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CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW

G.R. No. L-33254 & G.R. No. L-33253 January 20, 1978
20 PEOPLE v. SENAYDIEGO
In these 3 cases o !a"#ersat$on throu%h a"s$$cat$on, L$cer$o &. 'en(ay($e%o, the )ro#$nc$a" treasurer o
&an%as$nan, $n cons)$racy *$th Juan 'a!son, an e!)"oyee o a "u!+er an( har(*are store $n ,a%u)an -$ty, an(
*$th .nastac$o /u$r$!$t, the )ro#$nc$a" au($tor, as an acco!)"$ce, use( 0 or%e( )ro#$nc$a" #ouchers $n or(er to
e!+e11"e ro! the roa( an( +r$(%e un( the tota" su! o &572.
3he 0 #ouchers *ere s$%ne( +y the au($tor an( !un$c$)a" treasurer. 3hese #ouchers *ere a""e%e("y or
)ay!ent to -arr$e( -onstruct$on 'u))"y -o. o ,a%u)an -$ty or "u!+er an( har(*are !ater$a"s su))ose("y use( $n
the re)a$r o the +r$(%e4 an( *ere a""e%e("y rece$#e( +y Juan 'a!son ro! 'en(ay($e%o 5)ro#$nc$a" treasurer6.
3he a"s$ty o that )ro#$nc$a" #oucher $s )ro#en +y the o""o*$n% $nstances7 5a6 3hat there *as no )ro8ect or
the re)a$r o the +r$(%e at 9arr$o L$+erta(4 5+6 3hat the a!ount *as ne#er rece$#e( +y the -arr$e( -onstruct$on
'u))"y -o.4 5c6 that the "u!+er an( !ater$a"s !ent$one( *ere ne#er (e"$#ere( +y the co!)any to the )ro#$nc$a"
%o#ern!ent4 5(6 3hat $n the )ro#$nc$a" #oucher an( su))ort$n% (ocs, co#er$n% the sa!e "u!+er an( har(*are
!ater$a"s, the 4 s$%natures *ere or%e( as these o$ces (en$e( that the$r s$%natures $n #ouchers are %enu$ne.
'a!son )"aye( a ste""ar ro"e $n the )rocess$n% o the s$: #ouchers. ;e use( to +e an e!)"oyee o the )ro
treasurer<s o$ce. ;e res$%ne( an( *or2e( *$th se#era" $r!s (o$n% +us$ness *$th the )ro#$nc$a" %o#ern!ent. In 1909
he *as the co""ector o the -arr$e( -onstruct$on 'u))"y -o. ;e re)resente( that $r! $n $ts (ea"$n%s *$th the o$ces o
the %o#ernor, )ro#$nc$a" au($tor, )ro#$nc$a" en%$neer an( )ro#$nc$a" treasurer. ;e *as )ersona""y 2no*n to those
)ro#$nc$a" o$c$a"s an( the e!)"oyees o the$r o$ces.
Issue: =ay a )r$#ate $n($#$(ua" 5'a!son6 +e 8u(%e( %u$"ty o !a"#ersat$on> ?@' *hen there $s a cons)$racy +et*een
the )u+"$c o$c$a" an( the )r$#ate $n($#$(ua".
Held: 'a!son $s con#$cte( o 0 cr$!es o a"s$$cat$on o a )u+"$c (ocu!ent 5.rt. 1726 an( 0 cr$!es o !a"#ersat$on.
Rati!ale:
3he e#$(ence conc"us$#e"y )ro#es that 'a!son, as the re)resentat$#e or co""ector o the su))ose( cre($tor,
-arr$e( -onstruct$on 'u))"y -o., hand-carried the vouchers $n Auest$on to the o$ces o the )ro#$nc$a" en%$neer,
treasurer an( au($tor an( then +ac2 to the treasurer<s o$ce or )ay!ent. ;e actua""y rece$#e( the cash )ay!ents.
Bn(er those c$rcu!stances, 'a!son $s )resu!e( to +e the or%er o the #ouchers. 3he ru"e $s that $ a )erson ha( $n
h$s )ossess$on a a"s$$e( (ocu!ent an( +e !a(e use o $t 5uttere( $t6, ta2$n% a(#anta%e o $t an( )ro$t$n% there+y, the
)resu!)t$on $s that he $s the !ater$a" author o the a"s$$cat$on.
Ce ha#e a"rea(y note( that the tr$a" court e:)"$c$t"y state( that the c$rcu!stance that 'en(ay($e%o s$%ne(
the s$: #ouchers ahea( o h$s ass$stant sho*s that there *as D!a"$ce or rau(D on the )art o 'en(ay($e%o an( that
there *as conn$#ance +et*een 'a!son an( 'en(ay($e%o *hen the )rocee(s o the #ouchers *ere )a$( to 'a!son
$n 'en(ay($e%o<s $nner o$ce, $nstea( o $n the cash$er<s o$ce. 3he una#o$(a+"e conc"us$on $s that 'en(ay($e%o an(
'a!son *ere $n cahoots to (erau( the )ro#$nc$a" %o#ern!ent an( to ca!ou"a%e the (erau(at$on +y !eans o the
s$: #ouchers *h$ch ha#e so!e %enu$ne eatures an( *h$ch a))ear to +e e:tr$ns$ca""y authent$c +ut *h$ch *ere
$ntr$ns$ca""y a2e.
3he cr$!es co!!$tte( $n these 3 cases are not co!)"e:. 'e)arate cr$!es o a"s$$cat$on an( !a"#ersat$on
*ere co!!$tte(. 3hese are not cases *here the e:ecut$on o a s$n%"e act const$tutes t*o %ra#e or "ess %ra#e e"on$es
or *here the a"s$$cat$on *as use( as a !eans to co!!$t !a"#ersat$on. In the 0 #ouchers, the a"s$$cat$on *as use(
to concea" the !a"#ersat$on. It $s sett"e( that $ the a"s$$cat$on *as resorte( to or the )ur)ose o h$($n% the
!a"#ersat$on, the a"s$$cat$on an( !a"#ersat$on are se)arate oenses.
@ach a"s$$cat$on o a #oucher const$tutes one cr$!e. 3he a"s$$cat$on o s$: #ouchers const$tutes s$:
se)arate or ($st$nct oenses. .n( each !$sa))ro)r$at$on as e#$(ence( +y a )ro#$nc$a" #oucher const$tutes a se)arate
cr$!es o !a"#ersat$on. .))e""ant 'a!son $s a co-)r$nc$)a" $n each o the sa$( t*e"#e oenses.
.s a"rea(y state(, he $s )resu!e( to +e the author o the a"s$$cat$on +ecause he *as $n )ossess$on o the
or%e( #ouchers an( he use( the! $n or(er to rece$#e )u+"$c !on$es ro! the )ro#$nc$a" treasurer.
;e $s a co-)r$nc$)a" $n the s$: cr$!es o !a"#ersat$on +ecause he cons)$re( *$th the )ro#$nc$a" treasurer $n
co!!$tt$n% those oenses. 3he tr$a" court correct"y ru"e( that a )r$#ate )erson cons)$r$n% *$th an accounta+"e )u+"$c
o$cer $n co!!$tt$n% !a"#ersat$on $s a"so %u$"ty o !a"#ersat$on.
&hoe+e 9ayona
4.

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