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Lipids Intake
The most abundant dietary lipids, triglycerides, are found in both animal and pl
ant foods Essential fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acid, found in most veget
ables, must be ingested Dietary fats consist mainly of triglycerides, which can
be split into glycerol and fatty acids. In many developing countries dietary fat
s make up a smaller part of total energy intake (often only 8 or 10 percent) In
most industrialized countries the proportion of fat intake is much higher. For e
xample: In the United States average of 36 percent of total energy is derived fr
om fat.
Lipids Functional
Fats in the body are divided into two groups:
storage fat: provides a reserve storehouse of fuel for the body structural fat :
part of the essential structure of the cells, occurring in cell membranes, mito
chondria and intracellular organelles.
Klasifikasi Lemak
Terdiri:
Acyl-lipids: mengandung kelompok asam lemak sbg bagian non-polar Isoprenoids: te
rdiri 5 unit karbon isoprene
Lipid Subclasses
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are built on glycerol back bone. Two fatty acid groups are attache
d through ester linkages to carbons one and two of glycerol. Unsaturated fatty a
cid often attached to carbon 2 A phosphate group is attached to carbon three A p
olar head group is attached to the phosphate (designated as X in figure)
H2C
H C O C C2
CH2 O O C C2 C3 C3 C4 O
Triacylglycerols (TAG) (=Triglycerida) Fats and oils
Impt source of metabolic fuels Because more reduced than carbos, oxidation of TA
G yields more energy (16 kJ/g carbo vs. 37 kJ/g TAG) Americans obtain between 20
and 30% of their calories from fats and oils. 70% of these calories come from v
egetable oils Insulation subcutaneous fat is an important thermo insulator for m
arine mammals
O
O C1
C2 C3 C4 C4 C5 C6 C6 C7 C8 C8 C9 C10 C11 C9 C10 C7 C5
C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18
C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18
C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18
Olestra
Olestra is sucrose with fatty acids esterified to OH groups digestive enzymes canno
t cleave fatty acid groups from sucrose backbone Problem with Olestra is that it
leaches fat soluble vitamins from the body
isoprenoids
Isoprenoids are derived from the condensation of 5 carbon isoprene units Can com
bine head to head or head to tail Form molecules of 2 to >20 isoprene units Form
large array of different structures
Terpenes
Steroids
Based on a core structure consisting of three 6membered rings and one 5-membered
ring, all fused together Triterpenes 30 carbons Cholesterol is the most common
steroid in animals and precursor for all other steroids in animals Steroid hormo
nes serve many functions in animals - including salt balance, metabolic function
and sexual function
cholesterol
Cholesterol impt membrane component Function: stabilizes membranes and is a prec
ursor of bile salts and steroid hormones Only synthesized by animals Accumulates
in lipid deposits on walls of blood vessels plaques Plaque formation linked to
cardiovascular disease
Cholesterol
Is the structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D Makes up
part of the hedgehog molecule that directs embryonic development Is transported
to and from tissues via lipoproteins
Steroids
As m Lem k Jenuh
common n me 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 20:0 22:0 24:0 l ur te myrist te p lmit te ste r
te r chid te behen te lignocer te IUPAC n me dodecono te tetr decono te hex de
cono te oct decono te eicos no te docos no te tetr cos n te melting point (Co) 4
4 52 63 70 75 81 84
As m Lem k Jenuh
common n me 16:0 16:1 9 18:0 18:1 9 18:2 9,12 18:3 9,12,15 20:0 20:4 5,8,11,14 palmit
ate palmitoleate stearate oleate linoleate linolenate arachidate arachindonate I
UPAC name hexadeconoate cis-9-hexadeconoate octadeconoate cis-9- octadeconoate cis
-9,12- octadeconoate cis-9,12,15- octadeconoate eicosanoate cis- 5,8,11,14-eicosate
traenoate melting point (Co) 63 -0.5 70 13 -9 -17 75 -49
VLDL
Lipid menuju jaringan tubuh melalui lipoprotein lipase Sisa VLDL (IDL)
Usus Halus
kilomikron
Lipid menuju sel tubuh melalui lipoprotein lipase
Hati
Sisa Kilomikron
HDL mentransfer
LDL
HDL
kolesterol dari sel tubuh ke lipoprotein lain untuk digunakan
LDL ditarik oleh sel tubuh dengan reseptor apolipoprotein -100
LDL ditarik oleh jalur perusak (dlm pembuluh darah)
Dari bermacam sumber
Lipoproteins
High levels of HDL are thought to protect against heart attack High levels of LD
L, especially lipoprotein (a), increase the risk of heart attack
Lipoprotein
Simpanan lemak
Simpanan lemak dalam tubuh di dalam sel lemak dalam jaringan adipos. Sel-sel adi
pos mempunyai enzim khusus pada permukaannya, yaitu lipoprotein lipase (LPL) yan
g dapat melepas trigliserida dan lipoprotein, menghidrolisisnya dan meneruskan h
asil hidrolisis ke dalam sel. Di dalam sel terdapat enzim lain yang merakit kemb
ali bahan-bahan hasil hidrolisis menjadi trigliserida untuk disimpan sbg cadanga
n energi. Sel-sel adipos menyimpan lemak bilamana kilomikron dan VLDL yang menga
ndung lemak melewati sel-sel tersebut.
Simpanan lemak
Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Most products of fat metabolism are transported in lymph as chylomicrons Lipids
in chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by plasma enzymes and absorbed by cells Only neut
ral fats are routinely oxidized for energy Catabolism of fats involves two separ
ate pathways
Glycerol pathway Fatty acids pathway
Lipid Metabolism
Glycerol is converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate
Glyceraldehyde is ultimately converted into acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters the Kre
bs cycle
Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation which produces:
Two-carbon acetic acid fragments, which enter the Krebs cycle Reduced coenzymes,
which enter the electron transport chain
Lipid Metabolism
lipogenesis
lipogenesis
lipolysis
Supported Enzyme
(PUFA)
Phospholipids are important components of myelin and cell membranes The liver:
Synthesizes lipoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fats Makes tissue fact
or, a clotting factor Synthesizes cholesterol for acetyl CoA Uses cholesterol to
form bile salts
Lipid Metabolism: Synthesis of Structural Materials
Certain endocrine organs use cholesterol to synthesize steroid hormones
Lipid Metabolism
Digestion - Hydrolysis Reaction
Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Beta Oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Ketone Bodies
Ketone Bodies
Lipogenesis