Technical Drawing

Designing things on paper

Conceptual Sketches
When you first get
an idea for
something you want
to build you may
draw it roughly,
without using
instruments or
accurate scales.
This is called a
conceptual sketch.

Types of Drawings
Artistic
Sketches
(conceptual)
Diagrams
(design & technical)
Drawings
(technical/engineering)
Diagram
(design plan)
All Drawings
Technical
Diagram
(technical)
simulated
perspective
Oblique
projection
Isometric
projection
Multi view
orthographic
Less technical More technical
A conceptual sketch
Allows an idea to be
expressed quickly in graphic
form
Is prepared free-hand (without
drawing instruments)
Is not done to scale, but it
respects the rules of technical
drawing as much as possible,
and is made roughly
proportional to the object
represented.
Technical Drawings
Serve as a reference
to workers, architects
or machinists.
When you are ready
to design the details,
you make a technical
drawing, done with
more detail and more
accuracy.
Difference:
Sketch: made without drafting tools...
Just pencil and paper. Scale is
approximate, not accurate, but the sketch
should still look like the object.
Drawing: made with drafting tools...
Ruler, set squares, protractor and
compass. Scale should be accurate and
the drawing carefully made.
A technical drawing

Presents all the information necessary for the objects construction.
Is made with great precision,
Requires the use of rulers, compass and protractor or drafting software.
Is done to scale, and respects the proportions of the object represented.
Respects conventions in the mode of the representation.

Basic Lines (part 1)
Visible
(Object) Line
Represents the
outline
Thick
Draw the visible
object edges
with these lines
Hidden Line Shows hidden
details
Medium
dashed
Draw hidden
edges with
these
Construction
Line
Used during
drafting
Fine
Faint lines,
sometimes
coloured
Dimension
Line
Used to indicate
a dimension
Fine,
with arrows

8cm
Dimension &
extension lines
go together!
Extension
Line
Used with a
dimension line
Fine
Near arrows
Center
(Axial) Line
Shows center or
symmetry
Fine
With dash in
middle
8 cm
Basic Lines (part 1)
Ghost Line Shows possible
movement
Fine
dashed
Sometimes in
other color
Cutting
plane line
Position of a
cross-section
Thick
With arrows
Used only if you
plan to draw a
cross section
Hatched
Lines
Surface of a
cross-section
Fine
Show where it
is solid (section
view only!!)
Long Break Shows that a
line is shortened
Fine
With zig-zag
Used only for
large objects
Short break
(cutaway)
Object shortened
or cut away
Medium
With curve
Leader Line Points to
something
Fine
With bent
arrow
Attaches a comment
or angle or dimension
to an object.
Technical Drawing of Fighter Plane
(Isometric Projection, exploded view)

Technical drawings can represent things
as simple as a spoon,

or
Technical Drawing of a spoon
Multi-view, Orthographic projection
as complex as a space ship
Photograph of Mercury Spacecraft
Technical Drawing of Mercury Spacecraft, Top View, Orthographic
Technical Drawing of Mercury Spacecraft, Isometric Projection
Projections
Perspective projections
Multi-view projections
Isometric projection
Oblique projection

True Perspective
Objects drawn in true perspective
look realistic.
They have vanishing points
where straight lines seem to
converge
They can have one, two or three vanishing
points, depending on how much the artist
wants to work.
But in true perspective, objects far
away will be drawn smaller than
nearby objects not a good idea
in technical drawing!
Vanishing Point
Vanishing Points
Vanishing Points
More True Perspective Drawings

Now that you have seen how nice
perspective drawings can be...
FORGET ABOUT THEM!
We hardly ever use perspective projections
when doing technical drawing.
They are too much work, and they dont show
all the details we may need to show.
Also, they distort both angles and dimensions.
Leave them for ART class...
Isometric Projection
(a simulated perspective drawing style)
Isometric (or simulated
perspective) drawings
look at first like
perspective drawings
But the lines dont
converge. There are no
vanishing points and
distant objects are the
same size as nearby
ones.
Right angles in isometric
projections are usually
represented by 60 or
120 angles.
60
Represents 90
Represents 90
More isometric drawings







Warning: Your workbook classifies isometric drawings as perspective
drawings, but they are not true perspective. They resemble perspective
drawings but in a true perspective drawing, distant objects are drawn smaller.
In isometric drawing, distant objects are not smaller..
Oblique Projection
another simulated perspective

Similar to isometric projection, it
is also a simulated perspective
In oblique projections, the side
of the object facing you is drawn
square and accurate (that is
with right angles at 90 and its
measurements proportional)
The sides not facing you are
distorted
Warning: Your workbook calls this oblique
perspective, but it is not a true perspective.
90


90
=60

This side is
accurate


This side
is not!
Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projections flatten one view
of the object onto a sheet of paper, while
retaining the correct proportions (angles
and dimensions)
Maps are an example of orthographic
projection (a top view)
The trouble with orthographic projections
is that one view usually isnt enough.
Maps and floor-plans are exceptions, where one
top-view is often enough.
Orthographic Projection
(Multi-view)
Draws an object as it
would be seen from
several different
directions
The views are flat,
with all angles shown
correctly and all
measurements to
scale.
Comparing Projections
Perspective drawings look nicer
when used by an artist, but
Isometric, oblique and multi-view
drawings give more accurate
information when used in
technical drawing.
Isometric drawings show accurate
dimensions, but distorted angles.
Oblique drawings give accurate
dimensions for one side only.
Orthographic (multi-view) are the
best choice for most technical
drawing.
Oblique
Orthographic
(multi-view)
Comparison of Projections
Projection Used for Tested on
Orthographic
(top view)
Drafting, maps, floor plans Yes
Orthographic
(multi-view)
Technical drawings,
drafting, conceptual
sketches (sometimes)
Yes
True Perspective
(one, two or three point)
Artistic drawing, conceptual
sketches
No
Isometric
(simulated perspective)
Conceptual sketches,
technical drawings (sometimes)
Yes
Oblique
(simulated perspective)
Conceptual sketches No
An Isometric Drawing
Scale
SCALE is the relationship between the
measurement of an object drawn on a sheet
of paper, and the measurements of the actual
object.
Often technical drawings are made a different
size from the objects they represent.
Scale-reduction is when the drawing is smaller
than the actual object
Scale-increase is when the drawing is larger
than the actual object.
Dimensioning
When a drawing is done to scale, you should
label it with its dimensions.
Use dimension lines to label each dimension, with
extensions where necessary
You should label just enough edges to show all the
dimensions, but you dont need to repeat.
In Canada (at least for science) dimensions are
usually given in millimetres (mm). If you use different
units (cm, in, feet etc.) you need to write the unit. You
do not need to write mm if all of your dimensions are
in millimetres.
Angles can be shown in degrees (), diameter by ,
and radius by R


Dimensioning
300 means 300mm
unless another unit is
specified
means diameter
(R would be radius)
A Toy Truck
How to label
an angle.
How to label small
dimensions.
Dimensioning
Dimensions can also be
shown on isometric
drawings, but you have to
be a bit more careful.
Also, you should only
show the most important
dimensions on an
isometric drawing.
Diagrams
Diagrams are simplified versions of a
drawing. Diagrams show how an object
works, not necessarily how it looks.
Diagrams often use abstract symbols
rather than actual pictures to represent
things.

A Circuit Diagram
Doesnt show what the circuit looks like, but
tells an electrician how its all connected.
Diagram of Energy Conversion Unit
It doesnt show what the unit looks like, but rather,
what it does or how it works.
Exploded Views
A diagram that shows an object taken
apart is sometimes called an exploded
view.
Chapter 11 Questions
1. Two common drawings used in technology are:
Engineering (or technical) Drawings and Diagrams.
2. Technology is a set of techniques used by humans to
design, build, and maintain objects and systems that we
need or want.
3.
(a) Basic Line (b) Function
1 Dimension Line Indicates the length of an object
2 Extension Line Shows boundaries of a measurement
3 Visible (or Object) Line Shows Visible outlines of an object
4 Hatching Indicates surface in a section view
5 Leader (or Reference) Line Ties a dimension (or a label) to a feature
6 Hidden Line Indicates hidden outlines
7 Centre (or symmetry) Line Indicates the center of a circle
(c) Cutting Plane lines and Construction Lines are not shown.
4. Geometric Lines
A) the main drafting instruments are: T-square,
set-squares, ruler, pencil and compass
B) The three types of straight line are: horizontal,
vertical, and oblique.
C) Two drafting instruments that can draw circles
are the compass and the circle template.
5. The Stop Signs: The stop sign on the left is a
sketch, since it appears to be drawn freehand. The one
on the right was drawn using tools.
6. Projections:
A) The rays are perpendicular in multi-view and
isometric projections
B) these are called orthogonal projections
7. The six views are:
Top view, Front view, Right Side view
Bottom view, Back (or Rear) view, Left Side view
8. The three drawings:
#1 oblique projection, #2 isometric, #3 multi-
view (or orthographic view)
#1 and #2 are the perspective drawings. (actually
they are simulated perspective drawings rather than true
artistic perspective)

9. Views
A matches 3, B matches 1
C matches 4, D matches 2
10. Jonathan is building a model car. He is
reducing the measurements 40 times.
The scale he is using is a scale reduction.
It is indicated by 1:40
The finished model will be 100 mm long (or 10 cm)
11. The diagram of the soccer field has a scale
of 1:2000, so... (hint: use your ruler)
The width of the actual field is 68000 mm (or 68m)
The length of the actual field is 104000 mm (104m)
12. The dimensions of the skateboard are:
Length = 790 mm (or 79 cm)
Width = 210 mm (or 21 cm)
Diameter of wheels = 60 mm
13. The maximum difference between the
measurement on the diagram, and the real-life
measurement is called the tolerance.
14. Match the objects to their cross sections:
A matches 1
B probably matches 3, (but could match 2)
C probably matches 2, (but could match 3)
15. Look at the diagram of the wrench.
Section [B] is octagonal
Section [C] is circular (or round)
The sections are aligned, they are shown inside
the drawing of the wrench instead of outside of it.
16. Diagram of kitchen scale
A) The force is exerted on the tray
B) 7 regular screws were used, plus one bolt (which
is a type of screw) so I would also accept an answer
of 8.
C) The rod can move up and down ( or, more
accurately, has bidirectional translation)
D) The coil spring allows the rod to return to its
initial position.
Define:
Technology Technical Drawing
Basic Lines Geometric Lines
Sketch Projection
Isometric (projection) Oblique (projection)
Orthagonal (proj.) Multiview (projection)
General drawing Exploded drawing
Detail drawing Scale
Dimensioning Tolerance
Section Cross section
Diagrams: design, technical, and circuit
Basic Lines to Know
Visible(or object)
Hidden
Construction
Centre
Dimension and extension
Cutting Plane
Hatching
Leader (or reference)
Geometric Lines to know
Horizontal (straight)
Vertical (straight)
Oblique
Ellipse (and circle)
Curve
Methods of Drawing
Sketching
Drafting
Computer Assisted Design (C.A.D.)

Projections
Multiview (orthagonal)
Isometric
Oblique
Scale
Dimensioning
Calculating Scale

Diagrams
Design plan diagrams
Technical diagrams
Circuit diagrams

Symbols for
Forces or constraints
Movement
Parts (screw or bolt, nut, guides)
Electrical circuits