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doc Page 1 of 5
One-Way ANOVA Example From
Introductory Notes
Suppose we have three different classes. (We will put only three scores in the first
group, two in the second, and two in the third to make the math very easy.) Suppose these
are scores of each group after having been taught multiplication by three different
methods. Assume the higher the score, the better.
D E F
3 4 2
5 10 8
10 _
um 18 14 10
Mean 6 7 5 Grand mean = 6
! 3 2 2
VARIANCE WITHIN
F"#$ $%E &'#"'!(E )"$%"!, or E##*# &'#"'!(E, which is the variance inherent in the scores
free from the influence of treatment effect ("nherent +ariance is another name):
t is the sum o, the +ariance o, each score around its subgroup mean.
*r, ,or our e-ample.
) 1 ) 1 ) 1
) ..... ) )
! 2 1
2
!
7
2
1 2
2
1 1
2
+ +
+ +
=
n n n
X X X X X X
sw
/3012
2
3/5012
2
3/10012
2
3/4042
2
3/10042
2
3/2052
2
3/8052
2
5 /30123/20123/2012
5 6 3 1 3 11 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6
4
5 12
w

w
5 12
4 5 d,
w
d,
w
5 4
+ariance within/
w
2
25 1575
5 1575
VARIANCE BETWEEN
!*) 8E$)EE! &'#"'!(E, which is inherent 3 treatment +ariance, *# $%E 9: *F $%E )'; $%E
SUBGROUP MEANS &'#; '#*9!D $%E GRAND MEAN:
w
w
w
df
SS
n
X X
s
=


=
) 1
)
2
2
b
b
b
df
SS
k
X X n
s
=

=
1
)
2
2
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!r, for our e"ample:
1
) ) )
2
!
2
2
2
1 2

+ +
=
k
X X n X X n X X n
sb

3/1012
2
3 2/4012
2
3 2/5012
2

301
4
b

b
54
2 5 d,
b
d,
b
52
+ariance between52
5 2
TOTAL VARIANCE
!*) $*$'< &'#"'!(E, in which we treat all scores as if they belong to a single big group
made up of all the scores.
$his is the +ariance that is the wa= eac !nd!"!d#a$ %c&re +aries ar&#nd 'e (rand mean.
#ere are the calculations:
t
t
t
df
SS
N
X X
s
=

=

1
)
2
2
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5/3012
2
3/5012
2
3/10012
2
3/4012
2
3/10012
2
3/2012
2
3/8012
2
401
5 11
t
1 5 d,
t

t
511
5 11700 d,
t
51
total +ariance511
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S#mmar) &* Re%#$'%
*, within 5 12 d, within 5 4
between 5 4 d, between 5 2
total 5 11 d, total 5 1
So, the source table is as follows:
*9#(E d, : F p
between 4700 2 2700
)ithin 12700 4 15750
$otal 11700 1
"n '!*&', tradition dictates that we call a "ar!ance a MEAN S+UARE, rather than a
"ar!ance7 /: stands for $:E'! >9'#E% and is $the mean o, the s?uared de+iations,% the
&'#"'!(E in other words.&
'o compare the two variance estimates, we use them to calculate a ra'!&.
We take the +ariance between /: 8etween2 and divide by the +ariance within /: )ithin2,
and the re%#$' is called the F ratio.
'o do so for our problem:
s
2
b
F 5 s
2
w
f F is signi,icant, we re@ect the null h=pothesis o, mu15mu25mu3.
f it is significant, at <E'$ 2 means are di,,erent. We D*!A$ ()!W W#*# 'W!. (*9<D 8E
'<< $%#EE '#E D"FFE#E!$.
So, in terms of the %&#rce 'a,$e above, remember that tradition has us call &'#"'!(E
another term: MEAN S+UARE.
So to calculate the F ratio for our data:
:
b

F 5 :
w
or, in this case.
__2__
F 5 1575
F 5 713
f we are doing this ANOVA by hand, we check the signi,icance of this F ratio by going to
the - 'a,$e to get the cr!'!ca$ - "a$#e, or F
crit
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", our *8$'"!ED F o, 713 is e?ual to or greater than the
critical F ,rom the table, the test is signi,icant, we
re@ect the null h=pothesis, and we conclude that at
least one pair o, means d!**er7
#ow do we look up the critical + in the table,
-nter the table with d, for numerator (the ,e'.een MS, which is 22 and the denominator
/the .!'!n MS, which is 42.
'he critical values from the table are where the two converge . 1764 /705 le+el2 and 18
/701 le+el2.
Since our calculated F is ,ar below these critical values, we decide there are no
signi,icant di,,erences in the three means.
We conclude that these means all came ,rom the same population. We have !* E&"DE!(E that
any of our three methods are superior to any of the others.
We finish our *9#(E $'8<E like this:
*9#(E d, : F p
8etween 4700 2 2700 7126 n7s7
)ithin 12700 4 15750
$otal 11700 1 _