Chem 960

Fall 2013
Maleckar

Chapter 2: Atoms and the Periodic Table

I. Progression of Ideas About Atoms
1. Democritus and Leucippus (5
th
century B.C.)


2. Aristotle and Plato


3. John Dalton (1766 1844)



Daltons Postulates
Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

All atoms of a given element are identical.

Atoms of an element are not changed into a different type of element by chemical
reactions; atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.

Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine; a given
compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms.
4. J. J. Thomson (1856 1940)




Thomsons Cathode Ray Experiments: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9Goyscbazk
Summary:





Thomsons Plum Pudding Model of the Atom





5. R. A. Millikan (1868-1953)






6. Ernest Rutherford (1871 1937)





Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment










The Neutron






II. The Parts of the Atom

Charge Mass (amu)

Proton

Neutron

Electron


The Nucleus





Protons and Neutrons.

1.

2.

3.

Electrons
1.

2.

3.


All atoms of an element have the same number of protons. (ex: all carbon atoms have 6
protons)

If an atom is neutral, ________________________________________________.

What about neutrons?



III. Abbreviations

Atomic number (Z) =

Mass number (A) =



52
24
Cr ________ protons
________ neutrons
________ electrons

23
11
Na
+
________ protons
________ neutrons
________ electrons

19
9
F
-
________ protons
________ neutrons
________ electrons
IV. Isotopes
Definition:

24
Mg 23.98504 g/mole

25
Mg 24.98584 g/mole

26
Mg 25.98259 g/mole

Q: What is the average atomic mass of Mg?

V. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 1907)
Claim to fame?













Group Names of the Periodic Table

Group 1A
Group 2A
Group 7A
Group 8A
Groups 3B 2B

Atoms 57-70
Atoms 89-102
Amedeo Avogardo (1776 1856)









The Mole
A unit of counting, like the dozen
1 dozen =
1 gross =
1 ream of paper =
1 mole =




Q: How many atoms are in 5.18g of P?



Q: A pure titanium cube has an edge length of 2.78 inches. How many Ti atoms does it
contain? d = 4.50 g/cm
3
.








Q: Two samples of carbon tetrachloride (CCl
4
) were decomposed into their constituent
elements. One sample produced 38.9g of C and 448g of Cl. The other sample produced
14.8g of C and 134g of Cl. Are these results consistent with the law of definite proportions?