+05
6
9
11
8
4.1670
3.2004
-1.4016
-4.4016
3.51 E+05
3.39E+05
1.48E+05
4.23E+05
7
10
12
9
2.1684
1.3980
-1.6020
-3.2004
2.29E+05
2.21 E+05
2.53E+05
3.39E+05
0.0145 0.1789
0.0164
0.8489
0.0153 0.1895
0.0142
0.1298
Summations:
0.0151 0.1866
0.0158 0.2612
0.0165 0.6380
0.0164 0.8489
Summations:
0.0153 0.1895
0.0157
1.6195
0.0175 0.6801
0.0151 0.9733
Summations:
0.0165
0.6380
0.0171 13.2238
0.0168 4.8800
0.0157
1.6195
Summations:
h = kQ
8.5969
4.1153
-3.2899
-9.5290
-0.1067
4.1736
2.7242
-2.9996
-4.1153
-0.2171
3.2899
16.5878
-1.3361
-18.8571
-0.3155
2.9996
25.8437
-12.5245
-16.5878
-0.2689
2kQ
2.4806
3.7381
1.5791
2.2242
10.0219
1.7649
AQ
% Chg
-0.15
-0.48
0.26
0.12
-0.01065
1.6870
2.7667
3.7381
9.9568 -0.02180
1.5791
10.3661
1.9065
8.5683
22.4199 -0.01407
2.7667
36.9730
15.6358
10.3661
65.7416 -0.00409
-0.46
-0.68
1.01
0.99
-0.34
-0.44
1.00
0.32
-0.19
-0.29
0.26
0.13
Trial 5
208
Q (ft7s)
Pipe
Circuit
1
4
6
3
6.9421
2.1906
-4.1704
-8.5579
5.84E+05
2.32E+05
3.51 E+05
6.40E+05
2
5
7
4
4.7514
3.2514
-2.1506
-2.1906
4.00E+05
2.74E+05
2.27E+05
2.32E+05
6
9
11
8
4.1704
3.2104
-1.3875
-4.3875
3.51 E+05
3.40E+05
1.47E+05
4.22E+05
7
10
12
9
2.1506
1.4021
-1.5979
-3.2104
2.27E+05
2.22E+05
2.53E+05
3.40E+05
0.0145 0.1789
0.0164 0.8495
0.0153 0.1895
0.0142
0.1298
Summations:
0.0151 0.1865
0.0158 0.2609
0.0165 0.6387
0.0164 0.8495
Summations:
0.0153 0.1895
0.0157
1.6189
0.0176 0.6812
0.0152 0.9737
Summations:
0.0165 0.6387
0.0171 13.2191
0.0168 4.8814
0.0157
1.6189
Summations:
h = kQ*
8.6220
4.0765
-3.2950
-9.5065
-0.1030
4.2099
2.7586
-2.9541
-4.0765
-0.0621
3.2950
16.6854
-1.3115
-18.7434
-0.0745
2.9541
25.9860
-12.4642
-16.6854
-0.2095
2kQ
AQ
2.4840
3.7217
1.5802
2.2217
10.0076 -0.01029
1.7721
1.6969
2.7472
3.7217
9.9379 -0.00625
1.5802
10.3946
1.8904
8.5439
22.4091 -0.00332
2.7472
37.0681
15.6004
10.3946
65.8103 -0.00318
% Chg
-0.15
-0.47
0.25
0.12
-0.13
-0.19
0.29
0.29
-0.08
-0.10
0.24
0.08
-0.15
-0.23
0.20
0.10
C h a p t e r 12
12.12
h =
880
kQ =f
2
D2g
D(2g)A '
D(2g)
2
A
7(7.5)
,^
(0.0475)(2)(9.81)(1.772xl0~7
<EXa>
2 = (2.56 x l O Y
(7.5)
k =
= (1.21 x i o y
4
(0.0348X2X9.81)(9.510 x 10" )
= (i.i8 x o y
4
(0.0221)(2X9.81)(3.835xl0- )
2(0.0475X920)
(1.772xl0~ )(2.00xl0- )
3
A^ = (1.233 x 1O )0
D/e = 0.0475/1.5 x 10" = 31667
6
P i p e 2 : ^ =
0(O.O348)(92O)
^
An
= (1.683xlO )0
(9.510xl0~ )(2.00xl0~ )
6
Pipes 4, 5, 6, 7: N
g(0.0221X920)
QDp.
= (2.651 x 1O )0
K
4
An
-3
m /s
3
02 + 04 = 05 + 200 L / m i n
= 05 + 3.333 x 10" m /s
0 6 + 0 7 = H 5 L/min
= 1.917 x 10~ m /s
3
T r i a l 1 : Assumptions
01
0
03
04
2
=
=
=
=
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
m /s
209
0.0475
0.0348
0.0475
0.0221
0.0221
0.0221
0.0221
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
U . S . C u s t Units
7 Pipes-drawn steel tubing
2
Roughness
ejm)
1.50E-06
1.50E-06
1.50E-06
1.50E-06
1.50E-06
1.50E-06
1.50E-06
31667
23200
31667
14733
14733
14733
14733
2.56E+06
1.21E+07
2.56E+06
1.18E+08
1.18E+08
1.18E+08
1.18E+08
f_
1.23E+07
1.68E+07
1.23E+07
2.65E+07
2.65E+07
2.65E+07
2.65E+07
350
235
530
60
95
95
20
Trial 1
Circuit
Pipe
1
2
3
4
-5.833E-03 7.19E+04
-3.917E-03 6.59E+04
8.833E-03 1.09E+05
1.000E-03 2.65E+04
Q (m7s)
4
5
6
7
-1.000E-03
-1.583E-03
1.583E-03
-3.333E-04
2.65E+04
4.20E+04
4.20E+04
8.83E+03
0.0193 4.95E+04
0.0197 2.40E+05
0.0177 4.55E+04
0.0243 2.85E+06
Summations:
0.0243 2.85E+06
0.0219 2.57E+06
0.0219 2.57E+06
0.0322 3.78E+06
Summations:
h = kQ*
2kQ
-1.6845
-3.6759
3.5492
2.8539
1.0427
-2.8539
-6.4387
6.4387
-0.4201
-3.2740
577.6
1876.9
803.6
5707.8
8965.9
5707.8
8134.8
8134.8
2520.9
24498.2
% chg
AQ
-1.99
-2.97
1.32
11.63
1.163E-04
13.36
8.44
-8.44
40.10
-0.000134
continued
210
C h a p t e r 12
12.12
(continued)
Triall
Circuit
Pipe
~
Q (m7s)
1
2
3
4
-5.949E-03 7.34E+04
-4.033E-03 6.79E+04
8.717E-03 1.07E+05
7.501 E-04 1.99E+04
4
5
6
7
-7.501 E-04
-1.449E-03
1.717E-03
-1.997E-04
Pipe
Q (m7s)
1
2
3
4
-5.895E-03
-3.979E-03
8.771 E-03
8.065E-04
7.27E+04
6.70E+04
1.08E+05
2.14E+04
4
5
6
7
1.988E+04
3.841 E+04
4.549E+04
5.291 E+03
f_
0.0192 4.93E+04
0.0196 2.38E+05
0.0178 4.56E+04
0.0260 3.06E+06
Summations:
0.0260 3.06E+06
0.0223 2.62E+06
0.0215 2.52E+06
0.0373 4.38E+06
Summations:
h = kQ
-1.7451
-3.8736
3.4655
1.7210
-0.4322
-1.7210
-5.5043
7.4382
-0.1747
0.0381
2kQ
AQ
% Chg
586.67
1920.79
795.13
4588.97
7891.55 -5.477E-05
4588.97
7595.56
8665.94
1750.47
22600.94 1.684E-06
0.92
1.36
-0.63
-7.30
-0.22
-0.12
0.10
-0.84
Trial 3
Circuit
f_
0.0193 4.94E+04
0.0197 2.39E+05
0.0178 4.56E+04
0.0256 3.01 E+06
Summations:
-8.065E-04 2.137E+04 0.0256 3.01 E+06
-1.451 E-03 3.845E+04 0.0223 2.62E+06
1.715E-03 4.545E+04 0.0215 2.52E+06
-2.013E-04 5.336E+03 0.0372 4.37E+06
Summations:
h = kQ'
-1.7165
-3.7799
3.5048
1.9547
-0.0368
-1.9547
-5.5157
7.4252
-0.1773
-0.2225
kQ
% chg
AQ
582.39
1900.15
799.13
4847.36
8129.03 -4.531 E-06
4847.36
7602.41
8659.29
1760.80
22869.86 -9.731 E-06
0.08
0.11
-0.05
-0.56
1.21
0.67
-0.57
4.83
continued
P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S
211
72.72 (continued)
Trial 4
Circuit
Pipe
1
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
Q (m7s)
-5.890E-03 7.26E+04
-3.974E-03 6.69E+04
8.776E-03 1.08E+05
8.013E-04 2.12E+04
0.0193 4.94E+04
0.0197 2.39E+05
0.0178 4.55E+04
0.0256 3.01 E+06
Summations:
-8.013E-04 2.124E+04 0.0256 3.01E+06
-1.441 E-03 3.820E+04 0.0223 2.62E+06
1.725E-03 4.571 E+04 0.0215 2.52E+06
-1.916E-04 5.078E+03 0.0378 4.44E+06
Summations:
h = kQ*
-1.7141
-3.7722
3.5080
1.9327
-0.0456
-1.9327
-5.4502
7.5004
-0.1629
-0.0454
2kQ
% chg
AQ
582.04
1898.44
799.46
4823.72
8103.65 -5.625E-06
4823.72
7562.81
8697.68
1700.83
22785.04 -1.992E-06
0.10
0.14
-0.06
-0.70
0.25
0.14
-0.12
1.04
Trial 5
Circuit
Q(m7s)
1
2
3
4
-5.884E-03 7.26E+04
-3.968E-03 6.68E+04
8.782E-03 1.08E+05
8.050E-04 2.13E+04
4
5
6
7
-8.050E-04
-1.439E-03
1.727E-03
-1.896E-04
Circuit
1
212
Pipe
2.133E+04
3.814E+04
4.576E+04
5.025E+03
f_
0.0193 4.94E+04
0.0197 2.39E+05
0.0178 4.55E+04
0.0256 3.01 E+06
Summations:
0.0256 3.01 E+06
0.0223 2.62E+06
0.0214 2.52E+06
0.0379 4.45E+06
Summations:
h = kQ*
-1.7112
-3.7626
3.5121
1.9481
-0.0136
-1.9481
-5.4368
7.5158
-0.1601
-0.0291
2kQ
o/ chg
AQ
581.60
1896.31
799.87
4840.24
8118.03 -1.680E-06
4840.24
7554.70
8705.54
1688.47
22788.95 -1.278E-06
0.03
0.04
-0.02
-0.21
016
0.09
-0.07
0.67
Final f l o w s in L/min
Pipe
Q
1
-353.1 L/min
2
-238.1 L/min
3
526.9 L/min
4
48.3 L/mn
4
5
6
7
-48.3
-86.4
103.6
-11.4
L/min
L/min
L/min
L/min
C h a p t e r 12
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
PUMP SELECTION A N D APPLICATION
13.1 to 13.14: Answers to questions in text.
13.15
A f f i n i t y laws relate the manner i n w h i c h capacity, head and power vary w i t h either speed
impeller diameter.
13.16
Q = Q\^
= Q '
5 N l
TV,
TV,
13.17
h. =h.
fh (\
(0.5/V,'
(N ) 2
2
= Ki
U J
3
13.18
P = Pi
( 0.5/V, )
1
= 0.25/z : h divided by 4.
a
= 0.125/ : P divided by 8.
1
U J
13.19
Q =Q ! =Q
l
A
13.20
A =A
i
fh
a
^2
= h
vAy
^ 0.7573,
V
13.21
P = P^
13.22
1- x 3- 6
2
L 6 i n casing-size o f largest impeller
13.23
l-x3-10
2
13.24
l-x3-6
2
13.25
= 10.9 ft
21
13.26
A t h = 250 ft, e
13.27
max
= 1.15A,
= 8.0 ft
=288ft
13.28
6 in
7in
8in
9in
10 i n
120 ft
190 ft
250 ft
320 ft
390 ft
145 gal/min
187 gal/min
220 gal/min
260 gal/min
290 gal/min
51%
54%
56%
57.3%
58%(Est)
Q
^max
13.29
NPSH
13.30
Throttling valves dissipate energy from fluid that was delivered by pump. When a lower
speed is used to obtain a lower capacity, power required to drive pump decreases as the cube
o f the speed. Variable speed control is often more precise and it can be automatically
controlled.
13.31
As fluid viscosity increases, capacity and efficiency decrease, power required increases.
13.32
13.33
The same capacity is delivered but the head capability increases to the sum o f the ratings o f
the two pumps.
13.34
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
13.35
increases.
A^p56(W390
H>"
(550)'"
g^(12)(550)"
JQ
7390
NjB
H'"
1780^2750
(200)"
DH^
15(200^ _
JQ
Jso
13.37
^ = ^ : A .
3 4
H'
214
=^
= ^ = 7 9 5 r p m
JQ
VOOOO
C h a p t e r 13
13.38
0750)75000
(100)
13.39
^J^50)V2000
(300)
13.40
N, = ^
13.41
N.=
^ j
^
(100)"
0.75
(100)
13.42
=1237
N
N
N,
yY
=
=
=
=
260 too l o w
18.5 too l o w
2943 radial
24277 axial
A t inlet to pump. Pressure at this point and fluid properties affect pump operation,
particularly the onset o f cavitation. Pump m a n u f a c t u r i s NPSH rating related to pump inlet.
R
13.48
13.49
Large pipe sizes reduce flow velocity and reduce energy Iosses, thus increasing
13.50
13.51
(NPSH )
R 2
(NPSH )\
R
Z-JL
= 7.50 ft
2850 \
NPSH .
a
NPSH .
a
4.97 ft
3500
13.52
NPSH
= h
a.
- h - h-
sp
^ _
h:
vp
14.41b
ft
144m^
in
62.21b
ft
vp
NPSHa = h
h
- A, - h -
sp
14.7 1b
in
vp
= 17.55 ft;
ft
h = (14.4)(144)/(60.6) = 34.22 ft
NPSH 34.22 - 10 - 6 - 17.55 = 0.67 ft
Cavitation w i l l likely occur!
sp
)p
144 i n
61.41b
f
Water at 180F, h
7 = 60.6 lb/ft
b.
sp
ft
vp
2
P m t
34.48 ft
215
13.54
NPSH
= K + h - h -
r>
up
98 5 k N
K = i ^ = -^~
,
p
/;,, = - =
r
up
13.55
NPSH
h = ^
sp
*/=/
= 1.55 m
m
8.59 k N
= hsp -hs-hf-
op
= 10.68 m ; / i = 2.0 m ; h
s
y
1 vi
^ 1 i r
l D; 2g
m
8.59kN
13.3 k N
m
Dp
= 4.8 m
9.53 k N
vi
+
^
2g
"
u
r I ^
2
r
k
T~
2g
\D) 2g
+
NOTE: f
3T
= 0.018
Elbow
Friction 2 i n
K = 75/
{
= 75(0.018) = 1.35
3 r
Q
300L/mm
1 m /s
1.05 m vi
(1.05)
*r ....
=
; = = 0.0560 m
Aj
4 . 7 6 8 x l 0 ~ m 60000 L / m i n
s
2g
2(9.81)
3
u=
3
.(i.osxo.0779)
v
3.60 x l O "
/.
JXOTT^,.
4.6 x l O "
0
300/60000
2.31 m vi
(2.31)
(>: - =
=
:- -^ =0.271 m
^
2.168 x l 0 ~
s
2g
2(9.81)
(2.31X0.0525) = 3 4 x ,
= 1141;/,-0.0202
v
3.60x10
s
2
h = (0.0195) Q
f
(0.0202)
1 , 5
(0.271)
0.0525
Ay= 0.280 m
JVPS7, = 10.68 - 2.0 - 0.280 - 4.97 = 3.43 m
For all problems 13.56 - 13.65: NPSH = h h hf- h
See Section 13.11, Equation 13-14. See Figure 13.37 for vapor pressure head h .
a
sp
vp
vp
13.56
Find NPSH :
a
h = 16.3 ft
vp
13.57
Open tank: h
NPSH
216
Find NPSH :
hvp = 4.8 m
sp
= p ly=p Jy=
sp
C h a p t e r 13
13.58
a(m
vp
Open tank: h
NPSH
13.59
sp
= p /y=p Jy=
sp
atm
vp
Open tank: h
NPSH
13.60
sp
= p /y=p Jy=
sp
Find NPSH : C a r b n tetrachloride at 150F; sg = 1.48;p = 14.55 psia; h = +3.66 ft; h = 1.84 ft
h = 16.3 ft
Open tank: h = p /y=p Jy=
(14.55 lb/in )(144 i n / f t ) / [ 1.48(62.4 lb/ft )] = 22.69 ft
a
atm
vp
sp
sp
alm
vp
sp
sp
atm
vp
sp
13.63
sp
atm
sp
sp
13.64
Find required pressure above the fluid i n a closed, pressurized tank so that NPSH > 4.0 ft.
Propane at 110F; sg = 0.48; p
= 14.32 psia; h = +2.50 ft; h = 0.73 ft
hvp = 1080 ft
Solve Eq. 13-14 for required h = NPSH -h + h + h = 4.0 - 2.5 + 0.73 + 1080 = 1082.2 ft
Ps = AP = (0.48)(62.4 lb/ft )(1082.2 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 225.1 l b / i n = 225.1 psia
Gage pressure: p
=p p tm 225.1 psia - 14.32 psia = 210.8 psig
a
atm
sp
vp
tank
13.65
sp
Find required pressure above the fluid i n a closed, pressurized tank so that NPSH > 150.0 m .
Propane at 4 5 C ; sg = 0.48; p
= 9.47 kPa absolute; h = - 1 . 8 4 m; h = 0.92 m
h = 340 m
Solve Eq. 13-14 for required h = NPSH -h + h + h = 1.50 + 1.84 + 0.92 + 340 = 344.3 m
P, = AP = (0.48)(9.81 kN/m )(344.3 m) = 1621 k N / m = 1621 kPa absolute
Gage pressure: p
=p ~patm ~ 1621 kPa - 98.4 kPa = 1523 k P a gage
a
atm
vp
sp
vp
tank
sp
PUMP S E L E C T I O N AND A P P L I C A T I O N
217
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
OPEN C H A N N E L FLOW
14.1
nD
WP
D 300 m m
==
= 75 mm
nD
4
4
Wd
14.2
WP
14.3
_ (2.75 m)(0.05 m)
W + 2d
0.367 m
W-
[2.75 + 2(0.50)]m
d= 1.50 ft; W=
3.50
Z = //COS30 =
1.732
A = Wd+ 2
T
0
m B
-xd
ft, x = /tan
30 = 0.866
ft
ft
14.4
14.5
W= 1 5 0 m m ; t / = 6 2 m m ; X = 1.5t/ = 1.5(62) = 93 mm
2
L = ^X +d
A
R=
WP
14.6
=111.8 m m
W
( 1 5 Q
W + 2L
6 2
) + (93X62) ^_ 15066 m m
1 5 0 + 2(111.8)
3 7 3 . 5 mm
d = d = 2.0 in; L = ^ 2 + 2
40.3 mm
= 2.828 in
= (4)(2)+i (2)(2)=10in
^
= 4 + 2 + 2.828 = 8.828 in
R = A/WP= 1.133 in
14.7
218
C h a p t e r 14
14.8
14.9
A = (1.0)(2.50) + 2
(1.9)(3.8)
2z
= 9.72 m
WP = 2(4.249) + 2(0.60) + 1.0
= 10.697 m
R = A/WP = 0.909 m
14.10
1 7 2
2 / 3
1 / 2
i? ' ^
=i^_(0.933) (0.001)
= 1.777 m/s
n
0.017
Q = Au = (7.00 m )(1.777 m/s) = 12.44 m /s
j / = ^ / r = 7.00 m /3.50 m = 2.00 m
2
3.50-
N=
v/Jgy
1.777 m/s
0.401
7(9.81 m / s ) ( 2 . 0 0 m )
2
14.11
lft
WP= 11.828 i n x
= 0.986 ft
12 i n
1 ft
R = 1.606 i n x
= 0.134 ft
12 i n
h
4.0 i n
ft
= 0.00556; = 0.013 given
S= =
xZ
60 ft
12 i n
1 49
1 49
AR S
= (0.132)(0.134) (0.00556)
0.013
2/i
14.12
in
2/3
;r>
;r(6)
,/2
0.295 ft /s
14.14 f t
g=
14.13
2 / 3
, / 2
= ^0.024
-(14.14)(1.50)
2 / 3
(0.002)
1 / 2
51.4 ft /s
S =
'
nQ
in
_AR _
'
(0.012)(0.0833)
(0.05125)(0.0727)
- > 2,i/ 3 l / 2
AR S'
c
0.0125
2/3
where Q = 5000 L / m i n
1 m /s
60000 L / m i n
0.0833 m7s
14.14
1.00
1/2
= 0.825 m7s
b.
1 , 0 0
14.15
2/3
(0.50)(0.25) (0.005)
0.017
d = 2.50 m;A = 9.72 m ; T = 0.909 m
a.
2/3
(9.72)(0.909) (0.005)
1/2
= 37.9 m /s
0.017
12ft
A = (3)(12) + 2 ~ ( 3 ) ( 3 ) = 4 5 f t
l/3.0ft
V 32 + 32 - 4.243 ft
= 12 + 2(4.243) = 20.485 ft
P = / / W = 45/20.485 = 2.197 ft
1 49
Q = ^(45)(2.197)
2 / 3
= 34.7 ft /s
(0.00015)
1/2
b.
Depth
= 6.0+ ft:
A
= (4)(12)
2
;(4)(4)
- V22 + 2 * - 2.828
V
+ (2)(40) + 2 - ( 2 ) ( 2 )
2
^ = 148 f t
WP = 2(2.828) + 2(10) + 2(5.657)
+ 12 = 48.97 ft
R = A/WP = 148/48.97 = 3.022 ft
1 49
g = -^(148)(3.022) (0.00015)
2 / 3
14.16
yfP
2/3
(0.015)(150)
"
1.495"
(1.49)(0.001)"
A = \0y; WP=\0
2 3
AR '
= lOy
+ 2y;R = =
WP
10 y
-10-*
10-*i
-12-
141.1 ft /s
47 75
2
' I
10 +2y
2 3
10 ft
= 47.75
\0 + 2y
B y trial and error, y = 3.10 ft;
Lli
AR =
10(3.1)
10(3.1)
= 47.78
10 + 2(3.1)
220
C h a p t e r 14
14
1 7
(0-017)(15)
1.005"'
/2
(0.001)"
yf = 3.0(y) + 2 - 0 0 ( 3 0
^
3UJ m-
= 3j> + /
\y
_____
2/3
3j; +
= (3.y+/)
: B y trial,
3 + 2.828^
f o r j = 1 . 6 9 m, AR
14.18
213
= 8.02
S = 0.075/50 = 0.0015
^
! ^
l.OOS
H M
(0.0015)
172
=0.671
(Um
l/2
A = 0AW; WP= W + 0 . 8
:Then/LR
WP
14.19
2/3
OAW
= 0.4W
: By trial, J F = 3 . 5 5 m
W + 0.8
W + 0.8
= 7.875 m
1/z
=15.89 m /s
15.89 m /s
7.875 m
_, ,.
.
^
7.875 m
,
Hydraulic Depth = , = = ::
= 1.05 m
T
7.50 m
u
2.018
Froude N o . = N =
0.629
gj
V(9.81)(1.05)
I T
ftr
V ^
7/
or ^
A
= 4
Q
: F i n d ^ such that
But r =
= Critical depth
= - M i - ,
(15.89)
=0.0388
^
[ > 1.5/f
B y trial, j = 1.16 m ~y
=0.0388
2
14.20
Eachtrough:
3
1 ft /s
Q = 250 gal/min
= 0.557 ft7s
449 gal/min
AR
nQ
,2/3 _
(0.017)(0.557)
1.495"'
A = (L0)(h)-
(1.49)(0.01)
0.0635
1/2
= h!2
2
WP = h + L = h+ yjl + h
Find h such t h a t v i R
2/3
= 0.0635
B y trial, h = 0.458 ft
WP
AR 2/3
h+
^Uh
h\
h/2
2 h+
y/T+h
14.21
lft /s
Q = 500 gal/min x
= 1.114 ft /s
449 gal/min
m
AR
nQ
(0.013X1.114)
1.495'
(1.49X0.001)"
0.307
A = 7rZ>78; WP = KD/2: R =
_TTD
WP~
AR=^
Then D
2n
nD (D)
8(4)
0.307
8/3
&
= 0.156(7J) = 0.307
8(2.52)
2/3
3/8
= 1.29 f t
0.156
14.22
A=\
!_-1.00m!
\ + 2y
222
Xm)
A(m )
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.30
0.1875
0.40
0.40
0.2222
0.50
0.50
0.250
0.60
0.60
0.2727
R(m)
0.0833
y
0.80
0.80
0.3077
0.1429
1.00
1.00
0.3333
1.50
1.50
0.3750
2.00
2.00
0.4000
0.4
C h a p t e r 14
14.23
Q = Au = (0.80
y
*0.30 m
m)(y)(u)
3
2.00 m /s
0.8u
0.833 m
0.666 m
R =
= 0.270 m
WP
2.467 m
2
14.24
Q=
^AR
n
;S =
(0.015)(2.00)
" nQ "
2I
_AR \
(0.666)(0.270)
0.0116 m
2/
Wyu;y-
2.00
Wo
W(3.0)
w-
WP = W+ 2y; R =
WP
5 =
'
nQ
'
~(0.015)(2.00)T
213
213
AR
W(m)
AR
y = 2/3W
A=Wy
WP = W+ 2y
0.667 m
R-A/WP
2
0.2105 m
0.50
1.333 m
3.167 m
0.75
0.889
2.528
0.667
0.2637
0.0120
1.00
0.667
2.333
0.667
0.2857
0.0108
1.25
0.533
2.317
0.667
0.2878
0.0107
1.50
0.444
2.389
0.667
0.2791
0.0111
1.75
0.381
2.512
0.667
0.2654
0.0119
2.00
0.333
2.667
0.667
0.2500
0.0129
0.0162
I
Prob. 14.25
Prob. 14.26
Wldth W(m)
223
14.27
WP = b + 2yy/l + z
2.0 ft
2
*
-r-1-50
/ - 2 a 0 l n x 7 _ ^ - 1 . 6 6 7 tt
14.28
D a t a f r o m P r o b . 14.27
Q=
n
14.29
2,3
112
AR S
(7.5)(0.936) (0.005)
1/2
= 44.49 ft7s
0.017
1/2
; R = A/WP; Q =
n
2n
AR S
Xi)
Xft)
/l(ft )
WPi)
R()
0(ft7s)
6.00
0.500
1.375
3.803
0.3616
4.325
10.00
0.833
2.708
5.005
0.5412
11.147
14.00
1.167
4.375
6.206
0.7049
21.476
18.00
1.500
6.375
7.408
0.8605
35.745
22.00
1.833
8.708
8.610
1.0114
54.380
24.00
2.000
10.000
9.211
1.0856
65.466
Depth, y On)
224
C h a p t e r 14
14.32
(0~-sm0)D
( 3 . 5 4 4 - s i n 3.544)(0.375) m
2
=
14.33
3.544
_ 4 ~
0.104 m
(0-sm0)D
2(0.135)
= 2.574 rad
0.375
\22
( 2 . 5 7 4 - s i n 2.574)(0-375)
~0-sin0~
0
14.34
= 0.0742 m
Q = ^^AR A
0.013
14.35
2.574
4 "
XI2
2/3
= ^ ^ : (0.06919)(0.104) (0.0012)
0.013
1/2
= 4.08 x 1 0
-2
m /s
m7s
S '
2/3
= i ^ _ (0.0358)(0.0742) (0.0012)
0.013
1/2
= 1.68 x 10
R=y/2
5 =
e
1.49 y P
2 / 3
"0.02768"
(0.015X1.25)
(1.49)(0.4545)P
2/3
^2/3
0.02768
2
(0.2384) '
= 0.00519
2
A 2y
v = = --
u
2.75
=jv = 0.4767 ft:/V>= - = = - 7 =
n
i r
7(32.2X0.4767)
= 0.702 < 1.0 Subcritical
y =
2y
2.75
= 0 . 3 3 7 ft:N = -,
= 0.835 < 1.0 Subcritical
2
^(32.2X0.337)
F
225
0.4545 _
Trapezoid: y
1.73
0.02768
S =
1.73
0.00471;
(0.2563)'
yh =
0.4545
2.309y
2.309(0.5126)
2.75
= 0.3841 ft
7V> =
7(32.2)(0.3841)
Se
yh
N
ny
2(2y)
ny
= 0.5379 ft
0.00441
3
= 0.4225 ft
2.75
7(32.2)(0.4225)
When y = y , N? = 1 . 0 =
[gT
Jgy
2/3
(by)y[gy
5.5
Then y =
0.917
bjg
m=y
2.0^/9.81(1.0)
by[gN j
F
b.
0.02768
(0.269) '
a.
i ? = y 2 = 0.269ft:S =
14.39
i d r c e ^ = ^ ; ^ =J ^ = J
2
V 7t
V
7t
Emin
yi
Q
2gA
=y
Q
2g(by )
-y +
c
2gb y
2
c
5.5
0.917
2(9.81)(2.0) (.917)
1.375 m
c.
d.
5.5
| b-ZQm |
2
2(9.81)(2.0) (0.5)
= 2.042 m
From spreadsheet, altrnate depth = 1.934 m
Q
Q
5.5
=^ = ^ =
;N
/l
6y 2 . 0 /
/>
A r
226
C h a p t e r 14
14.39
(continued)
Rectangular channel
b =2
= j + 0.3854/j
y
~
E [
0.0917
1.375
g = 5.5
= 0.017
Only for this problem
m n
d), e), f)
Given y
Velocity
0.50
2.04160 1.000
5.500
2.483
0.333
0.0378 Given y
1.9391
2.04160 3.878
1.418
0.325
0.660
y
0.5
0.1
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
4.00
4.20
4.40
4.60
E
154.2
38.6
9.835
2.809
1.671
1.402
1.385
1.468
1.597
1.751
1.919
2.096
2.280
2.467
2.657
2.849
3.043
3.238
3.433
3.630
3.827
4.024
4.222
4.420
4.618
c)
E = y + v !2g = y + gl2gA
Q l2gb y
5 =
nQ
;A = by = 2.0y
2 3
AR '
WP = b + 2y = 2 + 2y
A _ 2.0y _ y
227
14.40
C i r c u l a r Channel
Q=
1.45 m7s
>=
1.20 m
6(rad)
y less than D
0.10
1.171
0.20
1.682
0.25
1.896
2.094
0.30
0.40
2.462
0.50
2.807
0.60
3.142
y greater than D
0.658
3.335
0.70
3.476
0.80
3.821
0.90
4.189
0.913
4.238
1.00
4.601
1.199
6.168
1.20
6.283
n=
A(m )
r(m)
J/.(m)
0.0450
0.1239
0.1707
0.2211
0.3300
0.4460
0.5655
0.6633
0.8944
0.9747
1.0392
1.1314
1.1832
1.2000
0.068
0.139
0.175
0.213
0.292
0.6349
0.6849
0.8010
0.9099
0.9231
1.0071
1.1309
1.1310
1.1944
1.1832
1.1314
1.0392
1.0240
0.8944
0.0693
0.0000
0.532
0.579
0.708
0.876
0.901
1.126
16.330
#DIV/0!
E(m)
0.377
0.471
39.478
10.039
6.481
4.539
2.597
1.690
1.193
52.982
7.181
3.928
2.492
1.384
1.039
0.935
1.000
0.888
0.687
0.544
0.924
0.928
0.967
1.029
1.039
1.106
1.283
1.284
0.528
0.433
0.101
#DIV/0!
Velocity
(m/s)
32.211
11.703
8.494
6.558
4.394
3.251
2.564
Given y
2.284
2.117
1.810
1.594
1.571
1.440
1.282
1.282
Critical depth
R(m)
0.2649
0.3630
S
0.0140
0.0021
S for given y
S for altrnate depth
Problem 14.40 Procedure: Refer to Table 14.2 for geometry o f a partially full circular pipe.
a)
b)
c)
d)
y = 0.913 m
e)
y = 0.50 m
Velocity = v = QIA, N =
F
vi\Jgy
= QI^Ayjgy
j . See spreadsheet
228
C h a p t e r 14
=A/WP.
nQ
Compute S:
AR
Triangular channel
z =
1.5
0.68 ft7s
Q =
2
A(ft )
0.060
0.094
0.135
0.240
0.262
0.375
0.540
0.735
0.960
1.215
1.500
1.701
1.815
2.160
2.535
2.940
3.375
y(ft)
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.418
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.065
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
n 0.022
F(ft/s)
T()
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.20
1.254
1.50
1.80
2.10
2.40
2.70
3.00
3.20
3.30
3.60
3.90
4.20
4.50
7.253
2.594
0.400
N
6.316
3.615
2.292
1.116
1.000
0.639
0.405
0.276
0.197
0.147
0.113
0.097
0.089
0.072
0.059
0.049
0.041
F
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.200
0.209
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.533
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
E()
2.194
1.067
0.694
0.525
0.523
0.551
0.625
0.713
0.808
0.905
1.003
1.067
1.102
1.202
1.301
1.401
1.501
Given y
Critical depth
A l t r n a t e depth
1-5
b)
M i n i m u m specific energy:
E = y + v /2g =
y+Q /(2gA )
From spreadsheet, w i t h y =y = 0.418 ft:
2
^min
0.523 t.
05
c)
d)
2.5
E(ft)
229
e)
- Ql[Ayjgy ).
See spreadsheet
f)
Compute WP = 2 ^ V l + z
r
Compute 5:
See spreadsheet: For y = 0.25 ft, S = 0.0521. For y = 1.065 ft, 5 = 0.000229.
1442
Trapezoidal channel
z=
0.75
0.80 ft7s
j(ft)
0.05
0.1
0.1288
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.4770
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.065
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
A(ft )
0.152
0.308
0.399
0.630
0.797
0.968
1.320
1.602
1.688
2.070
2.468
2.880
3.308
3.750
4.046
4.208
4.680
5.168
5.670
6.188
= 0.013
6 = 3.000 ft
F(ft/s)
5.267
2.602
2.006
1.270
1.004
0.827
0.606
0.499
0.474
0.386
0.324
0.278
0.242
0.213
0.198
0.190
0.171
0.155
0.141
0.129
T(ft)
3.08
3.15
3.19
3.30
3.38
3.45
3.60
3.72
3.75
3.90
4.05
4.20
4.35
4.50
4.60
4.65
4.80
4.95
5.10
5.25
N
4.177
1.467
1.000
0.512
0.364
0.275
0.176
0.134
0.125
0.093
0.073
0.059
0.049
0.041
0.037
0.035
0.031
0.027
0.024
0.021
r*(ft)
0.049
0.098
0.125
0.191
0.236
0.280
0.367
0.431
0.450
0.531
0.609
0.686
0.760
0.833
0.880
0.905
0.975
1.044
1.112
1.179
Eift)
0.481
0.205
0.191
0.225
0.266
0.311
0.406
0.481
0.503
0.602
0.702
0.801
0.901
1.001
1.066
1.101
1.200
1.300
1.400
1.500
Given y
Critical depth
A l t r n a t e depth
v / ^ ^ g / j i ^ j .
b)
c)
230
C h a p t e r 14
d)
e)
^
H
Velocity = v = g A 4 , y V = vljgj,
=Ql[Aj^ ).
\ t
See spreadsheet
For y = 0.05 ft: v = 5.267 ft/s, 7V> = 4.177. Supercritical
For y = 0.4770 ft: v = 0.499 ft/s, 7V> = 0.134. Subcritical.
2
Compute WP = b + 2y<J\ + z
f)
R=AIWP.
nQ
Compute S:
AR
See spreadsheet: For .y = 0.05 ft, S = 0.264. For;; = 0.4770 ft, S = 0.000152.
14.43
H
= 6 in/tan 3 0 = 10.4 i n x ft/12 i n = 0.867 ft
'max
MX
Q?max =
14.44
5/2
= 1.00 ft7sec
3/2
= (3.47)(Z-0.3)(1.838)
15
L-0.3= (3.47)(1.838)
= 2.36 ft
(3.47)0.838)
-3/2
:
(Q = 3.27 +
0A0H/H )LH
H = 2 ft; L = 6 ft
c
Prob. (15.10)
(15.11)
//(in)
//(ft)
g(ft /sec)
0.00
0.00
.167
1.35
1.34
.333
3.84
3.80
.500
7.14
7.03
.667
11.10
10.90
10
.833
15.70
15.48
12
1.000
20.80
20.40
14.46
g = (3.27 + 0 . 4 0 / / / / / ( / . - 0 . 2 / / ) / /3/2
Negligible difference on graph.
14.47
(a)
(b)
(c)
il
5 2
Q = 2A8H '
10
12
- 0.2H)H
= (2.48)(1.5)
5/2
= (3.42)(2.70)(1.5)
3/2
= 16.95
ft7sec
= 6.84 ft7sec
231
14.48
-5/2
Q = 2.48////(in)
//(ft)
g(ft /sec)
2.5
14.49
.167
.0283
.333
.159
"5"
.500
.439
*1.5
.667
.900
10
.833
1.57
12
1.000
2.48
0 = 3.07//'
2.0
a;
LO
.5
53
5 3
1 7 1 5 3
/ / ' = 0 / 3 . 0 7 .-. / / = ( g / 3 . 0 7 )
M m 0 = 0.09 ft /sec
H= ( 0 . 0 9 / 3 . 0 7 )
= (0.0293)
= 0.10 ft
M a x Q = 8.9 ft /sec
H= ( 8 . 9 / 3 . 0 7 )
= (2.90)
= 2.01 ft
10
12
//(nenes)
1/L53
17153
14.50
0 6 5 4
L = 8.0 ft; Q
= 3.5 ft /s; g
= 139.5 ft /s
Q = 4.00 LH"; H= [ 0 / 4 . O O ) ) = [ g / ( 4 . 0 0 ) ( 8 . 0 ) ]
gtnm = 3.5 ft /s; / / = [ 3 . 5 / 3 2 ] = 0.253 ft
139.5 f t 7 s ; / 7 = [139.5/32]
= 2.496 ft
?inax
min
m a x
1/n
1/161
[g/32]
0.621
621
m i n
//(ft)
0(ft7sec)
0.25
3.434
1.00
32.000
1.50
61.469
2.00
97.681
2.25
118.077
2.50
139.905
150
m~ 100'
O
50-
_ ,
0.5
1.0
-T
1.5
2.5
2.0
H(ft)
14.51
a)
b)
1/158
Z=10.0ft
(3.6875Z + 2 . 5 ) / /
y/1.6
1 6
= 2.06 ft
= 39.375//1.6
^
\0.625
H-
1.155 ft
l 39.375
14.52
0633
39.375 )
Kf
2
1 7 8 4
232
C h a p t e r 14
14.53
K (H+K f
X
14.54
0.65 ft; Q =
855
b K (H+K f
c
1 6 1 2
14.55
+ Kf
1 6 2 5
14.56
K (H/D + K )
x
25
14.57
1 6 2 5
1 6 8 9
Vn
14.59
K (H/D + K )
25
14.58
1/K617
2 5
Vn
1/1
573
- 0.00}
Select a long-throated flume for 30 gpm < Q < 500 gpm. Using 449 gpm = 1.0 ft /s,
0.0668 ft /s < Q < 1.114 ft /s; Select Circular channel; Design A;Q = D K (H/D + K f
H = D{[Q/D
)(7?i)] - K }; D = 1.000 ft; K = 3.970; K = 0.004; = 1.689
3
1/n
25
OPEN CHANNEL
25
2(ft /s)
g(gpm)
0.10
0.087
39.06
0.20
0.271
121.7
0.30
0.531
238.4
0.40
0.859
385.7
FLOW
1/1689
1/1689
14.61
min
1/, ( 5 1 7
#max = [ g / 6 : i ) ]
Converting to m : H
1 / n
234
-^2
a
//(m)
//(ft)
g(ft7s)
g(m /h)
0.100
0.328
0.622
63.38
0.125
0.410
0.888
90.49
0.150
0.492
1.190
121.3
0.175
0.524
1.524
155.3
C h a p t e r 14
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
F L O W MEASUREMENT
2(9.81)(55)/9.53
= (0.984)(7.854xl0~ )
[(7.854 x 10" )/(l .964 x 1 0 " ) ] - 1
{AJA ) -\
' Assumed
Q = 2.12 x 1(T2 m3 7 s, =_ 0.0212 m7s
N o w check N and re-evaluate C.
15.1
Q = C4,
Q _ 2.12 x l 0 ' m /s
3
"~A
vD
x
15.2
-p
P l
(2.70)(0.10)
= yh
-p
3.60 x l 0 ~
2.70 m/s
= 7.5 x 10
Then C = 0.984; O K
0.795 k N / m
7.854 x l O" m
10 N
x = 62.57 m
12.7 N / m
lkN
3
Y.
/ air
Assume C = 0.98
2gh[yjy
Q-CA
- l ) ~\l/2
(0.98)(7.854xl O" )
(A /A ) -\
}
2(9.81)(0.81) / [ 9 8 1 0 / 1 2 . 7 - 1 ]
Q _ 6.96x1 Q - m / s
4,
N
15.3
7.854x10"
= 8.87 m/s
oD
(8.87X0-100)
1.3 x 10~
Q = CA
2g(p
-p )ly
= (0.605)(0.02333)
{A lA ) -\
x
2(32.2)(0.53)(144)/51.2
[(0.02333)/(0.00545)] -l
' Assumed
= 0.0332 ffVsec
3
g _ 0.0332 ft /sec
4 ~
N
_ ^
=
/ 7
= 1.42 ft/sec
0.02333 ft
=
(1.42X0.1723X1.60)
3.43 x l O "
FLOW MEASUREMENT
235
15.4
u =Q/A
= 0 . 0 5 5 7 ft /sec/0.545 f t
.
pipe N
A r
= 0 . 1 0 2 2 ft/sec
uDp
(0.1022)(0.833)(0.83)(1.94)
2.5x10""
= 5.5 x 10
(a)
d/D
=1.0/10.0
= 0 . 1 0 ; C = 0 . 5 9 5 ( F i g . 15.7)
(b)
d/D
=7.0/10.0
=0.70; C
Solve for/?] - p
-p )iy
s(p
; Then Q = C
-Pi)ir
2g(j>i
2
(AJA,) -!
(AJA,) -!
2
rQ [(A/ A,) - i ]
Px-Pi
(a)
=0.620
from E q . (15.5)
CA
2g
CA
Ford = 1 . 0 i n , 4
= 0 . 0 0 5 4 5 f t ; A IA
yQ M/A,)
-Pi
Pi
-1]
2g
CA
=0.545/0.00545
=100
2
(0.83)(62.4)(0.0557) [(100) - 1 ]
2(32.2)(0.595) (0.545)
tf
For Manometer
Pi +y h-yJi
=P2
P\-Pi
=yJi-yAh
c
TTT
"
Pi
-Pi
10.6 lb/ft
=7.0in,4
238 lb/ft
10.6 lb/ft
;r(7.0) in
ft
= 22.4ft
=0.545/0.267
Pi
yQ \(A
-Pi
h =
Pi
-Pi
IA,)
C 4
2
= 0.267 f t
10.6 lb/ft
- 1 ] _ (0.83)(62.4)(0.0557) [(2.04) - 1 ]
2(32.2)(0.620) (0.545)
2
0.0694 lb/ft
10.6
=2.04
2
Water-
144in
4,M
AmmonteK
62.4 - 51.8
Ford
YA
(b)
lh
B u t x , = ( 0 . 8 3 ) ( 6 2 . 4 1b/ft ) = 5 1 . 8 lb/ft
y>
h =
,1
=h(y -y )
0.0694 lb/ft
= 0.00655 f t
Ap = [v IC? [(A /A f
- 1] [y/2g] = [22.15/0.992] [(0.18/0.0668) - l][61.7/(2(32.2))]
Ap = 3029 lb/ft (1 ft /144 i n ) = 21.04 psi
x
236
C h a p t e r 15
15.6
v, = QIA
Kerosene at 7 7 F ; y=5l.2
Ap = [ v , / q
[(A /A )
x
- Ap
2
m ; d = 50 m m = 0.050 m
= 1.963 x 10" m ; A A
N = 1 x 10
= (0.608)
- i]
C 2gh[y /y
Vi =
eLi
2(9.81)(0.095)/[132.8/10.79-1]
2
[3.778] -l
(A/A.f-l
3
v = 0.766 m/s;
15.8
= 6.26
/;
_ [(4/^) -iK
2
2gC [(yJy,)-\)]
3
v, = QJAi
= v D /v=
hmm
rai
HI
M^f-l^
[(6-26) -l](0.292m/
2gC [(yJyJ-l]
Similarly, v
2
s )
0.0273 m = 27.3 m m
2(9.81 m / s ) ( 0 . 6 1 9 ) [ ( 1 3 2 . 8 / 7 . 8 7 ) - l ]
3
l n i a x
F l o w nozzle Design: Install i n 5 1/2 inch Type K copper tube; A = 4.805 in; A = 0.1259 f t
x
solutionspossible.
min
F r o m Figure 15-5: C
FLOW MEASUREMENT
nm
mi
= v^
x
mill
= Q JA
min
Reynolds N o . : N ^
K
m i n
min
= 12.38 ft/s;
D lv=
x
= 0.955; C
V!_
4
m a x
1.29 x 10 ; Ng^
m a x
= V!_
= 17.69 ft/s
r a a x
D /v=
x
1.84 x 10
= 0.961
237
a)
Use Eq. (15-6) and solve for A from which we can obtain the throat diameter d
2
BhC
+1
Where B = 2g[(yJy )
- 2(32.2)[844.9/58.0) - 1] = 873.7
Lo
x mdx
0.1259
A =
(873.7)(0.667)(0.961)
(17.69)
m
=7rd /4
+1
= [(4)(0.07635)/;r]
= 0.07635
2
,/2
Use Eq. (15-6) and solve for h to determine the manometer reading when Q = Q .
m
B
For vi = v . = 12.38 ft/s and C = 0.955,
x mi
_ (n
h=
/ c
873.73
Summary:
15.10
) [ ( 4 Z ^ ) - ! _[(12.38/0.955) [(0.1259/0.07635) - l ]
= 0.3306 ft = 3.97 i n
Orfice Meter Design: Install i n 12 inch ductile iron pipe; D = 12.24 i n = 1.020 ft;
A = 0.8171 f t
Specify the orfice diameter d. N O T E : Mltiple
solutionspossible.
Fluid: Water at 60F; y= 62.4 lb/ft ; v = 1.21 x 10" ftVs
Use mercury manometer w i t h scale range 0 - 1 2 inHg
Range o f flow rate: g
= 1500 gpm = 3.341 ft /s; g
= 4000 gpm = 8.909 ft /s
Velocity i n pipe: v ^ = Q JA
= 4.089 ft/s;
= Q JA
= 10.90 ft/s
Reynolds No.: A ^ _ =
D lv= 3.45 x 10 ; A ^ _
= v , . ^ D /v= 9.19 x 10
From Figure 15-5: C
= 0.612; C
= 0.610 [Assumed /?= d/D = 0.70]
x
m i n
m a x
jm
m i n
m i n
a)
niax
m a x
Use Eq.(15-6) and solve for A from which we can obtain the throat diameter d.
A,
A =
BhC
+1
2
Where B = 2g[(y /y )
m
- 1 ] = 2(32.2)[(844.9/62.4) - 1] = 807.6
L e t / ; = 10.0 i n = 0.833 f t w h e n v = v , _
238
m a x
C h a p t e r 15
1/2
b)
Use Eq. (15-6) and solve for h to determine the manometer reading when Q = Q .
m
B
For v, = v,_ = 4.089 ft/s and C = 0.612
mi
_ (v, / C ) [ ( 4 , / A , )
B
Summary:
- 1 ] _ [(4.089/0.612) [(0.8171/0.4636) - 1 ]
ft
807.6
Nozzle throat diameter = d = 9.219 i n .
When g 4000 gpm, = 10.0 i n manometer deflection
When g = 1500 gpm, h = 1.40 in manometer deflection
=
15.11
o = ^2gh{y -y)ly
;h
=225 mm =0.225 m
o = J2(9.81)(0.225)(132.8- 7.74)/7.74
15.12
o = A 2gh(y -y)ly
Solve for A
/, =
^
2g(r
(y
= 11.05 N / m )
air
(y
=9.73 kN/m
= 9 . 7 3 x 10 N / m )
-r)
(
=
= 8 . 4 5 m/s
(11-0S)(2S)
2(9.81)(9719)
io N/m
= 9719 N / m )
=36 mm
15.13
o = 2gh(y
15.14
-y)ly
_ y = 9.719
= V2(9.81)(0.106)(132.8-9.81)/9.81 = 5 . 1 1 m/s
v = y2gh(j -y )ly
w
15.15
tt
= 9 . 2 8 m/s
3
Pitot-static tube carrying air at atmospheric pressure and 80F. y = 0.0736 lb/ft .
A = 0.24 i n H 0 ; h = (0.24 i n ) ( l . 0 ft/12 in) = 0.02 ft; y = y = 62.4 lb/ft
Find flow velocity v.
a
v = pgh(y -y,)/y
w
FLOW MEASUREMENT
= 3 3 . 0 ft/s
239
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
FORCES DUE TO FLUIDS IN MOTION
2
16.1
,
^-(0.075 m )
25 m
0.1104 m
Q = Au =
x
=
4
s
s
R = pQ(u
x
- u)
0.1104 m
25m
X
3001b
144in /ft
pA
0.075 m da.
2761kg-m
=
m
s
= 2761 N = 2.76 k N
16.2
= pQ(0 - ( - o , ) ) = pQo,
1000kg
= p(Aui)Ui
pAuf
84.2 ft/s
V (1.94 l b - s / f t ) ( ; r ( 2 . 0 i n ) / 4 )
16.3
1 ft /s
Q= 150 gal/min x
= 0.334 ft /s
449 gal/min
3
0.324 f t / s
L>! = fj>2 = =
^r(l/12ft)
= 61.25
ft/s
/4
U
R = PQ(O
x
1.94 l b - s
ft
) = pQ(0 - ( - u , ) ) = p ^ u ,
2
R = pg(u
y
16.4
0.334 f t
- u, ) = pQ(v
_J_.
61.25 ft = 39.7 l b
- 0) = pQoj = p g ! = 39.7 l b
V\
= 125 k m / h x
R = pQ(v
x
10 m
lh
km
3600 s
= 34.7 m/s
, (34.7) m
19.4xl0 kg-m
x (3 m)(4 m ) x
'=
- - = 19.4 k N
m
s
s
"\3
_
. .
R
19.4xl0 N
1617N
hquivalent pressure =p = =
=
= 1617 Pa
A
12m
m
R
1.341 k g
240
C h a p t e r 16
i6.5
^ "
x ^ x ^
144in
s
2
= 0.418 ft7s
R = pQ(o
x
-o )=
Q[-2
lt
sin 30 - (0)]
Actual /r
R = p0(
y
2 y
- u , ) = pQ[2 eos 30 - ( - u , ) ]
16.6
= 0.451 ft7s
Rx = p e (
2 j
- ^ ) = pQVoj eos 50 - ( - , ) ]
_ _ 1.88 l b - s
Rx ft
30.6 lb
0.451 f t
22.0 ft
1.643
Ry = pQ(
2y
, ^
16.7
-i
PQl2
5 0
14.3 lb
,
;r(0.10m)
15m
, , %,
Q = Av=x
=0.118m /s
3
Rx = PQ[O ,
- i ] =
R = pQo [l
- eos 6 0 ]
eos 60 - (-,)]
+x-
988 k g 0.118 m
15 m
~ x
x
x [0.5]
m
s
r
873kg-m
873 N
F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N
241
16.8
a
^-(l.OOin)
x
Q = A u =
l
ft
30 ft 0.1636ft
r2 x -
Q _ 0.1636 ft 1 4 4 i n 2// fA t- 2
3
Vi
_ 19.23 ft
~ X~s^-(4.00 - 3 . 8 0 ) i n / 4
Ry=P<2(2
1.881b-s
0.1636 f t
ft
[ 1 9 . 2 3 - ( - 3 0 ) ] - = 15.141b
i u, - 30 ft/s
-U, )
= pA u,(0 - ( - L > , ) ) =
PAiv]
Vi
550 k g - m / s
R,
=
1
16.10
l, )
ft
16.9
PA,
= pQ(o
2
=
1.941b-s
ft
-x
0.035 m
da.
B-i
= 0.0109 f t
, f40.0ft
ft x
V s J
= pQ(v
x 0.0109
- u , ) = pQio, - 0) = p g ^
PtA"
= o A - Ai
u
i% = pAu?
= 33.9 lb
= R ( 4 . 0 0 - 0 . 4 2 4 ) i n = (33.9lb)(3.576in) = 121 lb in
Moment due to R
xi
16.11
!!
ft
= 33.9 lb
144 in
i?. =
Assume
Xi
25.2 m/s
4
(2.0 i n )
ty-Waght
, ( 0 . 0 3 5 m)
Q= 100 gal/min x
1 ft /s
Q _ 0.223 ft /s
= 0.223 ft /s: u
449 gal/min
'
37A ft/s
0.0060 ft
Assume all fluid strikes vane and is deflected perpendicular to incoming stream.
R = pQ(u
x
- u)
= pQ[0 - ( - , ) ] = pQui
1.94 lb-s
0.223 f t
37.1 ft
= 16.01b
ft
s
s
R is forc exerted by vane on water
R is forc exerted by water on vane
YM = 0 = F (0.5 in) - R \\.0
in)
Rr =
Spring
Forc
Rvot-A
0.50 In
1.0 In
F = i?/ H
s
242
C h a p t e r 16
16.12
R = pQ[v
x
-, ] = p4u [u -0] =
pAa
"(4.0 i n )
ft
A =
x
4
144in
t
1.94 l b - s
Rr
= 0.0873 ft
-2
, .
x 0.0873 f t x (60 ft/s)
2
2
ft
= 609 lb acting on water jet
F o r c on boat is reaction to R
16.13
&
_ _
2
V, = L L
- ^ = 80-
0.0218
0.0873
= 20 ft/sec
2
p\ = y "
2g
2
62.41b
Pi
Rx
ft
v\
^ h,
2g
=y
2g
1.12(80) -(20)
v\
0.12o
2g
\\2v\
2
2
-u
^y
2g
2g
ft = 6550 lb/ft
644
- / M i = pQ.(
2x
Rx = pQiui -02)+
U
K
PQ(-2
(~Ol))
= p?((J, -
I*)
368 l b
I^-A
16.14
0.025 m /s
u =
=
4,
7.538 x l O ^ m
Q
0.025 m /s
.
= 3 . 3 2 m/s
2=
=
r - = 12.85 m/s
A
1.945 x 10 m
3
i
2g
Pi=Pi
2g
-K
+ y
=Pi+y
2g
2g
2g
'
2g
--2.5-
=Pi+y
2g
2
[-12.85 - 2 . 5 ( 3 . 3 2 ) ] m / s
2g
2(9.81m/s )
= 825 kPa - 99.2 kPa = 726 kPa
3
F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N
243
x-direction:
R -p A
x
= pQ(o
R = pQv
x
- o ) = Q(0 - (-u ))
+ pA
= pQv
y-direction:
R ~PiA
y
-U )
= pQ(v
i? , = p g ^ + / 7 4
>
= pQ(oi - 0) = pQ2
16.15
1 ft /sec
Q = 500 gal/min x
449 gal/min
3
= 1.114 ft /sec
1.114 ftVsec
0.2006 f t
5 5
ft/gec
4
- -
* f2
= 0.05132 f t = 7.39 i n
of-o
2g
ZF = R +
X
ft2
= pQ (y
= P 2 ( " i - 2) -PIA
2 8
8 9
n 2
= 0.314 ft
2
2
-0.314
62.41b ( 5 . 5 5 ) - ( 2 1 . 7 )
lft
- 0 . 3 1 4 ft
64.4
ft
144in
p A -p A
2g
2
p = 125 +
D ID
- 2 1 . 7 . -
0.05132 f t
2g
- v
= 1 2 5 - 3 . 1 0 = 121.9 psig
2
) = pQ(-i>> - (-v ))
x
= pQ(v
- >,)
+ / V i
244
C h a p t e r 16
16.16
Find/?] (p = O, v = 02, zx = z )
2
9.15xl0"
Pi = jh
x-direction:
- / M , = pQ(u
-u
) = p g - u s i n 4 5 - ( - u , ) ) = p g u ( l - sin 4 5 )
lt
R = p g u ( l - sin 45) + p A
x
y-direction:
R = pQ(v
y
16.17
2>
Q_
v-
0.125 m 7 s
1.864x10
= 6.71 m/s
2
x-direction:
R -p A
x
- U , ) = pg(0 - (-u,))
= pQ(u
R = pQo +
x
pA
_ 1000 k g
x
3
0.125
6.71 m/s
1050 k N
x 1.864 x 1 0 " m
m
2
+ 19.57 k N = 20.41 k N
10 N
1
N
y-direction:
^ -/M2 =
^
PS(^
~I
P G ( ^ - 0)
= 28.9kN@45
= pgU2 + p A
2
16.18
~p~A
LF, = pQ (u
x Px
Then-2/7^1
= R -2 A
( 1 0 0 0
)
m
2
'
* 4
kg)
(
Px
*~
= 2pgu
= 2 p g u + 2/j 4
= 2 0.89
(-o,)) = 2pQu
- u )=pQ(o -
2ZF = R - A -p A
x
x-
Q333m3
xM ^
2x -
x .419xl0-W
7
m
3
R = 29.95 k N
x
F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N
245
16.19
U\
Vi
= o
m/s
3
0.12
A
1.670x10"
=p A
/Mi
p*42 sin 4 5
275kN
2, - t>2CCS45"
m/s
m = 7.19
x 1.670 x 1 0 ~ m
m
= 4.59 k N
Py-p^
x-direction:
R -p\A
x
-p A
fl, - / M i O
eos 4 5 = p ? ( f \ - o )
= p g t X l + eos 4 5 ) + iAi(l
R = R* + Rl =11.0 k N
+ eos 4 5 )
1590 k g 0.12 m
7.19m
1.37xl0 kg-m
r ^
=
m
s
s
s
R = 1.37 kN(1.707) + 4.59 k N ( l . 7 0 7 ) = 10.17 k N
pQv=
0 = tan"
1.37 k N
= 22.3
R,
y-direction:
R -RiA
y
sin 4 5 = pQv
- v)
2y
ly
= pQ(u
= (1.966) (1000
m
kgV0.943 m V30 m^
V
eos 1 5 '
F o r c on car = 55.6 k N
y-direction:
R = pQ(y
y
2y
- u)
K
246
C h a p t e r 16
b.
Because the inlet j e t acts at an angle to the x-y directions, we compute its components:
v = v, eos ( 1 5 ) = (30 m/s)(0.966) = 28.98 m/s: v = v, sin (15) = 30 m/s)(0.259)
= 7.76 m/s
u
ly
e/x
l x
7(16.98)'+ (7.76)
IVI
= 18.67 m/s
The total effective mass flow rate into the vane, M , is,
M = pQ = pAv = (1000 kg/m )(3.142 x 10~ m )(18.67 m/s) = 586.6 kg/s
e
eS
P= 2 4 . 5 8 - 15 = 9.58
Then, v
= (v i)cos(9.58) = (18.67 m/s)(0.986) = 18.41 m/s
This velocity remains undiminished as the j e t travels around the vane. Then v
18.41 m/s to the left.
e l ( p a r )
e2
F o r c in x-direction: R = M (Av )
= 20.86 k N
= MJy
F o r c in y-direction: R = M (Av )
= 4.55 k N
= M (y
16.21
R = pQ(u
x
- o )
ex
ey
e]x
e2y
= pAvxiO - ( - , ) ) = pAuf
Xx
- v )
e2x
eXy
151
Weight o f cartn = w = m g = -
1 0 k
HM
' s
8 1
m
=
78 mm
R = w l75 = 0.9SiN 75 = 0 . 1 9 6 N
x
O] -
From (D,
pA
2
O]
45.6 m/s
^(1.20kg/m )(7.85xl0"
16.22
m')
- m ) = p4u,(0 - ( - u , ) ) = p 4 u , '
R = pQ(u
/?,=
1.20kg
-(0.015m)
Let
2.6 x 10~ N
m
16.23
U\ = V\ e
|
L
Velocity o f Blade
Velocity o f A i r
~7S
1
m
mm4
**
i
F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N
247
40 rev
u = Ra> = (0.075 m ) x
b
2n rad
mm
rev
1 min
60 s
0.314 m/s
0.35 m/s - 0.314 m/s = 0.0358 m/s
2
Rr
16.24
= p4^=(1.20)
R =
; r ( 0
0 1 5 ) 2
(0.0358)
2.72 x 10~ N
pQ(v -v )
Rx^pQQ-i-Oi
sin 4 5 ) )
R = pQv sin 4 5
= p(Aui)i
sin 4 5
x
R = pAuf sin 45
Compute R for a 20.0 i n length
o f louver, as shown i n Fig. 16.19.
A = (5 in)(20.0 i n ) ( l ft /144 i n )
= 0.694 f t
x
2.06x10
Vo-s_
16.25
1jf
3
Moment = R (2.5)
16.26
M(lb-in)
10
0.141
0.352
20
0.134
0.336
30
0.124
0.310
40
0.110
0.274
50
0.0920
0.230
60
0.0715
0.179
70
0.0489
0.122
80
0.0248
0.062
90
0.0
0.0
0.32
0.24
ja
0.16
3
2"
o
H
0.08
\
20
40
60
80
Angle 8 (Degrees)
248
C h a p t e r 16
16.27
M x i m u m F = \iW= Q.6QW
Sliding is impending when R = Ff
f
R = pQ(v ,
x
- )
Then^=-^ =
0.6
W=
r
2.40x10
ft
16.28
- ( - o , ) ) = pA u
" *
\*
^
0.6
lb-s
;r(1.5in)
ft
x ^
' x
4
144 i n
(25.0ft/s)
x -i
' = 0.0307 lb
0.6
n
^oAv
1.941b-s
1.9
0.6
16.29
pA^O
ft
^ = M(Av ) = A/(v
2
,r(0.75 )
2x
(25.0ft/s)
fc
144m /ft
0.6
- v ) : Where M = pAv
u
jcoi eo*
v = v = 25m/s;
V2x = v cos(60) = (25 m/s)(0.5) = 12.5 m/s; v
= (25 m/s)(0.0866) = 21.65 m/s
<^-^ooji(r
2y
= v sin(60)
2
lx
16.30
2y
Compute the forc on one blade when the turbine wheel is rotating and has a tangential
velocity o f 10 m/s.
Method: See vector diagram on next page. L a w o f sines and law o f cosines used.
1.
Compute the velocity relative to the blade v for the inlet.
2.
The magnitude o f this velocity remains undiminished as the jet traverses the blade.
3.
The relative velocity rotates 110 as it traverses the blade.
4.
Resol ve v and v into x and y components.
5.
Compute the effective mass flow rate M = pQ = pAjv .
6.
Compute reaction forces: R = M (v
- v ^ ) and R = M (v
- v )
m
Rl
R2
R2x
R2y
RXy
Results:
v
R1
RXx
/16.54
= 15.25 m/s
= 14.62 m/s
o
; V r 2
= 15.25 m/s 5 3 . 4 6 \
v , = 4.34 m/s t ; F
M j
S 2 c
2>
tf, = M (V
e
R2x
RIX
Rly
,
10.0 m
rev
60 s
.
Rotational speed = a - =
x
x
= 477 r p m
r
s(0.20 m ) 2n rad m i n
F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N
249
Assume
|VJJ,| =
[V |
2
Problem 16.31
v Blade
VRI
(m/s)
(m/s)
0
5
R1
(m/s)
R*
Ry
(kg/s)
(N)
(N)
25.00
O
10.00
25.00
()
60.00
1.105
41.00
19.12
20.09
12.48
20.09
57.52
0.888
27.00
11.20
10
15.25
16.54
15.25
53.46
0.674
15.97
5.33
15
10.55
24.29
10.55
45.71
0.466
7.92
1.50
20
6.34
43.22
6.34
26.78
0.280
2.88
-0.42
25
4.36
95.00
4.36
-25.00
0.193
0.69
-1.19
R is the reaction forc exerted by the blade on the water; positive R acts to the left
Then the forc exerted by the water on the blade acts to the right, accelerating the blade
Positive R acts radially outward
Then the forc exerted by the water on the blade acts radially inward toward the center o f rotation
When Ry is negative, the net radial forc on the blade is outward.
x
250
C h a p t e r 16
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
DRAG A N D LIFT
17.1
a.
= C\ ^
D
2
p
A:A=DxL
= (0.025 m ) ( l m ) = 0.025 m
(0.15X0.025)
1.15xl0"
b.
F
17.2
v
1.42xl0~
= (1.30)(0.5)(1.247 kg/m )(0.15 m/s) (0.025 m ) = 4.56 x 10
2
f l
v =
15 k m
10 m
l h
,
,
x
= 4 . 1 7 m/s
km
3600 s
h
oD
NR
(4.17)(2.0)
TT(2.0)
A=
nD
= 3.142m
1.33x10"
1
-pu
v2
\A = ( 0 . 2 0 ) ( 0 . 5 ) ( 1 . 2 9 2 k g / m ) ( 4 . 1 7 m / s ) ( 3 . 1 4 2 m ) = 7 . 0 6 N
u(m/s)
F (N)
D
(a)
15
4.17
6.27 x 10
0.20
7.06
(b)
30
8.33
1.25 x 10
0.20
28.16
(c)
60
16.67
2.50 x 10
0.20
112.7
(d)
120
33.33
5.01 x 10
0.20
450.7
(e)
160
44.44
6.68 x 10
0.20
801.9
D R A G AND LIFT
251
17.3
= w-F
T h e n u = F l2.\2C
y
2
p
2XIC &
D
= 4 3 . 8 0 / 2 . 1 2 ^ = yjl.79/C
17.4
a) Cast. o i l
5.88 N
2.08 N
3.80 N
b) Water
5.88 N
2.16 N
c) A i r
5.88 N
5.88 N
M
F\,
u=
p=
A
0.8
1.50 m/s
1.65 x 10
3.72 N
0.4
2.05 m/s
1.72 x 10
5.88 N
0.2
105 m/s
5.22 x 10
44n pipe
^pu
7.5 m
54n
= H22kg-m_1112N
2
s (m )
F
C ( A
D
pu
uD
nT~
(41.67)(D)
~ 1.33 x l O ^
S4n-
LD)
Pipe
D(m)
A(m )
0.1143
0.343
3.58 x 10
0.1413
0.424
0.1683
0.505
4.5 m
1.5 m
I
/ 7 7 T 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 XT
= 3.13 x 10 (>)
(A =
F(N)
M(N-m)
0.70
267
2002
4.43 x 10
0.40
189
849
5.27 x 10
0.25
140
211
3062 N m
17.5
A = KD /4
u_D__ (20X0.0716)
v
FB = C
252
1.60 x l O "
|
1
l^
|4
<
= (0.45)(0.5)(1.164)(20) (4.03
10~
m )=
0.42
kg-m/s = 0.42 N
C h a p t e r 17
17.6
(i ^
pu
F~D - CD\
17.7
= 800 N = C
2F
vi
|I
|A
(2)(800 N )
at terminal vel.
1 kg-m/s
C /7u
= 42.1 m = 7tD74
fl
C , , - 1.35
u - 5m/t
"
800 N
17.8
F = F = F o r c i n cable
D = 2.20m
^ = 7t73 /4 = 7r(2.20 m ) / 4 = 3.80 m
p = 1030 k g / m (Appendix B )
D
C (^ U )A
2
= (0.34)(0.5)(1030)(7.5) (3.80 m )
pu
17.10
front
(5.56X2.5)
2.5 m
12m
v
1.33 x l 0 ~
= 2.05 (Estimated from Fig. 17.3)
5
<4-30m2
2.5 m
2
A =(2.05)(0.5)(1.292)(5.56) (30)
A = (12m)(2.5m) = 3 0 m
2 ^ J,
1.23 x 10 kg-m/s = 1.23 k N
1
D R A G AND LIFT
253
17.11
^20 rev Y 2 ; r r a d Y l m i n ^
rev
V min )
2
A =
= 0.157 m/s
) \ 60 s
4
4
Q>=
a.
A i r at 30C
p = 1.164 k g / m
- Cyj ^po
FD
b.
Gasoline
p = 680 k g / m
F = (1.35)(0.5)(680)(0.157) (4.91 x 10~ ) = 5.56 x 10" kg-m/s = 5.56 m N
Torque = AF r = (4)(5.56 x 10" N)(0.075 m) = 1.67 x 10~ N - m = 1.67 m N - m
3
. T
1.67 x l O ^ N - m
Ratio -2- =
= 586
2.85 x 10"" N - m
G
17.12
f l
= w/1.75
1
pu A ; Assume C = 2.05 square cylinder
v2
)
(Fig. 17.3)
A = (2.5m)(10m) = 2 5 m
But F = C
D
^P
=
C pA
D
(WL75)
2
= 0 . 1 3 1 ^ m/s
m
\ (2.05)(1.292)(25)
4
254
4
1.75 m
u=
?f w i s ^ e i g h t
Newtons
= 29.3 m/s
C h a p t e r 17
100km
17.13
v=
10 m
lh
.
= 2 7 . 8 m/s
h
km
3600s
p = 1.292 k g / m ; v= 1.33 x 10~ m /s
3
ri
Pressure drag: F
=C
\^P
17.14
=C\
D
^pu
^4: N =
oD
_ (220)(0.167)
~V
l.lxlO"
T
150 m i
5280 ft
v =
1h
- ,
^
. . . ., ,, . .
= 220 ft/s: D = 2.0 m ( l ft/12 m ) = 0.167 ft
h
lmi
From Appendix E.2,
3600s
v = 1.17 x 10~ ft /s
4
p = 2 . 8 0 x 10~ slugs/ft
A = DL = (0.167 ft)(64 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.889 f t
F
17.15
2.50 x 10
17.16
=C\ l p
D
\A = G,(0.5)(2.80 x
\0^)(\47) (A)
= (30.12)(C )(4)
100 m i 5280 ft
lh
u=
x
x
= 147 ft/s
lmi
3600 s
D
4 = (9 in)(60 in)
lft
144in
255
a.
1 Q
F
b.
(147)(0.75)
(1.17xl0~ )
N O T E : Extrapolated vales
should be verified.
c.
(1.17 x l O )
Fyj = (30.12)(0.30)(3.75) = 33.9 lb Note that C would rise to approximately 1.30 at lower
speed. But, because F is proportional to o , drag forc w o u l d likely be lower.
D
d.
L 5
N = = (
X ) = 1.88 x 10 - > Use C 0.25 Fig. 17.5 Extrapolated
v
1.16x10
F = (30.12)(0.25)(3.75) = 28.2 lb Lowest
R
17.17
65mi
F) Co
5280 ft
.4: u =
lh
x
mi
2
= 9 5 . 3 ft/s
3600s
uD
(95.3X3.50/12) _
= \
'I \ _
= 2.38 x 1 0 ^ C = 1 . 1 0
v
1.17x10"
=
N=
R
Fig. 17.3
=F
+F
= 1 . 1 1 (Table 17.1)
D | k
AT
(147X4-5/12)
v
1.17 x l O "
'
^disks -
" '
3-_X_X_
51.31 ft ; 4
.(',,. ( j / ] ^ + C
^4.5 V 90^
= 2.813 f t
12 A 12J
D M
t u b e s
256
C h a p t e r 17
17.19
= C/jlpu
A r
(235)(0.2/12)
=r-^ = 3 . 3 5 x 10 - > C = 1.30 Fig. 17.3
1.17X10"
4
/Vfl=
fl
17.20
17.21
= C \ -pu
2
)(A)
)
\
-pu
2
= C
ft)
10580 lb
a
ll.Oin
( 4 ) : For pate, - = - = 1.29-> C = 1.16 Table 17.1
)
b
8.5 i n
TT(28/12)
17.22
f l
= C |
(4)
f l
45.4 lb
u = 6 0 m i / h = 88 ft/s
17.23
A = 7t(1.25/12) /4 = 0.00852 f t
F
oD
A r
v
D ,
. * -
No
(1.5xl0 )(1.47xl0" )
; v = S = ^
^
= 2 1 2 ft/s
D
(1.25/12)
17.24
Dm
Where N =
= 0.44
= (0.0801b)
r
w =y F
s t
w-F
s t
F
F
=y
s y I u p
= w-F
F
s t
SnvD
= (sg )(y )V
s
st
= 3.14 lbs/ft
3;r(0.0735ft/s)(0.10ft)
257
17.25
P =
F v=C
pu
\A x o
F = 808 lb
D
v
u=(65 mi/h)(5280 f t / m i ) ( l h/3600 s) = 95.3 ft/s
A = (8 ft)(12 ft) = 96 f t
hp
lb-ft
P = 7.70x 10
5 50 lb-ft/s = 1 4 0 h p
4
17.26
R /A
ls
P = R u=
E
ts
=1527hp
5501b-ft/s(hp)
17.27
#, /A = 0.004;
P = R o=
E
lhp
ts
4252 h p
550 lb-ft/s
17.28
^/?u
F = C
L
3
J
1.204 N - s
m
2
F =C \
D
\ A )
= (0.105)(0.5)
m
3
600xl0 m
17.30
2 ^
lh
x3600 s
a.
u=
b.
F = C
L
\ l
A',F
a.
200 k m
10 km
lh
km
3600s
= 55.56 m/s
= ^1
1.59
io
N = 883 N
0.90
258
C h a p t e r 17
b.
17.31
x 5.47 x 1 0 N = 3 0 4 N
0.90
a.
J
3
= 0.16(6.076 x 10 ) = 972 N
125 k m
u=
= 0.16(1.766 x 10 ) = 2.83 x 1 0 N = 2 . 8 3 k N
Ai
= 1.52(1.766 x 10 ) = 2.68 x 1 0 N = 2 6 . 8 k N
b.
-pu
17.32
0.05
10 m
lh
h
km
3600s
For a= 15, C = 1.25 (Fig. 17.10)
L
= C\
pu
17.33
F = C,
r
A-
^
C
pu
D R A G AND LIFT
(2)(13.24xl0 kg-m/s )
J
(0.33)(0.7364kg/m )(34.72m/s)
90.4 m
259
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
FANS, B L O W E R S , COMPRESSORS, A N D
THE F L O W OF GASES
Units and c o n v e r s i n factors
18.1
18.2
18.3
Q = 2650 cfm x
1 m7s
= 1.25 m7s
2120cfm
1
18.4
Q- 8320 cfm x
= 3.92
3
m
/s
2120cfm
18.5
o = 1140 ft/min x
= 5.79
n l
197ft/min
18.6
u= 5.62 m/s x
18.7
0p
/> = 4 . 3 8 i n H 0 x
=0.158 psi
27.7 i n H 0
2
18.8
18.9
18.10
p = 925 Pa x
260
P i L = 0.134 psi
6895 Pa
C h a p t e r 18
p =p
+ /?gage = 14.7 psia + 80 psig = 94.7 psia
T= t + 460 = 75F + 460 = 5 3 5 R
alm
y=
94.71b
RT
in
lb-R
1
144in
"
x - x " ' ';"
53.3ft-lb 5 3 5 R
ft
^ 2 ^ 2 . 7 0 ( 9 4 . 7 )
T
i b / f t 3
535
2 ^ ( 2 . 7 0 X 1 4 . 7 + 25) _
T
18.19
(105 + 460)
p = 4.50 i n H 0 x
14.861b
y = - =
RT
18.20
lb-R
144in
; x
x
x
in
79.1ft-lb 5 1 5 R
___,.
= 0.0525 l b / f r
ft
p =p
+ /?
= 14.7 psia + 32 psig = 46.7 psia Nitrogen
T = 120F + 460 = 5 8 0 R
atm
gllge
46.71b
lb-R
144 i n
rx
x
x - =0.2101b/ft
in
55.2 - l b 5 8 0 R
ft
Y= =
RT
kPa
18.21
+p
g a g e
= 102.56 kPa(abs) A i r
10 Pa
T= t + 273 = 2 5 C + 273 = 298 K
p
102.56 x l 0 N
N-K
1
_
Y= - =
z
x
x
=11.79 N/m
RT
m
29.2 N - m 298 K
3
n i k T I
18.22
= pato
27.31b
Y= ~ =
RT
lb-R
144 i n
rx
x
x
in
35.0ft-lb 5 4 5 R
2
,,3
ft
=0.207 lb/ft
18.24
18.25
14.7psia
(75+460)R
Q = 820 cfm x
x -i
(14.7 + 80)psia
a
Q = 2880 cfm x
a
x(
(14.7 + 65)
9 5 +
520R
4
) =
5 6 6
520
261
18.26
18.27
77.
U,
D,
iv,
-h, / =
^ +
= z, + i
+ z,z + ^ : zj = z ,
Yx
2g
y2
2g
2
,
y
2J0p
2 . 7 0 ( 1 4 . 7 100)p a
S1
= i>2: t h e n p \ = p
+
2
jn
(70F + 460)R
350 ft
+ fr,
= 1700
0.2058 ft
= 0.018
Q = 800 cfm x
S1
(70 + 4 6 0 ) R
(14.7 + 100)psia
=
Q_ 104.5 f t
"
lmin
mm
in
0.03326 f t
m
(52.4)2 ftXl/s
2 /2= 42.58 ft
2(32.2 ft/s )
2
o2
520R
_ . . .
= 52.4 ft/s
60 s
2g
.
y
0.5841b
s
0.0181 slugs/ft
Density = p = =
g
ft
32.2 ft
t = ( 7 0 F - 32)(5/9) = 21.1C; n = 1.815 x 10~ Pa-s (App. E by interpolation)
2
M
0.2058
1.5 x l O "
(52.4X0.2058X0.0181)
= 1 3 7 2 ; / = 0.0195
J
f \ - + f .
2g
= 100 psig +
0.5841b
ft
P\-~PJ~
262
3.792x10"
Pi=P2+jh
x 1684 ft x
lft
144in
106.8 psig
2
OK
C h a p t e r 18
18.28
.2
D.
O.
-z
PT
+ h, = + z + : z\ = z , v = 02: then p =p
2g
^
2g
y 1 *
T
= -70(14.7 80)psia
(120 + 4 6 0 ) R
+
' LA
J
D)2g
\D)
2g
Q.4408 lb/ft
180 ft
+ yh
= 609
0.2957ft
0.017
Valve Elbows
n
0
.,2
,nnn f
= 3000 cfm x
14.7 psia
(120 + 4 6 0 ) R
x = 5 1 9 . 4 cfm
(14.7 + 80)psia
520R
O
519.4
ft
1
lmin
u = == =
x
-x
= 126.0 ft/s
^
min
0.06868 ft 60 s
&l2g = (126.0) /2(32.2) = 246.7 ft
0
Density = p = ylg =
*
ft
3
l b
- ~ - = 0.01369 slugs/ft
32.2ft
Z)/?
(126X0-2957X0.01369)
ju
4.065x10"
1 q 6
0.44081b
lft
x
= 80 + 16.20 = 96.20 psig
:
x 5292
5292 ft
ft x
x
ft
144in
Ap = 16.20 psi is > 0.10/?2 Use larger pipe size
P\^Pi
+ yh = 80 psig +
/i
(0.0884)(60)
Ar = ^ A >
*
//
2g
(97.9X0.3355X0.01369)
4.065x10"
0.017
1 q 6
FANS, B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , AND T H E F L O W O F G A S E S
263
u=
519.4
Qa
A
62.28 ft u
(0.139X60)
uDp
N
0.016
= 60.23 ft
2g
(62.28)(0.4206)(0.01369) _
= 8.82 x W
4.065x10"
p.
P\=Pi
Ap < 0Ap
OK
/?, = 40.0 psig + 14.7 psia = 54.7 psia; 7/, = 80F + 460 = 540R
p = 20.0 psig + 14.7 psia = 34.7 psia A i r
2
Ti - ^
Y2
18.30
T,
= - ^!
540 R
Xlk 0.27351b
= yi
ft
= 0.2735 l b / f t
34.7
(Eq.18.3)
1/1.4
0.198 lb/ft
(Eq. 18.8)
54J
P i
y\ =
376.3xl0 N
RT
N-K
, 3
= 43.2 N / m
29.2 N - m
298 K
. -11/1.4
Y2
43.2 N 241.3
= Yi
376.3
m
18.31
31.5 N / m
Yi
Y2
18.32
llbb- RR
^
RT
= Yi
in
144 i n
520 R
ft
1.092 lb/ft
12.6 ft- lb
1.092 lb
3
ft
r . . . -11/1.13
18.3
0.506 lb/ft
49/7
14.40
264
49.71b
psia=/7
a t m
; p
l ^
in
= 2 0 0 7 4 lb/ft
ft
14 40
L^JL = 0 . 1 0 3 ; Critical ratio = 0.528 from App. N .
139.4
C h a p t e r 18
nD
_;r(0.120in)
ft
144 i n
p
_ 139.41b
Y l
~if7f~
lb-R
in
^
ft
48.3ft-lb 535R
0.777 lb/ft
12/0.4
mix
nm
= 7.854 x 10~ f t
ft
1.40 + 1
ft
1.40 + 1
= 0.0381 lb/s
2
= 10605 lb/ft
_2.40_
l l k
EL
= Yi
985 ft/s
=20074
P2= Pi,. =P
Y2
0.777(0.528)
1/L4
= 0.493 lb/ft
\P\J
18.33
p = 7.50 psig + 14.40 psia = 21.9 psia (144 in /ft ) = 3154 lb/ft
2
14.40
Pi _
p
21.90
p.
y
31541b
=
lb-R
7/,
ft
= 0.122 lb/ft
48.3 ft- lb
2(32.2X1.40X3154X0.122)
FF= 7.854 x 10"
535R
[(0.658)
2 / , 4
4 / l
-(0.658) - - ]
1.40-1
W= 5.76 x 10 lb/s
Use Eq. 18.10 for velocity
3
2(32.2)(3154)
l>2
18.34
1.40
x x [ l - ( 0 . 6 5 8 ) 0.4
0.122
1 4 4
x
J
ft
4 / K 4
= 811 ft/s
= 9302 lb/ft
Nitrogen
64.60
;r(0.062 i n )
ft
2
5
= 2.097 x 1 0 " f t
Yi =
~RT
144in
93021b
lb-R
2
ft
55.2ft-lb
mx
= 2.097 x 10~ ft
= 0.318 lb/ft
530R
93021b
1.41 + 1
ft
0.3181b
2
2
ft
2.41
^max = 4 . 4 4 x 10 lb/s
FANS, B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , AND T H E F L O W O F G A S E S
265
18.35
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
O
x
(O
3-
2
ta
i
i
i
/ E q . 16 -11
10:
1
20
30
"Perita,
40
50
/(gage) psig
18.36
= 5656 lb/ft
f
Propane:
Pi
^2
= 0.574; A
_ m c : _ \ !
= ^=l O ^ J L =
4 144in
\Pxj
Yl
56561b
=-L =
7^7;
= 0.308 lb/ft
W= (1.364 x 1 0 - f t ) &
5656
l b
ft/^X " ^
X(1.15-1) ft f f
3 0 8
l b
,5
,5/,
,5
8.597 x 10 -
JF = 0.149 lb/s
p
2c
Forp
^
m a x
= (1.364 x 10" )
2(32.2)(1.15)(5656)(0.308)
2.15
266
'
i
IA5)
0.206 lb/s
C h a p t e r 18
WQb/s)
Pilpx
/>2(pSg)
25.0
1.0
0.0
20.0
0.8727
0.149
15.0
0.7454
0.190
10.0
0.6181
0.205
8.27
0.574
0.206
5.0
0.491
0.206
critical
10
15
Pressure Pjfpsig)
18.37
EL
Px
Je
c= J
18.38
0.528; p, = -B2- =
0.528
. kp
6
0.528
J(l-40)(9.81m/s-)(186.6xl03N/ ) _ ^
11.00 N / m
2
186.6x10 N / m
7i
R
2 9 ^ r n
= 17.36 N / m
N K
y = Ixipilpx"
1/1.4
1
4 .
18.39
8 1 X L 4
><
1 8 6
10
17
36
- * '>< - )^
''
2.40
V 2.40
= 9.58 x 10 N/s
18.40
0.578
=
Y
'
Px ^ '
0 X
1 Q 3 N
= 123.5 N / m
9
- x ( 2 0 C
N-K
273)K
f
^ = (5.027
x ^ N / m ' J
\ 2 / 0 1 3
^ ^ (250 x 10 )(123.5)
3
0.555 N/s
2.13y
FANS, B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , AND T H E F L O W O F G A S E S
267
18.41
y, ( N / m )
W(Ws)
0.40
123.5
0.555
225
0.444
111.1
0.500
100
200
0.500
98.8
0.444
75
175
0.571
86.4
0.389
73.0
173
0.578
85.4
0.384
critical
50.0
25
150
125
0.667
0.800
74.1
61.7
0.326
0.238
Pi > critical
Px
U s e E q . 18.1
Pi(gage)
Pi(abs)
0W.Pi)
150 kPa
250 kPa
125
Pl
> critical
Eq. 18.11
2(9.81)(1.13)
0.13
^ = ( 5 . 0 2 7 x 10" )
5
N2/1.13
,A
(PJx)
-v 2 . 1 3 / 1 . 1 3
P\
i
0
CC
2.
268
50
100
- Tank praaaura (kPa(gag)]
150
C h a p t e r 18
CHAPTER NINETEEN
FLOW OF AIR IN DUCTS
Energy Iosses in straight duct sections
19.1
19.2
Duct size
19.3
16 in
720
0.049
0.037 i n H 0
14 i n
960
0.100
0.075
12 i n
1275
0.220
0.165
10 i n
1850
0.530
0.400
Loss500
= 4.70
x 25 m
For
m mPa/m
dia. duct
19.5
D = 17.0 in req'd
h = 0.078 in H O / 1 0 0 ft
L
19.4
h75 ftfor
(ft/min)
Ai/100 ft
(in H 0 )
120
25 m o f duct
3.0 m /s flow
Duct size
(mm)
3
19.6
8" 100
for
25 m
600
u(m/s)
10.6
hi Pa/m
1.90
700
8.00
0.90
22.5
800
6.00
0.44
11.0
900
4.80
0.26
6.50
1000
3.80
0.14
3.50
47.5 P a
fe.
I
1
90
s
20
600
00
Oucti i(mm)
1200
19.7
10 x 30 i n d u c t :
^
(fl + 6 ) "
s/8
1.3[(10)(30)]
(10 + 3 0 )
18.3 in
0 2 5 0
269
19.8
3 x 10 i n duct:
D. =-1.3( /3)
(a + bf
0 6 2 5
_1.3[(3)(10)]
(3 + 10)
fl
= 5.74 in:
= 95 cfm
Q^x
For h = 0.10 i n H 0
L
19.9
42 x 6 0 i n d u c t :
A =
1.30[(42)(60)1
625
.j.
(42 + 6 0 )
= 54.7 in: Q
= 37000 cfm
mx
U 2 5 U
for A, = 0 . 1 0 i n H , O
19.10
625
3
= 381 mm: g
0 2 5 0
m a x
= 0.60 m /s
19.11
75 x 250 m m duct:
1.30[(75)(250)]
=
(75 + 5 0 0 )
19.12
Q = 1500 cfm; h ^
Duct: 10 x 24,12 x 20
19.13
Q = 300 cfm; h ^
L
0 2 5
Duct: 6 x 12 ( A , = 9.1 i n )
E n e r g y Iosses in ducts with fittings
19.14
\ 4005
H = CH = 0.42(0.0429) = 0.0180 in H 0
L
19.15
19.16
f 1080^1
U005j
14005 J
0.0727 i n H 0 ; C = 0.20
2
7 = CH = 0.20(0.0727) = 0.0145 in H 0
270
C h a p t e r 19
19.17
19.18
10
0.52
0.378
20
1.50
0.109
30
4.5
0.327
10x22.1100 cfm
10x22
1600 cfm
720
10x10
500 cfm
4005
IFig. 19.2I
19.19
19.20
19.21
6.40
Pa =
1.289
.1-289,
19.22
19.23
( ^JLl-289 J
2
6.8 ^
U.289J
19.24
Use Q = 700 cfm; D = 12 i n da.; L>= 900 ft/min; h = 0.12 in H 0 per 100 ft
L
T 900 Y
= 0.0505 i n H 0
2
14005
4005 J
Duct: / 4 = 0 . 1 2 i n H O
^42_^
F L O W O F AIR D U C T S
= 0.0504 in H 0
2
100y
271
H,
19.25
= 0.1629 i n H , 0
12 x 20 rect - > 16.8 i n Circ. Eq.; use Q = 1500 cfm; u= 980 ft/min
980
h = 0.08 i n H 0 per 100 ft; H =
= 0.060 i n H 0
4005
f
Duct: H = 0.08 i n H 0
L
^38^
= 0.0304 i n H , 0
Vl00y
Damper: H = CH = 0.20(0.060) = 0.0120 i n H 0
3 elbows: H = 3(0.22)(0.060) = 0.0396 i n H 0
Outlet grille: H = 0.060 i n H 0 (Table 19.3)
L
H,
19.26
= 0.1420 i n H 0
2
g = 0.80m /s
For square duct:
5.8 m
9.25 m
1.3[(800)(800)f
A, =
T~. = 875 m m Circ. Eq.
(800 + 8 0 0 )
1/4
_Q_
0.80 mVs
= 1.33 m/s
L>i = =
/l
-(0.875 m ) V 4
1.33
1.289
Louvws
= 1.065 Pa
1.289
lA
H =\7
L2
LM
Then p
272
fw
= -27.6 P
C h a p t e r 19
SPREADSHEETS
273
APPLIED FLUID
1 Power
MECHANICS
O b j e c t i v e : Pump
Reference
power
points
SI:
equation:
Fig. 11.2
System
SI M e t r i c U n i t s
Data:
Volume
flow rate:
Pressure
at point
Pressure
0.015m /s
1=
OkPa
IfRef.
Elevation
at point
Elevation
at point 2 =
al point 2 =
OkPa
1=
Om/s
-->
Om
Velocity
at point 2 =
Om/s
-->
Om
weight
7.74
1: 4-in Schedule
40 steel
D =
kN/m
pipe
viscosity
= 7.10E-07m /s
2
40 steel
D =
Wall roughness:
15m
L =
pipe
0.0525
>: =4.60E-05m
Length:
L =
[See Table
8.2]
200 m
Area: A = 8.22E-03m
Diz =
2224
LID =
147
Flow Velocity =
1.82 m/s
Area: A = 2.16E-03m
[A = TID /4]
Diz =
1141
Relative rough ness
LID =
3810
Flow Velocity =
6.93 m/s
[v=Q/A]
Velocity head =
Velocity head =
0.170m
1:
loss:
K =
2
0.0198
2.67
Energy loss h
L1
0.453 m
0.50
Energy loss h
L2
0.085 m
Energy loss h
L3
0.000 m
Energy loss h
0.000 m
Element
3: K =
0.00
Element
4: K =
0.00
L4
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
LS
0.000 m
Element
6: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.000 m
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.000 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.000 m
L1
losses-Pipe
Pipe:
2:
Ki = f(UD) =
75.35
Energy loss h
Energy loss h
15.81 m
K =
6.46
2 std elbows:
K =
0.57
Energy loss h
2.79 m
Exit loss:
K =
1.00
Energy loss h
L4
2.45 m
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
205.98 m
216.0m
[N = vD/v]
R
184.40 m Friction
valve:
[V/2g]
Qty.
Globe
Qty.
2.447 m
0.0182
K = f(UD) =
Entrance
Energy
Kinematic
Diameter:
Energy
0.1023m
<: =4.60E-05m
Wall toughness:
Length:
Properties:
Diameter:
L2
L3
L8
Ltot
Pump
efficiency
274
2.00 m
12.00m
at point
Specific
pt. is in pipe:
1=
Velocity
Fluid
Pipe
Q =
25.08 kW
76.00%
32.99 kW
APPLIED FLUID
1 Power
MECHANICS
O b j e c t i v e : Pump
Reference
power
Fig. 11.26
flow rate:
at point
1=
Pressure
at point
2 =
Velocity
at point
1=
Velocity
at point
2 =
-3.5
psig
Opsig
IfRef.
9.74ft/s
weight
Diameter:
64.00lb/ft
40 steel
D =
Wall roughness:
Length:
at point
1=
Oft
Elevation
at point 2 =
80 ft
pt. is in pipe:
Kinematic
pipe
Pipe
viscosity
\Alft
45.68 ft
Diameter:
r. = 1.50E-04f
Wall roughness:
L =
= 2.01E-05ft /s
2
2: 2 1/2-in Schedule
0.2557
40 steel
D =
pipe
0.2058 ft
y. = 1.50E-04
Length:
Oft
L =
ft
[See Table
Area: A = 0.03326 ft
D/s =
1372
LID =
398
Flow Velocity =
15.03 ft/s
Velocity head =
Velocity head =
1.472 ft
1:
Pipe:
K =
3.508 ft
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
L1
Element
2: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L2
0.00 ft
Element
3: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 ft
Element
4: K =
0.00
1
A
1
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
L7
0.00 ft
L8
0.00 ft
L4
Element
5: K =
0.00
Element
6: K =
0.00
1
1
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
8: K =
Energy loss h
0.00
2:
Pipe:
Ki =
8.16
Energy loss h
L1
28.61 ft
Elbow:
K =
0.54
Energy loss h
L2
1.89ft
Nozzle:
K =
32.60
Energy loss h
L3
114.37 ft
Element
4: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 ft
Element
5: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
Element
6: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Element
7: K =
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 ft
144.88 ft
277.0 ft
[v = Q/A]
[S/2g]
[N
= vD/v]
Qty.
losses-Pipe
[A = 7tD /4]
Relative roughness
Qty.
8.2]
82 ft
Area: A = 0.05135 ft
D/E =
1705
L/D =
0
Flow Velocity =
9.74 ft/s
2
Energy
Elevation
1: 3-in Schedule
Energy
equation:
->
Properties:
Specific
Pipe
o.s^/s
Q =
Pressure
Fluid
U.S. C u s t o m a r y Units
Data:
Volume
Problem 11.29
System
points
US:
Uot
Results:
Pump
efficiency
16.11 hp
76.00%
21.20hp
275
1 Pressure
Point
Reference
Data:
Volume
at point
1 =
Elevation
at point
1 =
100kPa
Elevation
at point
2 =
2 to be
determined"
Velocity
at point
1 =
0.346 m/s
Velocity
at point
2 =
0.346m/s
Fluid
Specific
weight
12.2625
D =
kN/m
tube
0.01021
Length:
L =
Kinematic
Pipe 2:
Diameter:
30 m
Energy
Energy loss h
L1
0.5064 m
Energy loss h
L2
0.0119m
(f = 0.013)
4.420
Energy loss h
L3
0.0270 m
(f = 0.013)
0.65
Energy loss h
L4
0.0317 m
(fr = 0.013)
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Valve:
Element
5: K
L5
Element
6: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
0.00 m
losses-Pipe
2:
=
0.00
Energy loss h
L1
Element
2: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L2
0.00 m
Element
3: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L3
0.00 m
Element
4: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 m
Element
5: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
L8
0.00 m
0.5770 m
Ltot
Results:
Pressure
276
Friction
T
Qty.
= f(UD)
Globe
8.2
1.95
Pipe:
Table
82.96
Valve:
Bends:
See
Om
Check
Return
L =
= f(UD)
0.09797m
: = 1.50E-06m
Area: A = 7.54E-03m
[A = TID /4]
D/E =
65313
Relative roughness
UD =
0
Flow Velocity =
0.0038 m/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head =
0.0000 m
D =
Length:
2
1:
= 2.40E-07nf/s
Wall roughness:
Area: A = 8.19E-05m
D/E =
6807
LID =
2938
Flow Velocity =
0.346 m/s
Velocity head = 0.006104 m
losses-Pipe
viscosity
None
i: = 1.50E-06m
Wall roughness:
Pipe:
Om
1.2m
-->
Properties:
Energy
equation:
Q = 2.83E-05m /s
at point
'Pressure
SI Metric U n i t s
flow rate:
Pressure
SI:
Problom 11.7-Mott-Modified
Fig. 11.17
System
points
at target
point:
78.21 kPa
Friction
1 Pressure
Point
Reference
US:
points
equation:
P r o b l e m 11.3
Fig. 1 1 . 1 3
System
U S C u s t o m a r y Units
Data:
Volume
flow rate:
Q =
0.13363
/s
Elevation
at point
1 =
Oft
Pressure
at point
1 =
212.77
psig
Elevation
at point
2 =
25 ft
Pressure
at point
2 =
Velocity
at point
1 =
5.73
ft/s
Velocity
at point
2 =
5.73
ft/s
Fluid
weight
56.16
V e l h e a d at point 1 =
0.51 ft
V e l h e a d at point 2 =
0.51 ft
M a y n e e d to c o m p u t e : v = n/p
Properties:
Specific
Pipe
200psig
D =
Wall roughness:
lb/ft
pipe
0.1723
Pipe 2:
L =
Diameter:
losses-Pipe
Dk
1149
5.73 ft/s
Flow Velocity =
Velocity head =
Pipe:
K, = f(UD)
Control
valve:
2 elbows:
Element
Energy
7.55
E n e r g y loss h
6.50
E n e r g y loss h
0.57
E n e r g y loss h
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
E n e r g y loss h
K
4: K
5.73 ft/s
3.85 ft
L2
3.32 ft
L3
0.58 ft
L4
0.00 ft
L5
0.00 ft
L6
0.00 ft
L7
0.00 ft
5: K
0.00
Element
6: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
Element
7: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L8
0.00 ft
L1
0.00 ft
L2
0.00 ft
Element
8: K
Iosses
in Pipe
Pipe:
= f(UD)
=
2:
=
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
2: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
Element
3: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L3
0.00 ft
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L4
0.00 ft
E n e r g y loss h
L5
0.00 ft
L6
0.00 ft
L7
0.00 ft
L8
0.00 ft
7.75 ft
Element
4: K
Element
5: K
0.00
Element
6: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
Element
7: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
Element
8: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
[v2/2g]
[N
= vD/v]
Friction
(f =0.019)
T
Qty.
Element
[v = Q / A ]
0 . 0 2 6 0 U s i n g E q . 8-7
Element
Relative roughness
0.51 Oft
Qty.
8.2
[A = T I D / 4 ]
0.0260
K
See Table
Oft
UD
0.51 Oft
1:
L =
Area: A = 2.33E-02 ft
Energy
ft
290
Flow Velocity =
Friction factor: f =
0.1723
r. = 1.50E-04ft
1149
Velocity head =
D =
Length:
50 ft
D/s =
= 3.44E-05ff/s
Wall roughness:
Area: A = 2.33E-02ft
LID
viscosity
None
ft
>: = 1.50E-04ft
Length:
Kinematic
T o t a l e n e r g y loss h
Results:
Ltot
-12.77 psi
Total c h a n g e in p r e s s u r e :
Pressure
at target
point:
200.00 p s i g
277
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
Figure 11.7
System
Data:
SI M e t r i c U n i t s
Pressure
at point
1 =
120VPa
Elevation
at point
1=
Om
Pressure
at point
2=
60kPa
Elevation
at point
2=
Om
Energy
loss:
6.95 m
Fluid Properties:
Specific
8.63kN/nr
40 steel
D=
0.1541
r.=
4.60E-05m
L =
100m
Results:
Area: A = 0.018651 m
Iosses:
then pressure
at Point
Additional
Pipe
3350
Volume
of Method
computed
NOTE:
Data:
Adjust
Friction factor: f =
in
Pipe:
0.0228
K
3.05 m/s
Q =
0.0538
estmate
is greater
Should
60.18 k P a
be >
for Q until
than desired
m /s
120kPa
Using Eq. 11 -3
60kPa
2
pressure.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
0.424 m
Qty.
14.76
Energy loss h
L1
6.26 m Friction
0.45
Energy loss h
L2
0.38 m
K? =
0.68
Energy loss h
L3
0.29 m
Element
4: K., =
0.00
Energy loss h
L4
0.00 m
Element
5: K
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 m
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 m
L7
0.00 m
L8
0.00 m
6.93 m
Pipe:
K- = f(UD)
2 std. elbows:
Butterfly
valve:
L5
Element
6: K =
0.00
Element
7: K.- =
0.00
Energy loss h
Element
8: K
0.00
Energy loss h
;i
278
0.0569 m /s
Given: Pressure p, =
HA:
649
Flow Velocity =
2.88 m/s
Velocity head =
0.424 m
Reynolds No. = 4.12E+04
Iosses
flow rate:
Pressure p
2 is
m /s
vales
Velocity: v=
L/D =
Energy
Mximum
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Include
= 1.08E-05
pipe
Length:
Method
viscosity
Wall roughness:
D/e=
Kinematic
Uot
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate
M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.10
System
U S Customary Units
Data:
Pressure
at point
1=
250psig
Elevation
at point
1 =
Pressure
at point
2=
180 psig
Elevation
at point
2-
Energy loss: h =
Pipe data:
68.47lb/ft
0.512 ft
i:=
4.00E-04ft
Length:
Kinematic
L =
5000 ft
Area: A =
0.20589
D/e =
Results:
2
then pressure
Additional
of Method
at Point
2 is
computed
7.04 ft/s
Friction factor: f =
Iosses
in
flow rate:
Q =
Pipe:
Ki = f(UD)
0.0269
K
250 psig
is equal
Should
estmate
or greater
179.77 p s i g
be >
for Q until
than
180 p s i g
p
desired.
Velocity at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 =
Vel. head at point 1 =
0.77 ft
Qty.
263.18
Energy loss h
L1
L2
202.69 ft Friction
Element
2: K
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Element
3: K , =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Element
4: K, =
0.00
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
0.00
Energy loss h
L5
0.00 ft
0.00
Energy loss h
L6
0.00 ft
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
Energy loss h
0.00 ft
202.69 ft
Element
Element
5: K
6: K
=
=
Element
7: K,- =
0.00
Element
8: K
0.00
Using Eq. 11 -3
1.45ft /s
Given: Pressure p =
NOTE:
9766
Flow Velocity =
7.04 ft/s
Velocity head =
0.770 ft
Reynolds No. = 2.27E+04
Pipe:
Velocity: v =
Adjust
Data:
1.4500 ft /s
Volume
HA:
vales
Pressure p
LID
Energy
Mximum
Iosses:
Pipe
= 7.59E-04r /s
1280
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Include
viscosity
pipe
D =
Wall roughness:
Method
Oft
202.22
Fluid Properties:
Specific
55 ft
L3
L4
L7
L8
Ltot
279
Method
P r o b l e m 11.18
minimum
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
lll-A: Uses
Equation
size ofpipe
Data:
at point
1 =
Pressure
at point
2 =
OkPa
Elevation
at point
1 =
Om
Elevation
at point
2 =
Om
150kPa
Q =
0.06 m'Vs
L =
30 m
lll-B:
y. = 1.50E-06m
Specify
actual
Use results
diameter:
then pressure
Additional
Pipe
of Method
Include
at Point
2 is
Specified
Iosses:
LID
2.89E-22
pipe diameter:
enter
= f(L/D)
0.09797m
"=B23" for
valu
7.96
mis
7.96
mis
V e l . h e a d at point 1 =
3.229 m
V e l . h e a d at point 2 =
3.229 m
7.96 m/s
Given
pressure
at point
1 =
150kPa
Desired
pressure
at point
2 =
OkPa
at point
2 =
Actual
0.0108
(Actual
pressure
p should
2
be > desired
48.13
kPa
pressure)
Qty.
3.31
E n e r g y loss h
L1
10.69m
Element
2: K-- =
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L2
0.00 m
Element
3: K , =
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L3
0.00 m
Element
4: K- =
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L4
0.00 m
Element
5: K , -
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L5
0.00 m
Element
6: K,j =
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L6
0.00 m
Element
7: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L7
0.00 m
Element
8: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L8
0.00 m
10.69m
T o t a l e n e r g y loss h
280
D =
0.0908 m
Results:
3.229 m
Pipe:
1
A r g u m e n t in b r a c k e t :
V e l o c i t y at point 1 =
Friction:
0.194292
306
Flow Velocity =
3.60E-07m ls
L/gh =
is in the pipe,
65313
Velocity head =
in
V e l o c i t y at point 2 =
R e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s : Diz =
Pipe
If velocity
computed.
Data:
Iosses
Viscosity
9.53 k N / m '
lll-A:
minor
Minimum diameter: D =
Energy
weight
Iosses)
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
Specific
of pipe:
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-13:
flow rate:
Length
the
Properties:
Kinematic
compute
length
Fluid
15.74m
A l l o w a b l e E n e r g y L o s s : /),
Volume
volume
SI Metric Units
Pressure
11-13to
of a given
Ltot
Method
E x a m p l e P r o b l e m 11.6
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
lll-A: Uses
minimum
Equation
size ofpipe
of a given
Data:
SI Metric U n i t s
with a limited
Pressure
at point
1 =
102 p s i g
Pressure
at point 2 =
OOpsig
Elevation
at point
1 =
Oft
Elevation
at point 2 =
Oft
A l l o w a b l e E n e r g y L o s s : /7 ^
4 . 6 2 ft
Volume
flow rate: Q =
Length
Pipe
wall roughness:
Kinematic
Specify
actual
diameter:
then pressure
Additional
Include
at Point 2 is
Pipe
Velocity head =
Iosses: f velocity
Friction factor: f =
Iosses
in
Pipe Friction:
Pipe:
K , = f(UD)
0.672878
5.77E-09
pipe diameter:
0 . 3 0 9 0 ft
D =
0.3355 ft
"=B23"
for
enter
valu
V e l o c i t y at point 1 =
5.66 ft/s
V e l o c i t y a l point 2 =
5.66 ft/s
V e l . h e a d at point 1 =
0.497 ft
V e l . h e a d at point 2 =
0.497 ft
Results:
298
5.66 ft/s
Given pressure
0.497 ft
Desired
Actual
0.0191
K
L/gh =
is in the pipe,
R e y n o l d s N o . = 1.57E+05
Energy
1.21E-05n ls
4 - i n c h S c h e d u l e 4 0 steel p i p e
2237
LID =
pressure
pressure
(Compare
actual
at point
1 =
at point 2 =
at point
2 =
102 psig
100 psig
100.46psig
with desired
pressure
at point
5.70
E n e r g y loss h
2.83 ft
0.34
E n e r g y loss h
L2
0.34 ft
0.77
E n e r g y loss h
L3
0.38 ft
Element
4: K-, =
0.00
E n e r g y loss h_4 =
0.00 ft
Element
5: K, =
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
0.00 ft
Element
6: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
0.00 ft
Element
7. K =
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K
0.00
E n e r g y loss h
L8
0.00 ft
3.55 ft
Butterfly
valve:
2)
Qty.
A r g u m e n t in b r a c k e t :
Specified
0.08840 ft
Flow Velocity =
Viscosity
62.4 Ibffi
Minimum diameter: D =
Data:
Flow rea: A =
computed.
Relative r o u g h n e s s : D/e =
weight
lll-A:
minor
Iosses)
I n t e r m e d a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:
100 ft
of Method
length
Properties:
Specific
y. - 1.50E-04I
the
Fluid
C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Method
pressure
0.5ft7s
of pipe: L =
11-8 to compute
L1
L5
L6
Total e n e r g y loss h
Ltot
281
System
Reference
Curve
points
Curve
US:
equation:
Ex. P r o b l e m 13.4
Pt. 1 : S u r f a c e of l o w e r reservoir
Fig. 1 3 . 4 0
Pt. 2: S u r f a c e of u p p e r reservoir
System
U.S. C u s t o m a r y Units
Data:
Volume
flow rate:
Pressure
at point
Pressure
0.5011ft /s
1 =
Opsig
at point 2 =
Velocity
at point
Velocity
at point 2 =
Fluid
35
1 =
psig
IfRef.
0.00ft/'s~>
0.00
ft/s->
Properties:
Specific
Pipe
Q =
1: 3 1/2-in Schedule
D =
Wall roughness:
Length:
62.40
lb/ft
40 steel
Oft
80 ft
pt. is in pipe:
Set v
0.00 ft
Vel h e a d at p o i n t 2 =
0.00 ft
Kinematic
pipe
viscosity
Diameter:
L -
8ft
0.06867 ft
Diz =
1971
L/D =
27
Friction f a c t o r : f -
7.30 ft/s
0 . 8 2 7 ft
D =
360 ft
Area: A =
0.03326ft
D/e =
1372
UD
1749
K? -
0.500
0.500
K> =
0.136
Element
4: K>, =
0.000
Element
5: K
Element
6: K
Element
7: K
Element
8: K
Valve:
losses-Pipe
Pipe:
0.43 ft
E n e r g y loss h
L2
0.41 ft
0.136
E n e r g y loss h
0.11 ft
0.000
E n e r g y loss h
L4
0.00 ft
0.000
0.000
E n e r g y loss h
L5
0.00 ft
0.000
0.000
E n e r g y loss h
L6
0.00 ft
0.000
0.000
E n e r g y loss h
L7
0.00 ft
0.000
E n e r g y loss h
L8
0.00 ft
Qty.
Total K
L1
0.000
K
L3
34.488
34.488
E n e r g y loss h
121.53ft
Check
Valve:
K =
1.800
1.800
E n e r g y loss h
L2
6.34 ft
Butterfly
Valve:
0.810
0.810
E n e r g y loss h
L3
2.85 ft
Elbow:
Kj =
0.540
1.080
E n e r g y loss h
3.81 ft
Exit Loss:
K. =
1.000
1.000
E n e r g y loss h
L5
3.52 ft
L6
0.00 ft
Standard
L4
Element
6: K
0.000
0.000
E n e r g y loss h
Element
7: K.- =
0.000
0.000
E n e r g y loss h
L7
0.00 ft
Element
8: K
0.000
0.000
E n e r g y loss h
L8
0.00 ft
139.01 ft
2 9 9 . 8 ft
fi
T o t a l e n e r g y loss h
Uot
Results:
Figure 13.41
282
0.0197
L1
2:
Re. r o u g h n e s s
3 . 5 2 4 ft
Friction f a c t o r : f =
8.2]
[A = rcD /4]
Velocity head =
E n e r g y loss h
Gate
Table
0.519
[See
Flow Velocity =
ft
L =
0.519
0.2058
i: = 1.50E-04ft
Total K
1:
pipe
R e y n o l d s N o . = .2 . 5 6 E + 0 5
0.0192
K
40 steel
Qty.
losses-Pipe
Length:
Entrance:
E20"
= 1.21E-05ft /s
Velocity head =
Pipe:
"=
Vel h e a d at p o i n t 1 =
0.2957R
Flow Velocity =
Energy
1 =
at point 2 =
: = 1.50E-04
Area: A =
Energy
at point
Elevation
M a y n e e d to c o m p u t e : v = n/p
weight
Diameter:
Elevation
[i^/2g]
[N
vD/v]
U s i n g E q . 8-7
Total head on the pump at the desired operating point for Example Problem 13.4
283
F r i c t i o n F a c t o r C a l c u l a t i o n u s i n g S w a m e e - J a i n E q u a t i o n 8-7
P r o b l e m 8.28: F r i c t i o n f a c t o r o n l y ; S I d a t a
Use consistent
Fluid
Properties:
Kinematic
Volume
SI or U.S. Customary
Viscosity
flow rate:
Q =
W a t e r at 7 5 d e g C
wall roughness:
Pipe diameter
r. =
=
Flow rea: A =
Relative r o u g h n e s s : Diz =
Flow Velocity =
Reynolds No. =
Friction factor:
284
f=
3.83E-07m'/s
or f t / s
2.75E-O4m 7sorft'7s
:
units
1.50E-06m
0.01339
Copper
or ft
m or ft
0.000141 m o r f t
8927
1.53 m/s or ft/s
5.34E+04
0 . 0 2 0 9 U s i n g E q . 8-7