CHAPTER I

The Problem and the Review of Related Literature and Studies

Belief in televisions influence is like belief in life after death. Most of us would like to be
able to prove it, but the evidence is inconclusive. (Peter Black, former television critic of the Dail
Mail!
The colonization of the Philippines by the United States during the first part of the
twentieth century paved the way for the country to have English as a secondary language.
Although independence was given to the country in 19!" the Philippine education syste#
continues to show large traces of A#erican influence $%anieso&'oronila" 19(9 as stated by
Tupas). *ecause of this" the sy#bolic power of English has re#ained very strong. Sadly" English"
has been argued to be a so&called +wedge," dividing the #inority elite and the vast #a-ority of the
.ilipino #asses according to their #astery of English $%onstantino" 19/0 as stated by Tupas).
Unfortunately" local television in our country does not allow #uch growth when the
+tal1ing heads+ in it use a trend #ore co##only 1nown to linguists as +code switching, 2 a
process in which switching bac1 and forth between two or #ore languages in the process of
conversing. 3t can also refer to the capacity to switch languages or dialects 4uic1ly fro# one
dialogue to the ne5t depending on the circu#stances or conversation partner $*eth Parent"
6009).
Ergo" this poses a proble# for the Philippine #asses" who consu#e a tre#endous
a#ount of infor#ation fro# the boob tube daily" idolizing elites in the echelons of society" who
actually practice code switching and unconsciously #islead their viewers on what is intelligently
accepted as English.
Related Literature
1
7ass #edia plays a crucial role in for#ing and reflecting public opinion" connecting the
world to individuals and reproducing the self&i#age of society.
According to 7c8uhan and .iore $19!)" the #edia have a strong social and cultural
i#pact upon society. This is #anifested upon the #edia9s capability to reach a wide audience with
a strong and influential #essage. 7arshall 7c8uhan uses the phrase +the #ediu# is the
#essage, to e5plain how the distribution of a #essage can often be #ore i#portant than content
of the #essage itself. 3n addition" :9;eagan $199<) states that it is through the persuasiveness of
#edia such as television" radio and print #edia that #essages reach their target audiences. They
are considered as influential because of their power to shape the daily habits and routines of their
audiences. Television broadcasting has a large a#ount of control over the content society
watches and the ti#es in which it is viewed.
%oncurrently" television has beco#e the #ost i#portant social force today. School"
church" fa#ily 2 those facets of our culture and society are now considerably less influential than
the #ass #edia" of which television is #ost powerful. Television gives us our nu#ber one source
of a#use#ent. 3n the television enterprise" young people are the #ost avid consu#ers" logging
on in an average of 1="000 viewing hours in 16 years of schooling co#pared with 11"000 hours
spent in classroo#. 'uring these 16 years" they will see several hundred #ovies" and ac4uire
over <=0"000 co##ercial #essages. These statistics alone give reason why the #ediu# has
been variously dubbed as the +idiot bo5," +chewing gu# for the eyeballs, and the +the first
curriculu#, $8u1e" 19(().
>ighlighting the role of television is the wor1 of %rissel $600!). %rissel states that the
case for studying television as a #ediu# is based on its i#portance as the fore#ost" if not the
sole source of infor#ation" entertain#ent and cultural enrich#ent for the great #a-ority of the
world9s population. As such" it has also had a powerful i#pact on those who# it observes"
whether govern#ents" corporate bodies or private individuals 2 this #a1es television worth
studying.
2
.urther" although hu#an co##unication abilities are biologically based and genetically
trans#itted" environ#ent ?including television@" is also i#portant to speech develop#ent.
'estructive environ#ents can har# genetically deter#ined behavior" and even though children
learn to spea1 in al#ost any environ#ent" only in supportive teaching environ#ents will they
learn to read" write andAor spea1 elo4uently $Bare#ore C >opper" 1990).
>ow does television influence learningD *eth Parent $6009)" on her article EFhat is code
switchingDE states that code switching is a ter# used in linguistics which #eans switching
between two or #ore languages in the course of conversation. This also refers to the ability to
suddenly switch languages or dialects fro# one conversation to ne5t which could also be
dependent on conte5t e.g. situation or conversation partner. The occurence of code switching in
a conversation could happen in few various ways. 3t can happen fro# one sentence to the ne5t"
within a sentence fro# phrase to phrase" or one word at a ti#e.
Although the ter# originally referred only to a linguistic pheno#enon a#ong #ultilingual
conversationalists" the reality is that al#ost everyone engages in code switching every day. This
#ight be rooted to the idea that we all deal with different 1inds of people with who# we have
different levels of relationships in conte5ts of all sorts all the ti#e which re4uires as to code switch
in a distinct #anner on each.3t is also i#portant that one #ust 1now when is the appropriate ti#e
to integrate code switching in a certain conversation" when young children learn #ultiple
languages si#ultaneously" they also learn to co#part#entalize the# so that they use the
appropriate language to any one they tal1 to considering their relationship with the person" the
purpose and the situation.
A perfect #anifestation of code switching in Philippine English is the use of Gonyo
English and Taglish. Gonyo English is an English&based pidgin which uses an underlying English
structure and draws fro# a Tagalog le5icon. .ilipino English" which is pri#arily A#erican English
spo1en with a slight .ilipino accent and uses English words that have been indigenized for local
.ilipino use" is a largely #iddle&class pheno#enon and is used by the educated class. Taglish" on
the other hand" is the pidgin that is essentially Tagalog but #erely uses English nouns and verbs"
3
yet retains Tagalog gra##atical function words for the #ost part" and is used by the broadest
range of people in the Philippines.
.or the researchers" the use of discourse analysis was vital to the success of the study.
'iscourse Analysis can be characterized as a way of approaching and thin1ing about a proble#.
3n this sense" 'iscourse Analysis is neither a 4ualitative nor a 4uantitative research #ethod" but a
#anner of 4uestioning the basic assu#ptions of 4uantitative and 4ualitative research #ethods.
'iscourse Analysis will not supply absolute answers to a specific proble#" but it will -ust help in
the understanding of various circu#stances behind a specific Eproble#E and #a1e help with the
realization of the i#portance of that Eproble#E" and its resolution" lie in its assu#ptionsH the very
assu#ptions that #a1e the proble# e5ists.
'iscourse Analysis ai#s at allowing us to view the Eproble#E fro# a higher standpoint
and to gain a co#prehensive view of the Eproble#E and people in relation to that Eproble#E. The
purpose of 'iscourse Analysis is not to provide definite answers" but to e5pand personal horizons
and enables the realization of shortco#ings and unac1nowledged agendasA#otivations. 3n short"
critical analysis reveals what is going beyond 1nowledge which deter#ines people9s
actions.'iscourse or %ritical Analysis always re#ains a #atter of interpretation. As there is no
hard data provided through discourse analysis" the reliability and the validity of oneIs
researchAfindings depends on the force and logic of oneIs argu#ents. Even the best constructed
argu#ents are sub-ect to their own deconstructive reading and counter&interpretations. The
validity of critical analysis is" therefore" dependent on the 4uality of the rhetoric. 'espite this fact"
well&founded argu#ents re#ain authoritative over ti#e and have concrete applications.
'iscourse Analysis and critical thin1ing is applicable to every situation and every sub-ect.
The new perspective provided by discourse analysis allows personal growth and a high level of
creative fulfill#ent. Bo technology or funds are necessary and authoritative discourse analysis
can lead to funda#ental changes in the practices of an institution" the profession" and society as
a whole. >owever" 'iscourse Analysis does not provide definite answersH it is not a EhardE
science" but an insightA1nowledge based on continuous debate and argu#entation.
4
Related Studies
A description of Philippine English was conducted by *autista $19//). >er study"
+3nvestigating the gra##atical features of Philippine English, ai#ed to validate features already
identified with concordance to the progra# on the one #illion word Philippine corpus" the
Philippine co#ponent of the 3nternational corpus of English" $3%E&P>3). The essential research
issue here was to identify which gra##atical features occur in 3%E&P>3 and to investigate their
fre4uency and occurrence. The proble# she focused on was about the fre4uency of a collection
of disparate gra##atical ele#ents were investigated. These ele#ents were chosen because they
had caught the attention of researchers and observers of Philippine English. The participants of
the research were 3%E fro# countries such as Singapore" Jreat *ritain" >ong1ong and
Philippines. The instru#ent used was Forld S#ith tools concordancing progra#. The 3%E 2 P>3
corpus gra##atical ele#ents were carefully analyzed and were co#pared to other corpora.
There were observations that proved the distinction of Philippine English a#ong other Englishes.
Fe ta1e for e5a#ple the observation that it appeared criteria in distinguishing Philippine English
fro# other new Englishes is a feature that appeared rather pro#inently in Philippine English but
not in Singapore or >ong1ong EnglishK the use of wherein as an all purpose connector e4uivalent
not $in other varieties of English) where" when" in which" by which and through which in all genres
especially in casual conversations.
%orroborating *autista9s findings is the wor1 of Gingsley *olton and Susan *utler $600)
and their study +8e5icography and the 'escription of Philippine English Locabulary, which ai#ed
to tac1le a range of issues relevant to the study of the English vocabulary. *ecause it is such a
broad topic" the researchers utilized a historical study to investigate the state of Philippine
le5icography. They also did a survey on the various approaches to the description of the
vocabulary" and then #oved to a discussion of the develop#ent of the Philippine English le5icon.
The study concluded that cultural contact with colonizers allowed .ilipino words to be borrowed
into English. The end result today is a vibrant word stoc1 that directly reflects the hybridity of life
5
in Philippine society. The researchers say that" although this is the case" Febster is still regarded
as the authority on English in the Philippines.
.urther substantiating the studies on the Philippine English is the wor1 of Tupas $6001)"
which is titled" +Forld Englishes or worlds of EnglishD Pitfalls of a Postcolonial 'iscourse in
Philippine English, and ai#ed to provide an interrogation of Forld English as a post colonial
discourse and e5plain the ideological foundations of a particular paradig# 2 Forld English. Tupas
situated the paradig# within theoretical and political conte5t and concretized his argu#ent
through a discussion of the political dyna#ics of Philippine English. *ecause post colonialis# has
gained little attention in #ain strea# linguistics" his study yields a re&opening of spaces for
discussion for the issues ignored by the field. This was through the use of Philippine English as
an e5a#ple.
Conceptual Framewor
The study involved the analysis of an episode of Sunday afternoon tal1 show +The *uzz,
as its pri#ary source of infor#ation" wherein there is a prevalence of code switching during the
course of the show9s seg#ents. The researchers transcribed the dialogues in the progra# for
6
discourse analysis. The analysis co#posed of identifying the occurrence of code switching in the
phrasal and clausal levels. They also observed how often code switching occurred in the
seg#ents. The researchers discussed the relationships of the participants" $host&guest) along
with their socio&econo#ic bac1grounds to answer why they use such language. The output would
then be an analysis of the occurrence of code switching in #edia 2 specifically in Philippine
television 2 today. The flow of the study is illustrated in the paradig# below.
Conceptual Paradi!m
Statement of the Problem
Television is a persuasive #ediu# which affects its audiences in various aspects. 3ts
influence to its viewers a#ong all other #edia is unparalleled due to its accessibility and
popularity. This reality has enabled personalities fro# television to be idolized and even i#itated
by its spectators thereby branding the# as #odern role #odels for children" teens and even
7
adults. Fith this 1nowledge in #ind" the researchers9 pri#ary concern is to identify the
occurrences of code switching in Philippine Television.
This study ai#ed to answer the following proble#sK
1. >ow does code switching occur in the causal and phrasal levelD
6. >ow does the discourse relationship a#ong participants affect code switchingD
Si!nificance of the Stud"
;esults of this study will benefit #edia personalities" students" language enthusiasts C future
researchers.
To 7edia Personalities
The study will serve as a #eans for the #edia to ta1e a loo1 on what is the present situation of
Television today" as they serve as role #odels for viewers as far as their use of language is
concerned.
To Students
Students #ay learn #ore about how code switching actually affects a person9s language
develop#ent and how watching shows fro# TL #ay have an effect on their language capabilities.
8anguage and 8inguistics Enthusiasts
E5perts in the field of language can use this study as a reference for studying code switching"
especially in popular for#s li1e television today.
To future researchers
This study can be used as a #aterial for related studies or for any si#ilar studies such as this for
future reference.
Scope and #elimitation
8
The study involved A*S&%*B9s Sunday afternoon showbiz tal1 show +The *uzz, and its
Manuary <1" 6010 episode. The study focused on the occurrence of code switching in the said
show 2 specifically on the phrasal and clausal levels and the code switching pheno#ena
occurred within those levels. The study also focused on the hosts and guests present in the
episode" along with their relationships with one another and their socio&econo#ic bac1grounds to
help deter#ine why they use such language on&air.
CHAPTER II
$ethodolo!"
Research #esi!n
9
This study was conducted with the use of descriptive #ethod under which is the use of
discourse analysis for the transcriptions. 7ainly" the study used such analysis in identifying the
occurrence of code switching in the tal1 show +The *uzz,.
As 4uoted in the study of Arao" et al" the descriptive #ethod is used to discover facts on
which professional -udg#ent could be based. 3t involves the description" recording" analysis and
interpretation of what it is $Travers. 19/().
Instrument%s
The instru#ent used in the study was an episode of A*S&%*B9s Sunday afternoon tal1
show +The *uzz," which delves into local showbiz controversies and celebrity news. The show
was transcribed by the researchers and later analyzed to identify the occurrence of code
switching.
Procedure
The researchers first recorded an episode of the *uzz $Manuary <1" 6010 episode) via
video ca#era. Be5t" they transcribed the show per seg#ent word&for&word and divided the
sentences according to their noun phraseAverb phrase structure. Afterwards" they created a
#aster list where they placed indicators of the parts of speech in the words" phrases or clauses
where code switching occurred. .inally" they analyzed how and why these code switching
occurred. The researchers also did a bac1ground chec1 of the participants of the show $guests
and host) which will enable a deeper understanding of why they use such language.
CHAPTER III
Results and #iscussion
This chapter is divided into two parts. Part :ne presents the transcription and the
interpretation of the code switched ele#ents in the study. $Bote that +S, refers seg#ent and +8,
10
refers to 8ine. The nu#bers that succeed the# deter#ine seg#ent nu#ber and line nu#ber fro#
the corpus respectively. The underlined words indicate a code switched ele#ent. The bac1slash
represents the sentence9s division between the noun phrase and verb phrase). Part Two will
tac1le a discussion on the relationships of the participants $guests and hosts)" and their
bac1grounds.
PART &'E
I( En!lish )erbs combined with Filipino Affi*es
%onsider the case of verbs in English with .ilipino affi5es.
An Affi5 is a 7orphe#e added to a word to change its function or #eaning. There are three
basic ways to do thisK
Prefi5 $Unlapi) & by adding a #orphe#e to the beginning of a wordK
Suffi5 $>ulapi) & by adding &ly to the end of #any ad-ectives" the adverb can
be for#edK cheerful& cheerfully
3nfi5 $Jitlapi) & so#e languages add #orphe#es to the #iddle of the word"
but this syste# is rarely used in English" e5cept in e5pressions such as I.an&
bloody&tasticI" 1nown as +t#esis,
S18<6 & 'i 1o 1ase ala# na #agguest 1a#iN
S189< 2 A1o pa ang nag&loc1D
S189= 2 Biloc1 niya yung door tapos nagtago sa closetD
S18106 & Bagttwin1le&twin1le ang #ga #ataA niya. 2 verb
S181=( & siye#pre ngayon parang narrealize 1o dapat yata #as #agen-oy #una yung #ga ana1
na#en" #ada#e pa sila dapat #ae5perience.
S181!0 & Tapos" #ada#eng gawin bago sila #agdecide to be with so#eone special.
S181!9 2 Bo" di 1a#e nagaaway. 'i 1a#e nagdedate.
S181/9 & 7artin" sa #ga lala1eng nalin1 1ay pops"N
11
S181(0 & So" lahat ng #ga nalin1 sa 1anya.
S18600 & 7edyo nashoc1 a1o dun.
S18606 & :o anong song idededicate #o 1ay popsD
S68( & Nhindi #o 1a1ayaning #agsurvive ng isang araw na hindiN
S6816 2 3nangiogra# siya" hindi siya inangioplasty.
%hinec1 1ung #ay #ga bara&bara yung puso niya
Pina&e5ecutive chec1&up 1o siya at lahatN
S!819 & *ut you9reA gonna regain your sight na#anD :h good. :1" sorry ha" ang advantage niya
1aseA ang ganda ng 1atawan niya" 1aya feeling 1o nagpa1a&nice sayo" niluwagan nalang yung
suot.
S/86/K Bandun tayoA sa PA8 %ounter" nagchec1&in a1o.
Gasi ang SBB Ayung #ga interviews na inaair 6 wee1s ago pa yun.
Parang nabobother 1a na dahil #atagal #o ng gustong sabihin sa a1in na nag1a1alabuan na and
then sinabihan 1ita +eh ba1it di #o chinange yung contact profile picture #oD,
S/81/K Oou 1now tito dati 1asi ta1ot a1o #ag&e5peri#ent and&
S/86(K Ah#" yung nag1alabuan it9s been #onths $adv)" hindi na#an siyaA yung basta&basta na
lang na nagbrea1 $v) 1a#i.
S/8=<K Oung parang sa e5periences $n) nila dun #oAnafeel $v) ba na parang +na1uN
S/8=9 & Fhy were you A4uiet #unaD Gasi diba" nasanay na#an tayoA na unang #agtatac1le $v)
ng eh yung babae.D
S/8/ & 7ay #ga nag,le&8et9s hang, nabaD
S/896 K Fhoo. Bag&hello na nga at nag&goodbye sa9yo 1anina dibaD U#pisa na yan.. Uyyyy..
S(8/ & Bung pagbaba po na#in sa eroplano ay pinacontact $v) 1o na ang ospital" dala&dala 1o na
ang tse1e" na1apangalan na rin po sa ospital 1ung 1anino 1o #anA i&issue $v).
S(89 & N*a1it lahat ana1" pina&under $v) #o ang pa#ilya #ong tunay 1ay :betD
S(811 2 Si :bet po nung ti#e na yun" siya yungA nagdadrive ng libre pag su#asali po si
%harisse sa #ga singing contests.
S(866 & So walang 1u#ocontrol o nag#a#anipulate sa iyo o sa inyong pa#ilya as far as #oney
is concernedD
S(869 & Sana #aayos na po ang lahat" uhh" #arealize niyo po na lahat ng ginagawa na#ing ay
para sa inyo" #arealize niyo po sana na 1ung nasasa1tan 1ayo ay #as nasasa1tan po 1a#i. 7ay
panahon po iyon 1ung handa na talaga silangA #agpatawad.
12
A#ong all other cases of code switching in the corpus $transcription)" the presence of
verbs with .ilipino affi5es in the phrasal level are the #ost co##on" especially those with .ilipino
prefi5es or unlapi with the verb. The co##on practice is to add a prefi5 to identify tense and add
the verb li1e in S6816. >owever" to create verbs for the future tense" a repetition of the first
syllable in the verb is practiced" and then" the attach#ent of the affi5" li1e in the words
+Bagttwin1le&twin1le," +#agtatac1le, and +nag#a#anipulate.,
3t #ay be possible that the above e5a#ples indicate that the spea1ers thin1 that using
such practice is easier than using the .ilipino counterparts of such words. Apparently" spea1ers
would prefer using shorter" English words co#pared to .ilipino ones li1e +i1andado instead of
+nag&loc1, or +#agiging panahuin, for +#ageguest,.
The verb is used e5tensively in code switching practice because in both languages" it
stands as a focal point in the sentence. 7ore often than not" the sentence revolves around the
verb" thereby #a1ing it a popular location for the code switching pheno#ena.
II( +se of ,uestion Ta!s
Another very noticeable characteristic of code switching is the use of 4uestion tags. A
4uestion tag is a structure in which a declarative or i#perative state#ent is turned into a 4uestion
by adding an interrogative frag#ent. They #ay also ta1e the for# of words. 7ore often than not"
4uestion tags are used to gain the favor of the person being tal1ed to. See the following e5a#ples
fro# the corpusK
S189/ 2 So" #ay nangyareD
S!869 & Nthe last ti#e she was here dibaD
S/89K Pero young dibaD
S!81/ & Si 7ateo 1asi diba are you blindD
S/8661 & wala na talagang pagasa in the futureD
S981 & BaninibagoA 1a baD 7abilisan la#ang" did youA e5pect to be a part of the *ig =D $4uestion
tag)
13
A co##on feature these e5tracts share is the use of +dibaD, which is a contraction of
+hindi baD, or" when translated" #eans +rightD, in English $e.g. S!869 and S/89). %oincidentally"
these lines were also spo1en by one spea1er $A4uino). This could possibly be a condition where
+diba, is not purely used as a 4uestion tag" but also a habitual e5pression by the spea1er. The
re#aining 4uestion tags $S!81/" S189/ and S/8661) ta1e the for# of phrases as 4uestion tags.
Apparently" when a 4uestion is raised" code switching would #ost li1ely occur.
7ost li1ely" .ilipino 4uestion tags are used by code switching spea1ers because they
probably don9t 1now the English counterpart of the tag or that the practice si#ply beca#e
so#ething of a habit. 3t could also be suggested that the popularity of using such tags to add
flavor to the conversation is li1ely.
III( Code switchin! in the noun phrase
Another co##on occurrence of code switching happens in the noun phrase of a
sentence. A noun phrase is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun" optionally acco#panied
by a set of #odifiers. *elow is a list of e5a#ples.
S18(= & Totoo ba na #ost #e#orable valentines #o#ent nioN
S189! & Bo" we -ust" we -ust" yung clothes na gina#it na#en sa concert"A we -ust" we -ust uh"
e5changed clothes.
S18160 & Usap&usapan ang 1issing scene nio sa #usic video na ipapalabas sa concert.
S811 & naghahanap ng #a1a1asa#a sa 1anyang trip to %anada.
S81! & hindi 1o po 1ayang #unang i&give up A ang career 1o
S/8<!K Ala# #o tito sana respetuhin na lang na sye#pre it is not so#ething naA pwede 1ung
pangalanda1an at sabihin na 39# very proud of.
S/86K Siguro the full co##it#ent"N
S/8/9K Shaina" 8et9sAtal1 about learning" itong #ga pinagdaanan #o sa #ga na1araang buwan"
what&&&
%ode switching in the noun phrase" although fre4uent" is not as fre4uent an occurrence
co#pared to the verb phrase level. >owever" code switching can also occur inside the noun
14
phrase $see S18160) which was also a focus in the study of *autista $19//)" The Boun Phrase in
Tagalog 2 English %ode Switching.
I)( E*pressions and Ad-uncts
An ad-unct is used to describe a word" phrase" or clause -oined to another word or
phrase" yet not syntactically re4uired by that word or phrase. 7ost of the ti#e" its use is confused
with adverbs" which play a #a-or role in sentences as #odifiers. Ad-uncts" however" are
unessential to co#plete the thought of the sentence. E5pressions" on the other hand" are popular
or fa#ous phrases" 1nown and used by #ost spea1ers. These ter#s #ay often be described as
clichPs" but offer a brief and direct way to address a #essage" rather than loo1ing for alternative
frag#ents to use.
S181 & first ti#e ever
S681/0 & Pero yun lang" 3 Athin1" 1asi nga" ta#ang ta#a" bagong taon"
S<8! & That9s right" uh" sana9y #aging #aligayaA sila" two beautiful people" 3 1now noh. $e5p)
S!819 & *ut you9reA gonna regain your sight na#anD :h good. :1" sorry haD N yung #ay
swi##ing&swi##ing effect" parang #ay pandesal&pandesal effect. :1" bonggaciousQ
S/8!/ & Oun nga ho tito" itAta1es two to tango.
S/8(= & 7ore than anything gusto 1oA#unang #agpasala#at dun sa #ga taong hindi a1o iniwan.
S686 & nung ginagawa na#en yung ending na yon" happy&sad
S<81 & N#y god" te1a #una" di pala a1o naririnig eh" salita a1o ng salita" wala a1ong #ic.
S<81< & :1ay" Jlobe"A than1 you very #uch this phone" na1u $e5p)" binigyan a1o ng :ny5 na
phone ng Jlobe
S81 & +:h" 39# Agoing to %anada alone, ded#aN
S!811 2 'u#aan 1a sa #edyo" there was a ti#e naisantabi 1aN
S/8<K :1. 8et9s Atal1 first" diba ang swerte #o sa 8obo 1asi si Papa P. at Angel ang na1atrabaho
#oD Tapos na&1iss #o pa si Papa P." youA9re so blessed.
S/8=<K Oung parang sa e5periences nila dun #oA nafeel ba na parang +na1u at 60" lifeA is really
-ust beginning.
S/8=K +Sana" 39#A starting #y 6010 right,
15
S/8=( & A1o" 3 Awanted to say otherwise na ang sinasabi 1o lang" pag bata" now in hindsight" but
of course Grissy" what you9re trying to say" uh" when you9re in a relationship you don9t say&&&
S/8(= 2 well" #ara#ing sala#at na lang din ho because you9re only #a1ing #e stronger and
you9re #a1ing #e even #ore well loved" #a1ing #e feel even #ore well loved.
S(866 & So walang 1u#ocontrol o nag#a#anipulateA sa iyo o sa inyong pa#ilya as far as #oney
is concernedD
3t is obvious with the above e5tracts that the use of English e5pressions contributes #uch
to the occurrence of code switching $e.g. 3 thin1" well" #y god). Although there are also situations
li1e +naku and dedma (dead malice, in "n#lish, but more $ilipino in nature! which utilize well
1nown .ilipino e5pressions for code switches. Ad-uncts also contribute to the code switching
pheno#ena" especially with words li1e +nohD, $which is also +rightD, in English).
A special case is the use of the word +effect, after repeating a word" to describe so#eone
or so#ething $see 819). 3n here" the ter# +swi##ing&swi##ing effect, beco#es an ad-ective"
acting as a noun" despite the use of +swi##ing, which is a verb. This occurred twice in the sa#e
e5tract with +pandesal&pandesal effect,. Pandesal $salted bread) is a Spanish ter# and a noun"
repeated and said with effect to act as an ad-ective in the sentence. The fa#ous practice of
.ilipinos in coining new ter#s and ta1ing English words and integrating the# in to the .ilipino
le5icon $#ost li1ely slang)" could be derived here. Another is the practice of adding the suffi5 +2
cious, to .ilipino words and ter#s to #a1e the# #ore sophisticated&sounding $S!819 2
+bonggacious,). 8astly" the use of English clichPs and popular e5pressions also contribute to the
act of code switching $S/8!/ 2 it ta1es two to tango and S/8=( 2 now in hindsight).
)( Con-unction
:ften" the con-unction serves as a transitory tool for code switching as seen in the
following e5tracts. A con-unction acts as a lin1 for two words" phrases or clauses to create
co#pound sentences or ideas. %on-unctions #ay be categorized in the followingK
16
%oordinating con-unctions" also called coordinators" are con-unctions that -oin two or
#ore ite#s of e4ual syntactic i#portance.
%orrelative con-unctions are pairs of con-unctions that wor1 together to coordinate two
ite#s. English e5a#ples include both%and" &n'either%&n'or" and not &onl'%but &also'"
either... or" whether... or.
Subordinating con-unctions" also called subordinators" are con-unctions that introduce a
dependent clause.
:ut of all the different types of con-unctions" subordinators and coordinators stand out the
#ost in the corpus" acting as transitions for code switching.
S181!. They Acan call tic1et world (91&9999 for their tic1ets" and para po dun sa na1abili po ng
L3P tic1etsR
S<810 & 3" uh" G% %oncepcion po #ga 1aibigan" uh" 3 got a te5t fro# G%" very careful" dahil
#erong nag1u1unwari po na G% sa faceboo1 2 and you 1now what9s scary 2
S=86 & :ne of the #ost in de#and young actors sa TL at indie fil# at Star circle national teen
4uest finalist na si Mason Abalos.
S!81< & 'o youA feel that you9reA gonna bring #ore to the role 1ase nga sa life e5periences" #as
#ara#i 1ang pinaghirapan.
S81K " 3A don9t care na#an 1ahit alone a1o eh.
S/89K Pero young dibaD And $con-) yung ano .rederico9s wifeAwas also youngD
S/8=!K + Oou Adon9t go into a relationship 1asi + Ba1u ano lang to" for now" lang" so 3 can i#agine
na with her type of personality" she Ahad loo1ed at it as a long ter# relationship.
S/8(=K 7ara#ing sala#at na lang din ho because you9re only #a1ing #e stronger and you9re
#a1ing #e even #ore well loved" #a1ing #e feel even #ore well loved.
S/890K Uh#" siguro hindi natin ito #aayos ngayon" but youA1now definitely in the future sana
#aayos ito. So" peace of #ind and happiness.
:bserving the occurrences of code switching in the lines specified above" it is obvious
that when one inserts a con-unction on his sentence the shifting between two languages
happens. This thought co#es regardless what 1ind of clause would succeed the con-unction
used.
17
)I( Emphasis
E#phasis or repetition of thought is the idea behind the occurrences of code switching
on the sited sa#ples below. 3t is evident that the code switched line also carries the sa#e
#eaning of the previously declared state#ent. Aside fro# e#phasis" it #ight also e#body the
purpose of #a1ing the state#ent or #eaning clearer.
S/811K Bo" 3Athin1 the point also sa sinasabi ni Grissy"#ula" ah" you9ve been blessed with uh"
diversed roles" iba9t&ibang 1laseng roles Aang nabibigay sa9yo. Bgayon si Angel" si AngelicaA is
going se5y sa ;ubi dibaD
S!8/ & *isayang tisoy ang cuteQ Ba1a1aaliw" ang cuteQ
)II( Relative Pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that #ar1s a relative clause within a larger sentence. 3t is
called a relative pronoun because it relates to the word that it #odifies and is not specific. Ergo"
relative pronouns beca#e 1ey in identifying code switching in the clausal level.
S181( & So" youA agree" na sana di sila #ag#ana sayo pagdating saN & dependent clause
S/8=<K Oung parang sa e5periences nila dun #o nafeel ba na parang +na1u at 60" lifeA is really
-ust beginning $dep clause) at 1ung #agpapa1ahon a1o dito at this point $prep phrase) what will
happen when i# 6= or <0D OunA ba ang pu#aso1 sa uta1 #oD
S/8!< & Sana hindi #awala. U#. 39# actually very than1ful na sobrang 39#A very surrounded with
good people and sana yung #ga taong na1apaligid" hindi yun tatanggalin sa 1anya" yung respeto
$ind clause).
Botice that the e5tracts above have the appearance of the relative pronoun +na,. This
identifies the difficulty for a spea1er to co#plete his sentence using English. The pronoun also
introduces a new clause or new thought in the sentence" as a relative pronoun would nor#ally do.
Apparently" +na, is used instead of its English counterpart +that, in order to finish the thought in
.ilipino. This shows the spea1er9s inability to co#plete his or her idea in English.
)III( )erbs
The following e5tracts #a1e use of verbs $whether in English or Tagalog) as transition
tools for code switching. Lerbs are words which convey action or a state of being. n #ost
18
languages" verbs are #odified to encode tense" aspect" #ood and voice. A verb #ay also agree
with the person" gender" andAor nu#ber of so#e of its argu#ents" such as its sub-ect" or ob-ect.
S<81 & Ntalagang o1ay $ad-) na siya ngayon" getting better na.
S<8 & 3 -ust wanna say" Tito Alfi" 1ung 1ayo9y Ananonood po"
S<8! & That9s right" uh" sana9y #aging #aligayaA sila" two beautiful people" 3 1now noh.
S8 & Gaya na#an tayo"A -oin na sa saya at 1ilig ng #o#ent dito saN
S8= & A*S&%*B e5ecutives"A hinarap $v) ang #ga tanong ng #ga students and practitioners sa
Pinoy 7edia %ongress.
S819 & 3naanyayahan po na#ing 1ayo ni SarahA to visit www.1atropa.co#.ph pwedeng
#a1atulong po sainyo.
S!86! & >indi na#an" not big na#an po. 8ean" lean. and uh" sana ripped" uh" hopefully that9s #y
goal.
S!8= & 8alo na 1asi it starts off sa Sinulog in %ebu so talagang lahat ng ating #ga 1apa#ilyang
%ebuano na napa1ara#i. 3nvite the#.

:bserve that the e5tracts above are not nu#erous co#pared to code switching via verbs
with .ilipino affi5es. 3t could be then derived that spea1ers who practice code switching prefer the
alteration of verbs rather than the direct use of the# in conversations. Lerbs also signify the part
of the sentence where the verb phrase is #ost li1ely located. Therefore" when the verb is code
switched" there is a high probability that the verb phrase would also follow suit.
I.( 'ouns
Bouns are basically na#es for persons" places" things" events a#ong others which can
occur as the #ain word in the sub-ect of a clause" the ob-ect of a verb" or the ob-ect of a
preposition.
S189= 2 Biloc1 niyaA yung door tapos nagtago sa closetD
S1861! & Oes" a1o na#an"A it9s a regretful desire. *ecause yung desire S1ailangan #ay" ano" 1ung
#ay desire 1a tapos yung 1abila" yung partner #o walang desire" it9s very regretful $adv phrase)"
regretful $ad-) ang results 1ase" parang its" you9re hitting a bric1 wall or a dead end street.
19
S681 & &ang 1anilang unang baby sa telebisyon.
S6811 & Nsinugod sa ospitalA ang #anager ni Muday na si tito Alfi 8orenzo.
S8 & Gaya na#an tayo"A -oin na sa saya at 1ilig ng #o#ent dito saN
S8! & 8ast Manuary 1!" dinaloA ang congress sa PUP 7anilaQ
S816 & Sa twitter account 1asi ni Gristine" ayaw daw #aging alone sa valentines 1aya
naghahanap siya ng 1asa#a in %anada habang #ay show siya doonD
S81! & hindi 1o po 1ayang #unang i&give up Acareer 1o
Gung ala# #o yung li#itasyon #o at hindi #o isasa1ripisyo yung #ga pinagdaanan #ong things
noon $np)
S!811 2 So sandali" parang ibang iba yungA career pathing ninyong dalawa.
S!819 & *ut you9reA gonna regain your sight na#anD :h good. :1" sorry ha" ang advantage niya
1aseA ang ganda ng 1atawan niya" 1aya feeling 1o nagpa1a&nice sayo" niluwagan nalang yung
suot.
S!8< & 1asi sobrang pressure because yung papalitan nioN
S/81/K Oou 1now titoN
S/86=K 8et9sA tal1 first about nag1asabay tayo sa airportN
S/86/K Gasi ang Snn Ayung #ga interviews na inaair 6 wee1s ago pa yun.
Parang nabobotherA 1a na dahil #atagal #o ng gustong sabihin sa a1in na nag1a1alabuan na
and then sinabihan 1ita +eh ba1it di #o chinange yung Acontact profile picture #oD,
S/8<6K Uh# siguro #ga ilang #onths $n) nadin" #ga #ore than < #onths $adv phrase).
S/8=<K Oung parang sa e5periences $n) nila dun #oAnafeel $v) ba na parang +na1uN
S/8=K 3 Adon9t want to have any regrets and #ala1ing $ad-) factor din na #ara#ing $ad-)
opportunities $n) na du#arating sa a1in ngayon
S/8=9 & Fhy were you A4uiet #unaD $4uestion tag) Gasi diba" nasanay na#an tayoA na unang
#agtatac1le ng issue eh yung babae.D
S/8(9 & 'ahil ba #ag1asabay 1ayo Ang birthdayD
S(811 & si :bet po nung ti#e na yun" siya yungA nagdadrive ng libre pag su#asali po si %harisse
sa #ga singing contests.
S686 & nung ginagawa na#en yung ending na yon" happy&sad.
S<81< & :1ay" Jlobe"A than1 you very #uch this phone" na1u" binigyan a1o ng :ny5 na phone ng
Jlobe" than1 you very #uch 8ea 'eJuz#an.
20
S/8(=K Talagang dun #o pala #a1i1ita 1ung sinoAyung #ga taong totoo sa iyo. Gung sino yung
#ga totoo #ong 1aibigan at napa1ala1ing factor don ang pa#ilya #o&&&
S/890K &&&sana #aging" #aging #asayaA 1a sa birthday #o" sa lahat ng desisyon #o. >uwag
#ong 1a1ali#utanA siguro na #ara#ing tao ang nag#a#ahal sa iyo.
All over the corpus are the uses of English nouns" #ost li1ely because there are no
direct translations for the# in .ilipino $e.g factor" contact profile picture C #anager). So#e are
co##only used English words 2 #ore co##only used than their .ilipino counterparts $birthday
instead of kaarawan, ending instead of katapusan etc.! .ilipinos refusal in using .ilipino
counterparts #ay be an indication of choosing the #ore popular ter# fro# a plethora of choices
fro# the le5icon. 3t #ay also be an i#plication of people9s tendency to brand straight .ilipino
spea1ers as +#a1ata, $old&fashioned C poetic) or +baduy, $one who does not confor# to the latest
trends in society" usually in ter#s of fashion).
.( Ad-ectives
An ad-ective is a word whose #ain role is to #odify a noun or pronoun" giving #ore
infor#ation about the noun or pronouns involved.
S181=! & A1o di a1oA ready.
S681 & Jeorge and %ecil" #agwawa1as naA ang na1a1ainlove na 1wento.
S681 & Ntalagang o1ay na siya ngayon" getting better na.
S8/ & Ang nandoon" A1000 plus students at #edia practictioners fro# all over
the PhilippinesN
S89 & At all&star cast talagaQ Sina A*S %*B President 7s. %haro Santos $na#es etc.)" plus the
business unit headQ
S!8< & 1asi sobrang pressure because yung papalitan nioA 1 year top rating talaga" #inahal ng
buong #undoA si Santino. Balapit tayo 1ay Mesus %hrist in the person of *ro.
S/89K Pero young dibaD
S/8=K 3 Adon9t want to have any regrets and #ala1ing factor din na #ara#ing opportunities na
du#arating sa a1in ngayon
S/8!0 & Uh#" 1ung gaano po a1o 1a&private $ad-) na tao" u#" sabi 1o pa sa 1anila" li1e 1ina tita"
na wala 1ayong definitely 2 #ay pag1u1ulang 1a#i sa isa9t&isa" pero trust #e" hindi po a1oA
21
#agsasalita ng 1ahit ano against your son. Gasi #ay pinagsa#ahan po 1a#i at #inahal 1o rin
na#an po yung ana1 niyo.
7ore than anything" gusto 1oA#unang #agpasala#at dun sa #ga taong hindi a1o iniwan.
S8( & Ang pina1a&e5citing na pagharap ng A#ga topics by A*S&%*BN sa #ga tanong ng #ga
studentsN
S81 & Totoo na#an talaga eh" A1ase wala a1ong 1asa#aA" pero wala lang" gusto 1o lang
#ala#an nila na" para updated sila na "N
S/8=! & Sandali ha" 1o1ontrahin lang 1ita ha" lahat na#an tayo pag nag#a#ahal diba whether
you are 16"1"1/"1( or 6A feeling niyo yung pag#a#ahal na iyon is foreverN
S/8!< & Sana hindi #awala. U#. 39# actually very than1ful na sobrang 39#A very surrounded with
good people andN
3t is apparent that code switching also occurs in the ad-ective present in the sentence or a
clause. This idea is visible in S/8= /3 Adon9t want to have any regrets and #ala1ing $ad-) factor
din na #ara#ing $ad-) opportunities na du#arating sa a1in ngayon, where the spea1er code
switched twice in a particular sentence.
Ad-ectives are also used also as translations for unpopular .ilipino ad-ectives $li1e the
cases in nouns). E5a#ples of this would be 8<0 2 +1 year top rating, and 81 2 +updated,.
Another feature is also the use of .ilipino affi5es with ad-ectives" si#ilar with verbs. E5a#ples are
8!0 2 +1a&private, and S681 2 +na1a1ainlove,.
.I( Adverbs
An adverb is a part of speech which can #odify verbs" ad-ectives $including nu#bers)"
clauses" sentences and other adverbs. Adverbs typically answer 4uestions such as +howD," +in
what wayD," +whenD," +whereD," and +to what e5tentD,.
S189/ 2 So" $adv)" #ay nangyareD
S/86(K Ah#" yung nag1alabuan it9s been #onths" hindi na#an siyaA yung basta&basta na lang na
nagbrea1 1a#i.
22
S1861! & Nyung partner #o walang desire" it9s very regretfulN
S/8!0 & Uh#" 1ung gaano po a1o 1a&private na tao" u#" sabi 1o pa sa 1anila" li1e 1ina tita" na
wala 1ayong definitely2 #ay pag1u1ulang 1a#i sa isa9t&isa"N
S18191 2 So #eronA" 1onteng chis#is lang
S!811 2 So" sandali" parang ibang iba yungA career pathing $n 2 gerund) ninyong dalawa.
S!8<< 2 So" sa %hicago" wala 1ang natipuhanD
S/86K 3A li1e what you said. And itA ta1es a while bago natin na1ilala ang ating sarili.
S/8=! & Ba1u ano lang to" for now" langN.
S/890K Uh#. 7ara#i eh" 1asi honestly di 1oA pa nasasabi lahat ng gusto 1ong sabihin sa 1anya.
3n the e5tracts above" notice S189/" S18191" S!811 and S!8<<" upon the presence of
+so, as an adverb for code switching. This also indicates that +so, acts as an e5pression to
introduce a new topic. 7eanwhile" the other e5tracts beco#e indicators of code switching" #uch
li1e ad-ectives in the previous discussion" especially with adverbs of ti#e $8=!" 86 and 86().
.II( Prepositional phrase
A preposition lin1s nouns" pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. A
prepositional phrase" on the other hand" is a phrase #ade up of a preposition and followed by a
noun or a pronoun.
S18661 & wala na talagang pagasa Ain the futureD
S!8<. Balapit tayo 1ay Mesus %hrist in the person of *ro.
S/8!0 & Ntrust #e" hindi po a1oA #agsasalita ng 1ahit ano against your son $prep phrase). Gasi
#ay pinagsa#ahan po 1a#i at #inahal 1o rin na#an po yung ana1 niyo.
S/8(=K U#" ala# 1o na#an hoA iyon fro# the very beginning" eto yung pinaso1 1ong trabaho u#.
S/811K Bo" 3Athin1 the point also sa sinasabi ni Grissy" #ula" ah" you9ve been blessed with uh"
diverse rolesN
S/8=<K at 1ung #agpapa1ahon a1o dito at this point" what will happen when i# 6= or <0D OunA ba
ang pu#aso1 sa uta1 #oD
See that code switching also occurs in the part of a sentence where a preposition is
introduced. A preposition lin1s nouns" pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. This
observation gives us the idea that spea1ers tend to code switch every ti#e they would try to show
23
the relationship a#ong other words in the sentence. They tend to be #ore co#fortable doing the
act in relating thoughts or words in the sentence.
PART T0&
3. The *uzz Tough Ten Tuestions
ParticipantsK
;uffa Jutierrez & >ost
;uffa Jutierrez is a .ilipino actress" for#er beauty 4ueen" and #odel who won the title of
Binibinin# Pilipinas (orld in 199< and was the Second Princess in 7iss Forld 199<. She was
born as Shar#aine ;uffa ;a#a Jutierrez on Mune 6" 19/" in 7anila" Philippines" to Eddie
Jutierrez" a very popular #estizo actor in the 19!0s" and for#er actress" Annabelle ;a#a. She is
the oldest a#ong three children" others being identical twin brothers" ;ay#ond and ;ichard" who
are both actors as well. Upon achieving success in the world of beauty pageants" she started off
in her career as an actress. She has starred in over =0 different fil#s in the Philippines and has
done countless appearances on television.
7artin Bievera 2 Juest
7artin Bievera" dubbed the +%oncert Ging, of the Philippines" clai#s UU recorded
collections to his credit. 3n addition" he has fil#s in his list of acco#plish#ents" as well as
television shows" and soundtrac1s that he has both sung and co#posed. >e has several platinu#
albu#s" as well as awards for his co#positions and perfor#ances.
7artin ;a#on Bievera was born in 7anila" Philippines" on .ebruary =" 19!6. >e is the
son of singer *ert Bievera" whose perfor#ing career pro#pted 7artin9s own 4uest for a #usical
career. Although 7artin grew up in >awaii" he returned to the Philippines to begin his singing
career in 19(6Rhe released his first albu# in Mune of that year.
Pops .ernandez 2 >ost
24
*orn 'ece#ber 16" 19!! 2 'aughter of popular /0Is action star Eddie .ernadez
$deceased) and singer 'ulce 8u1ban" Pops .ernandez -oined show business when she was 1!.
>er di#pled and heart shaped face captured the hearts of .ilipino audiences.
7aria %ielito 8u1ban .ernandez in real life" PopsI fledgling singing career started to soar
when she was partnered to an English spea1ing .ilipino balladeer 7artin Bievera.
Seg#ent 1 & Analysis
As one #ay have noticed" our participants in the first seg#ent have already #ade their
#ar1 in the Philippine showbiz industry and are considered very popular. So#e #ay even brand
the# as household na#es. The researchers can also safely assu#e that the afore#entioned are
well&off in ter#s of their socio&econo#ic bac1grounds. Another is the fact that they are bonded by
friendship and their dialogue shows that clearly. This bond #a1es clearly connotes that they need
not to gauge what 1ind of conversation style they would use for the situation. Jutierrez and
Bievera continuously use a #i5 of .ilipino and English for the duration of the seg#ent. Jutierrez
even said +Please answer in Tagalog ah" coz you9re both inglisero eh," which connotes the heavy
use of English by these participants" and" as seen with the corpus" the practice of code switching.
33. The *uzz >idden Truths
ParticipantsK
Mudy Ann Santos & 3nterviewee
3t would have been difficult to have i#agined that a tiny little girl with chubby chee1s" all of
! yrs" singing VSa#pung 7ga 'aliri" Ga#ay at Paa..9 in a popular toothpaste co##ercial would
beco#e of the #ost celebrated and recognized faces of the Philippine entertain#ent industry.
7oreover" at the young age of 6( years" she would be celebrating 6 decades of being in the
business of entertain#ent. Mudy Ann Santos is a V'iva9 with e5ceptional talents and i##ense
e5perience.
25
*orn on 11 7ay 19/(" Mudy Anne 8u#agui Santos or Mudy Ann Santos is one of the #ost
co##ercially successful actors belonging to the A*S&%*B ca#p. Muday" as she9s referred by the
entertain#ent industry" received her very first brea1 as one of the 1ids in the J7A tear-er1er
VGa#ing 7ga Ulila9" directed by Argel Moseph in 19(!. >owever" Muday #ade headlines with her
role in the 3*%&1<9s soap opera Ula" Ang *atang Jubat" at the age of 10.
Seg#ent 33 2 Analysis
This seg#ent features an interview with Mudy Ann Santos" and 4uestions fro# The *uzz
host *oy Abunda. Bote that they are not in a roo# together as the seg#ent is -ust done via video
inserts of Santos9 interview and Abunda9s scripted and voiced over 4uestions. .irst" the
researchers considered Santos9 status 4uo 2 so#eone who9s really adored by the .ilipino #asses
and not really considered by others as an +elite, in the showbiz industry $co#pared to the li1es of
Jutierrez" .ernandez and Bievera). Fith that in #ind" what the researchers noticed about
Santos9 language during the interview was her li#ited use of code switching" #ostly -ust using
verbs with .ilipino affi5es and rando# nouns here and there. This is probably because she was
si#ply being interviewed by so#e un1nown reporter andAor this is si#ply the way we 1now
+Muday, 2 the lady cla#ored by the #asses and her very +pinay, personality.
333. Jutierrez and Abunda at the Studio
ParticipantsK
;uffa Jutierrez and *oy Abunda 2 >osts
*oy Abunda" a #odern&day #edia icon and respected -ournalist" was born in *orongan"
Eastern Sa#ar. >is father death at an early age #eant that *oy had to drop out of school in order
to survive. So" he tried odd -obs to earn a living for hi#self and his fa#ily. Fhen *oy landed a -ob
in the 7etropolitan Theatre as an assistant stage #anager" he also got the opportunity to assist
%onching Sunico" the ad#inistrator of 7etropolitan Theatre. Sunico was 1ind enough to teach
hi# about public relations. And within two years" *oy had started his own P; co#pany called
26
*ac1roo#" 3nc. >e was also one of the core tea# #e#bers and strength behind Probe9s early
years.
3t was while Abunda was on a P; consulting assign#ents for J7A Betwor1" a networ1
e5ecutive in J7A" suggested that Abunda try television. Abunda seriously considered this
suggestion and soon" he beca#e one of the hosts of VStartal19" an entertain#ent tal1 show. 3n
1999" Abunda changed ca#ps and -oined the rival A*S&%*B. As of today" he hosts < showsK The
*uzz" Private %onversations and Gontrobersyal.
Seg#ent 333 2 Analysis
>ere" the hosts do a conversation style of presentation" revealing so#e showbiz news
along the way. Fhat we can notice their easy going" al#ost li1e story sharing #anner. Fe can
safely assu#e that these hosts probably spend a lot of ti#e with each other" thus" #a1ing the#
rela5ed. The short seg#ent did not yield #uch code switching to occur" but at this early point" one
can identify the 1ind of language Abunda uses. >is .ilipino is" in a sense" #uch #ore +dignified,
as he does not shy away fro# +deep, words fro# the language $using e5pressions li1e +#ga
1aibigan, and +si#ple lang ang la#an ng a1ing puso, ?considered very old fashioned@).
3L. *uzz E5press
Seg#ent 3L 2 Analysis
*uzz e5press is a seg#ent si#ilar to The >idden Truth" which uses voiced over
state#ents and 4uestions for recorded interviews fro# other celebrities. >owever" the voice&over
talents used here use gay language and 1onyo English as their #eans of co##unication. Upon
chec1ing the corpus" one will see occurrences li1e
8&16 Sa twitter account 1asi ni Gristine" ayaw daw #aging alone $ad-) sa valentines 1aya
naghahanap siya ng 1asa#a in %anada $prep phrase) habang #ay show $n) siya doonD
81< & >ow true ba ito A#areng GristineD
27
3n the first line" the ad-ective +#aging alone, could easily be changed with #ag&isa. 3n the
second line" +how true," is a 4uestion tag and an e5pression $which sounds 4uite effe#inate)
could be easily translated with +totoo,. The talents also say these code switched phrases and
words with an air of confidence" unli1e our previous participants who often code switch because
of various factors li1e difficulty or habit. 3t #ay lead to the conclusion that what we have here is
intentional code switching. This #ay tell us that television tries to introduce a language trend
which is considered as cool or +in, 2 #uch li1e 1onyo English.
L. Seg#ent L3 2 Gris A4uino9s 3nterview with Agua *endita9s 8eading 7en
ParticipantsK
Gris A4uino & >ost
Gris A4uino was born .ebruary 1" 19/1" the youngest of the five children of %orazon
and *enigno A4uino" Mr. She earned #ost of her education in the United States during the
fa#ily9s e5ile fro# the Philippines" but returned after her father was assassinated in 19(<. After
the Philippine revolution in 19(! that drew the end of .erdinand 7arcos9 power" she turned to fil#
with her debut in +Pido 'ida", a hit co#edy. After her talents were recognized by A*S&%*B"
A4uino was hired to star in television shows" as well as host ga#e and tal1 shows.
7atteo Juidicelli & Juest
Jian#atteo Littorio .ernan E7atteoE Juidicelli $born 7arch 6!" 1990) is a .ilipino&3talian
actor" #odel" racer and singer. >is clai# to fa#e started with his career with 1art racing. >e was a
three ti#e Philippine Garter of the year along with winning other #ultiple awards. >e started
1arting at the age of 11 in his ho#etown of %ebu in the Philippines. >e then #oved to the city of
7anila when he was 1 to further pursue and e5pand on his racing career.
Mason Abalos & Juest
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Mason Abalos $born Manuary 1" 19(!) is a .ilipino actor. >e was also a graduate of
*achelor of Science in %ivil Engineering *atch 600< at Bueva Eci-a University of Science and
Technology.
Abalos is a #e#ber of A*S&%*BIs circle of ho#egrown talents na#ed Star 7agic. >e
was discovered after -oining Star %ircle Tuest" a reality show in search of new actors.
Abalos" won nu#erous awards" a#ong these" the *est Perfor#ance by 7ale or .e#ale"
Adult or %hild" 3ndividual or Ense#ble in 8eading or Supporting ;ole award in the Ooung %ritics
%ircle Annual %itation held at the .aculty %enter %onference $Pulungang ;ecto" *ulwagang
;izal) >all of the University of the Philippines 'ili#an" Tuezon %ity. 'irector Adolf Ali5" Mr.
handled hi# in the indie fil# +Adela", played by Anita 8inda $in the 600( %ine#alaya 3ndependent
.il# .estival).
The #ost recent award given to hi# was on :ctober 1" 600(" Abalos won the *est Actor
in the 600( Jawad Urian Awards for +Endo.
Seg#ent L3 2 Analysis
This seg#ent was an interview of the leading #en of A*S&%*B9s then upco#ing show"
Agua *endita. The host" A4uino" has no relationships whatsoever with the two guests. *ut"
possibly out of habit" she consistently code switches" especially with ad-uncts" e5pressions and
4uestion tags. Juidicelli code switches" pri#arily because of his 3talian descent" while Abalos
code switched the least.
L3. Seg#ent L33 2 3nterview with Shaina 7agdayao
ParticipantsK >osts *oy Abunda" Gris A4uino C Juest Shaina 7agdayao
Shaina Jarcia 7agdayao was born to Enri4ue and 'eanne 7agdayao on Bove#ber !"
19(9. >er birthplace is Tuezon %ity" Philippines. At si5" she starred in the series +8yra", and was
discovered soon after by the networ1 A*S&%*B and won roles in other series. Soon she was cast
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alongside other child stars and her career too1 off. She is the sister of fa#ous celebrity Lina
7orales $Sharon 7agdayao).
Seg#ent L33 2 Analysis
To deter#ine their relationships with one another" the researchers consulted the corpus
and found 7agdayao9s habit of calling Abunda +tito, and A4uino +ate,. Fe could therefore assu#e
that the relationship they have is possibly a friendly one and that they have been together or at
least in the co#pany of each other for a duration of ti#e. Although 7agdayao also ca#e fro# a
well&off bac1ground" she has li#ited her code switching to the co##on ele#ents li1e verbs with
affi5es and e5pressions. Another noticeable feature about her code switching is the way it occurs
when she tries to avoid a 4uestion with respect. Fhile Abunda and A4uino fire self&ad#ittedly
+politically&wrong, 4uestions at her $S/8!!)" she would reply with S/8!/ & Oun nga ho tito" itAta1es
two to tango $e5p) or S/8/= & Fell" itAis nor#al siguro $con-) na 1apag nala#an na natapos na
ang isang relasyonR . 3t could be derived fro# this that she was doing it out of respect and trying
to #aintain a dignified stance during the sensitive interview $their topic was about her recently
failed relationship with co&wor1er Mohn Pratts).
L33. Seg#ent L333 2 The *uzz >idden Truth <
ParticipantsK ;a4uel Pe#pengco" Tess ;ellibo" %harisse Pe#pengco and Mobert Sucaldito
Analysis
This is another >idden Truth seg#ent" with scripted voice over 4uestions and recorded
interviews. >ere" the relationship of the participants fa#ilial" and focuses on a #other $;ellibo)
and daughter9s $;. Pe#pengco) differences. There is not #uch code switching done here.
;ellibo" as seen in the interview" probably belongs to the lower class while ;. Pe#pengco"
because of her daughter9s stellar success" gained status. 7ost of the code switching done in this
seg#ent was by ;. Pe#pengco" but was only li#ited to the use of verbs with affi5es. ;ellibo
barely had one which was +pina&under,. %. Pe#pengco had one line and the code switches she
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practiced were also verbs with affi5es. Sucaldito also had one line which had verbs and affi5es
and a 4uestion tag.
CHAPTER I)
Conclusions and Recommendations
The study ai#ed to give a description on code switching in Philippine Television. The
researchers did this by ac4uiring an episode of A*S&%*B9s Sunday afternoon showbiz tal1 show
The *uzz" transcribing its dialogue and analyzing the occurrences of code switching within.
The analysis of the corpus has highlighted the following facts and observations about
code switching in Philippine Television in both phrasal and clausal levelsK
The presence of verbs with .ilipino affi5es in the phrasal level are the #ost co##on
occurrences of code switching" especially those with .ilipino prefi5es or unlapi with the
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verb. Lerbs also beco#e transitory tools for code switching" especially in the phrasal
level of a sentence.
Spea1ers prefer shorter and #ore popular English ter#s" than their longer" unpopular
and unfa#iliar .ilipino counterparts.
Spea1ing habits could also lead to code switching. :ften" these spea1ing habits
contribute to code switching" especially with 4uestion tags $e.g. co##only used ter#
+diba,)" e5pressions" and ad-uncts. +%lichPs" +#ga 1asabihan, and other co##on sayings
in either language also contribute to the practice of code switching.
%ode switching does not occur that often in the noun phrase than in the verb phrase of a
sentence.
:ut of all the types of con-unctions" subordinators and coordinators are used the #ost"
especially as code switching transition tools.
%ode switching is effective when one is trying to e#phasize a thought.
3n the clausal level" relative pronoun +na, is used as a transition tool for code switching.
+Ba, introduces a new clause or thought in the sentence. 3t could be interchangeably
used with English counterpart +that,.
So#eti#es" people code switch because there are si#ply no translations for so#e
words. This was evident in nouns li1e factor C contact profile picture a#ong others. 3t was
also evident in ad-ectives.
Adverbs of ti#e co##only suggest code switching pheno#ena" as well as the adverb
+so, used in the beginning of the sentence. >owever" because of this" it beco#es #ore of
an e5pression rather than an adverb.
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Spea1ers tend to code switch every ti#e they would try to show the relationship a#ong
other words in the sentence. They see# to be #ore co#fortable doing the act in relating
thoughts or words in the sentence.
3n tac1ling discourse relationships" the researchers have found the followingK
The relationship of one spea1er to another can help deter#ine the occurrence of code
switching. 3n the discussion" the fa#ilial relationship $Seg#ent L333) had lesser
occurrences of code switching than seg#ents with platonic relationships $3 C L33).
Socio&econo#ic bac1ground can deter#ine the presence of code switching. Spea1ing
habits can also deter#ine this.
The intentional use of code switching could lead to languages li1e Gonyo English and
Taglish. 7ost li1ely" #edia persons intentionally code switch to give off an aura of status
and authority. Unfortunately" their #isuse is seen by viewers as what is right.
%ode switching can also be used to gauge an individual9s stance in a conversation. 7ost
li1ely" a person practices code switching if the situation suddenly changes $e.g. fro# a
serious to an aw1ward situation).
Recommendations
Television and its influence is truly an undeniable force that could #anipulate people
aged 9 to 90. So#eti#es" households cannot control what the younger #e#bers of the fa#ily
watch. The researchers therefore reco##end the followingK
%ontinued supervision as one stays glued on the boob tube. Fhile it #ay be
reco##ended to watch television shows in English" one #ust #onitor if the 1ind of
English used in the show is educated English.
7ore often than not" English in Philippine Television reinforces Gonyo English or Taglish
rather than the correct English used in professional fields.
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7edia personalities on the other hand" should act as role #odels for their avid fans and
viewers" who beco#e totally clueless about the right path to follow.
3t is highly reco##ended for English to be learned in proper educational environ#ent and
not fro# tal1 show hosts in Philippine television. Parents should be able to deter#ine
what the right 1ind of English is #anifested.
The #onitoring should not stop at ho#e but continue at school" where teachers #ust
reinforce learning strategies when dealing with the dyna#ic structure of the English
language.
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