Thesis Unlocked

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme Regarding
Nature and Prevention of Accidents Among Mothers of

Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur

by

G. VIJAYA KUMARI

Dissertation submitted to the
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Bangalore, Karnataka.

In partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Science in Nursing

In
Child Health Nursing

Under the guidance of
Mrs. J. Shantha Kumari
Assistant Professor

Department of Child Health Nursing
Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur
December, 2005
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation/thesis entitled Effectiveness of
Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention of
Accidents Among Mothers of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur
is a bonafide research work done by Mrs.G.Vijaya Kumari in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in
Nursing.

Place : Signature of the Guide
Date : Mrs. J. Shantha Kumari
M.Sc(N),M.Sc(Psy),(Ph.D)
Asst. Professor
Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur

ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL /
HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation/thesis entitled Effectiveness of
Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention of
Accidents Among Mothers of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur is
a bonafide research work done by Mrs.G. Vijaya Kumari Under the
guidance of Mrs. J. Shantha Kumari, M.Sc(N), Asst.Professor, Department
of Child Health Nursing, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Principal

Mrs. J. Shantha Kumari Dr. R. Vasundhara
M.Sc (N),M.Sc(Psy),(Ph.D) R.N., R.M., R.P.H.N., M.Sc (N),
Asst. Professor M.Sc(Psy).,P.G.D.H.E.,Ph.D
Department of Child Health Nursing Principal
Navodaya College of Nursing Navodaya College of Nursing
Raichur. Raichur.

Date: Date:

Place: Place:

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Bangalore, Karnataka

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled Effectiveness
of Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention
of Accidents Among Mothers of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur
is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the
guidance of Mrs. J.Shantha Kumari M.Sc. (N), M.Sc. (Psy), (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing, Navodaya
College of Nursing, Raichur.

Place : Signature of the candidate

Date : (G. Vijaya Kumari)

COPY RIGHT

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Bangalore, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate
this dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research
purpose.

Place : Signature of the Candidate

Date : (G. Vijaya Kumari)

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I lift up my eyes to the hills where does my help come from?
My help comes from the Lord, the Maker of
Heaven and Earth.
- Psalms 121 : 1
I will praise you, O Lord, with all my Heart.
I will tell of all your wonders and Praise to your name, O Most High!
- Psalms 9: 1

First of all, I will bow down before God with deeper sense of ever
lasting gratitude to God, that Almighty, without whose grace and blessing
my research would not have come out fruitfully.

I proud to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Guide
Mrs. J. Shanthakumari, M.Sc.(N), M.Sc.(Psy)., (Ph.D)., Asst. Professor,
Department of Child Health Nursing, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur
for her magnanimous as well as generous support and Guidance, immensely
inspired me to materialize the dissertation work.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude with whole
heartedly to Dr. R. Vasundhara R.N; R.M; R.P.H.N; M.N., M.Sc. (Psy).,
P.G.D.H.E., Ph.D., Principal, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur for her
measureless help and ceaseless encouragement in providing memorable
milestone activity in the completion of research work.

Alphabetic alliance cannot substantially explores by deeprooted
outspoken evangelic words to my masterly minded mentor research
supervisor, Dr. K. P. Neeraja, B.Sc., M.Sc. (N)., M.A.(Socio)., Ph.D.,
Professor, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur for her inexplicable

inspiration in flowering manner to come out my thesis work with flying
color under her benevolent philanthropic counsel.

The Investigator is grateful to all the experts for their constructive
criticism and valuable suggestion towards validating the tool.

Investigator extends her heartfelt thanks to all the respondents and
their caretakers who participate willing fully.

I thanks to library staff of Information Center and National Institute
of Family Welfare, Hyderabad and Navodaya College for their assistance in
collection of studies for research review.

I have great pleasure to express my thanks to Mrs. Shameem
Gulnaz Unnissa for her constant encouragement and valuable suggestions
throughout this Investigation.

I express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Prema M.Sc. (N),
Mrs. Sreelekha, M.Sc. (N) and Ms. S.Annapoorna for their kindness and
cordial relationship to conduct the study.

I wish to thank Mr. Madhusudhan, Bio-Statistician, Gulbarga for his
co-operation in statistical analysis.

I derive great delight to thank God for giving Mr. Stalin Jayakar as
my companion for life, who lighted the spirit of encouragement to complete
this huge task successfully. And my heart melts of thinking of great pleasure
towards my cute kids J.Melvin and J.Merlin for their unexplained
cooperation, love in the completion of the thesis. Thank you for your
cooperation in balancing me with peace and joy and giving me strength.

I have great pleasure to express my prayerful thanks to my parents
Mr. Abraham and Mrs. G. Chandraleelamma for their overwhelming
support during the period of my research work.

I derive great delight to explicit my abysmal gratitude to my Sisters
and Brothers for their pragmatic help rendered in a research work.

I express my special thanks to my classmates and friends for their
cooperation and encouragement during study.

Date : Signature of the candidate

Place : (G. Vijayakumari)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. CHAPTERS PAGE NO
I INTRODUCTION
Background of the study 1-5
Significance of the problem
5-9
Statement of the problem
10
Objectives of the study
10
Operational Definitions
10-11
Variables
11-14
Assumptions
14-15
Delimitations
15
Hypotheses
15-16
Conceptual Framework
17-20
Organization of the Report
21
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Studies related to mothers knowledge on accidents
among toddlers
23-26
Studies related to effectiveness of planned teaching
programme
26-30
Studies related to association between variables
and knowledge of mothers
30-32
III METHODOLOGY
Research Approach 33
Research Design
34
Setting of the study
36
Population
36

Sample and Sampling technique
38
Criteria for the selection of the sample
38-39
Limitations
39
Method of data collection
39
Development of the Tool
40
Description of the Tool
40
Ethical consideration
41
Validity
41
Pilot study
42
Reliability
42
Data Collection Procedure
43
Plan for Data Analysis 43
IV RESULTS 44-86
V DISCUSSION 87-91
VI SUMMARY 92-96
VII CONCLUSION 97-97
VIII IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 98-100
IX STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME 101-125
ABSTRACT 126-128
BIBLIOGRAPHY 129-133
ANNEXURES 134-167

LIST OF TABLES

S.NO. TABLES PAGE NO
1. Percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers by
their age.
46
their education status
48
their occupation
50
their religion.
52
their monthly family income
54
their number of toddlers in the family
56
their type of family
58
their type of house.
60
9. Percentage distribution of over all knowledge scores
of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers related to pre test and post test.
62
10. Percentage distribution of knowledge levels of
mothers on different sections on nature and
prevention of accidents related to pre test and
post test.
64
11. Mean and standard deviation of pre test and post test
for different sections of knowledge on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers.
67
12. Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on 69

knowledge of mothers of toddlers on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers by
comparing pre test and post test.
13. Association between the age of mothers with their
post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention
of accidents among toddlers
71
14. Association between education status of mothers
with their post test knowledge regarding nature and
73
15. Association between the occupation of mothers
75
16. Association between the religion of mothers
77
17. Association between the monthly family income
of mothers with their post test knowledge regarding
nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
79
18. Association between number of toddlers in the
family with their post test knowledge on nature and
81
19. Association between the type of family of mothers
83
20. Association between the type of house of mother
85

LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO. FIGURES PAGE NO
1. Conceptual Framework. 20
2. Schematic Diagram for the Research Design of the
Study.
35
3. Map showing area under the study. 37
their age.
47
their education status.
49
their occupation.
51
their religion.
53
their monthly family income.
55
their number of toddlers in the family.
57
their family type.
59
their type of the house.
61
12. Percentage distribution of overall knowledge scores
of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers related to pre test and post test.
63

LIST OF ANNEXURES

S.NO. ANNEXURES PAGE NO
I Letter seeking permission to conduct study in
Zaheerabad area.
134
II Letter granting permission to conduct study in
Zaheerabad area.
135
III Letter to experts for their opinion on content
validity.
136
IV Content validity Certificate. 137
V List of experts consulted for the content validity 138-139
VI Structured interview schedule to assess the
knowledge of mothers of toddlers on nature and
140-157
VII Scoring Key. 158-159
VIII Association between knowledge of mothers of
toddlers and socio-demographic variables of the
mother.
160-167

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study:
Shape the future of life; healthy environments for children
They deserve to inherit a safer, fairer and healthier world.
There is no task more important than safe guarding their environment.
Child safety is Nations safety

The child is the most precious possession of mankind, most loved
and perfect in its innocence. Children to be cared and protected from
environmental hazards. The suffering of children due to environmental
hazards is inevitable. One of the global problems of environmental
hazards is the unintentional injuries. Children are at windows of
vulnerability for accidents. Among children, toddlers are always at the
doorstep of accidents (or) injuries
1
.

The toddlers age is a troublesome age. Although this can be
a challenging time for parents and child as both of them learn to know
each other better
2
. Toddlers are like a discovering machine and love to
explore the environment persistently to find out new things. Because of
curious, rambunctious in nature, the toddler does not understand the
inherent dangers of their playful and exploring environments
3
.

Traditionally, injury is regarded as a chaotic, random event
4
.
An accident is an event, independent of human will, caused by an
outside force acting rapidly and resulting in bodily or mental injury. The
occurrence of injury is unintended
5
. An accident can be defined as
an unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event which usually
1
produces unintended injury, death or a property damage
6
. In toddlers the
minor accidents are unavoidable and major accidents are preventable
3
.

In 1979, a study has been done on accidental injury in childhood
was summarized the factors affecting pediatric trauma that is the host, the
agent and the environment. During childhood age and sex differences on
accidents were reported; vehicle accidents, falls, drowning, burns and
ingestions are found to be common agents of injury. The home affords a
virtual breeding ground for accidents to children; parents play an
important role in childs environment, prevents the consequences of
which may eventuate in injury
7
.

Unintentional injury was a huge problem for kids. It is a leading
cause of death and disability among children. Accidents were the fifth
leading cause of death in children under age of five
8
. The unintentional
injury included most common childhood mishaps like falling, drowning,
accidental burns, swallowing cleaning products or medication. It was not
ending scenario. Injury related deaths are the tip of the iceberg.
Disfigurement, disability, developmental delay and emotional problems
were major sequelae of accidents are injurious to children
8
. Accidents are
preventable if by the education and enhancement of parental awareness
and effective anticipated guidance to parents and caretakers. Learning
more about injuries is the first step for reducing the risk of accidents and
injuries in community
7
.

Accidents are the source of concern in both developed and
developing countries as the mortality and morbidity sequelae, costs and
years of potential life lost, due to accidents each year. Accidents are on of
increasing concern in developing countries as the traditional causes of
2
mortality decline in importance. Highest number of domestic accidents
occurred in 1-3 years age group. Boys are more often involved in
domestic accidents than girls
9
.

In 1984, child injury survey gathered demographic details found
falls are leading cause of unintentional childhood injury leads to fatal
injury, upper and lower limb fractures, finger cuts. The majority of
injuries related from falls 85 per cent were on to concrete, tomac, or
packed earth, 29 per cent of these children had head injury from falls.
Experimental impacts involved from standing height and equipment.
Placement of furniture away from windows can prevent falling out of
windows and from balconies
10
.

Drowning is a common, preventable problem especially in
childhood where it is the second most common cause of death by
accidents with 0-3 years old and comprising 22 per cent of drowning.
Rates of drowning vary with age, gender and race. Age groups at greatest
risk are toddlers and boys at greater risk. It occurs while in bathtubs,
pools, spas or wadding pool or near irrigation ditches or other open
standing water
11
. It is important that a small child can drown in a matter
of seconds and in just few inches of water. Thousands of innocent
children were drowned every year from not being aware of the danger of
water
3
.

Accidental poisoning was commonly involving 50-90 per cent of
children below 5 years of age. It is a global problem. Children between
1-3 years age were the most vulnerable group. During toddler period,
exploratory nature aided by their newly acquired hand skills and mobility.
Negligence and ignorance of parents and caretakers in making
3
environment of child conducive for poisoning. In small houses with
limited space, the households chemicals, disinfectants and kerosene are
most likely ingested by the children accidentally. Raising awareness in
safe keeping of all toxic chemicals and keep out of childs reach into
child resistant closures
12
.

Burns are leading cause of death among toddlers, as children are
easily burnt due to thinner skin and more composition of body fluids. Hot
water scalds causes a majority of burns. A common reason for the scald
of burns is that the parents do not test the temperature of water prior to
placing their children in a bath tub and child plays in kitchen when parent
is cooking and preparing food is itself dangerous condition. Spillage of
hot liquids, grease and hot food is an unfortunate yet preventable cause of
burns. The young child may also exposed to the risks caused by
electricals when introducing an object into electric plug (or) when playing
with electric appliances and electric cords
13
.

Accidental aspiration of food objects such as nuts and seeds are
common in young children may result death. Inedible objects such as
balloons, coins, pills, safety pins, marbles and baby powder may also be
fatally aspirated
14
. Toddlers, while enjoying their new found freedom of
movement are frequently at risk of accidental injury caused by household
items. Such objects to be kept out of reach of children
15
.

Historically, research on pediatric pedestrian injuries has analyzed
that children younger than 5 years of age as a single group. Toddlers
between 1-2 years frequently injured in non-traffic situations and 3 years
frequently inferred in traffic situations. A high proportion of toddler road
traffic injuries occurred in residential drive ways and were caused by
4
backing up vehicles. The majority of toddlers injured while crossing /
darting mid block on pedestrian streets near their homes. Most of the
accidents could have been prevented by closer supervision of the
children. Devices such as child proof - door further reduce this type of
accidents
16
.

Significance of the Problem:
Give surety on childs safety before you strive for life security

Developmentally children at 1-3 years can run, jump, climb stairs,
rides a tricycle, throw a ball and play with toys that may have
many small, intricate parts. According to Erikson, the psychological
developmental phase of toddlers is a sense of autonomy Vs shame and
doubt
17
. The toddler period extends from 1 year to 3 years. During this
time the child emerges from total dependency of infancy into beginning
of independence or autonomy. The toddler who learned to trust the
parents during infancy will use this trust in exploration and investigation
of the world. When the infant reaches the toddler age, it is an exciting
time for him, but also for the parents. Toddlers have curiosity,
inquisitiveness and love to explore everything in environment and they
enjoy act of exploring wherever it may be supervised or not. Parents are
not aware of what their children can do. Toddlers can prone to injury or
death as a result of any type of accident with persistent exploration
2
.

In todays high tech world, there are dangers for children in
everywhere example on road, at home, at school or in play ground. Injury
is the number one cause of death and life loss for children. In children,
injury mortality is greater than other childhood diseases combined.
World Health Organization, has announced theme of the World Health
5
Day in 2003 is, Healthy environments for children
18
. In 2004, on World
Health Day, WHO announced Road safety is no accident. This brochure
is meant to provide general information about road traffic accidents and
their prevention by raising awareness and promote action to save millions
of children from death and disability between now and 2020 and in the
years beyond
19
.

One of the fundamental right of every child is to grow up in a
healthy home, school and community. More than 5 million children from
0-14 years die every year world wide from diseases occurs in the
environments in which they live, learn and play in home, the school and
the community
19
.

Accident prevention and safety awareness are skills that need
practice, it is a sort of sixth sense for danger. Most children learn safety
concerns from their mothers. Mothers are often torn by keeping a baby
safe or allowing him to explore with more freedom obviously a child
cannot be confined forever because child is always making new
discoveries at all the times
3
.

Ordinary household items can be very hazardous to young children.
The best defence against common household accidents involving young
children is intelligent prevention with a planned child safety. At home
few safeguards and good supervision are necessary. Even with the best
supervision, their ability to get themselves into trouble is uncanny. Once
a child is up and moving around, his world expands rapidly. Lucky once
doesnt necessarily make child lucky twice. So learning about injury is
the first step to prevent injury at second step. Prevention efforts to be
triggered when the first injury occurs
20
.
6
Injury is a major public health problem, particularly in urban
minority communities in India. This evaluates a comprehensive injury
prevention trial on home hazards and injury prevention knowledge in
poor urban community. The intervention consists of (a) home
modification for a simple preventive measures (b) home inspection
accompanied by information about home hazards (c) education about
selected injury prevention practices. It needs safety knowledge and
moderate effort to correct home accidents
21
.

In 2004, a study was conducted on understanding toddlers in
home-injuries by examining parental strategies, and their efficiency, for
managing child injury risk. Multimethod strategies were used to study
home injuries experienced by toddlers and to identify anticipatory
prevention strategies implemented by parent on a room-by-room basis
that effectively reduces child injury risk. Three types of prevention
strategies were used by parents. Environmental (ex: hazard removal,
safety devices to prevent access), parental (ex: increased supervision,
parent modification of their own behaviour to decrease injury risk for
their child) and child based (ex: teaching rules or prohibition to promote
safety), with parents often using these strategies. The conclusions are (1)
child-based strategies never decreases and often elevates the risk of injury
to toddlers (2) parental strategies saved protective functions to reduce the
childrens prone for risk
22
.

The study was conducted to assess parental awareness regarding
common childhood injuries and to focus on preventive issues.
Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in childhood in
developed countries. Data about prevention trials from developing
countries, particularly from India, is woefully lacking. Studies have
7
conducted between (a) Educated mothers (b) uneducated mothers.
Educated mothers were equipped with safety knowledge and both groups
have lack of awareness regarding injury prevention legislations. Adequate
knowledge regarding home injuries is lacking. Highlighting the need for
health care providers to include injury prevention counseling in their
services was observed
23
.

Accidents are one of the leading cause for death in developing
countries, yearly 10 per cent of children are suffering with accidents.

Accordingly to the National Road Transport Council and Trauma
cases association, at least 25,000 lives are lost every year due to road
accidents in India and nearly 6 per cent of the total cases were
unintentional injuries. The unintentional injury rate in India is
24.6/10,000 vehicles, while the accident rates in USA and Sweden are
only 14 and 4.8 respectively. In Delhi 2002, age wise annual incidence
road traffic injuries per 1000 population among 0-5 years age is 7.7 per
cent. Mortality due to injuries and violence, reported as percentage of all
deaths within each age and gender group world wide in 1990 is 0-4 years
4.6 per cent(boys) 3.9 in (girls) unintentional injuries. In 2000,
approximately 2,300 under-fives and children aged 14 died from
accidents in home. Children from birth to 4 years old account for nearly
60 per cent of deaths in house fires. Around the world at most 16,000
people die from injuries every day. Road traffic injuries are the ninth
leading cause for death globally are estimated to rank sixth by the year
2020
19
.
In 2004, a study was conducted on Mothers home safety practices
for preventing six types of childhood injuries.
8
To identify determinants of mothers home safety injuries to
children (burns, poisoning, drowning, cuts, strangulation /suffocation
/chocking and falls). Home interviews were conducted on home safety
practices. The results revealed unique determinants of mothers home
safety practices to prevent these six types of home injuries. The factors
that motivated mothers to engage in precautionary measures at home
varied depending on the type of injury. Intervention programs to enhance
maternal home safety practices will need to target different factors
depending on the type of injury
25
.

The world health day, 2004 also provided a forum for advocacy in
allocating more attention and resources for the prevention of road traffic
injuries. Injury is the number one cause of death among children in
developing countries and fifth in the world among the entire population,
injury has greater importance attached to it. Compounding the problems
is the acceptability of accidents as a way of life, the increasing lack of
supervision of the young and lack of parental awareness. Accidental
injury causes individual tragedy since children are usually untreated and
the effects are long lasting. Prevention programmes should be initiated
1
.

The literature search was not shown any valid study in Raichur
district with all the aspects of child injuries, its prevention and the impact
of planned education an aspects of it. Hence the Investigator felt the need
to assess the knowledge of mothers of toddlers about nature and
prevention of accidents in seven aspects then intervened structured
teaching programme and is interested to see its effectiveness.

9
Statement of the problem

A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
regarding nature and prevention of accidents among
mothers of toddlers in a selected area of Raichur.

Objectives
To assess the knowledge of mothers of toddlers regarding nature
and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
To analyze the relationship between the knowledge of mothers
regarding nature and prevention of accidents with selected socio-
demographic variables.

Operational Definitions
Effectiveness
Refers to determining the extent to which the structured teaching
programme has achieved the desired effect in improving the knowledge
of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

Structured Teaching Programme
Well-organized Teaching material prepared and used by the
Investigator for the selected mothers of toddlers to enhance mothers
knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

Accidents
Is an unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event that produces
unintended inquiry, death or damage to property
6
.
10
Mothers
Women who are having atleast one toddler child.

Knowledge
Cognitive ability of mothers of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers as expressed by their responses.
Knowledge was measured in terms of scores. For the purpose of the
study, the knowledge of the mothers were classified into three levels.
Percentage Range of score
Low knowledge levels <50% 0-15
Average Knowledge levels 51 to 75% 16-23
High Knowledge levels >75% Above 23

Selected Area
Refers to the place where the study will be conducted i.e. ward
no.13 Zaheerabad area, Raichur.

Variables
A variable is a characteristic or attitude that differs among the
persons, objects, events and so forth that are being studied.

Three types of variables were identified in the present study and
they were categorized as
Independent variable.
Dependent variable
Attribute variable.

11
Independent Variable
It is the cause or the variable that is thought to influence the
dependent variable.

In the present study structured teaching programme on nature and
prevention of accident among toddlers was the independent variable.

Dependent Variable
It is the effect or the variable that is influenced by researchers
manipulation (control) of the independent variable.

Knowledge level on accidents among mothers of toddlers was the
dependent variable in the present study.

Attribute Variables
Socio-demographic variables of the sample were considered as
attribute variable such as age, education, occupation, religion, monthly
family income, number of toddlers in the family, type of the family and
type of the house.

Age
Refers to chronological age of mothers of toddlers of the present
study was categorized as:
Below 20 years
21 25 years
26-30 years
>30 years

12
Education Status
Refers to the training that helps to promote the knowledge level.
Mothers education status was divided into following categories:
Illiterates
Primary school
Secondary school
High school
Collegiate education

Occupation of the mother
Refers to the employment status of the mothers of toddlers. For
the present study the occupation of mothers were categorized as:
Coolie
House wife
Petty business
Any other, specify

Religion
It refers to the subsystem of belief and worship of God. For the
present study it was categorized as:
Hindu
Muslim
Christian

Monthly Family Income
Refers to the monitory earning of the family of mothers of
toddlers. It was categorized as:
<Rs.1000/-
13
Rs.1001-2000
Rs.2001-3000
>Rs.3000

Number of toddlers in the family
The living number of toddlers in the family. It was categorized as:
One
Two
Three
Four and above

Family Type
The type of family which the respondent is living:
Nuclear family
J oint Family
Extended family
Single parent

Type of the house
Refers to the standard condition of house. It was categorized as:
Pakka
Kucha
Semi Pakka

Assumptions
It was assumed that:
Mothers of toddlers will have some knowledge about the common
types of accidents among toddlers.
14
Mothers of toddlers will be practicing preventive measures of
accidents.
Mothers of toddlers will be willing to participate in the study.
Mothers of toddlers will have desire to learn about the nature and
prevention of accidents and will cooperate with the Investigator.
The structured teaching programme will improve the knowledge of
mothers of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of accidents.
The response measured by a structured tool will represent the
actual knowledge level of the mothers of toddlers.

Delimitations
The study was delimited to mothers of toddlers who were not
Residing at Zaheerabad area of Raichur during the study
Willing to participate in the study
Able to understand and speak Kannada or Telugu

Hypotheses
Conjectural statement of relations between two or more variables
H
1
: There will be a significant difference between pre test and
post test knowledge score of mothers of toddlers regarding
nature and prevention of accidents.
H
2
: There will be a significant association between the
knowledge of mothers of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their age.
H
3
: There will be significant relationship between the knowledge
of mothers of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents with their education status.
15
H
4
accidents with their occupation.
H
5
accidents with their religion.
H
6
accidents with their monthly family income.
H
7
accidents with their number of toddlers in the family.
H
8
accidents with their type of the family.
H
9
accidents with their type of the house.
16
CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

Conceptual framework deals with the interrelated concepts that
assemble together in some rational schemes by virtue of their relevance to
a common theme. The development of conceptual framework is
a fundamental process required before conducting actual research,
because it guides each stage.

The conceptual framework of the study is based on Ludwig Von
Bertanloffys General systems theory. In 1952 Bertanloffys introduced
this theory as a universal theory that could be applied to many fields of
study.

According to Bertanloffy, General systems theory provides a way
of examining interrelationships and deriving principles. Theorist
described human being as an open system, for proper functioning of
human being depends on the quality and quantity of its input, throughput,
output and feedback. Being an open system, the client is capable of
receiving information and gain knowledge from his environment.
Utilizing this capacity of client, nurse takes the opportunity to provide
information. The nurse examines whether the information is processed or
not with the help of feedback.

Bertanloffys model includes the following components.
System
System refers to a whole human being who contains articulated
sets of many sub components and this whole system operates or functions
with in the boundaries of self, family and community and also constantly
exchanges information, energy and matter.
17
Input
Input is nothing but information, energy, matter that are needed and
absorbed by the individual. It is the imparting phase.

Throughput
Throughput is the processing and transformation of the input which
is absorbed by the individual in a way that is useful to self. It is the
activity phase.

Output
Output is the transformed form of information, energy and matter
that is given out by individual after processing. It is the evaluation phase.

Feed back
Feedback is the response of individual which may be positive,
negative or neutral. The process of feedback enables the individual to
evaluate whether the input is processed satisfactorily or not, and if needed
enables to recycle the entire process.

Conceptual frame work of the present study is based an
assumptions that the mothers of toddler will be interested to get more
awareness about additional precautions adopted to prevent toddler
accidents, responds positively to those preventive measures and is
receptive to information. The nurse educator assumes that mothers of
toddler possess certain level of knowledge and follows the practices
because of constant interaction with toddler surrounding. The education
aims for input which includes prior assessment of mothers of toddler
existing knowledge with regard to nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers. The nurse educator acknowledges the need for and
18
develops a structured teaching programme on nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers, based on the pre test knowledge score of
mothers of toddlers and vast review of literature.

The nurse educator along with mothers of toddlers enters into
through put i.e. the action phase. The educator disseminates the
information on nature and prevention of toddlers accidents. The mothers
of toddlers receives the information by showing careful attentions during
the health education session on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers.

The output is based on the assumption that information is
processed and released in an altered state. It is assumed that mothers of
toddlers will have improved knowledge, follow correct practices in
prevention of accidents among toddlers. The outcome may be either
satisfactory or un-satisfactory improvement in the knowledge on nature
and prevention of accidents among mothers of toddlers which will be
graded as above average score and below average based on a post test
scores. High knowledge improvement indicates that the structured
teaching programme is effective. Average knowledge and low knowledge
improvement in feed back of the entire situations by the nurse educator,
where the total process will be recycled.

The conceptual frame work of study is presented in fig. I

19

20
Organization of the Report

The report of the study is organized into nine chapters.

Chapter I : INTRODUCTION

Chapter II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Chapter III : METHODOLOGY

Chapter IV : RESULTS

Chapter V : DISCUSSION

Chapter VI : SUMMARY

Chapter VII : CONCLUSION

Chapter VIII : IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter IX : STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME

The study concluded with Abstract, Bibliography and Annexures.

21
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature is a key step in research process. Review of
literature refers to extensive, exhaustive and systematic examination of
publications relevant to research project
27
.

The task of reviewing literature involves the identification,
selection, critical analysis and reporting of existing information on the
topic of interest
26
. A review will acquaints the researcher with what has
been done in the filed and it minimized the possibility of unintentional
duplications. It justifies the need for replication, provides the basis for
future investigations and help to relate the findings from one study to
another.

Review of literature is undertaken to establish the need for the
study, methodology, development of a tool and planned teaching
programme.

The review of literature related to present study was organized in
three sections,
Studies related to mothers knowledge regarding accidents among
toddlers.
Studies related to effectiveness of planed teaching programme with
regard to selected aspects of nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers.
Studies related to association between socio-demographic variables
and knowledge of accidents among toddlers.
22
Studies related to mothers knowledge on accidents among toddlers
A descriptive study was conducted on understanding of toddlers
with injuries in selected areas of Ontario, Canada. A sample of 150
mothers of toddlers were used in study and collected data by multi
method strategies (questionnaire, parental observations, telephone and
interviews) were used to study toddler injuries over a 3 months period.
The findings of study were cuts, scraps and puncture wounds were the
most common injuries and majority were affected limbs, occurred in the
morning. Analysis and results showed that both child (risk taking) and
parent (protectiveness) are significant determinants of child injury
28
.

A descriptive study was conducted on examining parental
strategies for managing child injury risk in selected areas of Ontario,
Canada. A sample of 150 mothers were used in study and collected data
by multi method strategies over a 3 month period to identify anticipatory
prevention strategies implementation by parents on a room-by-room
basis. Results revealed that use of supervision and rule-base teaching
doing so too early age clearly elevates childrens risk of injury in the
home
29
.

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the parental
knowledge regarding common childhood accidents in selected areas of
New Delhi, India. A sample of 200 mothers of young children were
selected and structured questionnaire by interview method was used to
collect the data. The findings of study had the knowledge about existence
of legislations relating to injury prevention was low and the various ways
in which child could get injured was also limited. Results revealed that
highlighting the need for injury prevention counseling in legislatory
services
30
.
23
A descriptive study was conducted to assess the mothers
anticipation and prevention of unintentional injury to young children in
home in selected areas of Canada. A sample of 150 mothers of 1 years to
2 years and 3 years old children selected and data collected through
weekly diaries of anticipated injuries and anticipated injuries/near injuries
to their child. Mothers anticipated between 57 and 67 per cent of all
injury events. Results of study showed the mothers of young children
most frequently reported preventing injury by a physically restricting or
moving the child away from changing environment
31
.

An experimental study was conducted to assess mothers
knowledge on safety hazards in households with young children. A
sample of 230 mothers was selected and data collected by telephone
survey and parental observations. The findings of study showed safety
hazards related to burns example poisoning, falls and self reported
measures of risk perceptions, the childs pervious injury experiences were
observed. Results of study were suggested that residential injury
prevention strategies for young children should stress active (child
related) as well as passive (parental related) counter measures
32
.

A descriptive study was conducted to assess mothers knowledge
on equipment and accidents of young children from selected hospitals of
Northern Sydney. A sample of 162 injuries were selected from children
aged 2 4 years. The data were collected by administered questionnaire
in survey of municipal hospitals. Results revealed that falls to hard
ground were identified as the primary mechanism of injury. 24 per cent of
injuries were fractures from falls and severity increased with increasing
fall height
33
.

24
A retrospective study was conducted to assess mothers knowledge
on childhood poisoning from eight regional hospitals in India. The
retrospective data showed 50-90% were below 5 years. The analysis
showed that peak incidence was in 2
nd
year of life (40 per cent), 12 per
cent in 1
st
year of life, and 20 per cent in 3
rd
year of life and 0.03 per cent
mortality in infants. Finally concluded that kerosene was the most
accidental poisoning in all hospitals
12
.

A retrospective study was conducted to assess parents knowledge
on awareness about use and storage of drugs from selected health centers
of Oman. A sample of 2009 cases assessed for incidence of poisoning in
random sampling method. Results revealed that 55.8 per cent of cases
aged 1-4 years and among them 38.5 per cent cases due to ingestion of
substances, 18.2 per cent due to drugs, 8.2 per cent food and 4.7 per cent
had lack of awareness about use and storage of drugs.

A comparative study was conducted to assess mothers knowledge
on toddlers and backyard pools from selected areas of Canada and United
States. A sample of 1020 mothers were selected and data collected by
cluster sampling method. Results revealed that factors surrounding
immersions experienced by young children are the environmental and
supervisory factor. Finally concluded that lapse of supervision is
contributing factor and all pool owners with young children should be
aware of child drowning accidents
35
.

An experimental study was conducted to assess mothers
knowledge on accidental burns from hot tap water among young children
in USA. A sample of sixty family units were selected and data were
collected by use of simple random technique for measurement of
25
temperature of water by a mechanical and electronic thermometer.
Results revealed that fifty three (88.3%) and forty four (73.3%) units has
temperature below 52
0
and 54
0
C respectively. The findings of study was
found temperature were unsafe at all heater settings. Results revealed that
most of the parents of young children are unaware of danger of hot tap
water to their children. Finally concluded that health care providers
inform parents about danger of hot water temperature and advice setting
of water at 49
0
C by American Academic of paediatrics
36
.

An experimental study conducted to assess parents knowledge on
foreign body ingestion in children from selected hospitals of China. A
sample of 1,265 cases were selected and data collected by simple random
method. The findings of study were foreign bodies detected in 43 per cent
of cases with age of toddlers (3.8 years) were most prone to ingest
inanimate objects. The most common objects were coins (49 per cent)
and non metallic sharp objects (31.1%). Results revealed that efforts are
needed for the prevention of ingestion of inanimate foreign body should
focus on toddler group
37
.

Studies related to effectiveness of planned teaching programme
A descriptive study was conducted to identify the knowledge of
mothers on prevention of accidents among toddlers in selected areas of
Mangalore, India. A sample of 150 mothers were used and data collected
by structured interview schedule. The findings of study were 46 per cent
of mothers had poor knowledge on primary prevention and 47 per cent of
mothers had poor knowledge on secondary prevention. The results
revealed that health workers could educate mothers during their home
visits on primary prevention and first aid
2
.

26
An experimental study was conducted on knowledge, attitude, and
practices of childhood injuries and their prevention by primary caregivers
in selected areas of Singapore. A cross-sectional nation wide study with a
two-stage stratified random sampling was conducted to obtain data.
Parents and caregivers interviewed at their homes. Results revealed that
the primary caregivers had good knowledge on road safety whereas poor
knowledge on home safety and first aid because only 38 per cent of
caregivers obtained information from health personnel. Finally concluded
that a need to educate parents and caregivers on home safety and first
aid
38
.

A comparative study was conducted to understand the current
knowledge, attitudes and information needs about childhood injuries in
selected areas of Toronto and Barrie. A sample of 1,516 parents were
selected from Toronto and Barrie and the data were collected by
telephone survey. The findings of study were over half of parents knew
that injuries were leading to death and 70 per cent parents believed that
injuries were the most preventable of major health disorders. The results
showed that although parents were aware of the risk of general childhood
injury, they need to be educated about specific injury risks and effective
counter measures
39
.

A prospective study was conducted on parents safety practices and
to explore possible factors to unfavorable safety behaviours in selected
areas of United States. A sample of 289 mothers were selected and data
were collected through prospective interviews of parents in well baby
clinics by using structured 38 items questionnaire. The findings of study
were only 88 per cent mothers were interviewed and found that 75 per
cent mothers sleeping next to infant and 74 per cent mothers keeping
27
medications in a high or locked cabinet, twenty four mothers allowing
their children to play unsupervised in the streets. Results revealed that
many families with infants needs health promotion intervention including
education, environmental modification and legislation
40
.

A descriptive study was conducted on level of supervision of
children aged two through six years in selected areas of New Delhi, India.
A sample of 59 parents aged 31-40 years assessed by self-administered
questionnaire. The results of study revealed 95 per cent of parents
perceived that their child was at no risk or slight risk of injury when
getting up in the morning. Finally concluded that many parents supervise
their children by being close-by and on-hand as needed, rather than
directly being involved in childs activities.
41

A study from World Health Organization reported by a specialized
unit that a high prevalence of toxic exposures and poisoning in children in
selected area of New Delhi, India. A sample of annual reports registered
in A and E departments were selected through survey method the data
was collected. Results showed 58.2 per cent poisoning cases among
toddlers due to pesticides because of toddlers exploring their home.
Finally concluded that the provision of advice may be required by all
emergency departments
42
.

A longitudinal study conducted on toddler drowning in domestic
swimming pools from selected areas of Australia. A sample of 33
toddlers selected from each 1000 population. The data was collected by
survey method for 5 years. The findings of study showed that 46 per cent
of children drowned in the three summer months. Over half of the pools
lacked fencing, inadequate gates. This finding highlights the need for
28
pool owners to install standard fences and gates regularly and need of
supervision to prevent drowning accidents
43
.

A descriptive study was conducted on prevention of drowning in
infants conducted on prevention of drowning in infants and children in
selected are of United States. A sample of 1400 children were selected
and collected data through survey method. The findings of study were
installation of 4-sided fencing and yard is effective in preventing more
than 50% of swimming pool drowning. Results revealed that toddlers
need to be advised that they should never ever for a moment leave
children alone or in the care of another young child and needs supervision
of children when in or around water
44
.

A descriptive study was conducted on rates of paediatirc injuries by
3 months interval for children 0-3 years of age with education of
paediatirc anticipatory counseling on injury prevention topics. A sample
of 23,173 children were selected and data collected by survey method
with an interval of quarter year (3 month interval). The study observed
motor, behavioural and cognitive developmental mile stones of children.
Results revealed that between 15-17 months old all injuries were highest
because of exploratory behaviour, independent mobility. These injuries
can be reduced by effective anticipatory guidance to parents from
paediatricians and health care providers
29
.

An experimental study wad conducted on home observation for
measurement of the environment from selected areas of Mahasarakham,
Washington. A sample of 36 dyads of mothers and toddlers 13-35 months
and data collected by using convenient sampling technique. Results
showed that further need of study on use of home assessment instruments
29
by nurses and other workers in multicultural settings in use of
anticipatory guidance of mothers interactions with children
45
.

A longitudinal study was conducted to assess parents knowledge,
attitudes and beliefs related to childhood injuries in selected areas of New
Delhi. A sample of 220 mothers were selected and data collected by
questionnaire and participated in discussing scenarios depicting child
injury situations that involved a parent and a child. The result of study
demonstrated that parents view injuries as a natural consequences and
learn about risk avoidance when injury experienced. Injury prevention
programming that targeted parents need to focus on increasing awareness
of the scope of the problem, altering attitudes, beliefs related to
prevention
46
.

Studies related to association between socio-demographic variables
and knowledge
A descriptive study was conducted on parental awareness regarding
common childhood injuries and preventive issues in selected areas of
New Delhi, India. A sample of 400 mothers were selected and divided
into two groups, they were from private clinics and Government
hospitals. Data collected by interview method. The commonest injuries
identified in both groups was falls (53% Vs 83%). 2/3 of family having
stair gates, recommended that awareness was forced to be greater in
higher educational and socio-economic background status. Finally
concluded that awareness regarding common childhood injuries and their
prevention was lacking
24
.

A comparative study was conducted on childhood injury
prevention practices by parents in Mexico. A sample of 1123 children
30
were selected from three socio economic status (Upper, middle, lower).
Data collected by interview method through administration of
questionnaire. Results showed that safety score increased with increasing
socio economic status. Use of safety devices declined from 47 per cent
(upper socio economic group) to 25 per cent (middle) to 15 per cent
(lower). Finally concluded that considerable differences in knowledge
and practice of safety exist among parents of different socio economic
levels
47
.

A descriptive study was conducted in home injury prevention
practices for infants and toddlers, the role of parental beliefs and housing
quality from selected urban areas of Baltimore, USA. A sample of 150
mothers were selected and interviewed about their living environment
when they brought their children (6-36 months) to hospital based.
Findings of study showed 59 per cent of mothers did not use stair gates,
37 per cent of mothers knew hot water temperature. The study observed
factors of injury associated with family income, housing quality and
environmental barriers. Results revealed that to persuade parents about
value of injury in substandard housing and very limited financial
resources. Results showed that the combination of health beliefs, social
influence, demographic and experimental variables accounted for 51 per
cent of variance in hazard acceptability and 44 per cent of variance in
hazard frequency, age, the birth position of children were significant
predictors of home safety practices
48
.

A descriptive study was conducted on accidents in the home
among children under 5 in selected areas of London. A sample of 402
children were selected from different areas of London. Data collected by
attendance rates based on the population of electoral wards at the census.
31
Results revealed that there was a strong gradient by social class and
strong association with unemployment of the mother, over crowding and
tenture of housing
21
.

An experimental study was conducted on effect of socio-economic
status and prevention of childhood injuries in selected urban and rural
areas of Hamilton. A sample of 1020 mothers were selected and postal
survey of two random sampling technique used in collection of data.
Results revealed that home safety is higher in high socio economic status
children, where educational approaches are complemented by
environmental modification
49
.

An experimental study was conducted to enhance anticipatory
guidance for injury prevention in selected areas of Mexico. A sample of
thirty are residents were selected as experimental group and control
group. A quasi experimental design was used in collecting data. Results
recommend that frequency and impact of paediatric counseling on
anticipatory guidance can be enhanced because low-income families face
many barriers to carry out recommended safety practices
50
.

An experimental study was conducted on health beliefs and social
influence on home safety practices of mothers with toddlers in areas of
Muncie, USA. The purpose of study was to determine relationship among
health beliefs. A sample of 140 mothers of toddlers selected and data
were collected through structured interviews and observation. Results
showed that the combination of health beliefs, social influence,
demographic and experimental variables accounted so 51 per cent of
variance in hazard acceptability and 44 per cent in hazard frequency
25
.

32
METHODOLOGY

The methodology of a research study is defined as the way of
pertinent information is gathered in order to answer the research
questions or analyze the research problem. Research methodology
involves the systematic proceeding by which the researcher starts from
the time of initial identification of the problem to its final conclusion
51
.

The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of
structured teaching programme on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers in a selected area of Raichur.

This chapter deals with brief description of different steps
undertaken by the Investigator for the study. It involves research
approach, the setting, population, sampling techniques and sample
selection of the tool, development and description of the tool, content
validity, reliability, pilot study, data collection procedure and plan for
data analysis.

Research Approach
Research approach is the most significant part of any research. The
appropriate choice of the research approach depends on purpose of the
research study which was undertaken. Approach to research is an
umbrella which covers the basic procedure for conducting research
52
.
The researcher found that experimental approach is the best suited as it is
a scientific investigation in which observation are made, data are
collected according to a set of well defined criteria and studies observable
changes that are taken place under controlled conditions.
33
Research Design
It is a over all plan for obtaining answers to the research questions
or for testing the hypothesis
53
. The research design spells out the basic
strategies that the researcher adopts to develop information that is
accurate and interpretable.

The research design guides the researcher in planning and
implementing the study in a way that is most likely to achieve the
intended goal.

After considering the entire factors related to the selected problem,
the Investigator has selected the pre experimental design to be specific,
one group pre test and post test was considered as an appropriate one.

E O
1
x O
2

E - Experimental group
O
1
- Pre test assessment of knowledge of mothers of toddlers on
X - Treatment structured teaching programme on nature
and prevention of accidents among mothers of toddler.
O
2
- Post test assessment of knowledge of mothers on nature and

34
Cluster
random
Sampling
Mothers of toddlers
Mothers of toddlers in
Zaheerabadareaof Raichur
Target
Population
Accessible
Population
Random
Sampling
technique
Study Sample 40
Pre Test
Structured Teaching
programme
Post - Test
Analysis and interpretation by
Descriptive and inferential
statistics
Report
Evaluation of
structured teaching
Programme
Criterion measure
High knowledge
Average knowledge
Low knowledge
Background Factors

Age
Education of the mother
Occupation of the
mother
Religion
Monthly family income
Number of Toddlers
Family type
Type of house Data Collection
by Structured
interview
schedule
Lottery method
Fig. 2: Schematic representation of research design
35
Setting of the Study
The study was conducted in urban area of Raichur, Karnataka,
Raichur is one of the backward district, it has an area of 60 sq.m, it
comprises of 5 towns and 300 villages, with a total population of
3,42,686 and urban population of 2,07,596. It has 3,87,555 houses and
total under-five children population is approximately 26,471. Raichur
town consists of 35 wards, out of these wards, ward no.13 i.e.,
Zaheerabad area was choosen for conducting the present study. The
schematic representation of area is given in figure 3.

The area is falling within the boundaries as follows:
East : KSRTC Divisional Control Office
West : Ashok Depot Road, Kurumgadda,
North : Church
South : Hillocks

Covering the house no.4-1-1 to 4-6-100, the total population of
ward no.13 is 14,233, among that 1,655 were under-five children
(Municipal Office, Raichur).

Population
A population is an aggregate or totality of all subjects that
possesses a set of specifications
26
. The target population is the group of
population that the researcher aims to study and to whom the study
findings will be generalized. The target population comprises of all
mothers of toddlers.

Accessible population is the list of population that researcher finds
in study area. The accessible population in this study are mothers of
toddlers who are residing in Zaheerabad area of Raichur.
36

Zaheerabad
RAICHUR
KARNATAKA
RAICHUR

Fig. 3: Map showing the area under the study

37

Sampling Technique
Sampling technique is the process of selecting a portion of the
population to represent entire population
26
. Cluster random sampling
method is a term of sampling where large grouping was selected first,
with the successive sub sampling of smaller units. The areas in Raichur
were listed out by the Investigator and in that Zaheerabad area was
selected for the study by using cluster random sampling.

Sample
A sample consists of a subset of the units that comprises the
population.

Sample size for the present study was 40 mothers of toddlers from
Zaheerabad area as an experimental group. Subjects for the sample were
selected by using simple random sampling technique i.e. by Lottery
method.

Inclusion Criteria
The study included the mothers who were:
having at least one toddler in the family
residing in Zaheerabad area of Raichur
can understand and speak English or Hindi or Kannada or Telugu
willing to participate in the study
available at the time of data collection

38
Exclusion Criteria
The study excludes the mothers who were:
not having at least one toddler in the family
not residing in Zaheerabad area of Raichur
cannot understand and speak English or Hindi or Kannada or Telugu
not willing to participate in the study
not available at the time of data collection

Limitations
The study was limited to
the mothers who were having atleast one child in the age group of 1 to
3 years.
who were residing in ward no. 13 Zaheerabad of Raichur
who can understand Kannada or Hindi or Telugu or English
who were willing to participate in the study.

Method of Data Collection
Data collection is a precise, systematic gathering of information
relevant to the research process. Since the study was primarily concerned
with the assessment of knowledge of mothers of toddlers regarding
nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers, the researcher planed
to collect the information from the research subjects by interview
technique. An interview is a method of data collection in which an
interviewer obtains responses from a subject in a face-to-face encounter
or through a phone call
54
. Hence the researcher developed a structured
interview schedule to collect data by conducting the interview. The
interview schedule was formed carefully considering the knowledge,
clarity, organization and sequence of items.
39
Development of Tool
Structured interviews are the most appropriate when straightforward
factual information is desired where structured interview invariably
contains a set of questions called interview schedule. To assess the
knowledge of mothers of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers, a structured interview schedule was developed
by the Investigator to collect the data from the respondents based on
experts consultations and broad review of related literature.

Description of the Tool
A structured interview schedule was developed and used for
collecting the data. The interview schedule consists of two sections
namely Section-A; Section-B.

Section-A consists of 9 items related to demographic information
of the respondents such as: age, education, occupation, religion, monthly
family income, number of toddlers in the family, family type and type of
the house.

Section-B consists of 30 multiple choice question items on
knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers
with four options for each question. Each correct answer was assigned a
score of 1. The total score of Section-B was 30. The subjects who got a
score of above 75 per cent were considered as high knowledge, scores
of 51-75 per cent were considered as average knowledge and scored
below 50 per cent were considered as low knowledge.

40
In Section-B the content has been divided based on aspects to be
covered.
Assessment of mothers knowledge in general areas of home
accidents: It consists of 4 multiple-choice questions and it scores 4.
Assessment of mothers knowledge on falls: It consists of 4 multiple-
choice questions and it scores 4.
Assessment of mothers knowledge about poisoning: It consists of
5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was 5.
Assessment of mothers knowledge on drowning: It consists of
Assessment of mothers knowledge on Burns: It consists of
Assessment of mothers knowledge on aspiration/suffocation:
It consists of 5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was 5.
Assessment of mothers knowledge about road traffic accidents:
It consists of 2 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was 2.

Ethical consideration
An ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical
committee, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur.
Permission was obtained from the ward councilor.
Consent was taken from all the participants.

Validity of the Tool
Content validity is concerned with the scope or range of items used
to measure the variable. For examining the content validity, the interview
schedule was validated by a panel of 7 subject experts consisting of
2 doctors and 5 nursing personnel specialized in Child Health Nursing.
41
The validators have suggested some modifications in the items. The
modifications and suggestions of experts were incorporated in the final
preparation of the interview schedule by the Investigator.

Pilot Study
It refers to the preliminary research conducted to test the elements
of the design before the actual study begins.

The pilot study was conducted at Zaheerabad area to test the
reliability, feasibility and practicability. Seven mothers who were having
toddlers were selected and were subjected for pre test from 1-8-05
to 10-08-05. Then the planned teaching was intervened on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers by using charts, flash cards, flip
charts, transparencies and pamphlets.

The post test was conducted after a week. It took 45 minutes to
conduct the interview of each woman, the interview schedule was found
to be feasible and all the respondents understood the questions. The
structured teaching programme was easy, clear and the mothers showed
great interest in listening to the structured teaching programme.

Reliability of the Tool
Reliability of the tool was elicited by test and retest method, where
7 mothers were chosen from Zaheerabad as experimental group and
interviewed twice with a gap of one week between the first and second
interview. Karl Pearsons formula r was computed for finding out the
reliability. The r was found as 0.91 for knowledge item evaluated
through verbal responses and observation respectively which showed
high positive correlation, indicating the tool was highly reliable.
42
Data collection procedure
Data collection is the gathering of information needed to address
the research problem
54
. The formal prior permission from the authorities
like ward councilor was sought and obtained. The Investigator also
obtained the permission from mothers of toddlers. The Investigator has
collected data for one month (20-08-05 to 20-09-05). Conduction of pre
test and post test was done after 7 days gap of structured teaching
programme to mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers

Plan for data analysis
Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of
research data and testing of research hypothesis by utilizing the obtained
data.
The obtained data was analyzed based on the objectives and
hypothesis by using both descriptive and inferential statistics.
Demographic Data would be analysed by using percentage
distribution.
Mean, Standard Deviation and paired t test would be used to find
the mean differences between pre test and post test assessment scores
on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers of mothers.
Chi Square test would be used to find the relationship between
selected variables of mothers and post test assessment score.

43
RESULTS

Analysis is the categorizing, ordering, manipulating and
summarizing of the data to obtain answer to the research questions
56
.

The number of closely related operations, which are performed
with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing the
data in such a manner that they answer to the research questions.

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data
collected from 40 mothers of toddlers through structured interview
schedule. The data collected were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by
using descriptive and inferential statistics
54
.

The analysis and interpretation of data were presented under 4
sections.

Section I : Description of sample characteristics.

Section II : (a) Percentage distribution of knowledge levels
of mothers of toddlers on nature and
prevention of toddlers accidents related to
pre test and post test.

(b) Percentage distribution of knowledge levels
of mothers on different sections of nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers related
to pre test and post-test.
44
(c) Mean and standard deviation of pre test and
post test for different sections of knowledge on
nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers.

Section III : Effectiveness of structured teaching programme
knowledge of mothers on accidents among
toddlers by comparing pre test and post test by
the paired t test.

Section IV : Association between the knowledge of mothers
about nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers with the selected socio-demographic
variables.

45
Section I

Description of socio demographic characteristics of sample
included in the study were: age, education, occupation, religion, monthly
family income, number of toddlers in the family, family type and type of
the house.

Table 1

Percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers by their age

N = 40
Age in years Frequency Percentage
Below 20 3 7.5
21 25 7 17.5
26 30 24 60
Above 30 6 15

Table1 describes the percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers
by their age, more than half of the mothers belongs to the age group of
26-30 years (60%), followed by more than one tenth percentage of
mothers were belongs to 21-25 years (17.5%) and above 30 years were
above one tenth per cent (15%). A minimal percentage of mothers
belongs to the age group of below 20 years (7.5%).
46

47
Table 2

Percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers
by their education status

N = 40
Education status Frequency Percentage
Illiterates 14 35
Primary school 13 32.5
Secondary school 10 25
High school 3 7.5
Collegiate education - -

Table 2 reveals that the percentage distribution of mothers by their
educational status. More than one third of mothers were illiterate (35%).
Nearly one third of mothers were studied upto primary school (32.5%)
followed by one fourth of mothers were studied upto secondary school
(25%), and less than one tenth percentage of mothers were studied upto
high school (7.5%). None of the sample were educated collegiate
education. It shows that still in study area, the educational status of the
mothers was very low indicating the backwardness and ignorance of the
community.

48

49
Table 3

Percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers by their occupation

N = 40
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Coolie 20 50
Housewife 16 40
Petty business 4 10
Any other specify - -

Table 3 represents the percentage distribution of mothers of
toddlers by their occupation. Nearly half of the mothers were coolies
(50%) followed by less than half of the mothers were housewives (40%)
and one tenth of mothers were doing petty business (10%).

50

51
Table 4

Percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers by their religion

N = 40
Religion Frequency Percentage
Hindu 9 22.5
Muslim 29 72.5
Christian 2 5

Table 4 shows that the percentage distribution of mothers of
toddlers by their religion. Nearly three fourth of the mothers were
belonging to Muslim religion (72.5%), nearly one fourth of mothers were
belonging to Hindu religion (22.5%) and a very minimal percentage of
mothers belonging to Christian religion (5%). Raichur area was
dominated by Muslim religion, the same was depicted in Zaheerabad
area.

52

53
Table 5

by their monthly family income

N = 40
Monthly family income Frequency Percentage
<Rs.1000 15 37.5
Rs.1001 2000 20 50
Rs.2001 3000 5 12.5
>Rs.3001 - -

Table 5 represents the percentage distribution of mothers of
toddlers by their monthly family income. Half of the mothers had an
income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%). More than one third of mothers had an
income of less than Rs.1000/- (37.5%) and more than one tenth of
mothers had an income of Rs.2001-3000 (12.5%).

54
55
Table 6

Percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers by their number of
toddlers in the family

N = 40
Number of toddlers in
the family
Frequency Percentage
One 28 70
Two 12 30
Three - -
Four - -

Table 6 depicts the percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers
by their number of toddlers in the family. Nearly three fourth of mothers
had one toddler in the family (70%) and nearly one third of mothers had
two toddlers in the family (30%).

56
57
Table 7

by their type of family

N = 40
Type of family Frequency Percentage
Nuclear 24 60
J oint 12 30
Extended 4 10
Single parent - -

Table 7 represents that the percentage distribution of mothers of
toddlers by their type of family. Nearly two third of mothers were
belonged to nuclear family (60%) followed by nearly one third of
mothers were belonged to joint family (30%), and one tenth of mothers
were belonged to extended family (10%). It shows that disintegration of
joint family system was observed even in the study area also.

58

59
Table 8

Percentage distribution of mothers of toddlers by their type of house

N = 40
Type of house Frequency Percentage
Pakka 13 32.5
Kucha 13 32.5
Semi pakka 14 35

Table 8 describes the percentage distribution of mothers of
toddlers by their type of the house. More than one third of mothers were
residing at semi pakka house (35%) and one third of mothers were
residing at pakka and kucha houses were equally (32.5%) distributed.

60

61
Section II

This section deals with percentage distribution of knowledge levels
if mothers of toddlers on nature and prevention of accidents related to
pre test and post test.
Table 9
Percentage distribution of overall knowledge scores of mothers on
nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers
related to pre test and post test
N = 40
Pre test Post test Knowledge
score Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
High
knowledge
- - 5 12.5
Average
knowledge
6 15 35 87.5
Low
knowledge
34 85 - -

Table 9 represents the overall knowledge levels of mothers on
nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers, related to pre test and
post test. In pre test majority of the mothers had low knowledge (85%)
followed by more than one tenth of mothers had average knowledge
(15%) where as in post test indicated a marked increase in knowledge
level, that majority of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) and more
than one tenth of mothers had high knowledge (12.5%). From this it was
inferred that structured teaching programme was effective in improving
the knowledge of mothers of toddlers on nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers.

62

63
Table 10
Percentage distribution of knowledge levels of mothers of toddlers on
different sections on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers related to pre test and post test

N = 40
Pre test Post test
Low < 50%
Average 51-
75%
High >
75%
Low <
50%
Average 51-
75%
High > 75%
Different sections of
knowledge
F % F % F % F % F % F %
Over all knowledge 34 85 6 15 - - - - 35 87.5 5 12.5
General areas of home
accidents
40 100 - - - - 15 37.5 20 50.0 5 12.5
Falls 34 85 6 15 - - 15 37.5 19 47.5 6 15
Poisoning 30 75 9 22.5 1 2.5 4 10.0 20 50 16 40
Drowning 35 87.5 4 10 1 2.5 1 2.5 22 55 17 42.5
Burns 31 77.5 9 22.5 - - - - 30 75 10 25
Aspiration / suffocation 34 85 6 15 - - - - 27 67.5 13 32.5
Road traffic accidents 34 85 - - 6 15 28 70 - - 12 30

Table 10 reveals the percentage distribution of knowledge levels of
mothers of toddlers on different sections of knowledge level related to
nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers in pre test and post
test. The knowledge levels of mothers had been divided into 7 specific
sections viz., general areas of home accidents, falls, poisoning, drowning,
burns, aspiration / suffocation and road traffic accidents.

In pre test regarding the overall knowledge of mothers of toddlers,
the majority were had low knowledge (85%) followed by above one tenth
of mothers had average knowledge (15%). Where as in post test, majority
of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) and more than one tenth of
64
mothers had high knowledge (12.5%). It signifies the effectiveness of
structured teaching programme among mothers knowledge.

In the section of general areas of home accidents all mothers had
low knowledge (100%) in pre test. Whereas in post test half of the
mothers had average knowledge (50%) followed by more than one third
of mothers had low knowledge (37.5%) and nearly one tenth of mothers
had high knowledge (12.5%).

In the section related to falls, majority of mothers had low
knowledge (85%) followed by above one tenth of mothers had average
knowledge (15%) related to pre test. Whereas in post test half of the
mothers had average knowledge (50%) followed by mothers with low
knowledge (37.5%) and above one tenth of mothers had high knowledge
(12.5%).

In the section related to poisoning, in pre test nearly three fourth of
mothers had low knowledge (75%), followed by more than one fifth of
the mothers had average knowledge (22.5%), and a very negligible
percentage of mothers had high knowledge (2.5%). Whereas in post test,
the half of the mothers had average knowledge (50%), followed by two
fifth of the mothers had high knowledge (40%) and one tenth of mothers
had low knowledge (10%).

In the section related to drowning in pre test, majority of mothers
had low knowledge (87.5%) and followed by one tenth of mothers had
average knowledge (10%) and a very negligible percentage of mothers
had high knowledge (2.5%). Whereas in post test more than half of
mothers had gained average knowledge (55%) and followed by more than
65
two fifth of the mothers has high knowledge (42.5%), followed by a very
minimal percentage of mothers had low knowledge (2.5%).

In the section related to burns in pre test, more than three fourth of
the mothers had low knowledge (77.5%), followed by more than one fifth
of the mothers had average knowledge (22.5%). Whereas in post test,
three fourth of mothers had average knowledge (75%) and one fourth of
mothers had high knowledge (25%).

In the section related to aspiration / suffocation, in pre test,
majority of mothers had low knowledge (85%) and more than one tenth
of mothers had average knowledge (15%), whereas in post test, more than
two third of mothers had average knowledge (67.5%) and more than one
third of mothers had high knowledge (32.5%).

In the section related to road traffic accidents in pre test, majority
of mothers had low knowledge (85%), more than one tenth of mothers
had high knowledge (15%). Whereas in post test, nearly three fourth of
mothers had low knowledge (70%) and nearly one third of mothers had
high knowledge (30%).

In post test, higher levels of knowledge were observed in all sectors
of study content when compared to pre test signified the structured
teaching programme was effective.

66
Table 11

Mean and standard deviation of pre test and post test for different
sections of knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers
N = 40
Pre test Post test Different sections of
knowledge Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Overall knowledge 12.1 2.10 20.28 2.68
General areas of home
accidents
0.5 0.5 2.75 0.67
Falls 2 0.57 2.78 0.69
Poisoning 2.35 0.53 3.4 0.8
Drowning 1.8 0.73 3.5 0.67
Burns 1.9 0.74 3.3 0.44
Aspiration / suffocation 1.7 0.72 3.3 0.47
Road traffic accidents 1.2 0.36 1.3 0.46

Table 11 describes mean percentage and standard deviation of
different sections of knowledge of mothers of toddlers on nature and

The overall pre test assessment of mean was 12.1 (SD=2.10)
increased in post test assessment was 20.28 (SD-2.68). From this it was
inferred that structured teaching programme was effective in improving
the knowledge of mothers of toddlers.

67
In different sections of knowledge, in pre test, the highest mean
was observed by the following hierarchical order viz., poisoning 2.35
(SD=0.74), falls 2(SD=0.57), burns 1.9 (SD=0.74), drowning 1.8
(SD=0.73), aspiration/ suffocation 1.7 (SD=0.36) and road traffic
accidents 1.2 (SD=0.36). Whereas in post test the highest mean was
observed by the following hierarchical order viz., drowning 3.5
(SD=0.67), poisoning 3.4 (SD=0.8) aspiration/suffocation 3.3 (SD=0.47),
burns 3.3 (SD=0.44), falls 2.78 (SD=0.69), general areas of home
accidents 2.75 (SD=0.67) and road traffic accidents 1.3 (SD=0.46).

68
Section III

Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge of
mothers of toddlers on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers by comparing the pre test and post test.

Table 12
Different section of knowledge
Mean
difference
Standard
deviation
difference
Paived t
values
Over all knowledge 8.1 1.64 31.22
General areas of home accident 1.25 0.43 18.37
Falls 0.8 0.18 28.09
Poisoning 1.3 0.46 17.86
Drowning 1.7 0.49 21.93
Burns 1.35 0.48 17.78
Aspiration/ Suffocation 1.7 0.48 22.38
Road traffic accidents 0.3 0.38 4.99

Table 12 describes the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
on knowledge of mothers regarding nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers by comparing the pre test and post test.

Mean difference of 1.25 (SD=0.43) in general areas of home
accidents with paired t value 18.37 followed by mean difference of 0.8
(SD=0.18) in falls with paired t value 28.07; mean difference of 1.3
(SD=0.46) in poisoning with paired t value of 17.86, mean difference of
1.7 (SD=0.49) in drowning with paired t value of 21.93; mean
difference of 1.35 (SD=0.48) of burns with paired t value of 17.78;
69
mean difference of 1.7(SD=0.48) of aspiration/suffocation with paired t
value of 22.38; mean difference of 0.3 (SD=0.38) in road traffic accidents
with paired t value of 4.99.

The overall pre test and post test mean difference 8.1 (SD=1.64)
with the paired t value of 31.22. Thus it revealed that the mean post test
knowledge score was significantly higher than the mean pre test
knowledge score of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers. The table value of paired t value at 1% level of
significance and 29 degree of freedom is (1.6999) was less than
calculated value t=31.22. Hence statistically there was a significant
difference in post test knowledge score than pre test knowledge score.
Therefore the Investigator accepted the H
1
research hypothesis.

70
SECTION IV

Association between the age of mother with their post test
knowledge regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers

Table 13

Post test knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge
Age
F % F % F %
Total
Below 20 years - - 3 7.5 - - 3
21-25 years - - 7 17.5 - - 7
26-30 years - - 24 60 - - 24
Above 30 years - - 1 2.5 5 12.5 6
Total 35 87.5 5 12.5 40
(2 =4.9024 d.f. =3)

Table 13 depicts the association between the age of mothers and
post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers.

In post test, related to average knowledge, 24 mothers were
belonging to the age group of 26-30 years had average knowledge
followed by 7 mothers were belonging to the age group of 21-25 years. 6
mothers were belonging to age group of 30 years, in that 5 mothers had
high knowledge, and only one mother had average knowledge and a very
71
minimum number of mothers (3) were belonging to age group of below
20 years, and had low knowledge.

Chi square test was done to identify the association between age of
mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers. The calculated
2
was 4.9024, at 5% level of
significance with 3 degree of freedom. Table critical value of
2
was
7.815. The calculated
2
value was less than Table value. Hence there
was no significant association between age and post test knowledge of
mothers. Hence the Investigator rejected the H
2

72
Table 14

Association between education status of mothers with their post test
knowledge regarding nature and prevention

Post test knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge
Education status
F % F % F %
Total
Illiterates - - 14 35 - - 14
Primary school - - 13 32.5 - - 13
Secondary school - - 8 20 2 5 10
High school - - - - 3 7.5 3
College education - - - - - - -
Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40
(2 =25.9979 d.f. =4)

Table 14 reveals the association between the education status of

Among total mothers, 14 mothers were illiterates and had average
knowledge followed by 13 mothers were studied upto primary school and
had average knowledge, 10 mothers were studied upto secondary school,
in that 8 mothers had average knowledge and 2 mothers had high
knowledge. A very minimum number of 3 mothers were studied upto
high school, had high knowledge.
73

The Table value of
2
at 5% level of significance with 4 degree of
freedom was 9.48. As the calculated value 25.9979 was higher than the
table value, there was significant relationship between mothers post test
knowledge with their education status. Hence, the Investigator accepted
the H
3

74
Table 15

Association between the occupation of mothers with their post test
of accident among toddlers

Post test knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge
Occupation
F % F % F %
Total
Coolie - - 20 50 - - 20
Housewife - - 11 27.5 5 12.5 16
Petty business - - 4 10 - - 4
Any other - - - - - - -
Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40
(2 =8.5714 d.f. =3)

Table 15 represents the association between the occupation of

20 mothers were coolies, they had average knowledge, followed by
16 mothers were housewives, in that 11 mothers had average knowledge,
5 mothers had high knowledge, 4 mothers had average knowledge who
were doing petty business.

75
The Table value of
2
at 5% level of significance with 3 d.f. is
7.815. As the calculated value 8.5714 was higher than Table value, there
was significant relationship between the mothers occupational status
with their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers. Hence the Investigator accepted the H
4
hypothesis.

76
Table 16

Association between the religion of mothers with their post test

Post test knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge
Religion
F % F % F %
Total
Hindu - - 8 20 1 2.5 9
Muslim - - 26 65 3 7.5 29
Christian - - 1 2.5 1 2.5 2
Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40
(2 =2.7074 d.f. =2)

Table 16 represents the association between the religion of
mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention
of accidents among toddlers.

29 mothers were belonging to Muslim religion in that 26 mothers
had average knowledge and 3 mothers had high knowledge. 9 mothers
were belonging to Hindu religion, among them 8 mothers had average
knowledge and only one mother had high knowledge. Only 2 mothers
were belonging to Christian religion in that one mother had average
knowledge and one mother had high knowledge.

77

The Table value of
2
at 5% level of significance with 2 d.f. is
5.991 as the calculated value
2
=2.7074 was lower than the Table value,
there was no significant relationship between mothers religion with their
post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers. Hence the Investigator rejected the H
5

78
Table 17

Association between the monthly family income of mothers and their
post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention

Post test knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge
Monthly family
income
F % F % F %
Total
Below Rs.1000 - - 15 37.5 - - 15
Rs.1001-2000 - - 20 50 - - 20
Rs.2001-3000 - - - - 5 12.5 5
Rs.3001 and above - - - - - - -
Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40
(
2
=5.7143 d.f. =3)

Table 17 shows the association between the monthly family
income of mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature and

20 mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 had average
knowledge, followed by 15 mothers had an income of less than Rs.1000
and had average knowledge, 5 mothers had an income of Rs.2001-3000
and had high knowledge.

79
The Table value of
2
at 5% level of significance with 3 df 7.815
and the calculated value
2
=5.7143 was lower than Table value. It was
indicated that there was no significant relationship between the monthly
family income of mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature
and prevention of accidents. Hence the Investigator rejected the H
6

80
Table 18

Association between number of toddlers in the family of mothers and
their post test knowledge on nature and prevention

Post test knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge
Number of
toddlers in
the family
F % F % F %
Total
One - - 28 70 - - 28
Two - - 7 17.5 5 12.5 12
Three - - - - - - -
Four - - - - - - -
Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40
(
2
=13.334 d.f. =3)

Table 18 describes the association between number of toddlers in
the family of mothers with their post test knowledge on nature and

28 mothers had one toddler in the family and had average
knowledge, followed by 12 mothers had two toddlers in the family,
among them 7 mothers had average knowledge, 5 mothers had high
knowledge.

81
The Table value of
2
at 5% level of significance with df =3 was
7.815. As the calculated critical value
2
=13.334 was higher than the
Table value, indicated there was significant relationship between number
of toddlers in family with their post test knowledge on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers. Hence, the Investigator accepted
the H
7
82
Table 19

Association between the type of family of mothers and their post test

Post test knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge
Type of
family
F % F % F %
Total
Nuclear - - 19 47.5 5 12.5 24
J oint - - 12 30 - - 12
Extended - - 4 10 - - 4
Single parent - - - - - - -
Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40
(
2
=3.8092 d.f. =3)

Table 19 describes the association between the type of family of
mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of

24 mothers were belonging to nuclear family among them 19
mothers had average knowledge and 5 mothers had high knowledge
followed by 12 mothers were belonging to joint family and had average
knowledge, 4 mothers were belonging to extended family and had
average knowledge.

83
The Table value of
2
at 5% level of significance with 3 d.f was
7.815. As the calculated value
2
=3.8092 was lower than the Table value,
there was no significant association between the mothers of family type
and their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers. Hence the Investigator rejected H
8

84
Table 20

Association between the type of house of mother and their post test

Post test knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge
Type of
house
F % F % F %
Total
Pakka - - 8 20 5 12.5 13
Kucha - - 13 32.5 - - 13
Semi
pakka
- - 14 35 - - 14
Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40
(
2
=11.9065 d.f. =2)

Table 20 represents the association between the type of house of
mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of

14 mothers were residing at semi pakka house had average
knowledge, 13 mothers were residing at pakka house, in that 8 mothers
had average knowledge and 5 mothers had high knowledge, remaining 13
mothers were residing at kucha house and had average knowledge.

85
Table value of
2
=at 5% level of significance with df =2 was
5.991. As the calculated value
2
=11.9065 was higher than the Table
value, there was significant association between the type of house and
their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddler. Hence, the Investigator accepted H
9

86
DISCUSSION

The term accident implies that they are not preventable.
Accidents was identified as one of the priority area to target with in
health care. The accidents were common among toddlers, because of their
wonderful age of curiosity, experimentation and daily adventure without
the havoc contribution by unnecessary accidents. Most household items
can be hazardous and accidents are preventable with simple safety
measures, yet accidents are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity
in children under 5 years of age
7
. Mothers education along with firm
guidance are the keys to accident prevention and safe living. Accident
prevention education delivered through Child Accident Prevention Trust
to parents / care givers to reduce the incidence of home accidents under
the age of 5 years. The education to parents through primary health team
are at the forefront of promoting safety of the under fives as to how to
avoid potential dangers for young children in the home and encourage
usage of safety equipment
5
.

This study was experimental in nature. The study was conducted in
Zaheerabad area of Raichur; it was designed to assess the effectiveness of
structured teaching programme on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers. The data was collected by assessing knowledge of 40
mothers of toddlers. The study was conducted over a period of 4 weeks
from 20-08-05 to 20-09-05. The tool used for this study consists of two
sections:

87
Section A : Demographic data
Section B : knowledge of the mothers of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents. In that 7 specific sections were covered Viz.,
General areas of home accidents
Falls
Poisoning
Drowning
Burns
Aspiration / suffocation
Road traffic accidents

The collection data for the present study was analyzed
systematically by using relevant statistical methods and the results of the
study were discussed as follows:

Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers of toddlers:
Forty mothers of toddlers were selected as sample in the present
study in Zaheerabad area of Raichur. More than half of the mothers were
in the age group of 26-30 years (60%) followed by 21-25 years (17.5%)
above 30 years were (15%) and a minimal percentage of mothers were
belonging to the age group of below 20 years (7.5%). It indicates that the
age at marriage among sample seems to be as per legal age at marriage as
very minimum percentage of the mothers had toddlers by below 20 years
of age.

More than one third of mothers were illiterates (35%) followed by
mothers with primary school education (32.5%) and secondary education
(25%) a very negligible percentage of sample studied up to high school
88
(7.5%). It clearly shows that the education status of the mothers was very
low in the study area indicating the education backwardness status of
mothers.

Nearly two thirds of sample were doing one or other type of
occupation activity (coolies =50% and petty business =10%) denoting
that, even in the backward area also women were carrying forward to
shoulder the family responsibilities. It was also observed that 40 per cent
of mothers were enjoying household activities alone, where the traditional
Indian system was also observed.

Nearly three forth of mothers of toddlers were belonging to
Muslim religion (72.5%) and less than one forth of the mothers of
toddlers belonging to Hindu religion (22.5%) and a very minimal
percentage of mothers of toddlers belongs to Christian religion (5%). As
Raichur is dominated by Muslim population having history of belonging
to Nizams rulers. The same picture was also observed in the study area
also.

Half of the mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%) and
more than one third of mothers had an income of less than Rs.1000
(37.5%) and nearly one tenth of mothers had an income of Rs.2001-3000
(12.5%). None of the families had family monthly income of more than
Rs.3000, shows the economic backwardness of the study sample, which
the country is facing presently.

Nearly three fourth of the mothers had one toddler in the family
(70%) and nearly one third of mothers had two toddlers in the family
(30%). More than one toddler in the family was observed in joint families
89
alone. It is interesting to note that even though the study area was
dominated by Muslims, the small family norm was observed.

Nearly two third of mothers belonging to nuclear family (60%),
nearly one third of mothers were belonging to joint family (30%), and
one tenth of mothers of toddlers were belonging to extended family
(10%). It shows that the disintegration of joint family system even in the
study area was observed.

Majority of mothers were living in semi pakka house (35%) and
nearly one third of mothers were residing in kucha houses (32.5%) and
pakka house respectively (32.5%).

The knowledge of mothers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers
Structured Interview Schedule was used to assess mothers
knowledge score on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
According to the selection criteria, forty mothers of toddlers were
selected in this study.

In pre test, majority of the mothers of toddlers had low knowledge
(85%) and more than one tenth of mothers had average knowledge (15%)
where as in post test, majority of mothers had average knowledge
(87.5%) followed by more than one tenth of mothers had low knowledge
(12.5%).

The mean score and standard deviation of pre assessment and post
assessment score on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers
was 12.1 (SD=2.10) and 20.28 (SD=2.68) respectively.
90
The effectiveness of structured teaching programme on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers

The calculated mean in this study was 8.1 (SD=1.64) with the
paired t value of 31.22. The Table value of paired t value at 1% level
of significance at 29 degree of freedom 1.6999 was less than calculated
t value. It was evident that the structured teaching programme had an
effect among mothers of toddlers in improving the knowledge on nature

The relationship between the selected demographic variables
and knowledge of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers

Significant relationship was found between the post test knowledge
score on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers and education
status (
2
=25.9979), occupation (
2
=8.5714), number of toddlers in the
family (
2
=13.334) and type of the house (
2
=11.9065) at 5% level of
significance.

No significant relationship was found between the post test
knowledge as nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers and age
(x
2
=4.9024), religion (
2
=2.7074), monthly family income (x
2
=5.7143)
and type of the family (x
2
=3.8092).

It was concluded that significant association was not observed
among the mothers knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers in post test knowledge with some of the variables such as
age, religion, monthly family income and type of the house. Hence, the
implementation of structured teaching programme with these variables
was not having significant influence in the topic.
91

SUMMARY

The aim of study was to assess the effectiveness of structured
teaching programme regarding nature and prevention of accidents among
mothers of toddlers. The nature of study was experimental study and was
conducted in Zaheerabad area of Raichur.

The objectives of study were:
regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers with
selected socio-demographic variables.

Based on the objectives of the study the following research hypothesis
were formulated:

H
1
: There will be a significant difference between pre test and
post test knowledge scores of mothers of toddlers regarding
H
2
: There will be a significant relationship between the
prevention of accidents with their age.
92
H
3
prevention of accidents with their education status.
H
4
prevention of accidents with their occupation.
H
5
: There will be a significant association between the
prevention of accidents with their religion.
H
6
prevention of accidents with their monthly family income.
H
7
prevention of accidents with their number of toddlers in the
family.
H
8
prevention of accidents with their family type.
H
9
prevention of accidents with their type of house.

Related literature and previous research studies were utilized to
support the present study. The conceptual framework used for this study
was based on modified form of Bertanlonffys, General systems theory.

The research design adopted for this study was one group pre test
and post test of pre experimental design. A study was conducted in ward
93
no.13 of Zaheerabad area, Raichur. Simple random sampling technique
by lottery method was used for selecting the 40 sample mothers for the
present study.
A structured interview schedule was prepared and used for data
collection, which consists of two parts: Part-A deals with socio-
demographic data, Part B consists of 30 items regarding knowledge of
mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers. Content
validity was done by 7 experts who were specialized in Child Health
Nursing. The tool was found to be reliable and valid the reliability by
using Karl-Pearsons formula i.e. r=0.92 and was found to be highly
reliable. A pilot study was conducted for finding out the feasibility of
administration of tool for study. The sample taken for pilot study was not
considered as sample for main study. The data for final study was
collected from 20-8-05 to 20-9-05. During the main study the Investigator
collected background information and assessed knowledge of mothers of
toddlers with structured interview schedule and was intervened again
after a gap of seven days the post test was done.

The data collected were coded, grouped, tabulated and interpreted
based on objectives of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics
were used for data analysis.

Major findings of the study characteristics:
More than half of the sample were in the age group of between 20-
30 years (60%).
More than one third of mothers were illiterates (35%).
Half of the mothers were coolies (50%).
Half of the mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%).
Nearly three fourth of mothers had one toddler in the family (70%).
More than half of mothers were belonging to nuclear family (60%).
94
More than one third of mothers were residing in semipakka houses
(35%).

Findings related to effectiveness of structured teaching programme:

In Pre test majority of the mothers had low knowledge (85%).
After intervention of structured teaching programme in post test, majority
of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) and more than one tenth of
mothers had high knowledge (12.5%).

The over all mean pre test knowledge score was 12.1 with the
standard deviation of 2.10. The over all mean post test knowledge score
was 20.28 with the standard deviation of 2.68.

The pre test mean knowledge score was increased from 12.1 to
20.28. In post test, the obtained over all mean difference between the post
test and pre test was 8.1, with the standard deviation of 1.64 with
calculated the paired t value of 31.22. The Table value of paired t
value at 1% level of significance at 29 degrees of freedom was 1.6999.
Hence, statistically there was significant difference in post test knowledge
than pre test knowledge. Therefore the Investigator had retained the H
1


The findings related to relationship between knowledge of mothers
with selected socio-demographic variables:

The association between knowledge and selected variables was
observed by computing chi-square test, significant relationship between
the knowledge levels of mothers with selected socio-demographic
95
variables such as education status, occupation, number of toddlers in the
family and type of house. Hence, the research hypotheses i.e. H
3
, H
4
, H
7
,
H
9
were accepted.
The association between knowledge and selected variables was
observed by computing chi-square test and it was found no significant
relationship between the knowledge levels of mothers with selected
socio-demographic variables such as age, religion, monthly income and
family type. Hence, the research hypothesis which were formulated i.e.,
H
2
, H
5
, H
6
, H
8
were rejected.

96

CONCLUSION

Conclusions were derived from findings and are a synthesis of
findings. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the
present study: to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching
programme on nature and preventions of accidents among toddlers.
In pre test, majority of mothers of toddlers had low knowledge
(85%) and 15% of mothers had average knowledge regarding
nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
In post test, the mothers of toddlers attained 87.5% of average
knowledge and 12.5% of high knowledge implicating the
effectiveness of structured teaching programme intervention.
Significant association was found between knowledge of mothers
of toddlers with selected socio-demographic variables in the post
test, like education status, occupation, number of toddlers in the
family and type of house.
In significant association between the knowledge of mothers with
selected socio-demographic variables in the post test, like age,
religion, monthly income and type of family.

97

IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The findings of the study have several implications for nursing
education, nursing practice, nursing administration and nursing research.

The implications, which have been made in the present study were
essential to the nurse practitioners, nurse educators and nurse
administrators.

Nursing Education:
Nurse educator can teach the students to acquire adequate
knowledge and skills in prevention of accidents among toddlers.
Nurse educator can teach mothers about valid factors which affect
the health of children due to accidents.
Nurse educator can teach in community to adopt appropriate
preventive measures against accidents among toddlers.
Nurse educator can teach all married parents to raise level of
knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents.
Nurse educator can teach the mothers about the importance of safe
environment and anticipatory guidance to prevent accidents.
Nurse educator can teach the students and mothers about
management of dangers among toddlers.
98
Nurse educator can compare the demographic characteristics which
had effect on accidents among toddlers viz.- mothers educational
status, type of house, occupation.
Nurse educator can motivate the mothers in establishing safe
environment to children.

Nursing Practice:
Nurses are key persons of the health team, who play vital role in
the promotion and maintenance of health.
Nurses should involve in planning the prevention of accidents
among toddlers.
Nurses can conduct community awareness campaigns programme
on importance of parental supervision in prevention of accidents.
Nurses should plan health education on home safety and injury
prevention programmes for mothers.
Nurse as a practitioner can be prepared Health education module to
teach the mothers on prevention of accidents among toddlers.
Nurse can teach health professionals to teach the mothers during
their home visits on primary prevention and first-aid.
Nurse should plan formal and informal teaching programme for
nursing professional in community.

Nursing Administration:
Nursing professionals working in hospital settings can find
opportunity to teach and improve the knowledge of mothers.
Nurse administrators can organize the staff development
programmes for nurses to update their knowledge regarding
99
Nurse administrator can organize and conduct counseling
programmes for mothers of toddlers in meetings their needs
Nurse administrator can bring awareness among the public in
general and specific focus groups regarding nature and prevention
of accidents among toddlers.

Nursing Research:
The findings of the study shows that majority of the mothers of
toddlers have lack of knowledge about nature and prevention of accidents
and provision of safety environment in home and out side.
Based on the findings future researchers can conduct further
studies on awareness and improvement of knowledge of mothers
regarding toddler accidents on a large sample.
The study will motivate the beginning researchers to conduct same
study with different variables on a large scale.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The present study was conducted on a smaller sample, a more
extensive study on larger sample is recommended for wider
generalization.
A comparative study can be conducted to identify the differences
and similarities between rural and urban areas of mothers
knowledge levels in prevention of accidents.
An experimental study can be conducted with control group for
comparison.
A similar study can be conducted in hospital and community
settings.
100
The teaching and demonstration materials can be videotaped and
can be shown to mothers in out patient department of hospital.
To increase awareness health information can be passed out to
others by various sources like: Voluntary organization,
Government services, Private health camps, Nursing personnel and
other health professionals with the help of mass media.
101

101
TOPIC : Nature and Prevention of accidents among toddlers.
Group : Mothers of Toddlers.
Place : Zaheerabad, Raichur
Duration : 45 minutes
Method of Teaching : Lecture cum discussion.
Teaching aids : Charts
Flash cards
Flip charts
Demonstration
General Objectives : By the end of teaching class Mothers will be able to :-
Acquire correct information about nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
Specific Objectives :
Give brief account on Growth and Development of a toddler.
Gains knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
Acquire knowledge regarding sources, causes of accidents in toddlers
Implement first aid technique in case of emergency.
Practice Preventive aspects in causation of accidents.
102
Time
Specific
Objectives
Content
Teaching &
Learning activity
Evaluation
5
Minutes
Introduces
the topic
Child Safety is Nations Safety
Introduction
Mother plays a vital role in caring of children.
Educating mother is lighting lamp in the house. She
nourishes, protects and supports the children. The safety
environment helps and unsafely environment dangers the
health of the child. One of the environmental dangers
(hazards) are the home accidents. The child accidents are
very common which leads to loss or death of the child.
Parents as mothers has to protect the children from
accidents by providing Healthy environments for
children. Mother mainly to be educated to provide the
healthy, safe environment to their children
1
.

Teacher introduces
the topic by
explaining the
importance of mother
in protecting children
from accidents.
What is the
importance of
Mother in her
family?
Toddler Room
103
3
Minutes
States the
meaning of
an accident
Meaning
Accident means sudden, Unexpected harmful event
An accident is often a harmful event that could be
avoided by a little careful thought
4
.

Teacher explains the
meaning of an
accident.
What is an
accident?
Narrates the
nature of
Toddler
Toddler
Child accidents are very common among toddlers
age. (i.e.1-3 years). During this age the child is like a
discovering machine always searching for new things.
Because of Curious (eagerness) and enthusiastic in nature,
they love to explore the environments persistently and does
not understand the probable danger of their play
3
.
Teacher narrates the
nature of toddler

Who is
Toddler?
What is the
nature of
toddler?

The toddler should be always under Hand-touch
supervision i.e. child always within the limits of
mothers arms, to prevent toddler accidents.

Curious Toddler
104
2
Minutes
Describe the
general
causes for
toddler
accidents?
General causes for toddler accidents
Increased curiosity/ Enthusiastic to investigate things
in surroundings.
Lack of safe environment for children.
Lack of parental supervision and ignorance of parents
4
.

With the help of
charts teacher
explains the general
causes for accidents
among toddlers
What are the
general causes
for accidents
among
toddlers?
1
Minute
List out the
common
toddler
accidents
Types of toddler accidents
Falls
Poisoning
Drowning
Burns
Aspiration/ Suffocation
Road accidents
4
.

With the help of flash
cards teacher lists the
types of toddler
accidents

What are the
types of
toddler
accidents?

General Causes
105
I. FALLS
5
Minutes
Falls are common type of accidents which occur
when the child is playing. Falls leads to injuries, sprains,
dislocations and fractures.

Describe the
causes for
falls in
toddlers?
Causes
Hurrily climbing up the stairs
Leaning on the higher ends.
Fast running activity.
Unaware of depth to comedown stairs.

Teacher describes the
causes for falls in
toddlers
What are the
causes for falls
in toddlers?
Narrate the
common
sources of
danger in
falls
Sources of danger
Falls from stairs, balconies, mothers & childrens
arms
3
.
Teacher narrates the
common sources of
danger in falls
What are the
sources of falls
in toddlers?
List out the Guidelines to Prevent falls among Toddlers With the help of What are the
106
Common
guidelines in
prevention of
falls
Keep stair door locked
Apply non-skid mat in bathroom.
Keep large toys out of crib
Supervise at play grounds
Do not keep furniture near window
2
.

chart teacher lists the
common guidelines
in Prevention of falls

common
preventive
guidelines in
falls?
Demonstrate
the first aid in
falls
First aid for falls:
Control external bleeding by applying pressure and
elevate part if possible
Immobilize the part by securing with pads if fracture
takes place
Shift the child to the hospital immediately
57
.

Teacher demonstrates
the first aid in falls
How will you
give first aid in
falls?
II. POISONING
107
5 Min Explains the
meaning of
poisoning
It means ingestion of poisonous agents, as the child
will have curiosity and interested in tasting and touching
the objects or the agents whichever comes across.

meaning of poisoning
What is the
meaning of
poisoning?

Explains the
sources,
preventive
aspects and
first aid in
poisoning

Common poisons at home
Stored kerosene, petrol, and insecticides.
Household cleansing agents, cosmetics.
Poisonous plants around home
12
.

sources and
preventive aspects
and first aid in
poisoning

What are the
sources,
preventive
aspects, and
first aid in
poisoning?
Preventive points:
Store house hold cleaners and medicines out of reach
of children
Avoid taking medicines in front of children.

108
First Aid
Give plenty of fluids orally
Induce vomiting (with household solution e.g.
saltwater)
Shift the child immediately with carrying medicine that
swallowed
57
.

III. DROWNING
5 min Explains the
drowning and
management
in toddler
Drowning means it is an asphyxial death due to fully
submersion in water.

Sources of Danger
Open small tanks, wells, lakes and rivers
3
.

With the help of flash
cards teacher explains
the drowning and
management
What is
drowning and
how will you
manage?
109
First aid
Lift the child from water and keep upside down for a
short period.
Raise the middle part of the body with your hand round
the belly.
Keep body warm
Seek medical advice immediately
57
.

IV. BURNS
5 Min Explains the
causes
prevention
and first aid
of burns in
toddlers
Fire is a good servant but a bad master
Burns means Injury by heat and fire

Causes for burns
Un aware of consequences of heat and fire

causes, prevention
and first aid of burns
in toddlers
Describe the
occurrence of
burns in
toddlers?
110
Prevention of burns Prevention of burns
Do not cook or boil, down on the floor Do not cook or boil, down on the floor
Check bathwater temperature before bath Check bathwater temperature before bath
Turn pot handles towards back of stove Turn pot handles towards back of stove
Do not allow the child to play in kitchen while cooking Do not allow the child to play in kitchen while cooking
Avoid electric outlets without faceplates Avoid electric outlets without faceplates
Do not allow child to play with electrical appliances
wires or lighters
13
.
Do not allow child to play with electrical appliances
wires or lighters

13
.
First aid
Put the cold water on burned area for 10mits
Never place ointments, powder on burned area.
57
.

111
V. ASPIRATION / SUFFOCATION
5 Min Explains the
meaning and
causes of
aspiration and
suffocation
Aspiration means Ingestion of foreign objects
Suffocation means unable to breath due to obstruction in
nose or throat
15
.
Causes
Swallowing coins / beads/ nuts/ small parts of toys
Play with plastic bags and balloons.

meaning and causes of
aspiration/ suffocation
What is the
meaning and
causes of
aspiration /
suffocation?

Guides in
prevention of
aspiration /
suffocation

Preventive guidelines:
Discourage the child to run when the food in mouth
Objects like; coins, beads, nuts, buttons, marbles open
pins must not left within childs reach
Playing with a plastic bag may put his head and then
not able to remove it
15
.

Teacher guides in
prevention of
aspiration /
suffocation

What are the
preventive
aspects in
aspiration /
suffocation?
Demonstrates First aid
Teacher demonstrates
112
the first aid
for aspirated
child
He should be held in upside down
Firm slap over back. If it is visible remove with finger.
57
.

first aid in aspirated child
VI. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

5
Minutes
Road safety no accident
Because of rapid developmental changes, the
toddlers are more prone to get road accidents
15
.

Narrates the
causes
preventive
aspects and
first aid in
road
accidents
Causes
Playing in streets like playgrounds
Unaware of road traffic rules.
First aid
Control external bleeding by applying pressure
bandage.
Immobile the part
Shift the child immediately to the hospital
57
.
causes preventive
aspects and first aid
in road accidents
Can you give
reasons,
preventive
aspects, and
first aid in road
traffic
accidents?
113
4
Minutes
Teacher
summarizes
the topic
Summary
Till now I discussed the components of nature and
prevention of accidents in toddlers. These include; the
types of accidents, its causes, sources of danger,
guidelines to prevent them and first aid at home.

Conclusion
When your toddler is at the age of 1-4 years, the
motor development is rapid and has great chance for
injury. Minor injuries are unavoidable and major injuries
are preventable. The protection of child and education of
mother has reciprocal relation. Anticipatory guidance and
prevention is key to decrease risk of serious injuries.
You, as a parent, can also be prepared by using
commonsense, good parental supervision; safe
environment can save and secure your child.

Safe Child

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132

ABSTRACT

An experimental study was carried out to assess the effectiveness
of Structured Teaching Programme regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among mothers of toddlers in a selected area of Raichur
(Zaheerabad area) by Mrs. G. Vijaya Kumari, II year, M.Sc (N) from
Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur. The study was conducted in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
in Nursing of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.

Objectiveness of the study were:
regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers with
selected socio-demographic variables.

Methodology:
The study was based on modified form of Bertanlonffys model.
Evaluative research approach was used. Pre-experimental design was
adopted for this study. Simple random sampling by lottery method
technique was used to select the sample. Totally 40 mothers of toddlers
were selected by simple random sampling technique. Structured interview
schedule was used to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics
was used to analyze the data.

126

Major findings of the study were:
More than half of the sample were belonging to the age group of
20-30 years (60%).
More than one third of mothers were illiterates (35%).
Half of the mothers were coolies (50%),
Half of the mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%).
Nearly three fourth of mothers had one toddler in the family (70%).
More than half of the mothers were belonging to nuclear family
(60%)
More than one third of mothers were residing at semipakka house
(35%)
In pretest, majority of the mothers had low knowledge (85%). In
post test, majority of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%)
followed by high knowledge (12.5%). Structured teaching
programme had enhanced the knowledge level of the mothers on
different sections of nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers.
The Significant association was found between knowledge of
mothers of toddlers with selected socio-demographic variables in
the post test, and type of house like education status, occupation,
number of toddlers in the family.
In significant association between the knowledge of mothers with
selected socio-demographic variables in the post test, like age,
religion, monthly income and type of family.

127

Conclusion
Majority of mothers in pre test had low knowledge on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers followed by average knowledge
(15%) where as in post test significant difference was observed i.e. major
percentage of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) followed by high
knowledge (12.5%) signifies the need of conduction of awareness
campaigns in enhancing the knowledge of primary caregivers in the study
area.

128

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133

Annexure I

Letter seeking permission to conduct study in Zaheerabad Area

From
Dr. R. Vasundhara
Principal
Navodaya College of Nursing
Raichur.

To
The Counselor
Ward No. 13, Zaheerabad
Raichur.
Sir,
Sub : Permission for conducting study.
This is to introduce Mrs. G. Vijaya Kumari, II year M.Sc. (N)
student of Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur who is conducting a
Research project in partial fulfillment of M.Sc. (N) programme. She has
choosen the topic
A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching
programme regarding nature and prevention of accidents among mothers
of toddlers in a selected area of Raichur.
Kindly give her permission to conduct research project in your
area.
Thanking you,
Yours sincerely
Sd/-

Principal

134

Annexure II

Letter granting permission to conduct study in Zaheerabad Area

From
The Counselor
Word. No. 13, Zaheerabad
Raichur.

To
Dr. R. Vasundhara
Principal
Navodaya College of Nursing,
Raichur.

Madam,
Sub : Permission to conduct research project
Ref : Your letter dated : 1-8-05

Mrs. G. VijayaKumari, M.Sc. (N) student of Navodaya College of
Nursing, Raichur is permitted to conduct her research project in
Zaheerabad area, Raichur.

Sd/-

135

Annexure III

Letter to Experts for Content Validity
From
Mrs. Vijaya Kumari. G.
II Year M.Sc. Nursing
Navodaya College of Nursing
Raichur.
To
Through proper channel
Respected Sir / Madam,
Sub: Opinion and suggestions of experts on content validity
of research tool-request-regarding.

I Mrs.Vijaya Kumari.G. studying II year M.Sc. (N) course at
Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur, as a part of my course
requirement I have taken up a research project on A study to Assess the
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature
and Prevention of Accidents Among Mothers of Toddlers in a
Selected Area of Raichur.

I am requesting you to kindly go through the tool and give your
valuable suggestions on content validity. I am herewith enclosing the study
objectives, tool and certificate of validation along with stamped envelope.
Thanking you,

Signature of the Principal Yours sincerely

Signature of the Guide (Vijaya Kumari.G.)
136

Annexure IV

CONTENT VALIDITY CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mrs.G.Vijaya Kumari II year M.Sc Nursing
student in Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur who has selected the
topic on A study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching
Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention of Accidents Among
Mothers of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur. The tool was
validated by me. The suggestions / advices are herewith enclosed.

Sd/-

Experts Name
With Designation and Address

137

Annexure V

List of experts consulted for the content validity

Dr. Manjunath Professor & HOD of Paediatrics
N.M.C.H. & R.C.
Raichur.

Dr. Sanjay Shetty Asst. Professor
N.M.C.H. & R.C.
Raichur.

Mrs. K. Draksayani Devi Principal
NIMS College of Nursing
Hyderabad.

Ms. S. Arun Sree Associate Professor
Govt. College of Nursing
Somajiguda, Hyderabad.

Mrs. Shakunthala Lecturer
Hyderabad

138

Mrs. T. Vasundhara Tulasi Lecturer
Hyderabad

Mrs. Heera Lecturer
Medical College Campus
Kurnool.

Mrs. Sujatha Lecturer
Kurnool.

Mrs. Swarnalatha Lecturer
Kurnool.

139

Annexure VI

Section A
Demographic Data
1. Code No:
2. Age of the mother ( )
a) Below 20 years
b) 21-25 years
c) 26-30 years
d) Above 30 years

3. Education of the mother ( )
a) Illiterates
b) Primary School
c) Secondary School
d) High School
e) Collegiate education

4. Occupation of the mother ( )
a) Coolie
b) House wife
c) Petty business
d) Any other, specify

5. Religion ( )
a) Hindu
b) Muslim
c) Christian

140

6. Monthly family income ( )
a) Below Rs.1000/- per month
b) Rs.1001-2000/- per month
c) Rs.2001-3000/- per month
d) Rs.3001 and above per month

7. Number of toddlers in the family ( )
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four and above

8. Family type ( )
a) Nuclear
b) J oint
c) Extended
d) Single parent

9. Type of the house ( )
a) Pakka
b) Kucha
c) Semi Pakka

141

Section B
I. Assessment of Mothers Knowledge in General Areas of
Home Accidents
Total Score : 30 M
1 M
1. What is meant by an accident? ( )
a) Sudden, unexpected harmful event
b) Slow, expected event
c) Normal, expected event
d) Normal, unexpected event
1 M
2. Which age group of children are more prone for accidents? ( )
a) Birth to one year
b) 1-3 years
c) 5-8 years
d) 9-12 years
1 M
3. Why the children will be affected more with accidents? ( )
a) Clean and safe environment
b) Lack of supervision
c) Not interested in surroundings
d) Aggressiveness
1 M
4. Which type of toys causes injuries to a toddler? ( )
a) Sharp edged and small parts of the toys
b) Stuffed toys
c) Bright toys
d) Dim toys

142

II. ASSESSMENT OF MOTHERS KNOWLEDGE ON FALLS
1 M
5. What are the causes for falls at home? ( )
a) Slippery flooring, open stairs
b) Hard flooring
c) Keeping doors locked
d) Locked stairs
1 M
6. What will happen, when the child falls? ( )
a) Fractures
b) Fever and cough
c) Pain abdomen
d) Ear pain
1 M
7. How will you prevent falls among children? ( )
a) Unprotective play grounds
b) Not allowing the child to lean on the higher ends
c) Apply slip-mat-in bathroom
d) Keep stair door unlocked
1 M
8. What is the first-aid management for falls? ( )
a) Call neighbour
b) Immobile the part and shift to hospital
c) Allow to cry
d) Do not handle the child

143

III. Assessment of Mothers Knowledge
About Poisoning
1 M
9. What is meant by poisoning? ( )
a) Ingestion of half cooked food
b) Ingestion of poisonous agents
c) Ingestion of more milk
d) Ingestion of more water
1 M
10. What are the most common poisons at home? ( )
a) Cleansing agents and pesticides
b) Toys and vessels
c) Flies and mosquitoes
d) Coal and Khajal
1 M
11. Why the children of 1-3 years are more prone for poisoning? ( )
a) Intention to vomit
b) Intention to dance
c) Intention of tasting and touching
d) Intention to talk
1 M
12. How will you protect the child from poisoning? ( )
a) Store household cleaners away from mother
b) Store medicines and household cleaners in out of
reach of children
c) Allow the child to talk slowly about medicine
d) Store chemicals in food containers

144

1 M
13. How will you manage the child from consumed poisoning? ( )
a) Tell out to everybody
b) Call police
c) Shift hospital immediately
d) Give to neighbour

IV. Assessment of Mothers Knowledge on Drowning
1 M
14. What is meant by drowning? ( )
a) Death from submersion in water
b) Death from inhalation of noxious gas
c) Death from ingestion of poisonous food
d) Death from mosquito bite
1 M
15. What are the sources of drowning? ( )
a) Open small tanks or open wells
b) Closed wells, dry lakes
c) Empty buckets
d) While raining
1 M
16. What are the effects of drowning ( )
a) Fever
b) Death due to asphyxia
c) Vomiting
d) Head ache

145

1 M
17. How can you prevent drowning among toddlers? ( )
a) Never leave the child alone to play in water
b) Keep open all water containers in the home premises
c) Leave child alone in water
d) Allow the child to play near irrigation ditches
1 M
18. How will you manage the child when drowning occurs? ( )
a) Suck the water
b) Lift the child and keep up side down, press over abdomen
c) Do not give care
d) Give to mother

V. Assessment of Mothers Knowledge on Burns
1 M
19. What is meant by burns? ( )
a) Injury by sand
b) Injury by dry heat
c) Injury by toys
d) Injury by stones
1 M
20. What is the common source of burns among children? ( )
a) Hot liquids
b) Cake
c) Biscuits
d) Air

146

1 M
21. How will you prevent burns among toddler? ( )
a) Keep hot items out of reach to the child
b) Turn pot hands towards front of stove
c) Keeping chimney at lower level
d) Allow child to play while cooking
1 M
22. How the burns will occur with electrical appliances? ( )
a) Outlet without faceplates
b) Using used sockets
c) Keeping electrical wiring boxes locked
d) Standing outside during thunder storm
1 M
23. How will you manage scald burns? ( )
a) Immerse burned part in cold water for 10 minutes
b) Do not seek medical advice
c) Wrapping the child
d) Careful observation of the child

VI. Assessment of Mothers Knowledge on Aspiration / Suffocation
1 M
24. What is meant by aspiration? ( )
a) Ingestion of drugs
b) Ingestion of foreign objects
c) Ingestion of water
d) Ingestion of milk

147

1 M
25. What is suffocation? ( )
a) Unable to breath due to obstruction
b) Unable to see
c) Unable to talk
d) Unable to Listen
1 M
26. What are the common sources for suffocation? ( )
a) Swallowing coins/beads/nuts/small parts of toys
b) Pencils, Pens
c) Chalks, Sticks
d) Bread and milk
1 M
27. How will you prevent aspiration in toddlers? ( )
a) Discourage running of the child with food in mouth
b) Eating with lying position
c) Playing with sibling
d) Giving food while dancing
1 M
28. How will you manage when the child had an aspiration? ( )
a) Keep head low and give firm slap over the back
b) Keep head raise and firm slap over the back
c) Keep head straight and firm slap over the back
d) Keep head lateral and slap over the back.

148

VII. Assessment of Mothers Knowledge About
Road Traffic Accidents
1 M
29. How will you prevent road accidents among toddlers? ( )
a) Supervise when the children are outside
b) No supervision of tricycle riding
c) Allow to play outside
d) Teach to hear horns
1 M
30. How will you manage when child get motor-vehicle accident? ( )
a) Inform to police
b) Call neighbour
c) Seek medical advice immediately
d) Become panic without action

149

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Czs P

151

P-
1. PlAP AAv CWvU i
e vAiAg diA
Ml CAPU : 30
1. CWv JAzg ? ( )
C) CPvV, CQv CPj Wl
) zs, Hz Wl,
P) grAi, Hz Wl
q) grAi CQv Wl

2. Aii Ai Eeg CWvP P
GAmUg. ( )
C) dAz MAz zgU
) MAz Az g z
P) Kz Az JAl z
q) MAv Az gq z

3. AiiP P CWvAz vAzgqvg ?
( )
C) Z v gQvzvgt
) Zgu EzP
P) vvt zz CQ
q) dU PtP

4. AiijwAi Dlz iU vvj rAijU
iqv ? ( )
C) jvz CAZ Dlz i sUU
) UnAiiz DnPU
P) Ai Dlz iU
q) z Dlz iU

2. PAi U vAig ez
diA
5. Ai PU Aii PgtU ?
( )
C) tz v, vgz nU
) UnAiiz
P) VU agz.
q) az nU.

6. U zU K Asvz ? ( )
C) J jAiP
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152

P) QmAi
q) QAi

7. P z U vqUlj ?
( )
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qgz.
P) nU V vUgz.

8. PU z x aQv Aiiz ?
( )
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P) C q
q) U lgz.

3. UU Azsz vAiAg
diA
9. JAzg ? ( )
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P) a z.

10. Ai i U Aii ?
( )
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QPU
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q) Ez v .

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( )
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P) ga q v l Eaz.
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12. UAz U U Pqj ?
( )
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zgr.
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153

PU PU PzAv Erj.
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q) U lgz.

13. z U U U dj j ? (
)
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q) Pz AijU Pqz.

4. UPAi ez U vAiAg
diA
14. UP JAzg ? ( )
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154

q) vU Pqz.
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5
4.
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vAiAg vPAP v
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155

25. g ? ( )
q) PPP DUz
26. PlPU i U Aii ?
)
C) Dlz i t

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C) lPAq NqzAv UU
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l Prj.
q
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6 vAiAjU zj CWvU e diA
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rj
30. v UU AszU U
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(
tU, tU, dU
sUU Ev AUz.
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AiPAi
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vvj rAig
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156

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P) OzAiU vPt rQj.
q) QAi Ez xw qz.

157

Annexure VII

Scoring Key

Assessment of mothers knowledge regarding nature and prevention

SL. NO. Key Score
1 a 1
2 b 1
3 b 1
4 a 1
5 a 1
6 a 1
7 b 1
8 b 1
9 b 1
10 a 1
11 c 1
12 b 1
13 c 1
14 a 1
15 a 1
16 b 1
17 a 1
18 b 1
19 b 1
20 a 1
158

21 a 1
22 a 1
23 a 1
24 b 1
25 a 1
26 a 1
27 a 1
28 a 1
29 a 1
30 c 1

159

Annexure VIII

Association between knowledge of mothers of toddlers with their age
O = Observed
E = Expected values
O-E = Observed value expected value
E = Row total x column total
Group total
D.F = Degree of freedom =3
2
= E (O-E)
2
E
O E O-E
(O-E)
2
E
3 2.63 0.37 0.054
0 0.37 0.37 0.37
7 6.13 0.87 0.1234
0 0.87 0.87 0.87
24 2.1 3 0.429
0 3 3 3.0
1 0.8 0.2 0.05
5 5.2 0.2 0.008
4.9024

Calculated
2
value = 4.9024
Tabulated
2
value = 7.815
At 5% level (3 d.f.)

This shows that the calculated value was lower than the table value,
there was no significant relationship between knowledge of mothers of
toddlers with their age.
160

Association between knowledge of mothers of toddlers
with their education status
O = Observed
E = Expected values
Group total
2
= E (O-E)
2
E
O E O-E
(O-E)
2
E
14 12.25 1.75 0.25
0 1.75 1.75 1.75
13 11.37 1.63 0.2337
0 1.63 1.63 1.63
8 8.75 0.75 0.064
2 1.25 0.75 0.75
0 2.63 2.63 2.63
3 0.37 2.63 18.69
25.9979

Calculated
2
value = 25.998
Tabulated
2
value = 9.488
At 5% level (4 d.f)
It shows that the calculated value was higher than the table value,
there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers of
toddlers with their education status.

161

with their occupation
O = Observed
E = Expected values
Group total
2
= E (O-E)
2
E
O E O-E
(O-E)
2
E
20 17.5 2.5 0.357
0 2.5 2.5 2.5
11 14 3 0.643
5 2 3 4.5
4 3.5 0.5 0.0714
0 0.5 0.5 0.5
8.5714

Calculated
2
value = 8.5714
Tabulated
2
value = 7.815
At 5% level (3. d.f)

This shows that the calculated value was higher than the table
value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers
of toddlers with their occupation.

162

with their religion
O = Observed
E = Expected values
Group total
2
= E (O-E)
2
E
O E O-E
(O-E)
2
E
8 7.88 0.12 0.0018
1 1.12 0.12 0.0129
26 25.38 0.62 0.0151
3 3.62 0.62 0.1062
1 1.75 0.75 0.3214
1 0.25 0.75 2.25
2.7074

Calculated
2
value = 2.707
Tabulated
2
value = 5.991
At 5% level (2 d.f).

This shows that, the calculated value was lower than the table
value, there was no significant relationship between knowledge of
mothers of toddlers with their religion.
163

with their monthly family income

O = Observed
E = Expected values
Group total
2
= E (O-E)
2
E
O E O-E
(O-E)
2
E
15 13.12 1.88 0.2694
0 1.88 1.88 1.88
20 17.5 2.5 0.3571
0 2.5 2.5 2.5
5 4.38 0.62 0.0878
0 0.62 0.62 0.62
5.7143

Calculated
2
value = 5.7143
Tabulated
2
value = 7.815
At 5% level (3 d.f)

of toddlers with their monthly family income.
164

Association between knowledge of mothers of toddlers with their
number of toddlers in the family
O = Observed
E = Expected values
Group total
2
= E (O-E)
2
E
O E O-E
(O-E)
2
E
28 24.5 3.5 0.5
0 3.5 3.5 3.5
7 1.5 3.5 1.167
5 1.5 3.5 8.167
13.334

Calculated
2
value = 13.334
Tabulated
2
value = 7.815
At 5 % level ( 3 d.f).

This shows that, the calculated value was higher than the table
of toddlers with their number of toddlers in the family.

165

with their type of family
O = Observed
E = Expected values
Group total
2
= E (O-E)
2
E
O E O-E
(O-E)
2
E
19 21 2 0.1905
5 3 2 1.3333
12 10.5 1.5 0.2143
0 1.5 1.5 1.5
4 3.5 0.5 0.0714
0 0.5 0.5 0.5
3.8092

Calculated
2
value = 3.8092
Tabulated
2
value = 7.815
At 5% level ( 3 d.f)

value, there was no significant relationship between knowledge of
mothers of toddlers with their type of family.
166

with their type of house
O = Observed
E = Expected values
Group total
2
= E (O-E)
2
E
O E O-E
(O-E)
2
E
8 11.38 3.38 1.0039
5 1.62 3.38 7.0520
13 11.38 1.62 0.2306
0 1.62 1.62 1.62
14 12.25 1.75 0.25
0 1.75 1.75 1.75
11.9065

Calculated
2
value = 11.9065
Tabulated
2
value = 5.991
At 5% level (2 d.f)

This shows that, the calculated value was higher than the table
of toddlers with their type of house.
167

Chapt er -I

Chapt er -I I

Chapt er -I I I

Chapt er -I V

Chapt er -V

Chapt er -VI

Chapt er -VI I

Chapt er -VI I I

Chapt er -I X

Developing
structured
teaching
programme
on nature and
prevention of
accidents
among
toddlers
Implementation
of structured
teaching
programme on
nature and
prevention of
accidents
among toddlers
Post test
assessment
of knowledge
of mothers of
toddlers
Low
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
High
Knowledge

Mothers
of
toddlers
Experimental
group

Pretest for
assessment of
knowledge of
mothers of
toddlers
High
Knowledge
Average
Knowledge
Low
Knowledge
Fig. 1: Modified conceptual freamework Bertanloffys General
System Theory
Not under study
Under study
Feed Back
System Input Through put Output
Modified Strategies

20

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Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme Regarding

Nature and Prevention of Accidents Among Mothers of

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