MAGNT Research Report (ISSN. 1444-8939) Vol.2 (3). PP11!

-123
11!
Comparacin de un vehculo GNC Motor de monitoreo de condicin y Gasoline-Powered
Coche con anlisis de calidad del aceite del motor
Mahdieh Abbasloo*

! "aman #a$mohamadi
%
1
"epart#e$t o% Mecha$&c' S&r(a$ )ra$ch' Isla#&c A*a+ ,$&-ers&t.' S&r(a$' Ira$
2
"epart#e$t o% /he#&str.' S&r(a$ )ra$ch' Isla#&c A*a+ ,$&-ers&t.' S&r(a$' Ira$
/orrespo$+&$0 A1thor 2-#a&l #.a33asl oo4.ahoo.co#
&esumen' 5o pr&#ero . el paso #6s &#porta$te para lle-ar a ca3o el #a$te$&#&e$to . la reparac&7$ +e 1$a
#681&$a a$tes +e 81e sea roto es el #a$te$&#&e$to . la reparac&7$ +e pla$&%&cac&7$ 3asa+o e$ co$+&c&o$es
#681&$as. /1al81&er #o$ta(e +el #otor (+es+e el 0ra$ #o$ta(e &$+1str&al para 1$ coche pe81e9o) p1e+e s1%r&r
+e 1$a 0ra$ ca$t&+a+ +e +a9os . per(1&c&os s& $o t&e$e $&$0:$ t&po +e #a$te$&#&e$to . p&e*as +e es81e#as +e
reparac&7$ . se re81&ere 1$a 0ra$ ca$t&+a+ +e +&$ero para ser repara+o. Veh;c1los +e #otor +e 0as se a9a+e$ a
los a(1stes +e pro+1cc&7$ +e los %a3r&ca$tes +e a1to#7-&les &ra$;es pro+1cc&o$es +e3&+o al a1#e$to +e prec&o
e$ la 0asol&$a . por81e +e coches #e$os costosos co$ #otores +e 0as' s1s apl&cac&o$es se &$cre#e$ta$ e$ el
otro la+o' los #otores +e 0as ser6$ +a9a+os +esp1<s +e a9os . costes +e reparac&7$ pa0ar por este t&po +e
#otores so$ #1. altos. ,$o +e los #<to+os +e #otor +e #o$&tor&*ac&7$ +e 1$ coche +e #otor +e 0as es
co#parar la tec$olo0;a +e #<to+o (/M) #e+&a$te el a$6l&s&s +e ace&te +e #otor 81e se co$oce co#o 1$a
%or#a e%&ca* +e &+e$t&%&car corros&o$es o +<%&c&ts &$espera+os e$ e81&po . +e los s&ste#as #ec6$&cos.
2-al1ac&7$ +e la +e0ra+ac&7$ +el ace&te es 1$ esta+o t<c$&co e$%o81e #e+&+a . co$+&c&o$es e$ 81e 3a(as
pos&3les . pro3a3les +e 81&e3re e$ los co#po$e$tes po+r;a$ ser reco$oc&+os. 2$ estos $&-eles +e est1+&o +e los
+&%ere$tes par6#etros +e ace&te +el #otor (co#o h&erro' cro#o' /o3re' al1#&$&o' plo#o' h1#e+a+ .
alcal&$&+a+) +e 1$ coche #otor +e 0as 81e pro+1(o e$ la %63r&ca &ra$; (Pr&+e) +esp1<s +e e(ec1tar 1$a
+eter#&$a+a +&sta$c&a (=.>>> ?&lo#etros) se e@a#&$a$ a$tes . +esp1<s +el per;o+o +e %1$c&o$a#&e$to +el
coche. 5os res1lta+os +e este e$sa.o se co#para$ co$ coche #otor +e 0asol&$a para las #&s#as co$+&c&o$es
operat&-as . +e ace&te +el #otorA 2$co$trar espect6c1lo +eca+e$c&a +el #otor +e3&+o al 1so +e GN/ co#o
co#31st&3le.
Palabras clave' Ace&te +e #otor' #otor +e 0asol&$a' #otor +e GN/ +el -eh;c1lo' la +e0ra+ac&7$ +el ace&te
( )ntroduction
Sel%-co#pact&$0 co$crete (S//) &s also B$e o%
the #ost -&tal co#po$e$t o% &$ter$al co#31st&o$
e$0&$es &s e$0&$e o&l. ,$+o13te+l. ' #o-e#e$t
o% cars ' 3&?es' a0r&c1lt1ral a$+ roa+ #ach&$er&es
a$+ 0e$erators a$+ e-e$ sh&ps. Tra&$s a$+
a&rcra%ts lasts o$l. a %eC #&$1tes C&tho1t e$0&$e
o&l. "1r&$0 last ce$t1r. ' parallel to occ1rre+
cha$0es a$+ &#pro-e#e$ts &$ a1to#ot&-e
&$+1str&es' e$0&$e o&ls also are cha$0e+ a$+
altere+ +ra#at&call.. "&-ers&t. o% e$0&$e o&ls &s
&$crease+ so as to #a?e proper o$e select&o$
+&%%&c1lt a$+ $oC &t &s re81&re+ spec&al
?$oCle+0e a$+ aCare$ess to choose a s1&ta3le
e$0&$e o&l. 2$0&$e o&l as a #1lt& Dp1rpose
che#&cal a0e$t has a$ &#porta$t a$+ 3as&c role
&$ rel&a3le per%or#a$ce o% a1to#o3&leEs e$0&$e.
I#porta$ce o% e$0&$e o&l &s s1ch s&0$&%&ca$ce
that &t &s a $ecess&t. %or a$. -eh&cle a$+ C&tho1t
th&s cars ca$$ot 3e operat&o$alF1G. I$ #echa$&cal
s.ste#s Chere so#e ele#e$ts a$+ co#po$e$ts
are &$ close co$tact C&th o&l. B&l co#par&so$
#etho+ has -er. h&0h le-el o% rel&a3&l&t. &$
reco0$&*&$0 #echa$&cal +e%&c&e$c&es a$+ as a$
e%%ect&-e tool pro-&+es poss&3&l&t. o% s.ste#s
opt&#&*at&o$ a$+ +&%%ere$t co$trols s1ch as
assess#e$t o% parts 81al&t. a$+ +eprec&at&o$F2G.
Mecha$&cal #ach&$er&es are #o-&$0 o$ a -er.
th&$ la.er o% a3o1t 1> e$0&$e o&l that &s e81al to
a$ 3loo+ cell +&a#eter. B&l a$al.s&s Co1l+ #a?e
ach&e-e#e$t to th&s o3(ect&-e poss&3le .
H1rther#ore' as 3loo+ &$ h1#a$ 3o+. A e$0&$e
o&l also &$+&cates health. stat1s o% a$. #ach&$e .
2$0&$e o&l a$al.s&s #a?e these %eat1res a set o%
-al1a3le &$%or#at&o$ Ch&ch are 1se+ &$ +ec&s&o$
#a?&$0 ' 1t&l&*at&o$ a$+ #a&$te$a$ce F3G. Hro#
#otor preser-at&o$ -&eC ' o&l le-el a$+ +e$s&t.
o% co$ta#&$at&o$ are as &#porta$t as &ts
MAGNT Research Report (ISSN. 1444-8939) Vol.2 (3). PP11!-123
11I
&$0re+&e$ts. S&$ce ' spectrospect a$al.s&s Cas
1$a3le to #eas1re le-el o% corros&-e part&cles '
to co#plete spectroscop&c a$al.s&s ' part&cles
s&*e a$al.s&s Cas 1t&l&*e+. Th&s lea+s to #a?&$0
3etter +ec&s&o$s &$ o&l a$+ e$0&$e s&t1at&o$sF4G.
Ge$erall. ' a$. e$0&$e o&l &s a co#3&$at&o$ o%
3ase o&l a$+ a++&t&-es as #a&$ &$0re+&e$ts' 3ase
o&l Ch&ch +1e to &ts t.pe co$st&t1tes 8>J to 9=J
o% e$0&$e o&l o%te$ &s e@tracte+ %ro# #&$eral or
cr1+e o&l reso1rces. 513r&cat&o$ a$+ %r&ct&o$
re+1ct&o$ &s #a&$ a$+ #a(or role o% e$0&$e o&l.
Kh&ch &#pro-es e$0&$e e%%&c&e$c. . Hor#at&o$
o% o&l %&l# C&th proper th&c?$ess lea+s to
+&%%ere$t parts corros&o$ +ecrease as #1ch as
poss&3le. Moreo-er ' e$0&$e o&l &s hea+ co$-erter
a$+ helps cool&$0 s.ste# to e@ha1st a part o%
0e$erate+ heat o1ts&+eF=G. ,s&$0 loC -&scos&t.
a$+ s1&ta3le o&l #a. shorte$ te#perat1re o%
e$0&$e start t&#e to ach&e-&$0 $or#al
te#perat1re a$+ th&s process &s -er. e%%ect&-e o$
%1el sa-&$0 F1G.
%( *n+ine ,il Per-ormance .est and
*valuation
L1al&t. a$+ spec&%&cat&o$s o% +&%%ere$t e$0&$e
o&ls are +eter#&$e+ 3. +&%%ere$t tests. These tests
are co$+1cte+ 3. la3orator&es ' soc&et&es a$+
-al&+ sc&e$t&%&c &$st&t1tes Ch&ch are %o1$+e+ %or
o&ls 81al&t. co$trol processes. Hor e@a#ple'
ce$ter o% o&l st1+&es o% Ira$&a$ o&l &$+1str&es
researches ce$ter &$ Ira$ a$+ SKRI &$ ,S #a.
3e &$tro+1ce+. Ge$erall. +&%%ere$t 81al&t. le-els
o% o&ls %or#s test 0ro1ps Ch&ch are +&st&$01&she+
3. test t.pe or ra$0e o% tests res1ltsF!G.
2@per&#e$tal proce+1re &s or+ere+ &$ s1ch Ca.
that %&rst e$0&$e o&l 1$+er0oes ph.s&cal' che#&cal
a$+ +es? tests' the$ o&l &s po1re+ &$to a sta$+ar+
e$0&$e a$+ &t starts operat&o$ 1$+er pre-
+eter#&$e+ co$+&t&o$s. A%ter a certa&$ per&o+ o%
r1$ t&#e a0a&$ th&s seco$+ ha$+ o&l a0a&$
1$+er0oes ph.s&cal a$+ che#&cal tests at last
res1lts o% %resh o&l a$+ a$+ seco$+ ha$+ o$e are
co#pare+. 2$0&$e parts also are +&s#a$tle+ a$+
co#pare C&th $eC parts 3. %oc1s&$0 o$ eros&o$ '
corros&o$ a$+ clea$$ess ' etc. Accor+&$0 to
assess#e$ts a$+ e-al1at&o$s a$+ co#par&$0
res1lts o% e$0&$e tests 1$+er spec&%&e+ sta$+ar+
rat&$0 ' accepta$ce or re%1sal o% e$0&$e o&l &s
a$$o1$ce+. Bther co$trols o$ accepte+ o&ls are
appl&e+ 3. ph.s&cal a$+ che#&cal spec&%&cat&o$s.
It &s $ecessar. to state that ph.s&cal a$+
che#&cal tests res1lts %or a sa#ple o% o&l &s
s&0$&%&ca$ce o$l. 3. e$0&$e testsA th&s &s 3eca1se
o% +&%%ere$t 3ase o&l a$+ a++&t&-es appl&cat&o$s &$
e$0&$e o&ls pro+1ct&o$FIG.
3. .ests -or Physical Properties
Measurements
/(( 0iscosity
A %l1&+ res&sta$ce to %loC &s calle+ -&scos&t.
e$0&$e o&l e@pa$+s at h&0h te#perat1res a$+
%loCs %aster(-&scos&t. re+1ces)' o$ the co$trar.
at col+ Ceather &s #ore res&sta$ce to %loC
(-&scos&t. &$creases) . A s1&ta3le o&l sho1l+ 3e
%or#1late+ &$ s1ch Ca. that 1$+er te#perat1re
cha$0es. I$+&cates less cha$0es o% &ts
-&scos&t.F8G.
3.2. Pour and Cloud Points
2$0&$e o&l #1st 3e a3le to #a&$ta&$ &ts role &$
col+ a$+ loCer te#perat1res. )eca1se o% th&s
other tha$ -&scos&t. so#e %eat1res as po1r po&$t
a$+ clo1+ po&$ts also are h&0hl. &#porta$t.
Meas1re#e$t tech$&81e o% these tCo %actors &s
cool&$0 o&l 0ra+1all. 1$+er sta$+ar+ co$+&t&o$ to
a certa&$ te#perat1re &$ Ch&ch o&l +oes$Mt %loC
or 0ett&$0 clo1+ shape. Th&s test &s &$ co#pl&a$ce
to " 9I' a$+ ASTM"131> sta$+ar+
protocolsF9G.
3.3. 1lash and 1ire
Points
Th&s test &s &$ co#pl&a$ce C&th "9I a$+ ASTM"131>
sta$+ar+s a$+ 3as&call. &s co$+1cte+ to #eas1re %lash
po&$t a$+ -olat&l&t. o% o&ls a$+ partl. to #eas1re loCer
l&#&t o% o&ls %&re po&$t a$+ the&r e@plos&o$. ). &$crease &$
o&ls -olat&l&t.' o&l co$s1#pt&o$ also &$creases &$
e$0&$esF8G.
3.4.
Color
B&l color 1s1all. #eas1res 3. co#par&$0 &ts
color C&th a set o% colore+ 0lasses that are
sta$+ar+ 'color o% %resh o&l has $ot a$. &#pact
o$ &ts 81al&t. ' s&$ce the&r colors +epe$+ o$ t.pe
a$+ le-el o% a++&t&-e a0e$ts &$ the&r &$0re+&e$ts.
L1al&t. co$trol o% l&%espa$ &s partl. ca$ 3e
+eter#&$e+ 3. color assess#e$tF9G.
3.5.
2ensity
Th&s test &s co$+1cte+ to #eas1re t.pe o% h.+rocar3o$s
&$ 3ase o&l. Test #etho+olo0. &s &$
accor+a$ce to
ASM"941'"121I a$+ "1298
sta$+ar+sF1>G.
/(3( Appearance
B&ls appeara$ce #1st 3e ho#o0e$eo1s a$+ %ree
o% a$. +rop o% Cater a$+ %loat&$0 part&cles.
5ar0e a#o1$t o% Cater or #&@t1re o% o&l a$+
+&esel or other sol&+ para%%&$e+ #ater&als C&ll
+ar?e$ o&l colorF8G.
/(4( &e-ractive )nde5
Re%ract&-e &$+e@ o% o&l &s a s&0$ o% &ts
h.+rocar3o$s' th&s &$+e@ &s &$+&rectl. relate+ to
-&scos&t. &$+e@ (VI). Sta$+ar+ tests o%
ASTM"1218 a$+ "1I4I are -al&+ tests %or
#eas1r&$0 re%ract&-e &$+&ces o% l13r&ca$tsF1>G.
6( .ests -or Chemical Properties
Measurement
6(( Acidity and al7alinity
These propert&es are &$tro+1ce+ 3. $e1tral&*at&o$
$1#3er a$+ are le-el o% ac&+ or al?al&$e ( &$ #0)
that &s 1se+ to $e1tral&*e ac&+ or 3ase &$ o$e
0ra# o% o&l. I$ or+er to #eas1re th&s %eat1res
"9I4' "!!4 a$+ "289! are sta$+ar+ #etho+s to
3e appl&e+( Accor+&$0 to ASTM sta$+ar+s).
4.4.
8ater
B&l #1st 3e %ree o% Cater ' 3eca1se Cater has
$e0at&-e &#pacts o$ o&l e%%&c&e$c. . Kater &s
0e$erate+ 3. %1el co#31st&o$ &$s&+e e$0&$e a$+
#1st 3e +ra&$e+ thro10h proper processes s1ch
as -apor&*at&o$ . Kater #eas1re#e$t &s
&#porta$t +1e to &ts &#pact o$ &$h&3&t&o$'
corros&o$ a$+ o@&+at&o$F11G.
6(9( Carbon &esidue
A#o1$t o% res1lte+ soot 3. o&l 31r$&$0 1$+er
spec&al co$+&t&o$s(lac? o% a&r) &s calle+ car3o$
res&+e a$+ &$+&cates o&l te$+e$c. to 0e$erate
car3o$ 3. ther#al separat&o$ a$+ co#31st&o$'
th&s %actor has s&0$&%&ca$ce &#porta$ce +1e to
soot 0e$erat&o$ &$ e$0&$es a$+ spar?
pl10s(co#31st&o$ cha#3er)F12G.
6(3( Chemical *lements Measurements "uch
As "!C)!P!N and Metals
I$ or+er to co$trol le-el o% a++&t&-es &$ o&ls '
che#&cal ele#e$ts are #eas1re+ &$ accor+a$ce
to test sta$+ar+s o% "12!>'"1291 a$+ "!!2 o%
ASTMF13G.
9( :ind and ;uantity o- Metals in ,ils
2$0&$e o&ls #a. ha-e ac&+&t. or al?al&%.
propert&es (to0ether) 3eca1se the. ha-e a++&t&-e
a0e$tsF11G.
6(%( Aniline Point
A$&l&$e po&$t o% a$ o&l &s the loCest te#perat1re
&$ Ch&ch e81al -ol1#es o% o&l a$+ a$&l&$e %or# a
clear a$+ ho#o0e$eo1s sol1t&o$. A$&l&$e po&$t
&$+&cates o&l te$+e$c. to sol-e plast&c #ater&als
a$+ Cater proo%ers a$+ le-el o% the&r
&$%lat&o$s(+e%or#at&o$). I$ or+er to +eter#&$e
a$&l&$e po&$ts o% o&ls' test o% "!11 at ASTM
sta$+ar+ &$ 1se+F12G.
4.3. Ash
<evel
Ash &s those s13sta$ces Ch&ch are re#a&$e+ a%ter
o&l sa#ple 31r$&$0 a$+ are $ot 31r$t. Th&s ash
has che#&cal react&o$ C&th +e$se s1l%1r&c ac&+
a$+ &t +eter#&$e s1l%ate+ ash le-elF12G.
N&$+ a$+ 81a$t&t. o% #etals &$ o&ls &$+&cate le-el
o% corros&o$ &$ +&%%ere$t parts s1ch as 3ear&$0s'
r&$0s' p&sto$s' cra$? sha%te+. 3. repeat&$0 test at
certa&$ t&#e &$ter-als' proper t&#e o% replac&$0
+&%%ere$t parts #a. 3e &+e$t&%&e+ . Th&s e$a3les
#a&$te$a$ce pla$$&$0 3e%ore +a#a0es occ1r.
Sol&+ part&cles scores #eas1re#e$t accor+&$0 to
ISB 44>! sta$+ar+ a$+ &$ parts per #l o%
l13r&ca$t &s co$+1cte+ . relate+ to +es&0$ a$+
per%or#a$ce pr&$c&ples ' there are +&-ers&%&e+
tools 1> co1$t part&cles.
Metal corros&-e s13sta$ces ' a++&t&-e a0e$ts a$+
poll1ta$t Ch&ch #&0ht e@&st &$ o&l are
Iro$(He)c.l&$+ers' Cashers' cra$?sha%t' 0ears'
ca#sha%t' -al-e #echa$&s#sF14G.
/hro#e(/r) r&$0s' co$&cal a$+ roller
3ear&$0s'Cashers'e@ha1st -al-e
5ea+(P3) 3ear&$0s
S&l&co$ (S&) A$t& %oa# a++&t&-e ' a$t&r1st
a++&t&-e
So+&1#(Na) o&l a++&t&-es' a$t&-%ree*e ' a$t&c l1st
#&@t1res
Ar0e$t (A0) so#e t.pes o% 3ear&$0s' sol+&er&$0 '
so#e o&l coola$ts.
N&c?el(N&) so#e t.pes o% 3ear&$0s ' -al-es a$+
-al-e 01&+es
Mol.3+e$1#(Mo) r&$0s' so#e t.pes o%
3ear&$0s
Ma0$es&1#(M0) shell or 3o+. o% so#e spec&al
t.pes o% e$0&$es' o&l a++&t&-es
I$ a++&t&o$ to corros&-e #etals' there are so#e
#etall&c a++&t&-es Ch&ch are 1se+ #ore o%te$ &$
#o+er$ l13r&cat&o$s' these are
)oro$())A$t&- corros&o$ #e+&1#' a$t&-o@&+es'
o+or-%ree o&ls co#po$e$ts.
/alc&1# (/a) clea$sers' e#&tters' a$t& Dac&+s
)ar&1#()a) A$t&-corros&o$ a0e$ts' clea$sers'
a$t&-sta&$ a0e$ts.
O&$c(O$) a$t&-o@&+es' a$t& Dcorros&o$ a0e$ts'
a$t& Deros&o$ a++&t&-es ' clea$sers' cr&t&cal
press1re a++&t&-es
Phosphor1s(p) a$t& Dsta&$ #e+&1#' spar? pl10
a$+ co#31st&o$ cha#3er -ol1#e re+1cerF1=G.
9(( Chemical Analysis o- 1resh and =lac7 ,ils
I$ th&s st1+. ' sa#ples are collecte+ %ro# o&l
ser-&ces shops Chere &$ t1r$ collecte+ sa#ples
%ro# 1> pr&+e cares e81&ppe+ C&th 0asol&$e a$+
3&o%1el e$0&$es. These are +&%%ere$t +o#a&$s &$
rece&-e+ sa#ples. I$ %&rst part' there are
%olloC&$0 areas sa#ple&$0 0ro1p ' $1#3er o%
sa#ples ' spec&%&e+ ass&0$e+ co+e o% each
sa#ple ' o&l per%or#a$ce +1rat&o$' o&l $a#e ' o&l
0ra+e' o&l pro+1cer a$+ test +ate.
I$ seco$+ part' spectroscop. test(A2S) Cas
co$+1cte+ to e-al1ate 1se+ #etals ' Cater le-el
o% o&l Cas +eter#&$+ thro10h co1lo#etr&c
#etho+ (Narl %&sher #etho+) . I$ or+er to
&+e$t&%. lar0e part&cl. o% &ro$ Ce 1se+ P!
#etho+.to +eter#&$e le-el o% o&lEs t1r3&+&t.
e-al1at&o$ Cas 1t&l&*e+.%1rther#ore'tests o%
T"PL a$+ T"N Cere also co$+1cte+. Res1lts o%
o&l a$al.ses are state+ &$ %olloC&$0 ta3le
I$ %&01re 1 to = ' a81&re+ res1lts %or He'Al'N&'/r
a$+ P3 (Vert&cal a@&s)are s?etches.T.pe a$+
le-el o% e@&st&$0 #etals &$ e$0&$e o&l shoC le-el
o% +&%%ere$t partEs corros&o$ s1ch as
3ear&$0s'r&$0s'p&sto$s'cra$? sha%t a$+ etc.).
repeat&$0 test at certa&$ t&#e &$ter-als'&t &s
poss&3le to +eter#&$e proper t&#e o% partEs
replace#e$ts a$+ pla$ #a&$te$a$ce sche+1el
3e%ore +a#a0es occ1r. Sol&+ part&cles
#eas1re#e$ts are 3ase+ o$ Iso 44>! Sta$+ar+s
&$ pp#.
Ta3le 1 /o#par&so$ o% "&%%ere$t /he#&cal 2le#e$t &$ Hresh a$+ )lac? B&ls.
B&l
2le#e$t
Hresh B&l
pp#
)lac? B&l
(Gasol&$e) pp#
)lac? B&l(Gas)
pp#
He >.I >.9 1.1
/r >.1 >.12 >.18
Al >.I >.8 >.84
/1 >.1 >.1= >.18
P3 1.8 1.8= 1.83
N& >.3 >.3= >.3I
A0 >.1 >.1I >.19
Mo 4.3 4.= =.2
S& 4.I =.3 =.I
Na 1.= 1.3 1.2=
O$ !3I !4> !=>
P =2I =4= =!3
/a 1=8> 132> 122I
) 1.= 1.4 1.!
/
r

(
p
p
#
)
A
l

(
p
p
#
)
N
&

(
p
p
#
)
V >.8 >.9 >.9=
)a >.1 >.>9 >.>9
M0 4.9 4.> 3.=
1
>.9
Gas
Gasol&$e
/r1+e o&l
>.8
>.I
>.!
>.=
> 2= => I= 1>>
/ars
H&01re 1 Al A31$+a$ce &$ Gasol&$e o$ Gas 2$0&$es B&l
>.3
>.28
>.2!
>.24
>.22
>.2
>.18
>.1!
>.14
>.12
>.1
>.>8
>.>!
>.>4
>.>2
>
Gas
Gasol&$e
/r1+e o&l
> 2= => I= 1>>
/ars
H&01re 2-/r A31$+a$ce &$ Gasol&$e o$ Gas 2$0&$es B&l
>.=
>.4=
Gas
Gasol&$e
/r1+e o&l
>.4
>.3=
>.3
>.2=
>.2
> 2= => I= 1>>
/ars
H
e

(
p
p
#
)
P
3

(
p
p
#
)
H&01re 3-N& A31$+a$ce &$ Gasol&$e o$ Gas 2$0&$es B&l
1.9
Gas
Gasol&$e
1.I
/r1+e o&l
1.=
1.3
1.1
>.9
>.I
>.=
>.3
>.1
> 2= => I= 1>>
/ars
H&01re 4-He A31$+a$ce &$ Gasol&$e o$ Gas 2$0&$es B&l
2
1.9=
Gas
Gasol&$e
/r1+e o&l
1.9
1.8=
1.8
1.I=
1.I
1.!=
1.!
> 2= => I= 1>>
/ars
H&01re =-P3 A31$+a$ce &$ Gasol&$e o$ Gas 2$0&$es B&l
9(%( Chan+es in the physical properties
So#e ph.s&cal propert&es o% the o&l Cere a$+ e@a#&$e+ the&r correspo$+&$0 ta3le &s as %olloCs
Ta3le2- /o#par&so$ o% Ph.s&cal Propert&es &$ Hresh a$+ )lac? B&ls.
B&l
Ph.s&cal
propert&es
Hresh B&l
pp#
)lac? B&l
(Gasol&$e) pp#
)lac? B&l(Gas)
pp#
Appeara$ce No &#p1r&t&es Pas &#p1r&t&es Pas &#p1r&t&es
B+or Nor#al a3$or#al a3$or#al
Hlash po&$t(
o
/) 241 18= 1I>
V&scos&t.(&$ 4>
o
/) 192 1== 142
V&scos&t.(&$
1>>
o
/)
2> 1!.! 14.8
V&scos&t. I$+e@ 121 114 111
Po1r po&$t(
o
/) -24 -2I -28
"e$s&t. >.88! >.9>1 >.9I3
)o&l&$0 po&$t(
o
/) 223 1=2 143
!. C,NC<>"),N
S&$ce corros&o$ o% parts &s #a&$ a$+ the #ost
&#porta$t %actor o% +e%&c&e$c. occ1rre$ce &$
e$0&$es'co#par&$0 th&s corros&o$ %or ele#e$ts
s1chas'Iro$(1se+ &$ c.l&$+ers 'Cashers
'cra$?sha%t '0ears ' ca#sha%t ' -al-e
#echa$&s#) 'Al1#&$&1# (1se+ &$ p&sto$s '
3ear&$0s 'c.l&$+ers '0as?ets' o&l p1#p co$ta&$er
'3loCers '+r&-er '3ear&$0s '3ear&$0s a$+ 0as?ets
o% co#sha%t)'chro#e (R&$0s'co$&cal a$+ roller
3ear&$0s'Cashers'e@ha1ot -al-e)'N&c?le (so#e
spec&al t.pes o% 3ear&$0s'-al-es a$+ -al-e
01&+es)'lea+ (3ear&$0s)Cas co$+1cte+ %or %resh
a$+ 3lac? e$0&$e o&ls a%ter r1$$&$0 =>>>?#. I$
all 0raphs'3l1e color 1se+ %or %resh o&l a$+ 0ree$
o$e &s 1se+ %or 0asol&$e e$0&$es re+ color
appl&e+ o$ 0as e$0&$es .As &$+&cate+ &$ 0raphs
%or re-eale+ He'Al'N& a$+ /r +1e to
corros&o$'th&s +e%&c&e$c. &s #1ch #ore &$ as
e$0&$es co#par&$0 to 0asol&$e e$0&$es Ch&ch
s100ests earl&er +eprec&at&o$ o% e$0&$e &$ a 0as
%1ele+ a1to#o3&le.Moreo-er'all o% these
che#&cal ele#e$ts Ch&ch are 1se+ &$ c.l&$+er
3loc? o% cars shoC &$crease &$ -ol1#e o% 0as
e$0&$es relat&-e to 0asol&$e e$0&$es.
Th&s res1lts &$ lar0er co#31st&o$ cha#3er Ch&ch
lea+s to less e%%&c&e$c. o% 0as e$0&$e cars relat&-e
to 0asol&$e e$0&$e a1to#o3&les. B$ the other
ha$+'these ele#e$ts are also 1se+ &$ r&$0s p&sto$s
' corros&o$ o% r&$0s ca1se #al%1$ct&o$ o% pr&or
treat#e$t o% e$0&$es a$+ o&l C&ll pe$etrate &$to
co#31st&o$ cha#3er Ch&ch res1lte+ &$ o&l
31r$&$0 per%or#a$ce.o$ the other ha$+'p&sto$s
erros&o$ lea+s to re+1ct&o$ &$ e$0&$e
e%%%&c&e$c..)1t re0ar+&$0 a&r poll1t&o$ a$+
lea+'0as e$0&$es ha-e 3etter res1lts relat&-e to
0asol&$e e$0&$es .Th&s &s the #a&$ ca1se o% 1s&$0
0as as %1el. /o$s&+er&$0 these res1lts'&t &s
olo-&o1s that 0asol&$e e$0&$es e&ther %or
e%%&c&e$c. or parts +eprec&at&o$s are #ore
3e$e%&c&al a$+ &% these cars 1se 81al&t.
0asol&$e(1$lea+e+)'the poll1t&o$ pro3le# also
Co1l+ 3e tac?le+ a$+ 3eco#e at accepta3le
le-els.
H&$all.'3. co#par&$0 #e$t&o$e+ ele#e$ts le-els
C&th cr&t&cal le-els &$ a$ e#pr&cal proce+1re'&t &s
poss&3le to est&#ate t&#e o% parts repa&r or
replace#e$ts.
&*1*&*NC*"
F1G /lare' Mc/a3e' She$0t&$0' /1&' Peter' T.
/1##&$0s.' Q/haracter&*&$0 the V&scos&t. -
Te#perat1re "epe$+e$ce o% 513r&ca$ts 3.
Molec1lar S&#1lat&o$R' 2lse-&er' (2>11).
F2GNa$esh&0e'R.'B?a+a'N.'NaCasa?&'M.'I?e+a'S
.'S513r&cat&$0 o&l co#pos&t&o$ a$+ &$ter$al
co#31st&o$ e$0&$e o&lS',$&te+ States Pate$t !
122 >I9'(2>>!).
F3G B?a+a' N.' I?e$a0a' S.' Na$esh&0e' R.'
Mats10&' T.' No(oh' S.' H1(&ta' T.' Ble%&$ )loc?
/opol.#er' V&scos&t. I$+e@ I#pro-er %or
513r&cat&$0 B&ls a$+ 513r&cat&$0 B&l
/o#pos&t&o$ ',$&te+ States Pate$t I >22 I!!'
(2>>!).
F4G GroCcott' P.' So$0' T.S.' Sr&$&-asa$' S.'
"100al' A.' Gr&%%&$' P.G.' QI#pro-e+
V&scos&t.Mo+&%&ers %or 513r&ca$t /o#pos&t&o$'
/a$a+&a$ Pate$t 2 4I2 =>!' (2>>=).
F=G Ta$a0l&a' T&*&a$o' Process %or Re+1c&$0 the
Molec1lar Ke&0ht o% /opol.#ers a$+
Terpol.#ers o% 2th.le$e' 21ropea$ Pate$t 1 >13
!I3' (2>11).
F!G Bl&-er' 2.' Patterso$' R.T.' N10ara' P.T.'
Sol&+ Sheare+ Pol.#er )le$+s a$+ Process %or
The&r Preparat&o$' ,$&te+ States Pate$t = 4=1
!3>' (199=).
FIG Bth#er' N&r?.' .2$c.clope+&a o% /he#&cal
Tech$olo0..' 1=' p. 4I=' NeCTor?' K&le.'
(199!).
F8G Rho+es' Ro3ert. ).' .5oC Te#perat1re
513r&ca$t Rheolo0. Meas1re#e$t a$+
Rele-a$ce to 2$0&$e Bperat&o$.' p.1>=' ASTM'
(1992).
F9G Bth#er' N&r?.' Q2$c.clope+&a o% /he#&cal
Tech$olo0.R' 1=' p. 4I=' NeC Tor?' K&le.'
(199!).
F1>G Rho+es' Ro3ert. ).' Q5oC Te#perat1re
513r&ca$t Rheolo0. Meas1re#e$t a$+
Rele-a$ce to 2$0&$e Bperat&o$R' p.1>=' ASTM'
(1992).
F11G Ua$sse$' Noe$ U.G.' )ostoe$' /la1+e. 5.'
)ra$che+ Pol.ole%&$ Pol.#ers as A++&t&-es &$
H1el a$+ 513r&cat&$0 B&l /o#pos&t&o$s' ,$&te+
States Pate$t' ! 12I 481' (2>1>).
F12G Saor& ,'T1?o S'No*o T.Metal Cor?&$0
%l1&+ ha$+ +er#at&t&s. I$+ Pealth 2>>2T4>T291-
3.
F13G M&sra SN' S?ol+ Rol% B. 513r&cat&o$
st1+&es o% a81eo1s #&@t1res o% &$-ersel. sol13le
co#po$e$ts./ollo&+s S1r% a Ph.s&coche# 2$0
Asp 2>>>T1I>(2-3)91-1>!.
F14G A. Nosse&r' N. P&00&' P. Sa&+' a$+ M.
ACa+' S2%%ect o% a0e&$0 o$ the character&st&cs o%
#&$eral o&l'S &$ Proc. I222 11th I$t. /o$%.
I/"5' pp. 4=1-4==' SC&t*erla$+' U1l. 1993.
F1=G M. A. A. Kaha3' M. M. Pa#a+a' A. G.
Oe&to1$' a$+ G. Is#a&l' No-el Mo+el&$0 %or the
Pre+&ct&o$ o% A0e+ Tra$s%or#er B&l
/haracter&st&cs' 2lse-&er' 2lectr&c PoCer
S.ste#s Research =1' pp. !1-I>' 1999.