ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF HYBRID SOLAR/MICROHYDRO SYSTEM

Abstract
This project elucidates about the regeneration power from renewable energy of solar and hydro
that conducted to develop a hybrid solar/micro-hydro system with a 50% of energy efficiency.
The hybrid system is a Stand-alone Power System (SPS) which also can be used as an
alternative method to reduce the usage and reliance on the power system which will indirectly
assist users to reduce their electrical bills. Basically, this project can be divided into several main
parts that are the Feasibility Study, Conceptual Designs and Mathematical Modelling. In order to
succeed the objective of developing the hybrid solar/micro-hydro system, analysis is carried out
using mathematical modelling with basic physics theories and concepts.


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PV Photovoltaic
SPS Stand-alone Power System
RAPS Remote Area Power Supply systems
PSP Private Sector Participation
RES Renewable Energy Systems
PSH Pump Storage Hydroelectric
HE Hydro Energy
Q Flow rate (m
3
s
-1
)
Gravitional force (ms
-2
)
Density of water (1000kgm
-3
)
H Net Head (m)
D
pipe
Pipe diameter (m)
D
tank
Tank diameter (m)
v Velocity (ms
-1
)
A area (m
2
)
KE Kinetic energy (J)
PE Potential Energy (J)
M Mass (kg)
Vol
tank
Tank volume (liters)
N Rotational speed of turbine (rpm)
T Torque of shaft (kNm)
D Runner throat turbin diameter (m)
Angular velocity of tubine (radsec
-1
)
P Power input to the turbine (kW)


CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General Overview
Ecosystems and environmental conditions in the world today have become more and more
severe due to global warming, pollution and the increase of the world population. Therefore,
the need of renewable energy research to save the environment is important. In Sarawak
project, the government has launched Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy, SCORE with a
whooping of RM345 billion invested in this project (Abdullah 2008). Regarding to the perennial
power supply shortfall in Sabah, it can be solved by renewing the renewable energy such as
biomass, hydro and solar power. This project consists of the research on hybrid energy of
micro-hydro and solar to improve its efficiency. It divides into sections explaining the
components of the hybrid and the mathematical modelling of the project.
1.2 Background Information
Renewable energy is seen vast potential in our country is the source of Solar and Hydro. Hot
and dry weather conditions allow to Malaysia to take steps in advance the solar industry in the
country. Features such as the infinite source, free and safe to use is the main attraction of this
type of energy generation. Applications are widely used as water heaters and energy sources
for street lights to prove it. However, the cost of obtaining (PV) Photovoltaic is very expensive
and the generation of energy from these systems requires a large space.
For hydroelectric power generation, it is renewable energy the most widely developed. It
accounted for about 97% of the total energy produced from renewable energy world.
Resources are abundant, readily available and environmentally friendly operation puts it as the

top choice among other sources of energy. Considering micro-hydro system built using this
generation, the emphasis and more detailed studies should be carried out.
By combining these two sources of renewable energy, we will be able to produce a
generator that can produce electricity from solar and hydro. The important point in this matter
is to ensure that energy efficiency needs to improve. With the appropriate calculations, we can
get the results we desire further modify to increase efficiency. Micro-generator generates up to
100kW of energy.
Sabah is located in the east of Malaysia and it is also known as "The Land below the
Wind". The western part of Sabah is generally mountainous, containing the three highest
mountains in Malaysia. The most prominent range is the Crocker Range which houses several
mountains of varying height from about 1,000 meters to 4,000 meters. At the height of 4,095
meters, Mount Kinabalu is the highest mountain in Malay Archipelago (excluding New Guinea)
and the 10th highest mountain in political Southeast Asia. The jungles of Sabah are classified as
tropical rainforests and host a diverse array of plant and animal species. Kinabalu National Park
was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2000 because of its richness in plant diversity
combined with its unique geological, topographical, and climatic conditions. Figure 1.1 below
shows the map of Sabah and location of a few major towns there.


Figure 1.1 Map of Sabah
Source: http://www.maplandia.com/malaysia/sabah/
Sabah also has a good exposure to sun and has good potential for solar energy
developments for power supply. The normal temperature range is around 23C to 32C and has
a fair amount of rain throughout the year. Sabah is also very dense with its tropical jungle and
it is still a very 'green' place to stay in. There are also vast of rural area in this state whereby it
is mostly populated by their tribal people, the KadazanDusuns, Muruts and Bajaus. There are
also lots of small rivers in Sabah that is connected like the human blood vessels to the main
river and also the second longest river in Malaysia, Kinabatangan River.



1.3 Problem Statement
Renewable energy production is dependent on natural cycles, i.e., Photovoltaic (PV) doesnt
work at night. Initial cost of these systems is higher than comparably sized conventional
generators. Cannot handle the peak loads well without energy storage.
1.4 Objective
To develop a hybrid small scale renewable energy system that will generate 80% energy
efficiency. To achieve this we need:
1. To analyse related methods by using a mathematical equation for generating high-
pressure water to rotate a turbine.
2. To apply the concept of power generation based on a combination of solar and micro-
hydro.
3. To determine the generation of input power and output power.
4. To dimensioning the materials that will be used for this project.

Figure 1.2 shows the project flow chart of the project progress.


1.5 Flow Chart


















Figure 1.2 Project Flow Chart
START
PROJECT TITLE PROPOSAL
LITERATURE REVIEW
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN &
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
FIND REFERENCE AND
STUDY THE JOURNAL
PAPERS ACCORDINGLY
PREPARE ALL TO DO LIST AS
SUPERVISOR AND SCHOOL
REQUIRED BEFORE
SUBMITTING THE PROJECT
ALL INFORMATION TAKEN
AND RECORDED FOR
DOCUMENTATION
SOLAR/MICROHYDRO
HYBRID PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
FEASIBILITY
STUDY, SEEK
AND RESEARCH
FOR THIS
PROJECT
ESSENCES
END

1.6 Scope
In design of this project, requires combination of solar system, hybrid system and hydro system
leading to a fully integrated distributed energy resource. To successfully achieve this, will need
to identify certain tasks expected in this project;
i. Develop renewable energy system that will meet the identified power requirements.
ii. Develop the mathematical model that calculated the required power by combining solar
and hydro based renewable systems.
iii. Construct a proposed model of the system.


CHAPTER 2
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The worlds supply of fossil fuels is now becoming scarce and depleting with increasing hazard
of global warming. As Y.B. DATO Sri Dr. Lim Keng Yaik the Ministry of Energy, Water and
Communications had said that The conventional fossil fuel supplies that we are so dependent
on and have taken for granted for so long, are not only becoming very costly but are also
limited in supply and being depleted during National Renewable Energy Forum on 21st
September 2006.
In fact, Malaysia Government has a continuing effort to introducing renewable energy
which is clean and environmentally friendly to replace the depleting conventional fossil fuel.
Actually, renewable energy was included in the Eighth Malaysia Plan (2001-2005)to ensure a
sustainable energy growth for the country and this effort is continued to Ninth Malaysia Plan
(2006-2010).
Due to location of rural area, and common low load demand, interest is focused on
SPS(i.e. micro-hydro and solar PV focused in this project) which is easy been constructed and
maintained. SPS with a full name of Stand-alone Power System or formerly known as Remote
Area Power Supply systems (RAPS) is the power system that are not connected to the grid.
Study has proving that small scale hydro system will only bring very slight side effects on
environment compared to large scale hydro power plant. This is because, micro-hydro power
system can be installed in small rivers or streams while large scale hydro power system requires
huge dam or reservoir to store water which will destroying huge area of rainforest thus cause to
ecology problems. On the other hand, unlike fossil fuel base technologies, solar PV does not

lead to any harmful emissions during operation, but the production of the panels leads to some
amount of pollution.
2.2 Mini hydro
The power sector today is a constituent of the development of the world economy. In Spain,
the Spanish economy ministry has described the need for the power sector of economic activity
and growth (Montes, del Mar Serrano Lpez et al. 2005). Policy of Spain was included
integration of environmental aspects of the energy industry. The Government has introduced
legislation that would order the energy sector to ensure quality electricity without harming the
environment.
Hydropower on a small scale is one of the technologies that are cost-effective energy to
be considered for rural electrification in less developed countries. It is also the future prospects
for hydropower development in Europe, where the opportunities are large scale have been
exploited(Paish). Small hydro technology is considered very sturdy and can last for 50 years or
more with less maintenance.
Hydropower has a different level of hardship either 2 MW mini-hydro or micro-hydro
from 500kW and pico-hydro below 10KW, this arbitrary division and a lot of engineering
principles involved apply to both smaller and larger schemes.
The involvement of the success of private sector participation (PSP) in Rwanda for small
hydro projects in rural electrification has got a great impact in the community they have built.
Various projects between 100kW and 500kW are and exclusively managed and built by local
private companies through extensive support by the government through the use of funds by a
mixture of relief subsidies, private equity and commercial loans (Pigaht and van der Plas 2009).

The PSP continuous improvement is slow process by the law and the rules of authorities
to put in place and regulations and policies that will encourage more private participation
energy. Despite the limitations and PSP hydropower projects is still a progress, results to date
have been significant. It has been suggested that it is more cost effective and sustainable.
2.3 Solar
Solar energy is the best option in this energy crisis as it is considered as a source of clean and
inexhaustible energy. In the past five decades, the solar system has been widely studied and
developed to transform it into power and investment in photovoltaic solar energy is rapidly
increasing(Li, Haskew et al, 2011).Both technologies based on photovoltaic and solar thermal
are used today for solar electricity generation for this purpose(Chaurasia, Panja et al. 2011).
Photovoltaic systems are widely used for their solar electricity generation depends on the solar
radiation from solar panels intercept. For the method based on the heat, it requires high
operating temperatures >400C giving a low conversion efficiency for solar power generation.
Characteristics of solar thermal and photovoltaic systems have contributed to the
development of sustainable tourism in the Mediterranean island. Tourism activities increased at
a rate of 3% and 4.5% per year and this growth is expected to raise 1500 billion euros
globally(EvanthieMichalena a).Effects of solar energy systems on the island that are used as
solar water heating, power generation(EvanthieMichalena a) these islands with natural energy
resources that many facilities do not have a connection from the mainland that led to the use of
RES and is regarded as a suitable area for demonstrations projects of innovative renewable
energy.
Costa Rica is a small country with a population of 4 million people with no army and no
military spending, promote the use of renewable resources such as mini-hydro, wind,

geothermal and solar sun to generate electricity. Almost every activity in Costa Rica based on
solar power systems for heating, cooking using electricity and more. This has led to a number
of advantages to the economic, social, health and environment(Nandwani 2006).
2.4 Hybrid
Hybrid systems for electricity generation are usually more reliable and less expensive. Energy
storage is usually in the lead-acid battery types for cost-effectiveness. It was evident from the
many research papers renewable hybrid electrical systems in off-grid applications economically
viable, particularly in remote locations. In addition, the climate can make a kind of hybrid
system is more profitable than others(Bernal-Agustn and Dufo-Lpez 2009). For example,
photovoltaic hybrid system is ideal in areas with warm climates.
Optimization of the hybrid system alone is a very complex task, but synchronization with
photovoltaic or wind turbine system with energy storage in lead-acid batteries is better
optimized.
The indication in the last couple of decayed for increasing interests for wind-PV-diesel
hybrid power system for rural electrification shows its large potential market for the system.
(Rehman and Al-Hadhrami 2010)reported that the use of PV systems in Palestine economically
valuable and that is a hybrid power. It was found that the generation of power in a small village
in the northern part of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia concluded that while the price of diesel has
a net gain of hybrid but when compared to other factors of diesel fuel for generators, solar
hybrid power system to be the most economical. It is also recommended to learn, research and
development to improve the system.

2.5 Hydro-Solar-hybrid Combination
The demand for electricity in rural areas without access to electricity for energy centre during
the day and at night is an important factor in areas of our world. The importance of power for
these areas is to enable the use of small-scale industries such as telecommunications
companies and the education of children. At night, the need electricity for education of children
and adults who usually do farm work is important(Ehnberg and Bollen 2005). Education for both
adults and older children is important for the development of these areas also need to provide
power to industrial development cannot be ignored as well.
For this entirely in the field, led to the development of renewable energy sources which
are often abundant in developing regions is the fact. In (Ehnberg and Bollen 2005) states that
using solar power as power supply for day time use is favourable because the main industrial
activities take place at day time in such remote rural areas.
The disadvantage of solar power with no storage system is that it can only operate in
the day time and also period of constant radiation but by combining the solar power and micro
hydro will reduce the disadvantage of the single solar system. The combination as a whole
meaning is that the solar can be utilized in the day time and hydro at night time.
(Ehnberg and Bollen 2005), the technology behind micro-hydro power is mature and
extremely robust with an expected lifetime of up to 50 years and at low maintenance costs.
Systems entirely based on solar and hydro power have been designed and successfully realized.
This makes hydro an ideal source for locations with access to flow of river in which majority of
the rural areas posses.
Solar power without storage is not suitable and will only provide a minimal amount of
power. The combination of solar power with storage system and macro-hydro possesses a great
chance of efficiency and optimum utilization due to their distributive load systems and the

combination of the two systems will reduce the disadvantages of reliability problem, while
maintaining low cost maintenance benefits and low environmental impact. But for high
installation cost will remain a problem.
The problem of continuous energy supply from photovoltaic (PV) power plant is
intermittence and inability to provide continuous energy supply as stated in (Margeta and
Glasnovic 2012), thereby proposing the hybridization with hydro energy or pump storage
hydroelectric as a possible solution. The concept here is that to support the PV power system,
creation of an artificial hydro potential water resource for hydro energy production. In this way
the supply of water for hydro energy production is based on recirculation of the same water
that has flowed through the hydroelectric power plant using pumps powered by PV system
(solar) that return the water back to the storage system. Recirculation of water from same
source does not change significantly in production process; its only reduced by evaporation.

Figure 2.1 Schematic configuration of the proposed hybrid power plant PV-PSH adapted from
(Margeta and Glasnovic 2012)

Figure 2.1 shows the proposed sustainable hybrid plant of photovoltaic generator (PV)
and pump storage hydroelectric (PSH). PV power produces electric energy which through

inverter delivers energy to the pump which pumps water into the upper storage and from there
flows down to the turbine hydraulic (HE) energy producing electric power system (EPS).
Another similarity in arrangement of this project was evaluated in (Riza Muhida) the PV-
micro-hydro(MH) hybrid system in Taratak village, district of Central Lombok, province of west
Nusatenggara which was launched on June 10 1989 as a pilot project of solar power electrical
energy in Indonesia. The PV-MH hybrid system was designed with a 48 kW PV module and
micro hydro generator to back up the PV module.
The results of the evaluations shows that PV, inverter and micro-hydro generator still
work well only that the battery need to be changed to obtain the best performance of the
system.
A third similarity of this project can be in found in (Margeta and Glasnovic 2010)
feasibility of the green energy production by hybrid solar plus hydro power system in Europe
and similar climate areas. The focus here is on integration of relevant renewable energy system
to form one single hybrid solar and hydro (SHE) energy system. Further to improve the
unreliability of PV system due to variations in radiations of different areas, resulted in the use of
pump storage hydro (PSH) which is used to balance the daily and seasonal fluctuation of energy
from RES.



Figure 2.2 Basic concept of hybrid solar +hydro energy system adapted from (Margeta
and Glasnovic 2010)

This research shows that the joint operation of PV and HE power system is realistic and
achievable at many locations within climate regions in Europe and the World at large.


CHAPTER 3
Methodology
3.0 Introduction
To achieve the objectives that have been stated above encompasses several approaches used
to obtain the various tools needed to achieve the purpose of the research project. Figure 3.1
shows the approaches and methods used to ensure a final conclusive result is reached in other
to construct and develop the system for use.















Figure 3.1 Methodology Chart Table

Feasibility Study and
Conceptual Designs
Mathematical Modelling
Results, Component
Selection and Cost Analysis
3D Design and Performance
Evaluation
Conclusions and
Recommendations

3.1 Feasibility Study
The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency of the energy produced and identify the
availability of resources needed for the successful operation of this project in Malaysia especially
in Sabah. Based on the objectives of the project is to use a solar-micro-hydro-hybrid system to
generate electricity. This will require the need for natural resources which includes sun radiation
and temperatures, rainfall and market potential of the project.
3.2 Mathematical Modelling
To achieve the objectives, developing mathematical equations and terminologies needed to
obtain optimum performance of this design. The equations will determine key informations on
capacity for solar panels, hybrid system(batteries), capacity of pumps in relation to the tank
head, volume and pressure of tank, volume of water pool/well, speed of water flow rate from
the tank to the turbine, type of turbine to be used to achieve optimization, type of dynamo (4,
8, 16) poles used that will require less flow rate of fluid and at same time give optimal
performance, size of pipes used, propeller shaft size and length, control panel system and
inverter system(N.Barsoum, personal communication June 21, 2011).
3.3 Results Component Selection and Cost Analysis
The section shows the specific calculated results obtained from the mathematical models. These
results enable us to select the specific materials and sizes required for the project. The selected
components are cost analysed for all the components.




3.4 3D Design and Performance Evaluation
The section shows the designing and specifications for the components in relation to
mathematical models developed and a 3D model of the project showing fully the design
construction techniques of the system in a 3D model using solid works. The detailed information
of the components will be referred during construction of the project. The stages of
construction and safety analysis of the project will be clearly stated in this section of the
project.
Performance evaluation in this context required the use of 3D model to explain the
performance of the system. The areas include the flow rate of the fluid form well through the
pump up to tank and down to the turbine and most importantly is the power input to the
turbine and the power output from the turbine to achieve 50% or more efficiency. The details
will provide guidance on further modifications that will produce final optimum performance
output and efficiency for final construction of the system.
3.5 Chapter Summary
This chapter briefly explains the methodology used in this research project. Its shows what
methods used, the outcome expected from each method to fulfil the objectives of the research.
It also explains the technique and necessary softwares needed to achieve the objectives.

CHAPTER 4
Feasibility Study and Conceptual Designs
4.0 Introduction
The purpose of this study is to identify the availability of resources needed for the successful
operation of this project in Malaysia especially in Sabah as a case study, based on the
objectives of the project to use a solar-min hydro-hybrid system to generate electricity. This will
require the need for natural resources which includes temperatures and sun radiation, rainfall
and water topography, land use, and material.
Also a designs and concepts where developed and has been analysed in terms of its
feasibility and technical verifications from which the design was selected. The schematics show
the design concepts and brief analysis.
4.1 Scope
The scope of this study includes;
i. Identify the resources available to operate the system successfully in Sabah.
ii. Identify the variances in temperature and solar radiation in Sabah.
iii. Identify rainfall capacity
iv. Review of various concepts to obtain the most applicable system


4.2 Resource Availability
Like many other developing countries in the region, electricity in Malaysia is still generated
using fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Fossil fuels are non-renewable but are unfortunately
also a source of pollution, including CO
2
emissions and global warming. Government and policy
makers have always faced serious problems regarding energy. Industrialization and continuous
economic growth require more energy including electricity. However, fossil fuels, the main
current sources of energy are not sustainable and have negative impact on the environment. To
ensure the security and reliability of electricity supply for growth and development while
minimizing the negative impacts to the environment many policies and projects have been
implemented by the Malaysian government.
Renewable energy sources are plentiful, many still not fully exploited and are
environmentally friendly and have high potential to contribute to the energy needs for both
developed and developing countries (Oh et al., 2010). Some of these renewable energy sources
include solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and geothermal energy. It is a challenge for the
government and policy makers to decide on the most efficient, reliable and effective source to
meet Malaysias needs. Many policies and financial support schemes have been implemented to
increase the consumption of renewable energy sources. One of the major significant policies
was diversification of fuel mix used in electricity generation. Renewable energy was introduced
as the fifth fuel after oil, gas, coal and hydro in electricity generation through Fifth Fuel Policy in
2001.


4.2 Solar cell potential cell in Sabah
On average, Malaysia receives about 17 MJ per sq. m of solar radiation per day (Fig. 4.2 and
4.3). From 1989 to 2008, there is no trend that the average daily solar radiation would increase
or decrease throughout this period, except for towns such as Kuala Terengganu and Senai
where there is a weak linear trend showing a decline in solar radiation received by these two
towns. Kota Kinabalu in Sabah also showed a solar radiation from 1990 to 1999, after which
solar radiation would increase and stabilize at around 20 MJ per sq. m per day.

Figure 4.1 Average daily solar radiation (MJ per sq. m) across Malaysia (Mekhilefa et al., 2012)



Figure 4.2 Average daily solar radiation (MJ per sq. m) for some towns in Malaysia from 1989-
2008: part 1 of 2


Figure 4.3 Average daily solar radiation (MJ per sq. m) for some towns in Malaysia from 1989-
2008: part 2 of 2

4.3 Rainfall in Sabah

Figure 4.4 Annual Rainfall Tren for Sabah adapted from METMalaysia
The distribution of rainfall pattern is described fully. With intervals of 500 mm from 1000 mm to
above 3500 mm, a fairly clear pattern of mean annual rainfall subjected to the geographic
position and topographic features of Sabah can be found.
Generally, Sabah receives about 25003500 mm of rainfall annually. However, some
localities obtained much lower or beyond this range due to influenced of coastal and in
shadowed to large land-mass or ranges.


4.4 Conceptual Design


Figure 4.5 a schematic drawing of the objectives of this research

The final concept of this research project using distributive energy resource (DER) to achieve a
50kW (62.5 kVA) The final design concept includes solar, mini hydro and hybrid power system.
Most renewable energy system when used as standalone energy faces some challenges
and limitations thereby reducing its optimization and efficiency (Margeta and Glasnovic 2012).
The solar energy considered to be the cleanest and inexhaustible energy source. In as much as
its advantages solar energy is faced with some limitations these include initial cost of installation
of a full standalone system, position of solar array the availability of sunlight can only work
efficiently in the day time when the sun is shining, requires a large area of installation for the
system to be efficient in providing an efficient source of electricity.

Another factor leading to limitations faced by solar energy is degrading of the efficiency
of photovoltaic cell through polluted environment. Due to these limitations, the use of DER in
the project is inevitable thereby helping to reduce the limitations of a standalone solar system.
The power generating process of this system is very simple and straight forward. From
figure 4.5 design, the system contains a water well, water pump, generator, turbine, solar
panel, battery bank and an overhead tank reservoir.
The system uses normal routine process of the hydro dam operating system that is,
water falling from high level with pressure into the turbine connected to dynamo spinning at
required speed to produce electricity. The water in the pool is pumped to the overhead tank
with a water pump, the pump power is supplied through the solar panel-inverter-batteries bank.
As the water is pumped into the tank, it falls down at high speed through the pipe
directed to the turbine from the tank that spins the generator through the shaft. The whole
system is cyclically continuous as far as the pump keeps pumping water up to the tank.
The entire system is designed to operate in a full cyclic mode without any waste during
operation.
4.10 Chapter Summary
This chapter has been able to provide key necessary informations about the potentiality of solar
radiation, rainfall and resources availability.
Also is analysed the feasible and technical aspect of the concept designs developed to
achieve the objectives of this project. The system comprises of renewable energy systems solar
and micro-hydro form to produce required amount of electricity.

CHAPTER 5
Mathematical Modelling
5.0 Introduction
The objective of the design is to combine three different renewable energy systems to enable it
produce 50% percent efficiency of electric power. To achieve this, various mathematical
equations and calculations are developed to ensure that the appropriate values and sizes of
components of the system are correctly determined.
To calculate and determine the required components of the system, will develop the
equations and calculations for three different phases of the system.
a) Phase 1: Determine the required head tank, flow rate, pipe size, area, velocity and
turbine input power that produces the determined speed and torque to give the final
power output.

Where;

)
(

b) Phase 2: Determine and develop the runner size of turbine, torque of shaft and speed to
generate power.
Therefore;
Where;



(

)


c) Phase 3: Determine the pump size, pipe size, and velocity of water from underground
holding tank to overhead tank thereby balancing the output flow to the turbine to
prevent shortage of water in the tank.

Where;

)


(

Figure 5.1 below is diagram of line schematics showing various phases of mathematical
equation development and calculations of the design.

Figure 5.1 Line schematic drawing of the mathematical development phases
5.1 Phase 1 Head Tank Calculations
Tank Size, flow rate to turbine, power to turbine, potential energy calculations is a function of
the following variables.

By using the following constants and assumed values, we can calculate the tank volume, mass,
potential energy, kinetic energy velocity and flow rate.
(

After series of preliminary calculations with various heads, this head has been proven
and taking to determine the appropriate variables of velocity, flow rate to produce the target
power output of the system. Also help in keeping the total head of the tank at a moderate level
preventing vibrations, drag and other negative effects of air flow at higher altitude. In this
calculation, the hydraulic net head of the system is identified at a head of from turbine
throat to tip of the over head holding tank in other to generate the hydro flow power for a 50
kW required output.

Calculate tank area using:

(5.1)

(5.2)

Change to litres:

(5.3)


(5.4)




) (5.5)

(5.6)

Recall;

Area of pipe is calculated using the Transverse Internal Area formula.
Transverse internal area of pipe can be expressed as

(5.7)

(5.8)

Fluid flow velocity in a circular pipe calculated as

(5.9)

So the water flow rate is

Power developed into the turbine P
tur(kW)

(5.10)




Tables 5.1, 5.2shows various simulated input and output values for (Q, H, Dpipe,
Dtank, v, A, KE, PE, Voltank, P)

Table 5.1 Simulated input and output values for (Q, H, D
pipe
, D
tank
, v, A, KE, PE, Vol
tank
, P).




Tank
Radius
(m)
H
net

(m)

Height
Of
Tank
(m)
Tank
Area
(m
2
)
Tank
Volume
(liters)
Mass
(kg)

Potential
Energy
(PE)
Joules
Fluid
Velocity
(V
fluids
)
(ms-1)
Kinetic
Energy
(KE)
Joules
Diameter
Pipe
(m)
Pipe
Area
(m
2
)
Flow
Rate
(Q)
(m
3
s
-1
)
Fluid
Flow
Rate
(Q
fluids
)
(m3s-
1)
Power
Into
turbine
(kW)
0.5 8 3 0.7854 2356.19 2356.19 184914 12.5362 184914 0.05 0.00196 0.0246 0.02457 1.92832
0.55 8 3 0.95033 2851 2851 223746 12.5347 223746 0.06 0.00283 0.03542 0.03547 2.78395
0.6 8 3 1.13097 3392.92 3392.92 266276 12.5346 266276 0.07 0.00385 0.04821 0.04826 3.7873
0.65 8 3 1.32732 3981.97 3981.97 312505 12.535 312505 0.08 0.00503 0.06297 0.06305 4.94823
0.7 8 3 1.53938 4618.14 4618.14 362432 12.5355 362432 0.09 0.00636 0.0797 0.07973 6.25689
0.75 8 3 1.76715 5301.44 5301.44 416057 12.5362 416057 0.1 0.00785 0.0984 0.09841 7.72313
0.8 8 3 2.01062 6031.86 6031.86 473380 12.5357 473380 0.11 0.0095 0.11906 0.11909 9.34615
0.85 8 3 2.2698 6809.4 6809.4 534402 12.5356 534402 0.12 0.01131 0.14169 0.14178 11.1267
0.9 8 3 2.54469 7634.07 7634.07 599122 12.5357 599122 0.13 0.01327 0.16629 0.16635 13.0551
0.95 8 3 2.83529 8505.86 8505.86 667540 12.5359 667540 0.14 0.01539 0.19286 0.19293 15.141
1 8 3 3.14159 9424.78 9424.78 739657 12.5362 739657 0.15 0.01767 0.2214 0.22151 17.3844
1.05 8 3 3.46361 10390.8 10390.8 815471 12.536 815471 0.16 0.02011 0.2519 0.2521 19.7847


Table 5.2 Simulated input and output values for (Q, H, Dpipe, Dtank, v, A, KE, PE, Voltank, P).

Tank
Radius
(m)
H
net

(m)

Height
Of
Tank
(m)
Tank
Area
(m
2
)
Tank
Volume
(liters)
Mass
(kg)

Potential
Energy
(PE)
Joules
Fluid
Velocity
(V
fluids
)
(ms-1)
Kinetic
Energy
(KE)
Joules
Diameter
Pipe
(m)
Pipe
Area
(m
2
)
Flow
Rate
(Q)
(m
3
s
-1
)
Fluid
Flow
Rate
(Q
fluids
)
(m3s-
1)
Power
Into
turbine
(kW)
1.1 8 3 3.80133 11404 11404 894984 12.5359 894984 0.17 0.0227 0.28437 0.28456 22.3326
1.15 8 3 4.15476 12464.3 12464.3 978196 12.5359 978196 0.18 0.02545 0.31881 0.31904 25.0382
1.2 8 3 4.52389 13571.7 13571.7 1065105 12.536 1065105 0.19 0.02835 0.35522 0.3554 27.8915
1.25 8 3 4.90874 14726.2 14726.2 1155713 12.5358 1155713 0.2 0.03142 0.39359 0.39388 30.9114
1.3 8 3 5.30929 15927.9 15927.9 1250020 12.5358 1250020 0.21 0.03464 0.43393 0.43424 34.079
1.35 8 3 5.72555 17176.7 17176.7 1348024 12.536 1348024 0.22 0.03801 0.47625 0.47649 37.3952
1.4 8 3 6.15752 18472.6 18472.6 1449727 12.5358 1449727 0.23 0.04155 0.52052 0.52086 40.8772
1.45 8 3 6.6052 19815.6 19815.6 1555128 12.5359 1555128 0.24 0.04524 0.56677 0.56712 44.5077
1.5 8 3 7.06858 21205.8 21205.8 1664227 12.536 1664227 0.25 0.04909 0.61499 0.61539 48.2958
1.55 8 3 7.54768 22643 22643 1777025 12.5359 1777025 0.26 0.05309 0.66517 0.66553 52.2309

5.2 Phase 2 Turbine Calculation

Where:
= rotational speed of turbine (rpm)
= torque of shaft (kNm)
= runner throat diameter of turbine (m)
= angular velocity of turbine (rad/sec)
= power input to the turbine (kW)
= head net (m)

The equation to calculate the speed of the turbine as describe in (Canada 2004) giving as;

(5.11)

Where:
= 800 for Kaplan and Propeller turbine
600 for Francis turbine

Calculation for Francis turbine for = 8 (m)

=

Francis Turbine (rpm) Propeller Turbine (rpm) Kaplan Turbine (rpm)
212.13 282.84 282.84
Table 5.3 Calculated speeds for Francis, Kaplan and Propeller turbine





The rotational speed for Pelton turbine (Canada 2004)is calculated using equation below;
(

(5.12)
Where; = number of jets value from 1 to 6
Therefore;
= 1
=

=

Diameter pipe(m) Flow Rate (m
3
/s) Pelton Turbine Speed(rpm)
0.05 0.0246 13.75
0.06 0.03542 16.5
0.07 0.04821 19.25
0.08 0.06297 22
0.09 0.0797 24.75
0.1 0.0984 27.5
0.11 0.11906 30.25
0.12 0.14169 33
0.13 0.16629 35.76
0.14 0.19286 38.51
0.15 0.2214 41.26
0.16 0.2519 44
0.17 0.28437 46.76
0.18 0.31881 49.51
0.19 0.35522 52.26
0.2 0.39359 55
0.21 0.43393 57.76
0.22 0.47625 60.51
0.23 0.52052 63.26
0.24 0.56677 66.01
0.25 0.61499 68.76
0.26 0.66517 71.51
Table 5.4 Calculated speed simulation for Pelton turbine


This design will require 18 to 22 pole of 50Hz generator synchronisation speed to generate the
power needed. From the calculated speed of various turbines, Kaplan and propeller turbine
provides the expected rotational speed of the design. In this case a 22 pole generator at 50Hz
frequency with a speed of 272 rpm is chosen for this design. Table 5.5 below shows different
generator synchronization speeds (ESHA 2004).

No of poles
Speed for
frequency 50 Hz
Speed for
frequency 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
14 428 540
16 375 450
18 333 400
20 300 360
22 272 327
24 250 300
26 231 377
28 214 257
Table 5.5 Generator synchronous speed adapted from (ESHA 2004)

The reaction turbine size diameter for Francis, Kaplan and propeller turbines (Canada 2004)
can be calculated using equation giving below.

..(5.13)
Where;
= Reaction Turbine runner size diameter (m)
= 0.46 for D < 1.8
0.41for D 1.8

= design flow rate at head full gate opening (m

3
/s) as calculated.
= 0.0246 (m
3
/s)

=
Table 5.6 below shows calculated throat diameter for Francis, Kaplan and Propeller turbine at
different pipe size, flow rates and rated power inputs to turbine.
Diameter pipe(m)
Flow Rate
(m
3
/s)
Power input to
turbine (kw)
Reaction Turbine Runner
Size diameter (m)
0.05 0.0246 1.93
0.09
0.06 0.03542 2.78
0.11
0.07 0.04821 3.79
0.12
0.08 0.06297 4.95
0.14
0.09 0.0797 6.26
0.15
0.1 0.0984 7.72
0.17
0.11 0.11906 9.35
0.18
0.12 0.14169 11.13
0.2
0.13 0.16629 13.06
0.21
0.14 0.19286 15.14
0.22
0.15 0.2214 17.38
0.24
0.16 0.2519 19.78
0.25
0.17 0.28437 22.33
0.27
0.18 0.31881 25.04
0.28
0.19 0.35522 27.89
0.29
0.2 0.39359 30.91
0.31
0.21 0.43393 34.08
0.32
0.22 0.47625 37.4
0.33
0.23 0.52052 40.88
0.35
0.24 0.56677 44.51
0.36
0.25 0.61499 48.3
0.37
0.26 0.66517 52.23
0.38
Table 5.6 Calculated runner size diameter simulation for Francis, Kaplan and propeller turbine



The angular velocity of the turbine and torque of the shaft is calculated using equations below:
Angular velocity,

...(5.14)

=
Torque,

(5.15)
=

=
The final power output can be calculated by applied the equation below.

(5.16)
=
=








Table 5.7 shows calculation for angular velocity, torque and final output power at different
runner throat turbine size for Francis, Kaplan and propeller turbines.
Reaction Turbine
Runner Size diameter
(m)
Angular
velocity
(rad/s)
Torque T (KN.m) Final output
power (kw)
0.09 29.61 0.07 1.9
0.11 29.61 0.09 2.7
0.12 29.61 0.13 3.8
0.14 29.61 0.17 5
0.15 29.61 0.21 6.2
0.17 29.61 0.26 7.7
0.18 29.61 0.32 9.4
0.2 29.61 0.38 11.2
0.21 29.61 0.44 13
0.22 29.61 0.51 15.1
0.24 29.61 0.59 17.4
0.25 29.61 0.67 19.8
0.27 29.61 0.75 22.2
0.28 29.61 0.85 25.1
0.29 29.61 0.94 27.8
0.31 29.61 1.04 30.8
0.32 29.61 1.15 34.1
0.33 29.61 1.26 37.3
0.35 29.61 1.38 40.8
0.36 29.61 1.5 44.4
0.37 29.61 1.63 48.2
0.38 29.61 1.76 52.1
Table 5.7 Calculated simulation angular velocity, torque and power output for Francis, Kaplan
and propeller turbine.
The turbine speed was calculated to be at 272 rpm for a 22 pole 50 Hz generator
synchronization speed as shown in table above. This speed can only be generated at a head of
8m. To satisfy the requirements, Kaplan or propeller turbine is been chosen for the system.



Table 5.8 below shows range of different turbines and there required heads.
Turbine Type Head Range in Meters
Kaplan and Propeller 2<H
n
<40
Francis 25<H
n
<350
Pelton 50<H
n
<1300
Crossflow 5<H
n
<200
Turgo 50<H
n
<250
Table 5.8 Range of heads for various turbines adapted from (ESHA 2004)
5.3 Phase 3 Pump Power Calculations
To determine the pumped up to the overhead holding tank is calculated by the water pump
power required to pump water consistently to the overhead tank and balance amount of water
flowing into the turbine at the specified flow rate is calculated by applying Bernoulli equation
5.16 (White 2011) and (Cheremisinoff 1982).

Therefore:

...(5.17)
Note:

(5.18)

(5.19)
Where:

= atmospheric pressure (bar)

= gravitational force (m/s
2
)
= elevation (m)
= velocity (m/s)
= density of water (kg/m
3
)

= Pump power

= Pressure loss

= friction factor (from moody diagram)
By using the equation above, we can determine the velocity of the water.
Note:

= 0, atmospheric pressure
= = 0, velocities at point 1 and point 2.

(5.20)
Note:

where;
= fraction factor
= relative roughness of material
= absolute roughness of commercial steel pipe

= diameter pipe (mm)

(5.21)


Figure 5.2 Moody diagram for identifying friction factor adapted from (docstoc.com 2013)









Surface Absolute roughness, (mm)
Cooper, Lead, Brass, Aluminium 0.001-0.002
PVC and Plastic Pipes 0.0015-0.007
Stainless Steel 0.015
Steel Commercial Pipe 0.045-0.09
Weld Steel 0.045
Stretched Steel 0.015
Galvanized Steel 0.15
Rusted Steel (corrosion) 0.14-4
New Cast Iron 0.25-0.8
Worn Cast Iron 0.8-1.5
Rusty Cast Iron 1.5-2.5
Sheet or Asphalted Cast Iron 0.01-0.015
Smoothed Cement 0.3
Ordinary Concrete 0.3-1
Coarse Concrete 0.3-5
Wall Planed Wood 0.18-0.9
Ordinary Wood 5
Table 5.9 Various absolute roughness of different materials adapted from (docstoc.com 2014)
Calculation:

= 0.05m = 50mm
= 0.046 for commercial steel pipe
=

=
Therefore the friction factor from moody diagram = 0.019
L
1
= 3.5m
L
2
= 8.5m
= 1000 (kg/m
3
)

= 0.05m
= 9.81 m/s
2

= 12 m total from base of underground water to overhead holding tank.

= 4 m depth of underground water tank

Substitute all the value to the equation to find ;

[ ]

=
To calculate the flow rate of the pipe, imply the flow rate equation;
(5.20)
Where;
= calculated from the Bernoulli equation
A = area of pipe from equation,

So;

Absolute
Roughness
(mm)
Diameter
Pipe
(mm)
Relative
Roughness
Friction
Factor
Velocity
(m/s)
Flow
rate
(m
3
/s)
Total
Pump
Head
(m)
Pump
Power
(kW)
0.046 50 0.00092 0.019 9.089 0.0178 12 2.1
0.046 60 0.00076 0.0185 10.091 0.0285 12 3.35
0.046 70 0.00065 0.0183 10.959 0.0421 12 4.96
0.046 80 0.00057 0.0179 11.84 0.0595 12 7
0.046 90 0.00051 0.0175 12.708 0.0808 12 9.51
0.046 100 0.00046 0.017 13.590 0.1066 12 12.54
0.046 110 0.00041 0.0163 14.557 0.1382 12 16.26
0.046 120 0.00038 0.0161 15.299 0.1792 12 21.09
0.046 130 0.00035 0.0155 16.228 0.2152 12 25.33
0.046 140 0.00032 0.0148 17.235 0.2651 12 31.2
0.046 150 0.00030 0.015 17.720 0.3129 12 36.83
0.046 160 0.00028 0.0147 18.486 0.3714 12 43.72
0.046 170 0.00027 0.0143 19.32 0.4383 12 51.59
0.046 180 0.00025 0.0142 19.953 0.5074 12 59.73
0.046 190 0.00024 0.0141 20.571 0.5829 12 68.61
0.046 200 0.00023 0.014 21.178 0.6649 12 78.27
0.046 210 0.00021 0.0139 21.784 0.7541 12 88.77
0.046 220 0.00020 0.0138 22.377 0.8501 12 100.07
0.046 230 0.00020 0.0138 22.811 0.9501 12 111.84
0.046 240 0.00019 0.0137 23.455 1.0605 12 124.84
0.046 250 0.00018 0.013 24.572 1.2055 12 141.91
0.046 260 0.00017 0.0129 25.16 1.3351 12 157.16
Table 5.10 Simulated pump power at various pipe size, velocity and flow rates
5.4 Results and Components Specification Selection

Primarily, our focus is to distribute with a 50% of energy efficiency to 10 house with 50 kW of
power output requiring the selection of pump efficiency, pump power input and tank power
output to turbine efficiency. Also the turbine efficiency and turbine power input and output
generator power efficiency are the phases to be considered in obtaining the required operating
efficiency of the entire system. Specification selection phase summary,

a) To select the appropriate turbine parameters, the turbine efficiency is determined and
an appropriate power input to the turbine is selected from ranges of calculated power
input to the turbine. Below steps shows the method of turbine selection.
i. Turbine component efficiency specification.
ii. Selected turbine power and efficiency to required generator output power and
efficiency specification.
b) The generator parameters are selected based on the required power output. The steps
blow helps in selecting the specified components for the generator.
i. Selected generator synchronization speed.
ii. Number of poles for specified speed.
iii. Required frequency.
iv. Required output.
c) The pump to be selected will consider the power input to the turbine and the output
power required. The pump power is estimated to produce more power than the power
output from overhead holding tank. This is necessary as to consistently fill the overhead
tank with water top prevent short of in the tank resulting to reduced power input.
i. Pump input power and tank output/ turbine input power efficiency.
ii. Selected Pump power efficiency.
d) The selection of the solar panel and hybrid system will be based on the selected pump
power. Adding and connecting the system to generate the exact power for the pump
becomes the primary focus of the section.
i. Solar panel capacity based on the pump power.
ii. Hybrid power.

The head net of 8 meters for the system was selected based on the required speed of the
turbine to the generator. The selected turbine is either Kaplan of propeller which generates a
speed of 272 rpm at a head of 8 meters. A typical Kaplan or propeller turbine is between 0.8 to
0.95 (Canada 2004) as shown in table 11 below.

Prime Mover Effeciency Range
Impulse Turbines:
Pelton
Turgo
Cross-flow

80 90%
80 95%
65 85%
Reaction Tyrbines:
Francis
Pums-as-Turbine
Propeller
Kaplan

80 90%
60 90%
80 95%
80 90%
Water Wheels:
Undershot
Breastshot
Overshot

25 45%
35 65%
60 75%
Table 5.11 Various ranges of turbines efficiencys adapted from
(CanadaMicroHydeoGuide 2004)
5.5 Turbine Component Specification Selection
Kaplan / propeller turbine component efficiency specification is calculated using equations below
as stated in (Canada 2004).
Specific speed adjustment to peak efficiency, (^e
nq
) = {(n
q
170)/700}
2
(5.21)
Recall;
N = n
q
= 272 rpm
{(272 170)/700}
2
= 0.02123

Runner size adjustment to peak efficiency, (^e
d
) = (0.095 + ^e
qn
)(1 0.789d
-0.2
) (5.22)
Reaction turbine size, d = 0.09 m
(0.095 + 0.02123)(1 0.789(0.09)
-0.2
)
= 0.0322
Turbine peak efficiency, (e
p
) = (0.905 - ^e
nq
+ ^e
d
) 0.0305 + 0.005R
m
(5.23)
Where; R
m
= Turbine manufacture/design coefficient (2.8 to 6.1; default 4.5)
(e
p
) = (0.905 0.02123+ ( 0.0322)) 0.0305 + 0.005(4.5)
= 0.843











Table 5.12 shows simulated turbine peak efficiency output at various turbine sizes, pipe input
diameter, flow rates, speed and turbine input power.
Dia.
pipe to
turbine
(m)
Flow
rate (Q)
(m
3
/s)
Power
to
turbine
(kW)
Rotational
speed n
q
in
turbine
(rpm)
Turbine
size
diameter
(m)
Specific
speed
adjustment
to peak
efficiency
(^e
nq
)
Runner size
adjustment
to peak
efficiency
(^e
d
)
Turbine
peak
efficiency
0.05
0.0246 1.93
282.84 0.09 0.02123 0.0322 0.843
0.06
0.03542 2.78
282.84 0.11 0.02123 0.02636 0.849
0.07
0.04821 3.79
282.84 0.12 0.02123 0.0239 0.851
0.08
0.06297 4.95
282.84 0.14 0.02123 0.01965 0.856
0.09
0.0797 6.26
282.84 0.15 0.02123 0.01779 0.857
0.1
0.0984 7.72
282.84 0.17 0.02123 0.01447 0.861
0.11
0.11906 9.35
282.84 0.18 0.02123 0.01299 0.862
0.12
0.14169 11.13
282.84 0.2 0.02123 0.01029 0.865
0.13
0.16629 13.06
282.84 0.21 0.02123 0.00907 0.866
0.14
0.19286 15.14
282.84 0.22 0.02123 0.00790 0.867
0.15
0.2214 17.38
282.84 0.24 0.02123 0.00576 0.87
0.16
0.2519 19.78
282.84 0.25 0.02123 0.00477 0.871
0.17
0.28437 22.33
282.84 0.27 0.02123 0.00292 0.872
0.18
0.31881 25.04
282.84 0.28 0.02123 0.00206 0.873
0.19
0.35522 27.89
282.84 0.29 0.02123 0.00123 0.874
0.2
0.39359 30.91
282.84 0.31 0.02123 0.00031 0.875
0.21
0.43393 34.08
282.84 0.32 0.02123 0.00105 0.874
0.22
0.47625 37.4
282.84 0.33 0.02123 0.00175 0.874
0.23
0.52052 40.88
282.84 0.35 0.02123 0.00309 0.872
0.24
0.56677 44.51
282.84 0.36 0.02123 0.00373 0.872
0.25
0.61499 48.3
282.84 0.37 0.02123 0.00434 0.871
0.26
0.66517 52.23
282.84 0.38 0.02123 0.00494 0.87
Table 5.12 Showing simulated turbine peak efficiency
From calculations, the selected turbine parameters gives a head net of 8 m, pipe diameter from
head tank to turbine 0.22m, flow rate 0.47625 m
3
/s, required power to the turbine 100 kW,
turbine speed 272 rpm, turbine runner size 0.38m and turbine Kaplan or propeller efficiency

0.85. Calculated efficiency between required output power and power input to the turbine is
obtained using equation below;








= 0.52 (efficiency is not reach 0.85 but fulfil the objective)
5.6 Generator component selection
The selection criteria for generator include the following function and components, generator
synchronization speed of 272 rpm, number of poles of 22, frequency of 50 Hz and generator
power output of 50kW (62.5kVA).
5.7 Water Pump component selection
The selected parameters for the water pump for the system are 100 kW pump power, pipe
diameter of 0.22 m, flow rate 0.8501m
3
/s , total pump head 12 m(4m from underground
holding tank and 8 m above from pump), velocity of 22.377m/s.
The pump efficiency is estimated to be between 50% - 55%.
5.8 Solar Power selection
The solar power provides power through the inverter to the batteries and to the pump. Pump
power is solely dependent on the solar and a hybrid power. Composing requires capacities,
materials and quantities play a crucial role in the system operations. As the system is required a
cyclic and consistent operation throughout the year, panel of high efficiency and long life span
will be considered.

Generally, solar cells are made from silicon materials same materials used for transistors
and integrated circuits. Our selected pump power is 100 kW requiring a multiple connection of
preferred single solar panel capacity to generate 100 kW of power for the pump. The solar used
will either be a monocrystalline amorphous or photovoltaic panels of 1000 watts (1kW) per
panel. This will result to a total number of 100 individual panel of 1 kW connected together to
generate 100,000 watts (100 kW) of power.
5.9 Hybrid system (battery bank)
The type of battery in use as the backup system is the deep cycle battery capable of providing
energy storage for the solar wind and other renewable energy systems. Deep cycle battery can
survive prolonged, repeated and deep discharge which is typical for renewable energy system
that is off grid purposes.
Unlike the car battery, deep cycle battery that is used in renewable energy applications
are meant to be discharged and recharge (cycled) repeatedly. A flooded lead acid deep cycle
battery will be applied in the system due to long lasting period of operation.
Battery type deep cycle lead acid battery is best suited for PV power systems. Batteries
are rated according to their cycles. Batteries can have shallow cycles between 10% to 15% of
the battery's total capacity or deep cycles up to 50% to 80%. Shallow-cycle batteries, as those
for starting a car, are designed to deliver several hundred amperes for a few seconds, then the
alternator takes over and the battery is quickly recharged. Deep-cycle batteries or the other
hand, deliver a few amperes for hundreds of hours between charges.
The required battery specifications to provide enough power for the pump at night time
and rainy day is specified and calculated as, 97.6AH, 12V.

5.10 Inverter Capacity
Inverter is basically an electrical device that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current
(AC). In general inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier which converts alternating
current to direct current. In this system, it is necessary to use the same capacity of power
produced from the solar panels this makes the inverter perform much better than if oversized
resulting to power distortions by the oversized inverter and also if undersized will result to
overheating and shorter life span of the components in the system. This system will then
require a 100 kW inverter capacity.












In the table below, provides detail informations of specified selected components and
parameters required to generate 50 kW power output of the system. All specifications are based
on full theoretical and calculated engineering analysis of the system.
Tank Radius (m) 1.55
Height of Tank (m)
3
Head
net
(m)
8
Tank Volume (litres)
22,643
Diameter Pipe (m) to Turbine
0.26
Kaplan/Propeller Turbine, N (rpm)
272
Flow rate, Q (m
3
/s)
0.66517
Turbine Runner Size diameter (m)
0.38
Angular velocity, (rad/s)
29.61
Turbine peak efficiency (e
p
)
0.87
Pipe material
Steel Commercial Pipe
Total Pump Head (m)
12
Pump Diameter Pipe (m)
0.22
Pump Power (kW)
100
Pump efficiency
0.52
Generator synchronization speed, N (rpm)
No. poles
Frequency
Power Output
272
22
50Hz
50 kW (62.5kVA)
No. of Solar Panels (1kW/panel)
100
No. deep cycle lead acid battery bank 12v
97.6AH 86
Inverter Capacity (kW)
100
Table 5.13 selected specified component and materials






According to a RETScreen defined calculation and analysis as shown in below:
Hydro Power Typical Power RETScreen
Flow (m
3
/s)
RETScreen
Runner
Diameter
Micro <100 (kW) <0.4 <0.3
Mini 100 to 1000 (kW) 0.4 12.8 0.3 to 0.8
Small 1 to 50 (MW) >12.8 >0.8
Table 5.14 RETScreen defined calculation and capacities for hydro power system (RETScreen
International Canada)
5.11 Cost Analysis of Selected Components
The various costs of the selected components of the design are analysed. This analysis will help
to determine the economic variability using the renewable system. All the cost calculations and
analysis are based on present actual market prices. The components analysed are water pump,
steel pipes, solar panels, steel tank, turbine, alternator, deep cycle battery, turbine and control
housing, truss stand structure and underground tank.
a. Water Pump: The required pump power for the system is 100 kW cost $2,000
(RM6,478.00) per unit

Figure 5.3 A 100kW water pump adapted from (Zhejiang Purity Electro&Mechanical Co.
Ltd.)

b. Kaplan Turbine: To estimate the cost to of Kaplan turbine due to analysis of data from
different types of turbines received from manufacturers the below formulae is used to
determine the cost of Kaplan /propeller turbine (Lancaster University, 2008).
Ck = 3500 x (kW)
0.68
( British Pounds)
Where;
Ck = cost of Kaplan type turbine
kW = power input in kilowatts = 100
Ck = 3500 x (100)
0.68

= 82,471.23 British Pounds = RM 447, 299.70

Figure 5.4 Typical Kaplan turbine adapted from (Google Images, 2014)






c. Commercial Steel Pipes: The cost for 0.22 m steel pipe for a length of 12 m is
RM2,222.55 and 0.26 m steel pipe for length 8 m is RM1,751.10(Stewart & Lloyds steel
Supply, 2014).

Figure 5.5 A commercial steel pipe adapted from (Google Images, 2014)

d. Solar Panel: The water supply pump to overhead tank requires a power capacity of 100
kW, therefore the solar system will require and equivalent power capacity to supply
power and charge the backup batteries for the system through the inverter.
Therefore, will require a solar panel of 1 kW per panel with a total number of
100 solar panels of 1 kW each. The efficiency of the panels is estimated at 17%.
Cost of 1 kW solar panel = $ 2,000 (alibaba.com) therefore 100 panels will cost
$200,000 (RM647, 800.00)
e. Deep Cycle battery Bank: Battery type deep cycle lead acid battery is best suited for PV
power systems. Batteries are rated according to their cycles. Batteries can have shallow
cycles between 10% and 15% of the battery's total capacity or deep cycles up to 50%
to 80%. Shallow-cycle batteries, as those for starting a car, are designed to deliver
several hundred amperes for a few seconds, then the alternator takes over and the

battery is quickly recharged. Deep-cycle batteries or the other hand, deliver a few
amperes for hundreds of hours between charges.
The required battery specifications to provide enough power for the pump at
night time and rainy day is specified and calculated as,
Amps = 97.6 Amp Hours @ 20HR
Volt = 12V.
Watts for each battery = amps*volts = 12 * 97.6 = 1171.2 watts = 1.1712 kW per
battery.
For a 100 kW pump power, requires 1.1712x10
3
*86 = 100 kW of deep cycle battery.
No of battery =86
Cost of battery = $252.00 per battery (252*86) = $21,672(RM70, 195.61)
The 12 V batteries are chosen because it has capacity to store energy and discharge at
a longer period of time.

Figure 5.6 Deka Solar GEL 8G31 12V Deep Cycle Battery (Big Frog Mountain Corporation)


f. Inverter: The system requires a 100 kW capacity of an off grid inverter with 0.5
efficiency the cost is estimated at $ 41,688 (RM134,881.52) (http://www.pvpower.com/)

Figure 5.7 SatCon 100kW Grid Tied Inverter 240VAC PVS-100

g. Synchronize Dynamo: A 250 kW (62.5 kVA) alternator cost is estimated at $500 (RM1,
617.75) for a single unit.

Figure 5.8 A 50kW (62.5kVA) alternator

h. Turbine / Control House Construction: The size of the turbine and control panel housing
estimated to be at 1.9m x 1.5m. This small house will provide cover shade for the

turbine, generator and the various electrical panels which are the inverter, and the
automatic controls systems for the pumps.
The materials and there cost needed to construct this housing is
i. Building blocks 300 pieces = RM630.92
ii. Concrete Stone for floor one lorry trip = RM630.92
iii. One lorry trip of sand = RM210.31
iv. Roofing = RM1,261.85
v. Electrical wiring = RM210.31
vi. Other = RM226.49
Total cost of the house is RM3, 170.79
The systems initial installation costing and operation of the designed system for a time period of
one year in a single base station is described in table 16 below. All the estimated prices stated
are based on emails to manufacturing companies, appropriate search engines on current
market prices, and phone calls to supplying companies.








System Initial Installation Renewable System (RM)
Over Head Steel Tank
1,779.53
Tank Truss Stand Structure
2,911.95
Turbine/Control House
3,170.79
Underground Holding Tank (concrete)
1,553.04
Diameter Pipe 0.22 (m)
2,222.55
Diameter pipe 0.26 (m)
1,751.10
Kaplan/Propeller Turbine
447,299.70
Installation
16,177.50
Water Pump
6,478.00
Generator Synchronization
1,617.75
Solar Panel (1kW/panel)(x100)
647,800.00
Deep cycle Battery(x86)
70,195.61
Inverter
1,617.75
Total
1,204,575.27
Table 5.15 Initial components and costing installation analysis for renewable system
5.12 Chapter Summary
This chapter, mathematical models were developed to calculate the various parameters of
different components needed to produce a 50 kW of power output from which the most
efficient components and sizes will be selected for the system.
Secondly, the selection of various components used to develop the system, the
efficiencies of these components were considered and the most efficient were selected. The list
of other parts of the system was as well selected from which the cost analysis will be based on.
The reason of selecting most components were proving with calculations and already existing
data ranges and conclusions.
The market cost of the selected components for the renewable system was obtained
through emails, appropriate search engines and various company data informations. The initial
cost for the renewable system is extremely high.


CHAPTER 6
3D Modelling
6.0 Introduction
This chapter shows a solid design and layout drawing of the entire system, displaying the
arrangements of all the various components to accommodate within a small land area of
proposed construction site. A more detailed understanding on how the system works and life
cycle of the various components

Figure 6.1 A sectional view 1 of the design


Figure 6.2 A sectional view 2 of the design

Figure 6.3 A side view of the design

6.1 Hydropower generating process
The power generating process of our system is very simple and straight forward. From figures,
the system contains water well, water pump, generator, turbine, solar panel, battery bank
housed in the control house and an overhead tank reservoir.
The system uses normal routine process of the hydro dam operating system that is,
water falling from high level with pressure into the turbine connected to dynamo spinning at
required speed to produce electricity. The water in the pool is pumped to the overhead tank
with a water pump, the pump power is supplied through the solar panel-inverter-batteries bank.
As the water is pumped into the tank, it falls down at high speed through the pipe
directed to the turbine from the tank that spins the generator through the shaft then flowing
back into the underground tank. The whole system is cyclically continuous as far as the pump
keeps pumping water up to the tank.
The entire system is designed to operate in a full cyclic mode without any waste during
operation.
6.2 Chapter Summary
The chapter has been able to show the design of the system in 3D form. This form basically will
be similar to how the base station will appear in actual construction. The chapter well as
summarized the power generation process and the performance evaluation of the various
components of the system.




7.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, the objectives of the project has been successfully achieved which is designing
and developing a 50 kW of distributive renewable energy system for 10 house with a 50%
energy efficiency. The entire project took care in reviewing various energy generation in
renewable forms, studies were made for Malaysia environment especially in Sabah ensuring the
availability of resources needed for the system design.
An appropriate concept design was generated to ensure that the final objective of this
project was met, the necessary mathematical models were developed to enable the various
calculations to generate exact values, sizes and capacities of the various components used.
A 3D model design of the whole system was developed which shows the arrangement of
all the selected components on the construction site.
The designed system will contribute in many ways to protect our environment from
carbon emission. It also will be more cost effective in a long time will reduce our dependency
on natural resource such as petroleum and finally good to human health as no more inhaling of
carbon dioxide into our body system.
7.1 Recommendations
In future when constructing, the detailed drawings and connections of all components for the
system will be needed for further verifications and analysis to ensure the required standards for
the components are achieved making the performance and efficiency of the systems operations
in accordance to specifications and standards.
It was noted that PV solar system, water pump and turbine were the most expensive
parts of the system. It is recommended that manufacturing companies for these components
will re-evaluate the cost of production of these components making use of more cost effective

materials, strong, efficient, durable and tough to manufacture these components. This will
increase the chances of increased demand for renewable energy systems round the world.
The overhead tank should be insulated to reduce evaporation which will result in
reducing the water level both in the underground and overhead tank in a short period of time.




















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