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Lemak

(Pencernaan,Absorpsi dan Metaboisme)


Oleh : Suyatno, Ir. M.Kes
(Bagian Gizi FKM UNDIP Semarang)
Contact: Hp. 08122815730 Blog : suyatno.blog.undip.ac.id E-mail: suyatno_undip@y
ahoo.com

Lipids Intake
The most abundant dietary lipids, triglycerides, are found in both animal and pl
ant foods Essential fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acid, found in most veget
ables, must be ingested Dietary fats consist mainly of triglycerides, which can
be split into glycerol and fatty acids. In many developing countries dietary fat
s make up a smaller part of total energy intake (often only 8 or 10 percent) In
most industrialized countries the proportion of fat intake is much higher. For e
xample: In the United States average of 36 percent of total energy is derived fr
om fat.

Lipids Functional
Fats in the body are divided into two groups:
storage fat: provides a reserve storehouse of fuel for the body structural fat :
part of the essential structure of the cells, occurring in cell membranes, mito
chondria and intracellular organelles.

Klasifikasi Lemak
Terdiri:
Acyl-lipids: mengandung kelompok asam lemak sbg bagian non-polar Isoprenoids: te
rdiri 5 unit karbon isoprene

Lipid Subclasses

Fungsi utama Acyl-lipids:


komponen membran simpanan fat dan minyak menjaga kelembaban molekul signal (pros
taglandin) Sphingomyelins : komponen membran
(cont. dlm lapisan mylein syaraf)
Phospholipids Triacylglycerols Waxes Eicosanoids
: : : :
Glycospingolipids: sell pengenal (antigen gol darah ABO)

Function Utama kelompok isoprenoid:


Steroids (sterols): Lipid Vitamins : Carotenoids : Chlorophyll : komponen membra
n, hormon Vitamin A, E, K pigmen kelengkapan fotosintesis pigmen penangkap energ
i sinar matahari : pembawa elektron yg larut lemak : menthol
Plastoquinone/ ubiquinone Essential oils

Phospholipids
Phospholipids are built on glycerol back bone. Two fatty acid groups are attache
d through ester linkages to carbons one and two of glycerol. Unsaturated fatty a
cid often attached to carbon 2 A phosphate group is attached to carbon three A p
olar head group is attached to the phosphate (designated as X in figure)

H2C
H C O C C2
CH2 O O C C2 C3 C3 C4 O
Triacylglycerols (TAG) (=Triglycerida) Fats and oils
Impt source of metabolic fuels Because more reduced than carbos, oxidation of TA
G yields more energy (16 kJ/g carbo vs. 37 kJ/g TAG) Americans obtain between 20
and 30% of their calories from fats and oils. 70% of these calories come from v
egetable oils Insulation subcutaneous fat is an important thermo insulator for m
arine mammals
O
O C1
C2 C3 C4 C4 C5 C6 C6 C7 C8 C8 C9 C10 C11 C9 C10 C7 C5
C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18
C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18
C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18

Olestra
Olestra is sucrose with fatty acids esterified to OH groups digestive enzymes canno
t cleave fatty acid groups from sucrose backbone Problem with Olestra is that it
leaches fat soluble vitamins from the body

isoprenoids
Isoprenoids are derived from the condensation of 5 carbon isoprene units Can com
bine head to head or head to tail Form molecules of 2 to >20 isoprene units Form
large array of different structures

Terpenes

Steroids
Based on a core structure consisting of three 6membered rings and one 5-membered
ring, all fused together Triterpenes 30 carbons Cholesterol is the most common
steroid in animals and precursor for all other steroids in animals Steroid hormo
nes serve many functions in animals - including salt balance, metabolic function
and sexual function

cholesterol
Cholesterol impt membrane component Function: stabilizes membranes and is a prec
ursor of bile salts and steroid hormones Only synthesized by animals Accumulates
in lipid deposits on walls of blood vessels plaques Plaque formation linked to
cardiovascular disease

Cholesterol
Is the structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D Makes up
part of the hedgehog molecule that directs embryonic development Is transported
to and from tissues via lipoproteins

Steroids

Many steroids are derived from cholesterol

Asam Lemak (Fatty acids)


18:0 Saturated chains pack tightly and form more rigid, organized aggregates Uns
aturated chains bend and pack in a less ordered way, with greater potential for
motion 18:1 18:3
70o
13o
-17o

Konfigurasi Asam Lemak


Bag polar : karboksil Bag non-polar: rantai hidrokarbon Variasi struktuk (>100 t
ipe):
Beda dlm panjang rantai Beda dalam derajat ketidakjenuhan (unsaturation) Beda da
lam posisi ikatan rangkap

Penamaan Asam Lemak


Menggambarkan: Jumlah karbon Jumlah ikatan rangkap Posisi ikatan rangkap dalam r
antai karbon.
O C1 HO C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18
C18:1 9 = asam oleat, asam lemak 18 karbon dengan satu ikatan rangkap pada karbon
ke 9 dihitung dari atom karbon karboksil (antara karbon ke 9 and 10)

Penamaan Asam Lemak


Notasi Omega (): hitungan karbon dari akhir rantai hidrokarbon. Linolenate = 18:3
9,12,15 and 18:33,6,9 or 18:3(-3)
O C1 HO C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C H15 C16 C17 C18
Linoleate: 18:26,9 or 18:2(-6) Oleat : 18:19 or 18:1(-9)

Asam Lemak Esensial:


Tubuh manusia hanya dapat mensintesis ikatanikatan rangkap mulai dari atom no 9
dari ujung omega Sel tubuh manusia tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk membentuk ikat
an rangkap di posisi -3 dan -6. Asam lemak linoleat dan asam -linolen t tid k d p t
diproduksi oleh tubuh. Kekur ng n s m lem k esensi l d p t menyeb bk n:
terj diny ret rd si pertumbuh n, r mbut menj di k s r, penurun n kem mpu n peny
embuh n oleh tubuh ( kib t kekur ng n s m linolen t) d n g nggu n penglih t n (
kib t kekur ng n s m s m linolen t).

Jenis Lem k Esensi l:


Kelompok Omeg -3(3): Linolen te = 18:33,6,9 or 18:3(-3) Turun nny : Eicos pent eno
t/EPA = 20:5 (-3) Docos hex no t/DHA = 22:6 (-3) Kelompok Omeg -6(6): Linole te = 1
8:26,9 or 18:2(-6) Turun nny : Ar chidon te = 20:4 (-6)

As m Lem k Jenuh
common n me 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 20:0 22:0 24:0 l ur te myrist te p lmit te ste r
te r chid te behen te lignocer te IUPAC n me dodecono te tetr decono te hex de
cono te oct decono te eicos no te docos no te tetr cos n te melting point (Co) 4
4 52 63 70 75 81 84

As m Lem k Jenuh
common n me 16:0 16:1 9 18:0 18:1 9 18:2 9,12 18:3 9,12,15 20:0 20:4 5,8,11,14 palmit
ate palmitoleate stearate oleate linoleate linolenate arachidate arachindonate I
UPAC name hexadeconoate cis-9-hexadeconoate octadeconoate cis-9- octadeconoate cis
-9,12- octadeconoate cis-9,12,15- octadeconoate eicosanoate cis- 5,8,11,14-eicosate
traenoate melting point (Co) 63 -0.5 70 13 -9 -17 75 -49

Pencernaan & Absorpsi Lemak


This action, the digestion or breakdown of fats, is achieved in the human intest
ine by enzymes known as lipases, which are present primarily in the pancreatic a
nd intestinal secretions. Garam empedu (Bile salts) from the liver emulsify the
fatty acids to make them more soluble in water and hence more easily absorbed.

Proses Pencernaan Lipida


Saluran Pencernaan
1. Mulut 2. Esofagus 3. Lambung
Proses Pencernaan
Bercampur dengan kelenjar ludah yang mengandung enzim lipase lingual Tidak ada p
encernaan Lipase lingual memulai hidrolisis terbatas: trigliserida menjadi digli
serida dan asam lemak Lemak susu lebih banyak dihidrolisis Lipase lambung menghi
drolisis lemak dalam jumlah terbatas Bahan empedu mengemulsi lemak. Lipase dari
pangkreas dan dinding usus halus menghidrolisis lemak dalam bentuk emulsi menjad
i digliserida, monogliserida, asam lemak dan gliserol Fosfolipase dari pankreas
menghidrolisis fosfolipid menjadi asam lemak dan lisofosfogliserida. Kolesterol
esterase dari pankreas menghidrolisis ester kolesterol Sisa lemak dan kolesterol
terkurung dlm serat makan dan dikeluarkan melalui feses
4. Usus Halus
5. Usus Besar

Digestion and absorption of lipids is in small intestine


The role of bile salt is: to stabilize the lipase (a little inhibit) to emulsify
the droplets to help to form mixed micelles Colipase : small protein, keep lipa
se effectively attach to the substrate droplets. Micelles contain: free fatty ac
ids mono-, di-acylglycerols small amount of TAG bile salts phospholipids fat-sol
uble vitamins.

Dalam Kantong Empedu, Empedu disimpan


Dalam hati, Kolesterol
Dalam usus halus, Empedu mengemulsi Lemak
empedu
Empedu diabsorbsi kembali ke dalam darah
Empedu dibuang melalui feses Menyebabkan warna feses
Gambar. Sirkulasi entero hepatik empedu

Absorpsi dan Transportasi Lipid


Absorpsi terjadi di jejenum Asam lemak rantai pendek dan menengah diabsorpsi lan
gsung dalam vena porta dan dibawa ke hati untuk dioksidasi Kilomikron: lipoprote
in pengangkut lipid (terutama trigliserida) dari saluran cerna ke dalam tubuh

Absopsi lipid ke dalam darah


Hasil Pencernaan Lipid
Gliserol Asam lemak rantai pendek (C4-6) Asam lemak rantai menengah (C8-10) Asam
lemak rantai panjang Monogliserida Trigliserida Kolesterol fosfolipida
Absorpsi
Diserap langsung ke dalam darah
Diubah menjadi trigliserida di dalam selsel usus halus Membentuk kilomikron, mas
uk ke dalam limfe kemudian ke dalam darah

VLDL
Lipid menuju jaringan tubuh melalui lipoprotein lipase Sisa VLDL (IDL)
Usus Halus
kilomikron
Lipid menuju sel tubuh melalui lipoprotein lipase
Hati
Sisa Kilomikron

HDL mentransfer
LDL
HDL
kolesterol dari sel tubuh ke lipoprotein lain untuk digunakan
LDL ditarik oleh sel tubuh dengan reseptor apolipoprotein -100
LDL ditarik oleh jalur perusak (dlm pembuluh darah)
Dari bermacam sumber

Lipoproteins
High levels of HDL are thought to protect against heart attack High levels of LD
L, especially lipoprotein (a), increase the risk of heart attack

Lipoproteins are classified as:


HDLs high-density lipoproteins have more protein content LDLs low-density lipopr
oteins have a considerable cholesterol component VLDLs very low density lipoprot
eins are mostly triglycerides

Lipoprotein yang berperan dlm transport lemak


Kilomikron: mengandung paling banyak trigliserida dan paling sedikit protein seh
ingga mempunyai densitas paling rendah VLDL: terdiri atas kurang lebih separuh t
rigliserida, sehingga mempunyai densitas rendah LDL: terdiri atas kurang lebih s
eparuh kolesterol, sehingga berpengaruh terhadap lebih 20 penyakit jantung koron
er HDL: terdiri atas kurang lebih separuh lipoprotein, sehingga mempunyai densit
as tinggi

Lipoprotein

LDL dan HDL


LDL penting sebagai pengontrol kolesterol LDL yang melalui jalur sel-sel perusak
(scavenger pathway) akan teroksidasi dan tidak bisa masuk lagi ke pembuluh dara
h Kolesterol dalam LDL akhirnya menumpuk pada dinding pembuluh darah membentuk p
lak (plaque) Plak bercampur dengan protein dan ditutup sel otot dan kalsium menj
adi aterosklerosis HDL mengambil kolesterol dan fosfolipid yang ada dalam pembul
uh darah dan menyerahkan ke lipoprotein lain utk dibawa ke hati

Simpanan lemak
Simpanan lemak dalam tubuh di dalam sel lemak dalam jaringan adipos. Sel-sel adi
pos mempunyai enzim khusus pada permukaannya, yaitu lipoprotein lipase (LPL) yan
g dapat melepas trigliserida dan lipoprotein, menghidrolisisnya dan meneruskan h
asil hidrolisis ke dalam sel. Di dalam sel terdapat enzim lain yang merakit kemb
ali bahan-bahan hasil hidrolisis menjadi trigliserida untuk disimpan sbg cadanga
n energi. Sel-sel adipos menyimpan lemak bilamana kilomikron dan VLDL yang menga
ndung lemak melewati sel-sel tersebut.

Simpanan lemak

Lipid Metabolism

Lipid Metabolism
Most products of fat metabolism are transported in lymph as chylomicrons Lipids
in chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by plasma enzymes and absorbed by cells Only neut
ral fats are routinely oxidized for energy Catabolism of fats involves two separ
ate pathways
Glycerol pathway Fatty acids pathway

Lipid Metabolism
Glycerol is converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate
Glyceraldehyde is ultimately converted into acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters the Kre
bs cycle
Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation which produces:
Two-carbon acetic acid fragments, which enter the Krebs cycle Reduced coenzymes,
which enter the electron transport chain

Lipid Metabolism

Lipogenesis and Lipolysis


Excess dietary glycerol and fatty acids undergo lipogenesis to form triglyceride
s Glucose is easily converted into fat since acetyl CoA is:
An intermediate in glucose catabolism The starting molecule for the synthesis of
fatty acids

Lipogenesis and Lipolysis


Lipolysis, the breakdown of stored fat, is essentially lipogenesis in reverse Ox
aloacetic acid is necessary for the complete oxidation of fat
Without it, acetyl CoA is converted into ketones (ketogenesis)

lipogenesis

lipogenesis

lipolysis

Lipogenesis and Lipolysis

Lipogenesis and Lipolysis

Supported Enzyme

(PUFA)

Phospholipids are important components of myelin and cell membranes The liver:
Synthesizes lipoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fats Makes tissue fact
or, a clotting factor Synthesizes cholesterol for acetyl CoA Uses cholesterol to
form bile salts
Lipid Metabolism: Synthesis of Structural Materials
Certain endocrine organs use cholesterol to synthesize steroid hormones

Lipid Metabolism
Digestion - Hydrolysis Reaction

Lipid Metabolism

Lipid Metabolism

Fatty Acid Oxidation


Initial Step: Requires an ATP to synthesize acetyl CoA with the fatty acid.

Beta Oxidation

Beta Oxidation

Beta Oxidation

Beta Oxidation

Beta Oxidation

Beta Oxidation

Beta Oxidation

Palmitic Acid Review

Palmitic Acid -ATP Synthesis


Palmitic Acid is C-16 Initiating Step - requires 1 ATP (text says 2) Step 1 - FA
D into e.t.c. = 2 ATP Step 3 - NAD+ into e.t.c. = 3 ATP Total ATP per turn of sp
iral = 5 ATP Example with Palmitic Acid = 16 carbons = 8 acetyl groups Number of
turns of fatty acid spiral = 8-1 = 7 turns ATP from fatty acid spiral = 7 turns
and 5 per turn = 35 ATP. NET ATP from Fatty Acid Spiral = 35 - 1 = 34 ATP

Palmitic Acid (C-16) -ATP Synthesis


NET ATP - Fatty Acid Spiral = 35 - 1 = 34 ATP
Review ATP - Citric Acid Cycle start with Acetyl CoA Step ATP produced
ATP 1 Step 4 (NAD+ to E.T.C.) 3 Step 6 (NAD+ to E.T.C.) 3 Step10 (NAD+ to E.T.C
.) 3 Step 8 (FAD to E.T.C.) 2 NET 12 ATP per turn C.A.C. 8 Acetyl CoA = 8 turns
C.A.C. 8 turns x 12 ATP/C.A.C. = 96 ATP GRAND TOTAL 130 ATP

Acetyl CoA

Ketone Bodies

Ketone Bodies

Lipogenesis

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