Cc thng s cn quan tm khi la chn my o suy hao quang,
o cng sut quang hay ngun pht quang
Nn chn OTDR hay my o cng sut quang xc nh suy hao tuyn ? o chnh xc suy hao hai u ca mt h thng quang , thng thng ngi ta dng my o suy hao quang OTS hoc my o cng sut quang kt hp vi b ngun pht quang. Vic dng my o OTDR xc nh suy hao tuyn th khng chnh xc bi v kt qu do my OTDR tnh ton a ra da trn mt s yu t tng i c th thay i theo nhit v cc lc ang tc ng l n si quang. o chnh xc suy hao mi hn hoc im ni connector quang bng my OTDR, ta cn thc hin o kim ti hai u tuyn sau ly gi tr trung b nh v iu ny thc khng n gin. My o OTDR ch c u im khi cn xc nh v tr c s c hoc chiu di cp. Mc cng sut pht v mc nhn ti a ca thit bo bao nhiu th ? Khi thit k mt tuyn truyn dn quang, ta cn cn nhc v mc cng sut ti a ca my pht, nhy thu v suy hao tuyn danh nh. Sau , ta cn tnh ton v cng thm mc suy hao d tr cho tuyn cho trng hp cht lng cc ph kin quang b suy gim mc xu nht theo tui th h thng hoc la chn tn hiu thu khng qu cao . V vic c lng suy hao d phng cho tuyn l vic rt quan trng, cn l m, nu khng vic sa cha v bo tr mng s kh khn, tn nhiu chi ph hoc thng th thc hin c. Trong nhiu trng hp nh khong cch truyn dn thay i hoc s dng ng thi nhiu bc sng khc nhau, th vic lp thm b suy hao quang l cn thit k bo m cng sut u my thu khng v t qu mc cho php. Theo tiu chun ngnh TCN 68-173:1998 th : Mc cng sut pht quang ti a ca thit b pht l -15 n +17dBm Mc thu ti a ( mc qu ti ca b thu) l 0dBm. Mc thu ti thiu ( nhy thu) l -34dBm ( tham kho cc bng ch ti u giao din quang cho h thng STM1/STM4/STM16 /STM64 t trang 11 n trang 21- Tiu chun thit b hin nay c th cao hn) Do , chng ta nn chn thit b o thu pht quang trong di t -50dBm n +20dBm hoc ty theo cu hnh mng cn o kim la chn my c di o ph hp nhu cu s dng, trnh lng ph khi chn di o qu ln. Ngun pht quang khng n nh nh hng th no n vic o suy hao quang Hu ht cc b ngun pht quang (light -source) u c lch bc sng nht nh(dung sai). V d: Ngun pht laser "1310 nm " c dung sai l 30 nm. Hn na cn c dung sai do nhit thay i (5nm) ,kt qu ta c bc sng thc s c pht ra l 1310 35 nm. Nu dng ngun pht LED, rng ph l 50 nm v ngun pht ra c th l mt bc sng bt k trong di 1310 85 nm (hay 1225 1395nm). V nh chng ta bit, suy hao tiu biu ca si quang cng s thay i mt l ng ng k theo bc sng Khi ngun pht quang c bc sng khng n nh, s sinh ra s khc bit v h thng ang c o kim v h thng ang vn hnh. Ni mt cch c th, i vi tuyn quang 50 Km, sai s suy hao tuyn gy bi dung sai bc sng 30 nm s vo khong 0.95 dB. Tm li Suy hao phi c o di bc sng hot ng ca h thng. Nn o suy hao c hai hng loi tr trng hp tuyn quang khng ng b v ng knh trng mt. Nn o suy hao bi my o suy hao quang hoc my o cng sut quang kt hp vi ngun pht quang. Cn cn nhc v lch bc sng cho php kt qu o chnh xc cng nh trn h thng quang c lp t. Xc nh d tr suy hao tuyn (optical margin) cho tng lai l vi c lm quan trng bo m duy tr hot ng ca tuyn quang khi xung cp theo thi gian vn hnh. Tnh ton d tr suy hao cho tuyn quang: Suy hao d phng (loss budget) l mc suy hao ti a cho php cn tnh ton tr c khi tuyn quang b ngng hot ng. Gi tr ny c xc nh da trn mc cng sut pht, nhy thu v lch suy hao (optical margin) . Mc suy hao ca cc thnh phn mng s c c lng v cng thm mc suy hao d phng cho trng hp mng xung cp mc xu nht. i vi tuyn quang ng di hay tc cao, vic c lng suy hao d phng cho ton tuyn yu cu phi c tnh ton bi ngi c k nng v nhiu kinh nghim. i vi tuyn quang ngn hay tc dch v y u cu thp, gi tr suy hao tuyn thng n gin hn hoc c nh ngha theo mt quy chun ri ng ca dch v. Khng ging nh suy hao d phng (loss budget), lch suy hao (optical margin) lin quan n s thay i thc s ca suy hao tuyn tr c khi dch v ngng hot ng. Ch rng lch suy hao c th tng hoc gim. Suy hao danh nh ca mt s ph kin quang: Vt t Suy hao 1310 nm 0.35 - 0.4 dB/km Si quang n mt 1550 nm 0.21 dB/km 850 nm 3 - 4.1 dB/km Si quang a mt 1310 nm 0.6 - 1.1 dB/km u ni quang 0.1 - 0.75 dB Mi hn quang 0.1 - 1.5 dB Mi ni c kh 0.1 - 1 dB B chuyn mch quang 0.1 - 1.5 dB B chia/ghp quang 1 - 15 dB (ty thuc cng sut chia) B cch ly ( trit tiu tn hiu phn hi tr v ngun pht quang) 0.5 - 5 dB Cc gi tr biu kin nu ra trong bng trn ch l gi tr trung bnh:gi tr thc t cn ty thuc nhiu vo loi thit b c p dng cho tuyn. Gi tr v suy hao ca connector l khng chc chn: cng mt cp connector s s chnh lch suy hao mt cch ngu nhi n ty theo vic u ni. Suy hao nu trn thng s k thut ca connector quang ch l gi tr trung bnh v c o kim iu kin chun nht nh. Nn chn my o c phn gii bao nhi u dBm / dB ? Thng thng my o c thit k vi cc phn gii 0.1 n 0.0 01 dB / dBm, vi cc gi thnh theo cc cp khc nhau : phn gii cao nh 0.001 dBm / dB ( 0.023% ) thch h p ng dng trong cc iu kin nghin cu v iu khin trong phng th nghim.Thm ch t khi s dng phn gii cao nh th. phn gii 0.1 dB ( 2.3% )c l l khng . phn gii ny ch thch hp trong vic o mc cng sut tuyt i, khng l t ng trong vic o suy hao mi hn, im ni v sai s do mt n nh s vt qu mc gii hn 0.14 dB , gii hn trong vic hin th k t qu . phn gii 0.01 dB ( 0.23% ) l tng cho vic o kim cc h thng truyn dn quang . y l l do ti sao Kingfisher ch sn xut my vi phn gii n 0.01 dB. Vi h thng quang tc cao, chnh lch mc cng sut thu kh nh do cn my o c chnh xc cao v phn gii cao hn. V d :i vi h thng quang tc thp d tr suy hao 0 - 25 dB, trong khi mt mng quang LAN tc cao c suy hao d tr ch t 0 - 2.5 dB. Nn o kim suy hao quang ti bc sng no ? Microbend loss l suy hao si quang gy bi im cong si quang qu mc, lc c kh, nhit tc ng l n si quang, li sn xut si... Si quang n mt thng nhy cm vi cc lc tc ng c kh v lc un cong si quang nhiu nht ti bc sng c gi tr ln hn 1480 nm. l l do ti sao nn kim tra suy hao ti 1550 nm khi bo tr hay lp t tuyn quang thm ch khi tuyn quang s vn hnh bc sng 1310 nm. Phn bit cc loi diode cm ng quang c thit k trong my o cng sut quang c trn thtrng ? B cm nhn quang InGaAs : Hot ng tt trong vng bc sng 1000 n 1650 nm, tuy nhi n chnh xc ca loi ny ti 850 nm th khng tt v vn nhy. Loi ny rt thch hp dng trn h thng cp quang n mt .y l loi u cm nhn quang cng ngh mi v gi tr cao hn loi Ge (Germanium). H thng loi InGaAs c chnh xc cao trong v ng bc sng hot ng nn c khuyn ngh s dng trong cc h thng ghp k nh WDM. B cm nhn quang Ge (Germanium) S dng cng ngh vi gi thnh thp v hot ng tt trong phm vi bc sng 850 n 1550 nm nhng khng vt qu 1550 nm. y l gii php c ng dng tt cho c si quang n mt v a mt 850 & 1300 nm, i khi s dng cho b c sng 1550 nm.Loi my o cng sut quang vi cm ng quang Ge cng o c cc bc sng ca nh sng thy c 630 - 670 nm trn si quang plastic v my xc nh li bng nh sng thy c. chnh xc khi o ti 1550nm s b gim do nhy quang , c bit l 1580 nm vi nhit mi trng thp. Nu dng cho h thng ghp knh WDM vi bc sng > 1550 mn th phi chp nhn sai s lch vi dB. B cm nhn quang Si (Silicon) Cho kt qu chnh xc ti bc sng 850 nm v cc bc sng thy c. Do cng hot ng tt vi bc sng 860 nm trong h thng cp quang a mt & mng cp ni b (PCS), v bc sng 660 nm trong h thng cp quang plastic (POF ). B cm nhn quang 'High power' B cm nhn quang 'High power' l mt trong cc b nhn quang nu trn c thit k thm b lc suy hao t pha tr c. Mc cng sut nhn mi bc sng s khc nhau ty thuc vo b suy hao , nhy quang, nhy phn cc v mc phn x , tt c u nh hng xu n chnh xc ca my o.B to suy hao c s dng trn thit b o ca Kingfisher c thit k khc phc cc im tr n mt cch tt nht.