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IN FIVE VOLUMES
VOLUME III.
CONTENTS
BOOK III
APPENDIX
A HISTORY OF SCIENCE
BOOK III
FRENCH ASTRONOMERS
LEONARD EULER
II
Double Stars
"teemed at a birth
Innumerous living creatures, perfect forms,
Limbed and full grown."
"If the reader should infer, from the facts laid before
him, that the successive extinction of animals and
plants may be part of the constant and regular course
of nature, he will naturally inquire whether there are
any means provided for the repair of these losses? Is
it possible as a part of the economy of our system that
the habitable globe should to a certain extent become
depopulated, both in the ocean and on the land, or
that the variety of species should diminish until some
new era arrives when a new and extraordinary effort
of creative energy is to be displayed? Or is it possible
that new species can be called into being from time to
time, and yet that so astonishing a phenomenon can
escape the naturalist?
The idea that such might be the case was not new.
It had been suggested when fossils first began to attract
conspicuous attention; and such sagacious thinkers as
Buffon and Kant and Goethe and Erasmus Darwin had
been disposed to accept it in the closing days of the
eighteenth century. Then, in 1809, it had been contended
for by one of the early workers in systematic
paleontology--Jean Baptiste Lamarck, who had studied
the fossil shells about Paris while Cuvier studied the
vertebrates, and who had been led by these studies to
conclude that there had been not merely a rotation but
a progression of life on the globe. He found the fossil
shells--the fossils of invertebrates, as he himself had
christened them--in deeper strata than Cuvier's vertebrates;
and he believed that there had been long ages
when no higher forms than these were in existence, and
that in successive ages fishes, and then reptiles, had
been the highest of animate creatures, before mammals,
including man, appeared. Looking beyond the pale of
his bare facts, as genius sometimes will, he had insisted
that these progressive populations had developed one
from another, under influence of changed surroundings,
in unbroken series.
So, for the third time in this first century of its existence,
paleontology was called upon to play a leading
role in a controversy whose interest extended far beyond
the bounds of staid truth-seeking science. And
the controversy waged over the age of the earth had
not been more bitter, that over catastrophism not more
acrimonious, than that which now raged over the question
of the transmutation of species. The question had
implications far beyond the bounds of paleontology, of
course. The main evidence yet presented had been
drawn from quite other fields, but by common consent
the record in the rocks might furnish a crucial test of
the truth or falsity of the hypothesis. "He who rejects
this view of the imperfections of the geological
record," said Darwin, "will rightly reject the whole
theory."
FOSSIL MAN
PALEONTOLOGY OF EVOLUTION
Not all the strange beasts which have left their remains
in our "bad lands" are represented by living descendants.
The titanotheres, or brontotheridae, for example, a
gigantic tribe, offshoots of the same stock
which produced the horse and rhinoceros, represented
the culmination of a line of descent. They developed
rapidly in a geological sense, and flourished about the
middle of the tertiary period; then, to use Agassiz's
phrase," time fought against them." The story of their
evolution has been worked out by Professors Leidy,
Marsh, Cope, and H. F. Osborne.
A recent bit of paleontological evidence bearing
on the question of the introduction of species is that
presented by Dr. J. L. Wortman in connection with the
fossil lineage of the edentates. It was suggested by
Marsh, in 1877, that these creatures, whose modern
representatives are all South American, originated in
North America long before the two continents had any
land connection. The stages of degeneration by which
these animals gradually lost the enamel from their teeth,
coming finally to the unique condition of their modern
descendants of the sloth tribe, are illustrated by strikingly
graded specimens now preserved in the American
Museum of Natural History, as shown by Dr. Wortman.
JAMES HUTTON
MODERN GEOLOGY
METEORITES
The very next year after Dr. Wells's paper was published
there appeared in France the third volume of
the Memoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Societe
d'Arcueil, and a new epoch in meteorology was inaugurated.
The society in question was numerically an inconsequential
band, listing only a dozen members; but every name was a famous
one: Arago, Berard, Berthollet, Biot, Chaptal, De Candolle,
Dulong, Gay-Lussac, Humboldt, Laplace, Poisson, and Thenard--rare
spirits every one. Little danger that the memoirs of such a band
would be relegated to the dusty shelves where most proceedings of
societies belong--no milk-for-babes fare would be served to such
a company.
VI
STORAGE BATTERIES
JOULE OR MAYER?
APPENDIX
REFERENCE-LIST
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
[1] (p. 25). William Herschel, Phil. Trans. for 1783, vol.
LXXIII.
[2] (p. 30). Kant's Cosmogony, ed. and trans. by W. Hartie,
D.D., Glasgow, 900, pp. 74-81.
[3] (p. 39). Exposition du systeme du monde (included in
oeuvres Completes), by M. le Marquis de Laplace, vol. VI., p.
498.
[4] (p. 48). From The Scientific Papers of J. Clerk-Maxwell,
edited by W. D. Nevin, M.A. (2 vols.), vol. I., pp. 372-374.
This is a reprint of Clerk-Maxwell's prize paper of 1859.
CHAPTER III
[1] (p. 81). Baron de Cuvier, Theory of the Earth, New York,
1818, p. 98.
[2] (p. 88). Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (4 vols.),
London,
1834.
(p. 92). Ibid., vol. III., pp. 596-598.
[4] (p. 100). Hugh Falconer, in Paleontological Memoirs, vol.
II., p. 596.
[5] (p. 101). Ibid., p. 598.
[6] (p. 102). Ibid., p. 599.
[7] (p. 111). Fossil Horses in America (reprinted from American
Naturalist, vol. VIII., May, 1874), by O. C. Marsh, pp.
288, 289.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX