Icelandic Primer With Grammar, Notes and Glossary by Sweet, Henry, 1845-1912

An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet
The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet
Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project
Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the
header without written permission.
Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is
important information about your specific rights and restrictions in
how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a
donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.
**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
Title: An Icelandic Primer

With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary
Author: Henry Sweet
Release Date: April, 2004 [EBook #5424]

[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
[This file was first posted on July 14, 2002]
Edition: 10
Language: English
Character set encoding: Unicode UTF-8
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER ***
An Icelandic Primer
With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary
By Henry Sweet, M.A.
Second Edition
1895
Image files scanned in by Sean Crist <kurisuto@unagi.cis.upenn.edu>
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi_sweet_about.html
1
OCRed and reformatted for Project Gutenberg by Ben Crowder <crowderb@blankslate.net>
http://www.blankslate.net/lang/etexts.php
Note: This etext is encoded in UTF-8 (Unicode). If it looks garbled to you, that's why. :)
Preface
The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of Icelandic has been felt for a long time--in fact, from
the very beginning of that study in England. The Icelandic Reader, edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell,
in the Clarendon Press Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands of every student; but it
still leaves room for an elementary primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would have made
it impossible for them to undertake such a work for some years to come, they raised no objections to my
proposal to undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more formidable one than I had
anticipated, and accordingly, before definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to induce
Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it;
and as I myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the
means of inducing some students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I determined to go on.
In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors
have themselves deviated from it in their Corpus Poeticum Boreale, in the way of separating Ç« from Ã¶, etc.
My own principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the traditional spelling followed in normalized
texts. There is, indeed, no practical gain for the beginner in writing tÄ«me for tÄ«mi, discarding Ã°, etc.,
although these changes certainly bring us nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in scientific
works. The essential thing for the beginner is to have regular forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far
as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by
diacritics. I have not hesitated to substitute (Â¯) for (Â´) as the mark of length; the latter ought in my opinion
to be used exclusively--in Icelandic as well as in Old English and Old Irish--to represent the actual accents of
the MSS.
In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to Noreen's AltislÃ¤ndische Grammatik, which is
by far the best Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared--at least from that narrow point of view which ignores
syntax, and concentrates itself on phonology and inflections.
The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and representative as possible. With such a language, and
such a master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed
to be envied who makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales of the North, told in an
absolutely perfect style. As the death of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer
recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the shorter text, which is admirably suited for the
purposes of this book. The story of AuÃ°un is not only a beautiful one in itself, but, together with the
preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of
their whole political system. As the Reader does not include poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of
the finest of the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity and corruption--the song of
Thor's quest of his hammer.
In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts
Ã¾, Ã¦, Å, right at the end of the alphabet.
I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the texts and the glossary from Wimmer's
Oldnordisk LÃ¦sebog, which I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists in any language.
So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in
nearly every case.
2
In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it
contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious heritage--the old language and literature of
Iceland--which our miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them of, it will have
fulfilled its purpose.
HENRY SWEET
London,
February, 1886
Contents
Grammar
Texts
I. Thor
II. Thor and UtgarÃ°aloki
III. Balder
IV. Death of Balder
V. HÄÃ°inn and HÇ«gni
VI. Death of Olaf Tryggvason
VII. AuÃ°un
VIII. ÃrymskviÃ°a
Notes
Glossary
Proper Names
Grammar
1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, between 1200 and 1350.
Pronunciation
2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the addition of Ã¾ and Ã°, and of the modified
letters Ä, Ç«, Ã¸, which last is in this book written Ã¶, Ç«Ì.
Vowels
3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old English. Long vowels were often marked by (Â´).
In this book long vowels are regularly marked by (Â¯)1. The following are the elementary vowels and
diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):--
[Footnote 1: Note that the longs of Ä, Ã¶ are written Ã¦, Å, respectively.]
a as in mann (G.) halda (hold)

Ä " father rÄÃ° (advice)
e " Ã©tÃ© (F.) gekk (went)
Ä2 ... lÄt (let pret.)
Ä " men mÄnn (men)
[Footnote 2: Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its sound is that of the corresponding short vowel
lengthened.]
Ã¦ as in there sÃ¦r (sea)
3
i " fini (F.) mikill (great)
Ä« ... lÄ«till (little)
o " beau (F.) orÃ° (word)
Å ... tÅk (look)
Ç« " not hÇ«nd (hand)
Ã¶ " peu (F.) kÃ¶mr (comes)
Å ... fÅra (bring)
Ç«Ì " peur (F.) gÇ«Ìra (make)
u " sou (F.) upp (up)
Å« ... hÅ«s (house)
y " tu (F.) systir (sister)
È³ ... lÈ³sa (shine)
au " haus (G.) lauss (loose)
ei = Ä+i bein (bone)
ey = Ä+y leysa (loosen)
4. The unaccented i in systir, etc. (which is generally written e in the MSS.) probably had the sound of y in
pity, which is really between i and e. The unacc. u in fÅru (they went), etc. (which is generally written o in the
MSS.) probably had the sound of oo in good.
Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of close and open, thus:
close: e Ä o Å Ã¶ Å
open: Ä Ã¦ Ç« - Ç«Ì -
Consonants
5. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced really double, as in Italian. Thus the kk in
drekka (to drink) must be pronounced like the kc in bookcase, while the k in drÄki (dragon) is single, as in
booking. When final (or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long, as in munn (mouth
acc.), hamarr (hammer nom.), steinn (stone nom.), distinguished from mun (will vb.), and the accusatives
hamar, stein.
6. k and g had a more front (palatal) sound before the front vowels e, Ä, i, Ã¶, Ç«Ì, y, and their longs, as also
before j, as in kÄnna (known), keyra (drive), gÇ«Ìra (make), liggja (lie).
7. kkj, ggj were probably pronounced simply as double front kk, gg, the j not being pronounced separately.
8. f had initially the sound of our f, medially and finally that of v, as in gefa (give), gaf (gave), except of
course in such combinations as ft, where it had the sound of f.
9. g was a stopped (back or front--guttural or palatal) cons. initially and in the combination ng, the two g's in
ganga (go) being pronounced as in go. It had the open sound of G. g in sagen medially before the back vowels
a, o, Ç«, u, and all conss. except j, and finally:--saga (tale), dÇ«gum (with days); sagÃ°i (he said); lag (he
lay). Before the front vowels and j it had the sound of G. g in liegen, or nearly that of j (our y), as in sÄgir
(says), sÄgja (to say).
10. Before voiceless conss. (t, s) g seems to have been pronounced k, as in sagt (said), dags (day's).
4
11. The g was always sounded in the combination ng, as in single, not as in singer.
12. h was sounded before j in such words as hjarta (heart) much as in E. hue (= hjÅ«). hl, hn, hr, hv probably
represented voiceless l, n, r, w respectively, hv being identical with E. wh: hlaupa (leap), hnÄ«ga (bend),
hringr (ring), hvat (what).
13. j is not distinguished from i in the MSS. It had the sound of E. y in young: jÇ«rÃ° (earth), sÄtja (to set).
14. p in pt probably had the sound of f: lopt (air).
15. r was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch.
16. s was always sharp.
17. v (which was sometimes written u and w) had the sound of E. w: vel (well), hÇ«ggva (hew).
18. z had the sound of ts: bÄztr (best).
19. Ã¾ and Ã° were used promiscuously in the older MS., the very oldest using Ã¾ almost exclusively. In
Modern Icelandic Ã¾ is written initially to express the sound of E. hard th, Ã° medially and finally to express
that of soft th; as there can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old pronunciation, it is retained in
this book: Ã¾ing (parliament), faÃ°ir (father), viÃ° (against). In such combinations as pÃ° the Ã° must of
course be pronounced Ã¾.
Stress
20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable.
Phonology
Vowels
21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the most important of which are mutation
(umlaut), fracture (brechung), and gradation (ablaut).
Mutation
22. The following changes are i-mutations (caused by an older i or j following, which has generally been
dropped)3:
[Footnote 3: Many of the i's which appear in derivative and inflectional syllables are late weakenings of a and
other vowels, as in bani (death) = Old English bana; these do not cause mutation.]
a (Ç«) ... Ä :-- mann (man acc.), mÄnn (men); hÇ«nd (hand), hÄndr (hands).
Ä ... Ã¦ :-- mÄl (speech), mÃ¦la (speak).
e (ja, jÇ«) ... i :-- verÃ°r (worth), virÃ°a (estimate).
u (o) ... y :-- fullr (full), fylla (to fill); lopt (air), lypta (lift).
Å« ... È³ :-- brÅ«n (eyebrow), pl. brÈ³nn.
o ... Ã¶ :-- koma (to come), kÃ¶mr (comes).
5
Å ... Å :-- fÅr (went), fÅra (bring).
au ... ey :-- lauss (loose), leysa (loosen).
jÅ« (jÅ) ... È³ :-- sjÅ«kr (sick), sÈ³ki (sickness); ljÅsta (strike), lÈ³str (strikes).
23. The change of a into Ä is sometimes the result of a following k, g, or ng, as in dÄgi dat. sg. of dagr (day),
tÄkinn (taken), gÄnginn (gone), inf. taka, ganga. i appears instead of e, and u instead of o before a nasal
followed by another cons.: cp. binda (to bind), bundinn (bound) with bresta (burst) ptc. prt. brostinn.
24. There is also a u-mutation, caused by a following u, which has often been dropped:
a ... Ç« :-- dagr (day) dat. pl. dÇ«gum; land (land) pl. lÇ«nd.
25. Unaccented Ç« becomes u, as in sumur pl. of sumar (summer), kÇ«lluÃ°u (they called), infin. kalla.
Fracture
26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is e: when followed by original a it becomes ja, when
followed by original u it becomes jÇ«, as in jarÃ°ar gen. of jÇ«rÃ° (earth)4. When followed by original i, the
e is, of course, mutated to i, as in skildir plur. nom. of skjÇ«ldr (shield), gen. skjaldar.
[Footnote 4: Cp. German erde.]
Gradation
27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:--
a ... Å :-- fara (go) pret. fÅr, whence by mut. fÅra (bring).
e (i, ja) ... a ... u (o) :-- bresta (burst), prt. brast, prt. pl. brustu, ptc. prt. brostinn; finna (find), fundinn (found
ptc.), fundr (meeting).
e ... a ... Ä ... o :-- stela (steal), prt. stal, prt. pl. stÄlu, ptc. prt. stolinn.
e ... a ... Ä ... e :-- gefa (give), gaf (he gave), gÄfu (they gave), gefinn (given), gjÇ«f (gift), u-fracture of gef-,
gÃ¦fa (luck) mut. of gÄf-.
Ä« ... ei ... i :-- skÄ«na (shine), skein (he shone), skinu (they shone). sÅl-skin (sunshine).
jÅ« (jÅ) ... au ... u ... o :-- ljÅ«ga (tell a lie), prt. laug, prt. pl. lugu, ptc. prt. loginn. lygi (lie sbst.) mut. of lug-.
skjÅta (shoot), skjÅtr (swift), skotinn (shot ptc.), skot (shot subst.).
Other changes
28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: Ã¾Ä (then), nÅ« (now).
29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long accented vowels: cp. ganga (to go) with fÄ
(to get), the dat. plurals knjÄm (knees) with hÅ«sum (houses).
30. Vowels are often lengthened before l + cons.: hÄlfr (half adj.), fÅlk (people); cp. fÅlginn (hidden) with
brostinn (burst ptc.).
Consonants
6
31. v is dropped before o and u: vaxa (to grow), prt. Åx, vinna (to win), unninn (won ptc.), svelta (to starve),
soltinn (starved, hungry).
Final r is often assimilated to a preceding cons.
32. *-lr, *-nr, *-sr always become -ll, -nn, -ss after a long vowel or diphthong, as in stÅll (chair nom.), acc.
stÅl, steinn (stone nom.), acc. stein, vÄ«ss (wise masc. nom. sg.), vÄ«s fem. nom. sg., and in unacc. syllables,
as in the masc. sg. nominatives mikill (great), fem. mikil, borinn (carried), fem. borin, È³miss (various) fem.
È³mis.
33. Words in which l, n, r, s are preceded by a cons. drop the r entirely, as in the masc. nominatives jarl
(earl), hrafn (raven), vitr (wise), Ã¾urs (giant), lax (salmon).
34. If l and n are preceded by a short accented vowel, the r is generally kept, as in stelr (steals), vinr, (friend),
sr becoming ss, as elsewhere.
35. r is kept after ll, and generally after nn, as in the masc. nom. allr (all), and in brÄnnr (burns).
36. z often stands for Ã°s as well as ts, as in Ã¾Är Ã¾ykkizk (ye seem) = *Ã¾ykkiÃ°-sk, Vest-firzkr
(belonging to the West Firths) = -*firÃ°skr (fÇ«rÃ°r, firth).
37. Inflectional t is generally doubled after a long accented vowel: fÄr (few) neut. fÄtt (cp. allr 'all,' neut.
allt), sÄ (I saw), sÄtt 'thou sawest.'
Inflections
Nouns
38. Gender. There are three genders in Icelandic--masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly
natural, partly grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. Compound words follow the
gender of their last element.
39. Strong and Weak. All weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom. sg. and in most of the other cases as well.
Most strong nouns end in a cons. in the nom. sg.
40. Cases. There are four cases--nominative, accusative, dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few
contractions) have the gen. pl. in -a (fiska, of fishes), and the dat. pl. in -um (fiskum). All strong masculines
(fiskr) and some strong feminines (brÅ«Ã°r, bride) take r5 in the nom. sg. Most strong feminines show the
bare root in the nom. sg. with u-mutation, if possible (Äst, favour, fÇ«r, journey). The nom. pl. of all strong
masc. and fem. nouns ends in r (fiskar, Ästir). The acc. pl. of fem. nouns is the same as the nom. pl. (Ästir).
The acc. pl. of masc. strong nouns always ends in a vowel (fiska). The plur. nom. and acc. of neuters is the
same as the sing. nom. and acc., except that in the plur. nom. and acc. they take u-mutation, if possible (hÅ«s,
houses, lÇ«nd, lands).
[Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described above.]
41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the acc. plur.
Strong Masculines
(1) a-plurals
Singular Plural
Nom. fisk-r (fish) fisk-ar
7
Acc. fisk fisk-a
Dat. fisk-i fisk-um
Gen. fisk-s fisk-a
42. So also heimr (home, world); konungr (king); ÃÅrr (Thor), acc. ÃÅr, gen. ÃÅrs; steinn (stone), acc. stein,
gen. steins, pl. nom. steinar; hrafn (raven), acc. hrafn, pl. nom. hrafnar; Ã¾urs (giant), acc. gen. Ã¾urs, pl.
nom. Ã¾ursar.
43. Dissyllables in -r, -l, -n generally throw out the preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: hamarr
(hammer), dat. hamri; jÇ«tunn (giant), pl. nom. jÇ«tnar. kÄtill (kettle) and lykill (key) show unmutated
vowels in the contracted forms, as in the acc. plur. katla, lukla.
44. Some nouns of this decl. take -ar in the gen. sing., especially proper names, such as HÄkon, gen.
HÄkonar.
45. Some nouns add v before vowels: sÃ¦r (sea), gen. sÃ¦var.
46. The dat. sometimes drops the i: sÃ¦ (sea), ÃÅr. dagr (day) mutates its vowel in the dat. dÄgi.
47. Nouns in -ir keep the i in the sing., and drop it in the plur.:
Singular Plural
Nom. hÄlli-r (cave) hÄll-ar
Acc. hÄlli hÄll-a
Dat. hÄlli hÄll-um
Gen. hÄlli-s hÄll-a
48. So also a number of proper names, such as SkrÈ³mir, ÃÅrir.
(2) i-plurals
Singular Plural
Nom. staÃ°-r (place) staÃ°-ir
Acc. staÃ° staÃ°-i
Dat. staÃ° stÇ«Ã°-um
Gen. staÃ°-ar staÃ°-a
49. So also gripr (precious thing), salr (hall).
50. gÄstr (guest) takes -i in the dat. sg., and -s in the gen. sg.
51. Those ending in g or k (together with some others) insert j before a and u: bÄkkr (bench), bÄkk, bÄkk,
bÄkkjar; bÄkkir, bÄkki, bÄkkjum, bÄkkja. So also mÄrgr (marrow), strÄngr (string).
(3) u-plurals
Singular Plural
Nom. skjÇ«ld-r (shield) skild-ir
8
Acc. skjÇ«ld skjÇ«ld-u
Dat. skild-i skjÇ«ld-um
Gen. skjald-ar skjald-a
52. So also vÇ«ndr (twig), vÇ«llr (plain), viÃ°r (wood). Äss (god) has plur. nom. Ã¦sir, acc. Äsu. sonr (son)
has dat. sg. syni, plur. nom. synir. It regularly drops its r of the nom. in such compounds as Tryggva-son (son
of Tryggvi).
(4) r-plurals
Singular Plural
Nom. fÅt-r (foot) fÅt-r
Acc. fÅt fÅt-r
Dat. fÅt-i fÅt-um
Gen. fÅt-ar fÅt-a
53. So also fingr (finger), gen. fingrar, pl. fingr; vetr (winter), pl. vetr. maÃ°r (man) is irregular: maÃ°r,
mann, manni, manns; mÄnn, mÄnn, mÇ«nnum, manna.
Singular Plural
Nom. faÃ°ir (father) fÄÃ°r
Acc. fÇ«Ã°ur fÄÃ°r
Dat. fÇ«Ã°ur fÄÃ°rum
Gen. fÇ«Ã°ur fÄÃ°ra
54. So also brÅÃ°ir (brother), pl. brÅÃ°r.
55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl., following the weak class in the sg.:
Singular Plural
Nom. bÅndi (yeoman) bÅndr
Acc. bÅnda bÅndr
Dat. bÅnda bÅndum
Gen. bÅnda bÅnda
56. So also frÅndi (kinsman), pl. frÅndr.
Strong Neuters
Singular Plural
Nom. skip (ship) skip
Acc. skip skip
Dat. skip-i skip-um
Gen. skip-s skip-a
57. So also orÃ° (word), land (land) pl. lÇ«nd, sumar (summer) pl. sumur (Â§ 25).
9
58. mÄn (necklace), kyn (race), grey (dog) insert j before a and u: greyjum. hÇ«gg (stroke) inserts v before a
vowel: hÇ«ggvi. knÄ (knee), knÄ, knÄ, knÄs; knÄ, knÄ, kjÄm, knjÄ. So also trÄ (tree).
59. fÄ (money) is contracted: gen. fjÄr, dat. fÄ.
Singular Plural
Nom. kvÃ¦Ã°i (poem) kvÃ¦Ã°i
Acc. kvÃ¦Ã°i kvÃ¦Ã°i
Dat. kvÃ¦Ã°i kvÃ¦Ã°um
Gen. kvÃ¦Ã°i-s kvÃ¦Ã°a
60. So also klÃ¦Ã°i (cloth). Those in k insert j before a and u: mÄrki (mark), mÄrkjum, mÄrkja. So also rÄ«ki
(sovereignty).
Strong Feminines
(1) ar-plurals
Singular Plural
Nom. gjÇ«f (gift) gjaf-ar
Acc. gjÇ«f gjaf-ar
Dat. gjÇ«f gjÇ«f-um
Gen. gjaf-ar gjaf-a
61. So also mÇ«n (mane), gjÇ«rÃ° (girdle), Är (oar).
62. Ä (river) contracts: Ä, Ä, Ä, Är; Är, Är, Äm, Ä.
63. Many take -u in the dat. sg.: kÄrling (old woman), kÄrling, kÄrlingu, kÄrlingar; kÄrlingar, kÄrlingar,
kÄrlingum, kÄrlinga. So also laug (bath).
64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or i) insert j in inflection: ey (island), ey, eyju, eyjar; eyjar, eyjar,
eyjum, eyja. So also Frigg, HÄl. mÃ¦r (maid), mey, meyju, meyjar; meyjar, meyjar, meyjum, meyja.
65.
Singular Plural
Nom. heiÃ°-r (heath) heiÃ°-ar
Acc. heiÃ°-i heiÃ°-ar
Dat. heiÃ°-i heiÃ°-um
Gen. heiÃ°-ar heiÃ°-a
(2) ir-plurals
Singular Plural
Nom. tÄ«Ã° tÄ«Ã°-ir
Acc. tÄ«Ã° tÄ«Ã°-ir
Dat. tÄ«Ã° tÄ«Ã°-um
10
Gen. tÄ«Ã°-ar tÄ«Ã°-a
66. So also sorg (sorrow), skipun (arrangement), hÇ«fn (harbour) pl. hafnir, and the majority of strong
feminines.
67. Many have -u in the dat. sg.: sÅl (sun), sÅl, sÅlu, sÅlar; sÅlir, sÅlir, sÅlum, sÅla. So also jÇ«rÃ° (earth),
stund (period of time).
68. One noun has r in the nom. sg., following heiÃ°r in the sg.: brÅ«Ã°r (bride), brÅ«Ã°i, brÅ«Ã°i,
brÅ«Ã°ar; brÅ«Ã°ir, brÅ«Ã°ir, brÅ«Ã°um, brÅ«Ã°a.
(3) r-plurals
Singular Plural
Nom. bÅk (book) bÅk-r
Acc. bÅk bÅk-r
Dat. bÅk bÅk-um
Gen. bÅk-ar bÅk-a
69. So also nÄtt (night) pl. nÃ¦tr, bÅt (compensation) pl. bÅtr, tÇ«nn (tooth) gen. tannar pl. tÄnnr.
70. hÇ«nd (hand) pl. hÄndr has dat. sg. hÄndi.
71. kÈ³r (cow) has acc. kÅ«, pl. kÈ³r.
72. brÅ«n (eyebrow) assimilates the r of the pl.: brÈ³nn.
Singular Plural
Nom. mÅÃ°ir (mother) mÅÃ°r
Acc. mÅÃ°ur mÅÃ°r
Dat. mÅÃ°ur mÅÃ°rum
Gen. mÅÃ°ur mÅÃ°ra
73. So also dÅttir (daughter) pl. dÅtr; systir (sister) pl. systr.
Weak Masculines
Singular Plural
Nom. bog-i (bow) bog-ar
Acc. bog-a bog-a
Dat. bog-a bog-um
Gen. bog-a bog-a
74. So also mÄni (moon), fÄlagi (companion).
75. hÇ«fÃ°ingi (chief) and some others insert j in inflection: hÇ«fÃ°ingja, hÇ«fÃ°ingjar, hÇ«fÃ°ingjum.
76. lÄ (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is ljÄ.
11
77. oxi (ox) has pl. Ã¶xn.
78. herra (lord) is indeclinable in the sg.
Weak Neuters
Singular Plural
Nom. hjart-a (heart) hjÇ«rt-u
Acc. hjart-a hjÇ«rt-u
Dat. hjart-a hjÇ«rt-um
Gen. hjart-a hjart-na
79. So also auga (eye).
Weak Feminines
Singular Plural
Nom. tung-a (tongue) tung-ur
Acc. tung-u tung-ur
Dat. tung-u tung-um
Gen. tung-u tung-na
80. So also stjarna (star) pl. stjÇ«rnur, kirkja (church), gen. plurals stjarna, kirkna.
Sg. Nom. Älli (old age)

Acc. Älli
Dat. Älli
Gen. Älli
81. So also glÄÃ°i (joy) and many abstract nouns.
82. lygi (falsehood) has pl. lygar; so also gÇ«Ìrsimi (precious thing).
Adjectives
83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with partly different endings,
together with strong and weak forms.
Strong Adjectives
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Sg. Nom. ung-r (young) ung-t ung
Acc. ung-an ung-t ung-a
Dat. ung-um ung-u ung-ri
Gen. ung-s ung-s ung-rar
Pl. Nom. ung-ir ung ung-ar
Acc. ung-a ung ung-ar
Dat. ung-um ung-um ung-um
12
Gen. ung-ra ung-ra ung-ra
84. So also fagr (fair), fem. fÇ«gr, neut. fagrt.
85. Some insert j before a and u: nÈ³r (new), nÈ³jum, nÈ³jan.
86. Some insert v before a vowel: hÄr (high), hÄvan, dÃ¶kkr (dark), dÃ¶kkvir, kykr (alive), kykvir.
87. The t of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: nÈ³tt, hÄtt. Monosyllables in Ã°, dd, tt form their neut. in
-tt: breiÃ°r (broad), breitt; leiddr (led), leitt. gÅÃ°r (good) has neut. gott. sannr (true) has neut. satt. In
unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, tt is shortened to t: kallaÃ°r (called), kallat; blindr (blind), blint,
harÃ°r (hard), hart, fastr (firm), fast.
88. l and n assimilate a following r: gamall (old), fem. gÇ«mul, fem. acc. gamla, dat. gamalli. vÇ£nn
(beautiful), gen. pl. vÃ¦nna.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. mikill (great) mikit mikil
Acc. mikinn mikit mikla
Dat. miklum miklu mikilli
Gen. mikils mikils mikillar
Pl. Nom. miklir mikil miklar
Acc. mikla mikil miklar
Dat. miklum miklum miklum
Gen. mikilla mikilla mikilla
89. So also lÄ«till (little).
90. Dissyllables in -inn have -it in the neut., and -inn in the masc. sg. acc.: tÄ«ginn (distinguished), tÄ«git,
tÄ«ginn, pl. tÄ«gnÄ«r. So also kominn (come).
91.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. annarr (other) annat Ç«nnur
Acc. annan annat aÃ°ra
Dat. Ç«Ã°rum Ç«Ã°ru annarri
Gen. annars annars annarrar
Pl. Nom. aÃ°rir Ç«nnur aÃ°rar
Acc. aÃ°ra Ç«nnur aÃ°rar
Dat. Ç«Ã°rum Ç«Ã°rum Ç«Ã°rum
Gen. annarra annarra annarra
Weak Adjectives
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Sg. Nom. ung-i ung-a ung-a
13
Acc. ung-a ung-a ung-u
Dat. ung-a ung-a ung-u
Gen. ung-a ung-a ung-u
Pl. Nom. ung-u ung-u ung-u
Acc. ung-u ung-u ung-u
Dat. ung-u ung-u ung-u
Gen. ung-u ung-u ung-u
92. So also fagri, hÄvi, mikli, etc.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. yngri (younger) yngra yngri
Acc. yngra yngra yngri
Dat. yngra yngra yngri
Gen. yngra yngra yngri
Pl. Nom. yngri yngri yngri
Acc. yngri yngri yngri
Dat. yngrum yngrum yngrum
Gen. yngri yngri yngri
93. So also all comparatives, such as meiri (greater), and pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as
gefandi (giving), dat. pl. gefÇ«ndum.
Comparison
94. (1) with -ari, -astr: rÄ«kr (powerful), rÄ«kari, rÄ«kastr; gÇ«fugr (distinguished), gÇ«fgari, gÇ«fgastr.
95. (2) with -ri, -str and mutation: langr (long), lÄngri, lÄngstr; stÅrr (big), stÅrri, stÅrstr; ungr (young),
yngri, yngstr.
96. The following are irregular:
gamall (old) Ällri Älztr

gÅÃ°r (good) bÄtri bÄztr
illr (bad) vÄrri vÄrstr
lÄ«till (little) minni minstr
margr (many) fleiri flestr
mikill (great) meiri mestr
Numerals
97.
Cardinal Ordinal
1. einn (one) fyrstr (first)
2. tveir annarr
3. Ã¾rÄ«r Ã¾riÃ°i
14
4. fjÅrir fjÅrÃ°i
5. fimm fimmti
6. sex sÄtti
7. sjau sjaundi
8. Ätta Ätti
9. nÄ«u nÄ«undi
10. tÄ«u tÄ«undi
11. ellifu ellifti
12. tÅlf tÅlfti
13. Ã¾rettÄn Ã¾rettÄndi
14. fjÅrtÄn
15. fimmtÄn
16. sextÄn
17. sjautÄn
18. ÄtjÄn
19. nÄ«tjÄn
20. tuttugu
21. einn ok tuttugu, etc.
30. Ã¾rÄ«r tigir, etc.
100. tÄ«u tigir
110. ellifu tigir
120. hundraÃ°
1200. Ã¾Å«sund
einn is declined like other adjectives:--
98.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Nom. einn eitt ein
Acc. einn eitt eina
Dat. einum einu einni
Gen. eins eins einnar
It also has a pl. einir, einar, ein; gen. einna, etc. in the sense of 'some.'
The next three show various irregularities.
99.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Nom. tveir tvau tvÃ¦r
Acc. tvÄ tvau tvÃ¦r
Dat. tveim tveim tveim
15
Gen. tvÄggja tvÄggja tvÄggja
Similarly bÄÃ°ir (both):
100.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Nom. bÄÃ°ir bÃ¦Ã°i bÄÃ°ar
Acc. bÄÃ°a bÃ¦Ã°i bÄÃ°ar
Dat. bÄÃ°um bÄÃ°um bÄÃ°um
Gen. bÄggja bÄggja bÄggja
101.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Nom. Ã¾rÄ«r Ã¾rjÅ« Ã¾rjÄr
Acc. Ã¾rjÄ Ã¾rjÅ« Ã¾rjÄr
Dat. Ã¾rim Ã¾rim Ã¾rim
Gen. Ã¾riggja Ã¾riggja Ã¾riggja
102.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Nom. fjÅrir fjogur fjÅrar
Acc. fjÅra fjogur fjÅrar
Dat. fjÅrum fjÅrum fjÅrum
Gen. fjogurra fjogurra fjogurra
103. The others are indeclinable up to Ã¾rÄ«r tigir, etc.; the tigir being declined regularly as a plural strong
u-masculine tigir, tigu, tigum, tiga.
104. hundraÃ° is a strong neut.: tvau hundruÃ° (240), tveim hundruÃ°um, etc. It governs the gen. (as also
does Ã¾Å«sund): fimm hundruÃ° gÅlfa, 'five (six) hundred chambers.'
105. Ã¾Å«sund is a strong ir-feminine: tvÃ¦r Ã¾Å«sundir (2400).
106. hundraÃ° and Ã¾Å«sund are rarely = 100 and 1000.
107. Of the ordinals fyrstr and annarr (Â§ 91) are strong, the others weak adjectives. Ã¾riÃ°i inserts a j:
Ã¾riÃ°ja, etc.
Pronouns
108.
Personal
Sg. Nom. ek (I) Ã¾Å« (thou) --
16
Acc. mik Ã¾ik sik (oneself)
Dat. mÄr Ã¾Är sÄr
Gen. mÄ«n Ã¾Ä«n sÄ«n
Dual. Nom. vit it --
Acc. okkr ykkr sik
Dat. okkr ykkr sÄr
Gen. okkar ykkar sÄ«n
Pl. Nom. vÄr (we) Ã¾Är (ye) --
Acc. oss yÃ°r sik (oneselves)
Dat. oss yÃ°r sÄr
Gen. vÄr yÃ°ar sÄ«n
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. hann (he) Ã¾at (it) hon (she)
Acc. hann Ã¾at hana
Dat. honum Ã¾vÄ« hÄnni
Gen. hans Ã¾ess hÄnnar
Pl. Nom. Ã¾eir (they) Ã¾au Ã¾Ã¦r
Acc. Ã¾Ä Ã¾au Ã¾Ã¦r
Dat. Ã¾eim Ã¾eim Ã¾eim
Gen. Ã¾eira Ã¾eira Ã¾eira
109. ek was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, being sometimes added twice over: mÃ¦tta-k (I
might), sÄ-k-a-k (I saw not; a='not'). So also Ã¾Å«: er-tu (art thou), skalt-u (shalt thou) = *skalt-tu.
Possessive
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Sg. Nom. minn (my) mitt mÄ«n
Acc. minn mitt mÄ«na
Dat. mÄ«num mÄ«nu minni
Gen. mÄ«ns mÄ«ns minnar
Pl. Nom. mÄ«nir mÄ«n mÄ«nar
Acc. mÄ«na mÄ«n mÄ«nar
Dat. mÄ«num mÄ«num mÄ«num
Gen. minna minna minna
110. So also Ã¾inn (thy), sinn (his, etc., reflexive).
111. vÄrr, vÄrt, vÄr (our) is regular: acc. masc. vÄrn, masc. plur. vÄrir, vÄra, vÄrum, vÄrra, etc.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. yÃ°arr (your) yÃ°art yÃ°ur
Acc. yÃ°arn yÃ°art yÃ°ra
17
Dat. yÃ°rum yÃ°ru yÃ°arri
Gen. yÃ°ars yÃ°ars yÃ°arrar
Pl. Nom. yÃ°rir yÃ°ur yÃ°rar
Acc. yÃ°ra yÃ°ur yÃ°rar
Dat. yÃ°rum yÃ°rum yÃ°rum
Gen. yÃ°arra yÃ°arra yÃ°arra
112. So also okkarr (our two) and ykkarr (your two).
113. hans (his), Ã¾ess (its), hÄnnar (her), and Ã¾eira (their) are indeclinable.
Demonstrative
114.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. sÄ (that) Ã¾at sÅ«
Acc. Ã¾ann Ã¾at Ã¾Ä
Dat. Ã¾eim Ã¾vÄ« Ã¾eiri
Gen. Ã¾ess Ã¾ess Ã¾eirar
Pl. Nom. Ã¾eir Ã¾au Ã¾Ã¦r
Acc. Ã¾Ä Ã¾au Ã¾Ã¦r
Dat. Ã¾eim Ã¾eim Ã¾eim
Gen. Ã¾eira Ã¾eira Ã¾eira
115. hinn, hitt, hin (that) is inflected like minn (except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. hinn,
plur. masc. hinir, hina, hinum, hinna.
116.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. Ã¾essi (this) Ã¾etta Ã¾essi
Acc. Ã¾enna Ã¾etta Ã¾essa
Dat. Ã¾essum Ã¾essu Ã¾essi
Gen. Ã¾essa Ã¾essa Ã¾essar
Pl. Nom. Ã¾essir Ã¾essi Ã¾essar
Acc. Ã¾essa Ã¾essi Ã¾essar
Dat. Ã¾essum Ã¾essum Ã¾essum
Gen. Ã¾essa Ã¾essa Ã¾essa
Definite
The prefixed definite article is declined thus:
117.
Masc. Neut. Fem.
18
Sg. Nom. inn it in
Acc. inn it ina
Dat. inum inu inni
Gen. ins ins innar
Pl. Nom. inir in inar
Acc. ina in inar
Dat. inum inum inum
Gen. inna inna inna
118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel
after a short (un-accented) vowel, as in auga-t (the eye), but keeps it after a long vowel, as in Ä-in (the river),
trÄ-it (the tree). The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; not, however, after the -ar,
-r, of the gen. sg., nor in mÄnninir (men, nom.), mÄnn-ina (men, acc.). The -m of the dat. pl. is dropped before
the suffixed -num.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. fiskr-inn skip-it gjÇ«f-in
Acc. fisk-inn skip-it gjÇ«f-ina
Dat. fiski-num skipi-nu gjÇ«f-inni
Gen. fisks-ins skips-ins gjafar-innar
Pl. Nom. fiskar-nir skip-in gjafar-nar
Acc. fiska-na skip-in gjafar-nar
Dat. fisku-num skipu-num gjÇ«fu-num
Gen. fiska-nna skipa-nna gjafa-nna
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n
Acc. boga-nn auga-t tungu-na
Dat. boga-num auga-nu tungu-nni
Gen. boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar
Pl. Nom. bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar
Acc. boga-na augu-n tungur-nar
Dat. bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num
Gen. boga-nna augna-nna tungna-nna
Relative
119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable er, often preceded by sÄ: sÄ er = he who, who, sÅ« er
who fem.
Interrogative
120. The neut. hvat has gen. hvess, dat. hvÄ«, which last is chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.'
121.
19
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Sg. Nom. hvÄrr (which of two) hvÄrt hvÄr
Acc. hvÄrn hvÄrt hvÄra
Dat. hvÄrum hvÄru hvÄrri
Gen. hvÄrs hvÄrs hvÄrrar
Pl. Nom. hvÄrir hvÄr hvÄrar
Acc. hvÄra hvÄr hvÄrar
Dat. hvÄrum hvÄrum hvÄrum
Gen. hvÄrra hvÄrra hvÄrra
122.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. hvÄrr (which, who) hvÄrt hvÄr
Acc. hvÄrn hvÄrt hvÄrja
Dat. hvÄrjum hvÄrju hvÄrri
Gen. hvÄrs hvÄrs hvÄrrar
Pl. Nom. hvÄrir hvÄr hvÄrjar
Acc. hvÄrja hvÄr hvÄrjar
Dat. hvÄrjum hvÄrjum hvÄrjum
Gen. hvÄrra hvÄrra hvÄrra
Indefinite
123. einn-hvÄrr, eitthvÄrt, einhvÄr (some one) keeps an invariable ein- in the other cases, the second element
being inflected as above.
124. sumr (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective.
125.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. nakkvarr (some) nakkvat nÇ«kkur
Acc. nakkvarn nakkvat nakkvara
Dat. nÇ«kkurum nÇ«kkuru nakkvarri
Gen. nakkvars nakkvars nakkvarrar
Pl. Nom. nakkvarir nÇ«kkur nakkvarar
Acc. nakkvara nÇ«kkur nakkvarar
Dat. nÇ«kkurum nÇ«kkurum nÇ«kkurum
Gen. nakkvarra nakkvarra nakkvarra
126.
Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sg. Nom. engi (none, no) ekki engi
20
Acc. engan ekki enga
Dat. engum engu engri
Gen. engis engis engrar
Pl. Nom. engir engi engar
Acc. enga engi engar
Dat. engum engum engum
Gen. engra engra engra
127. In hvÄr-tvÄggja (each of the two, both) the first element is declined as above, the second is left
unchanged.
Verbs
128. There are two classes of verbs, strong and weak. Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of
gradation, weak verbs by adding Ã° (d, t).
129. The Ã° of the 2 pl. is dropt before Ã¾it (ye two) and Ã¾Är (ye): gefi Ã¾Är, gÄfu Ã¾it.
130. There is a middle voice, which ends in -mk in the 1 pers. sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by
adding sk to the active endings, r being dropt, the resulting ts, Ã°s being written z (Â§ 36): kvezk (active
kveÃ°r 'says'), Ã¾u fekkzk (fekkt 'gottest').
131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb gefa (give), which will show those endings which are
common to all verbs:
Active
Indicative Subjunctive
Present sg. 1. gef gef-a
2. gef-r gef-ir
3. gef-r gef-i
pl. 1. gef-um gef-im
2. gef-iÃ° gef-iÃ°
3. gef-a gef-i
Preterite sg. 1. gaf gÃ¦f-a
2. gaf-t gÃ¦f-ir
3. gaf gÃ¦f-i
pl. 1. gÄf-um gÃ¦f-im
2. gÄf-uÃ° gÃ¦f-iÃ°
3. gÄf-u gÃ¦f-i
Imperative sg. 2 gef; pl. 1 gef-um, 2 gef-iÃ°.

Participle pres. gef-andi; pret. gef-inn.
Infin. gefa.
Middle
21
Present sg. 1. gef-umk gef-umk
2. gef-sk gef-isk
3. gef-sk gef-isk
pl. 1. gef-umk gef-imk
2. gef-izk gef-izk
3. gef-ask gef-isk
Preterite sg. 1. gÄf-umk gÃ¦f-umk
2. gaf-zk gÃ¦f-isk
3. gaf-sk gÃ¦f-isk
pl. 1. gÄf-umk gÃ¦f-imk
2. gÄf-uzk gÃ¦f-izk
3. gÄf-usk gÃ¦f-isk
Impers. sg. 2 gef-sk; pl. 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk.

Partic. pres. gef-andisk; pret. gef-izk neut.
Infin. gef-ask.
Strong Verbs
132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1
sg. pret. of the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: gÄfumk. The pret. subj. has the vowel of the
pret. indic. plur. mutated: skaut (he shot), skutu (they shot), skyti (he might shoot). But there is no mutation in
verbs of the first conj.: hljÅpi, inf. hlaupa (leap).
133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three persons: ek skÈ³t, Ã¾Å« skÈ³tr, hann skÈ³tr,
infin. skjÅta (shoot). e however is not mutated: ek gef, Ã¾Å« gefr. The inflectional r is liable to the same
modifications as the r of nouns (Â§ 32): skÄ«nn, vÄx, infin. skÄ«na (shine), vaxa (grow).
134. Verbs in ld change the d into t in the 1, 3 sg. pret. indic. and in the imper. sg.: helt (held), halt (hold!),
infin. halda. nd becomes tt, and ng becomes kk under the same conditions: binda (bind), ganga (go), pret.
batt, gekk, imper. bitt, gakk.
135. The t of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long accented vowel: Ã¾Å« sÄtt (thou sawest). If the 1
sg. pret. indic. ends in t or Ã°, the 2 sg. ends in zt: lÄt (I let), Ã¾Å« lÄzt, bauÃ° (I offered) Ã¾Å« bauzt.
136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their
preterites.
137.
I. 'Fall'-conjugation
Infin. Third Pres. Prt. Sing. Prt. Pl. Ptc. Prt.

falla (fall) fÄllr fell fellu fallinn
lÄta (let) lÃ¦tr lÄt lÄtu lÄtinn
rÄÃ°a (advise) rÃ¦Ã°r rÄÃ° rÄÃ°u rÄÃ°inn
heita (call) heitr hÄt hÄtu heitinn
22
halda (hold) hÄldr helt heldu haldinn
ganga (go) gÄngr gekk gengu gÄnginn
fÄ (get) fÃ¦r fekk fengu fÄnginn
--------------------------
auka (increase) eykr jÅk jÅku aukinn
bÅ«a (dwell) bÈ³r bjÅ bjoggu bÅ«inn
hÇ«ggva (hew) hÇ«ggr hjÅ hjoggu hÇ«ggvinn
hlaupa (leap) hleypr hljÅp hljÅpu hlaupinn
138. The following have weak preterites in r:

grÅa (grow) grÅr grÃ¶ri grÃ¶ru grÅinn
rÅa (row) rÅr rÃ¶ri rÃ¶ru rÅinn
snÅ«a (twist) snÈ³r snÃ¶ri snÃ¶ru snÅ«inn
139. heita in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a weak present: ek heiti, Ã¾Å« heitir.
140.
II. 'Shake'-conjugation
fara (go) fÄrr fÅr fÅru farinn
grafa (dig) grÄfr grÅf grÅfu grafinn
hlaÃ°a (load) hlÄÃ°r hlÅÃ° hlÅÃ°u hlaÃ°inn
vaxa (grow) vÄx Åx Åxu vaxinn
standa (stand) stÄndr stÅÃ° stÅÃ°u staÃ°inn
aka (drive) Äkr Åk Åku Äkinn
taka (take) tÄkr tÅk tÅku tÄkinn
draga (draw) drÄgr drÅ drÅgu drÄginn
flÄ (flay) flÃ¦r flÅ flÅgu flÄginn
slÄ (strike) slÃ¦r slÅ slÅgu slÄginn
141. The following have weak presents:

hÄfja (lift) hÄfr hÅf hÅfu hafinn
deyja (die) deyr dÅ dÅ dÄinn
hlÃ¦ja (laugh) hlÃ¦r hlÅ hlÅgu hlÄginn
142.
III. 'Bind'-conjugation
bresta (burst) brestr brast brustu brostinn
23
hverfa (turn) hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn
svelga (swallow) svelgr svalg sulgu sÅlginn
verÃ°a (become) verÃ°r varÃ° urÃ°u orÃ°inn
skjÄlfa (shake) skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn
drekka (drink) drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn
finna (find) finnr fann fundu fundinn
vinna (win) vinnr vann unnu unninn
binda (bind) bindr batt bundu bundinn
springa (spring) springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn
stinga (pierce) stingr stakk stungu stunginn
bregÃ°a (pull) bregÃ°r brÄ brugÃ°u brugÃ°inn
sÃ¶kkva (sink) sÃ¶kkr sÇ«kk sukku sokkinn
stÃ¶kkva (spring) stÃ¶kkr stÇ«kk stukku stokkinn
143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no difference in their conjugation):

brÄnna (burn) brÄnnr brann brunnu brunninn
rÄnna (run) rÄnnr rann runnu runninn
144.
IV. 'Bear'-conjugation
bera (carry) berr bar bÄru borinn
nema (take) nemr nam nÄmu numinn
fela (hide) felr fal fÄlu fÅlginn
koma (come) kÃ¶mr kom kvÄmu kominn
sofa (sleep) sÃ¶fr svaf svÄfu sofinn
145.
V. 'Give'-conjugation
drepa (kill) drepr drap drÄpu drepinn
gefa (give) gefr gaf gÄfu gefinn
kveÃ°a (say) kveÃ°r kvaÃ° kvÄÃ°u kveÃ°inn
meta (estimate) metr mat mÄtu metinn
reka (drive) rekr rak rÄku rekinn
eta (eat) etr Ät Ätu etinn
sjÄ (see) sÄr 6 sÄ sÄ7 sÄnn
[Footnote 6: sÄ, sÄr, sÄr; sjÄm, sÄÃ°, sjÄ. Subj. sÄ, sÄr, sÄ; sÄm, sÄÃ°, sÄ.]
24
[Footnote 7: sÄm, sÄiÃ°, sÄ.]
146. The following have weak presents:--

biÃ°ja (ash) biÃ°r baÃ° bÄÃ°u beÃ°inn
sitja (sit) sitr sat sÄtu setinn
liggja (lie) liggr lÄ lÄgum leginn
Ã¾iggja (receive) Ã¾iggr Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ägu Ã¾eginn
147.
VI. 'Shine'-conjugation
bÄ«ta (bite) bÄ«tr beit bitu bitinn
drÄ«fa (drive) drÄ«fr dreif drifu drifinn
grÄ«pa (grasp) grÄ«pr greip gripu gripinn
lÄ«Ã°a (go) lÄ«Ã°r leiÃ° liÃ°u liÃ°inn
lÄ«ta (look) lÄ«tr leit litu litinn
rÄ«Ã°a (ride) rÄ«Ã°r reiÃ° riÃ°u riÃ°inn
sÄ«ga (sink) sÄ«gr seig sigu siginn
slÄ«ta (tear) slÄ«tr sleit slitu slitinn
stÄ«ga (advance) stÄ«gr steig stigu stiginn
bÄ«Ã°a (wait) bÄ«Ã°r beiÃ° biÃ°u beiÃ°nn
148. The following has a weak present:

vÄ«kja (move) vÄ«kr veik viku vikinn
149.
VII. 'Choose'-conjugation
bjÅÃ°a (offer) bÈ³Ã°r bauÃ° buÃ°u boÃ°inn
brjÅta (break) brÈ³tr braut brutu brotinn
fljÅta (float) flÈ³tr flaut flutu flotinn
hljÅta (receive) hlÈ³tr hlaut hlutu hlotinn
kjÅsa (choose) kÈ³ss kaus kusum kosinn
njÅta (enjoy) nÈ³tr naut nutu notinn
skjÅta (shoot) skÈ³tr skaut skutu skotinn
drjÅ«pa (drop) drÈ³pr draup drupu dropinn
ljÅ«ga (tell lies) lÈ³gr laug lugu loginn
lÅ«ka (close) lÈ³kr lauk luku lokinn
25
lÅ«ta (bend) lÈ³tr laut lutu lotinn
fljÅ«ga (fly) flÈ³gr flÅ flugu floginn
Weak Verbs
150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the
pres., and form their pret. with Ã° (d, t): heyra (hear), heyrÃ°a. Those of the second form their pret. in the
same way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: hafa (have) hafÃ°a. Those of the third form their pret. in
-aÃ°a: kalla (call), kallaÃ°a.
I. 'Hear'-conjugation
Active
151.
Present sg. 1. heyr-i heyr-a
2. heyr-ir heyr-ir
3. heyr-ir heyr-i
pl. 1. heyr-um heyr-im
2. heyr-iÃ° heyr-iÃ°
3. heyr-a heyr-i
Preterite sg. 1. heyr-Ã°a heyr-Ã°a
2. heyr-Ã°ir heyr-Ã°ir
3. heyr-Ã°i heyr-Ã°i
pl. 1. heyr-Ã°um heyr-Ã°im
2. heyr-Ã°uÃ° heyr-Ã°iÃ°
3. heyr-Ã°u heyr-Ã°i
Imper. sg. 1. heyr; pl. 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-iÃ°.

Partic. pres. heyr-andi; pret. heyr-Ã°r.
Infin. heyr-a.
Middle
Present sg. 1. heyr-umk heyr-umk
2. heyr-isk heyr-isk
3. heyr-isk heyr-isk
pl. 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk
2. heyr-izk heyr-izk
3. heyr-ask heyr-isk
Preterite sg. 1. heyr-Ã°umk heyr-Ã°umk
2. heyr-Ã°isk heyr-Ã°isk
3. heyr-Ã°isk heyr-Ã°isk
pl. 1. heyr-Ã°umk heyr-Ã°imk
2. heyr-Ã°uzk heyr-Ã°izk
26
3. heyr-Ã°usk heyr-Ã°isk
Imper. sg. 2. heyr-sk; pl. 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk.

Partic. pres. heyr-andisk; pret. heyr-zk neut.
Infin. heyr-ask.
A. Without vowel-change
152. The inflectional Ã° becomes d after long syllables ending in l or n: sigla (sail), siglda; nÄfna (name),
nÄfnda, nÄfndr.
153. -Ã°Ã° becomes dd: leiÃ°a (lead), leidda.
154. Ã° after s and t becomes t: reisa (raise), reista; mÅta (meet), mÅtta. Also in a few verbs in l, n: mÃ¦la
(speak), mÃ¦lta; spÄnna (buckle), spÄnta.
155. After nd and pt it is dropped: sÄnda (send), sÄnda, sÄndr; lypta (lift), lypta.
156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: dÅma (judge), dÅmÃ°a; fÅra (lead), fÅrÃ°a; hÄrÃ°a
(harden), hÄrÃ°a; hleypa (gallop), hleypÃ°a.
B. With vowel-change
157. All these verbs have j preceded by a short syllable (tÄlja), or a long vowel without any cons. after it
(dÈ³ja), or gg (lÄggja); the j being kept before a and u, as in the pres. ind. of spyrja (ask): spyr, spyrr, spyrr;
spyrjum, spyriÃ°, spyrja, pres. subj. 1 sg. ek spyrja; they unmutate their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret.
(spurÃ°a, spurÃ°r), the mutation being restored in the pret. subj. spyrÃ°a, spyrÃ°ir, etc. The ptc. pret. often
has an i before the Ã°.
bÄrja (strike) barÃ°a barÃ°r

lÄggja (lay) lagÃ°a lag(i)Ã°r
tÄlja (tell) talÃ°a tal(i)Ã°r
vÄkja (wake) vakÃ°a vakÃ°r
flytja (remove) flutta fluttr
dÈ³ja (shake) dÅ«Ã°a dÅ«Ã°r
158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout:
sÄlja (sell) sÄlda sÄldr

sÄtja (set) sÄtta sÄttr
C.
159. The following are irregular:
sÅkja (seek) sÅtta sÅttr

Ã¾ykkja (seem) Ã¾Åtta Ã¾Åttr
Subj. pret. sÅtta, Ã¾Åtta.
160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.:
27
gÇ«Ìra (make) gÇ«ÌrÃ°a gÇ«Ìrr.
II. 'Have'-conjugation
161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of conj. I, except that some of them have
imperatives in -i: vaki, Ã¾Äfi; uni. lifa, sÄgja have imper. lif, sÄg. They mutate the vowel of the pret. subj.
(ynÃ°a). Their partic. pret. generally occurs only in the neut.; sometimes the a is dropped.
lifa (live) lifi lifÃ°a lifat

una (be contented) uni unÃ°a unat
skorta (be wanting) skorti skorta skort
Ã¾ola (endure) Ã¾oli Ã¾olÃ°a Ã¾olat
Ã¾ora (dare) Ã¾ori Ã¾orÃ°a Ã¾orat
nÄ (attain) nÄi nÄÃ°a nÄÃ°r, nÄit
162. The following show mutation:
sÄgja (say) sÄgi sagÃ°a sagÃ°r

Ã¾Ägja (be silent) Ã¾Ägi Ã¾agÃ°a Ã¾agat
hafa (have) hÄfi hafÃ°a hafÃ°r
kaupa (buy) kaupi keypta keyptr
163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows:
Sing. 1. hÄfi sÄgi Ã¾Ägi

2, 3. hÄfir sÄgir Ã¾Ägir
Plur. 1. hÇ«fum sÄgjum Ã¾Ägjum
2. hafiÃ° sÄgiÃ° Ã¾ÄgiÃ°
3. hafa sÄgja Ã¾Ägja
164. The rest of hafa is regular. Pres. subj. hafa, hafir, hafi; hafim, hafiÃ°, hafi. Pret. indic. hafÃ°a, hafÃ°ir,
hafÃ°i; hÇ«fdum, hÇ«fÃ°uÃ°, hÇ«fÃ°u. Pret. subj. hÄfÃ°a, hÄfÃ°ir, hÄfÃ°i; hÄfÃ°im, hÄfÃ°iÃ°, hÄfÃ°i.
Imper. haf, hÇ«fum, hafiÃ°. Ptc. hafandi, hafÃ°r.
III. 'Call'-conjugation
Active
Present sg. 1. kall-a kall-a
2. kall-ar kall-ir
3. kall-ar kall-i
pl. 1. kÇ«ll-um kall-im
2. kall-iÃ° kall-iÃ°
3. kall-a kall-i
Preterite sg. 1. kall-aÃ°a kall-aÃ°a
2. kall-aÃ°ir kall-aÃ°ir
3. kall-aÃ°i kall-aÃ°i
28
pl. 1. kÇ«ll-uÃ°um kall-aÃ°im

2. kÇ«ll-uÃ°uÃ° kall-aÃ°iÃ°
3. kÇ«ll-uÃ°u kall-aÃ°i
Imper. sing. 2. kall-a; plur. 1. kÇ«ll-um, 2. kall-iÃ°.

Partic. pres. kall-andi; pret. kallaÃ°r (neut. kallat).
Infin. kalla.
Middle
Present sg. 1. kÇ«ll-umk kÇ«ll-umk
2. kall-ask kall-isk
pl. 1. kÇ«ll-umk kall-imk
2. kall-izk kall-izk
Preterite sg. 1. kÇ«ll-uÃ°umk kÇ«ll-uÃ°umk
2. kall-aÃ°isk kall-aÃ°isk
3. kall-aÃ°isk kall-aÃ°isk
pl. 1. kÇ«ll-uÃ°umk kall-aÃ°imk
2. kÇ«ll-uÃ°uzk kall-aÃ°izk
3. kÇ«ll-uÃ°usk kall-aÃ°isk
Imper. sing. 2. kall-ask; pl. 1. kÇ«ll-umk, 2. kall-izk.

Partic. pres. kall-andisk; pret. kall-azk neut.
Infin. kall-ask.
165. So also byrja (begin), hÄrja (make war), vakna (awake).
Strong-Weak Verbs
166. These have old strong preterites for their presents, from which new weak preterites are formed.
Infin. Pres. Sg. Pres. Pl. Prt. Ptc.

eiga (possess) Ä eigu Ätta Ättr
kunna (can) kann kunnu kunna kunnat n.
mega (can) mÄ megu mÄtta mÄtt n.
muna (remember) man munu munÃ°a munat n.
munu (will) mun munu munÃ°a ----
skulu (shall) skal skulu skylda skyldr
Ã¾urfa (need) Ã¾arf Ã¾urfu Ã¾urfta Ã¾urft n.
unna (love) ann unnu unna unnt n.
vita (know) veit vitu vissa vitaÃ°r
167. Of these verbs munu and skulu have preterite infinitives: mundu, skyldu.
29
Anomalous Verbs
168. Vilja (will):
Present
Sing. Plur.
1. vil viljum
2. vill viliÃ°
3. vill vilja
Subj. pres. vili. Pret. ind. vilda. Ptc. prt. viljat.
169. Vera (be):
Present sg. 1. em sÄ
2. ert sÄr
3. er sÄ
pl. 1. erum sÄm
2. eruÃ° sÄÃ°
3. eru sÄ
Preterite sg. 1. var vÃ¦ra
2. vart vÃ¦rir
3. var vÃ¦ri
pl. 1. vÄrum vÃ¦rim
2. vÄruÃ° vÃ¦riÃ°
3. vÄru vÃ¦ri
Imper. sg. ver; pl. veriÃ°. Ptc. prt. verit n.
Composition
170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. Thus by the side of skip-stjÅrn
(ship-steering) we find skips-brot (ship's breaking, shipwreck), skipa-hÄrr (army of ships, fleet). Genitival
composition often expresses possession, as in konungs-skip (king's ship).
Derivation
Prefixes
171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old English.
al- 'quite,' 'very': al-bÅ«inn 'quite ready,' al-snotr 'very clever.'
all- 'all,' 'very': all-valdr 'all-ruler, monarch,' all-harÃ°r 'very hard,' all-stÅrum 'very greatly.'
and- 'against': and-lit 'countenance' (lita, look), and-svar 'answer.'
fjÇ«l- 'many': fjÇ«l-mÄnni 'multitude' (maÃ°r, man).
30
mis- 'mis-': mis-lÄ«ka 'displease.'
Å«- 'un-': Å«-friÃ°r 'war' (friÃ°r, peace), Å«-happ 'misfortune' (happ luck).
Endings
(a) Nouns
Personal
172. -ingr, -ingi, -ing: vÄ«kingr 'pirate,' hÇ«fÃ°ingi 'chief,' kÄrling 'old woman.'
Abstract
173. -Ã°, fem. with mutation: fÄgrÃ° 'beauty' (fagr, fair), fÄrÃ° 'journey' (fara, go), lÄngÃ° 'length' (langr,
long).
-ing, fem.: svipting 'pulling,' vÄ«king 'piracy,' virÃ°ing 'honour.'
-leikr, masc.: kÅr-leikr 'affection' (hÅrr, dear), skjÅt-leikr 'speed' (skjÅtr, swift).
-an, -un, fem.: skipan 'arrangement,' skÄmtun 'amusement.'
(b) Adjectives
174. -ugr: rÄÃ°ugr 'sagacious,' Ã¾rÅ«Ã°ugr 'strong.'
-Åttr: kollÅttr 'bald,' Ç«ndÅttr 'fierce.'
-lauss '-less': fÄ-lauss 'moneyless,' Åtta-lauss 'without fear.'
-ligr '-ly': undr-ligr 'wonderful,' sann-ligr 'probable' (sannr, true).
-samr: lÄ«kn-samr 'gracious,' skyn-samr 'intelligent.'
-verÃ°r '-ward': ofan-verÃ°r 'upper.'
(c) Verbs
175. -na: brotna 'be broken' (brotinn, broken), hvÄ«tna 'become white,' vakna 'awake.' Used to form
intransitive and inchoative verbs of the third conj.
(d) Adverbs
176. -liga '-ly': undar-liga 'wonderfully,' stÄrk-liga 'strongly' (stÄrkr, strong).
-um, dat. pl.: stÅrum 'greatly' (stÅrr, great).
Syntax
177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has several peculiarities of its own.
Concord
178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: allir mÄnn vÄru bÅ«nir 'all the men were ready,' allir
vÄru drepnir 'all were killed.'
179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of different (natural or grammatical) gender is always
put in the neuter: Ã¾Ä gekk hann upp, ok meÃ° honum Loki (masc.), ok ÃjÄlfi (masc.), ok RÇ«skva (fem.).
Ã¾Ä er Ã¾au (neut.) hÇ«fÃ°u lÄ«tla hriÃ° gÄngit... 'he landed, and with him L., and Ã., and R. When they
31
had walked for some time...'
Cases
180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct
object of a verb can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by the verb, it is put in the dative,
as in kasta spjÅti 'throw a spear' (lit. 'throw with a spear'), hann helt hamarskaptinu 'he grasped the handle of
the hammer,' heita Ã¾vÄ« 'promise that,' jÄta Ã¾vÄ« 'agree to that.'
Adjectives
181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E. after the definite article, Ã¾essi and other
demonstratives. annarr (other) is always strong.
182., An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun to denote part of it: eiga hÄlft dÈ³rit 'to have half
of the animal,' Ç«nnur Ã¾au 'the rest of them,' of miÃ°ja nÄtt 'in the middle of the night.'
Pronouns
183. sÄ is often put pleonastically before the definite article inn, both before and after the subst.: sÄ inn ungi
maÃ°r 'that young man,' hafit Ã¾at it djÅ«pa 'the deep sea.'
184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or else einn, einnhvÄrr is used.
185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a dual pron. of the first and second persons, or
a plur. of the third person: Ã¾it fÄlagar, 'thou and thy companions,' meÃ° Ã¾eim Äka 'with him and Äki.'
Similarly stÄndr ÃÅrr upp ok Ã¾eir fÄlagar 'Thor and his companions get up.'
186. The plurals vÄr, Ã¾Är are sometimes used instead of the singulars ek, Ã¾Å«, especially when a king is
speaking or being spoken to.
187. sik and sÄr are used in a strictly reflexive sense, referring back to the subject of the sentence, like se in
Latin: Ãorr bauÃ° honum til matar meÃ° sÄr 'Thor asked him to supper with him.'
Verbs
188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, and all those of the passive, are formed by the
auxiliaries skal (shall), hafa (have), vera (be) with the infin. and ptc. pret., much as in modern English.
189. The historical present is much used, often alternating abruptly with the preterite.
190. The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: spara 'spare,' sparask 'spare oneself, reserve
one's strength.' (2) intransitively: bÅ«a 'prepare,' bÅ«ask 'become ready, be ready'; sÄtja 'set,' sÄtjask 'sit
down'; sÈ³na 'show,' sÈ³nask 'appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: bÄrja 'strike,' bÄrjask 'fight'; hitta, 'find,' hittask
'meet.' In other cases it specializes the meaning of the verb, often emphasizing the idea of energy or effort:
koma 'come,' komask 'make one's way.'
191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in Icelandic: rak Ä storm (acc.) fyrir Ã¾eim 'a storm
was driven in their face.'
192. The indef. 'one' is expressed in the same way by the third pers. sg., and this form of expression is often
used when the subject is perfectly definite: ok freista skal Ã¾essar Ä«Ã¾rÅttar 'and this feat shall be tried (by
you).'
32
193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration is very common: Haraldi konungi var sagt at
Ã¾ar var komit bjarndÈ³ri, 'ok Ä ÄªslÄnzkr maÃ°r,' 'King Harold was told that a bear had arrived, and that an
Icelander owned it.' The direct narration is also used after at (that): hann svarar at 'ek skal rÄ«Ã°a til HÄljar'
'he answers that he will ride to Hel.'
Texts
I. Thor
ÃÅrr er Äsanna framastr, sÄ er kallaÃ°r er Äsa-Ã¾Årr eÃ°a Çªku-Ã¾Årr; hann er stÄrkastr allra guÃ°anna
ok manna. Hann Ä Ã¾ar rÄ«ki er ÃrÅ«Ã°-vangar heita, en hÇ«ll hans heitir BilskÄ«rnir; Ä« Ã¾eim sal eru
fimm hundruÃ° gÅlfa ok fjÅrir tigir; Ã¾at er hÅ«s mest, svÄ at mÄnn hafa gÇ«Ìrt.
ÃÅrr Ä hafra tvÄ, er svÄ heita, Tann-gnjÅstr ok Tann- grisnir, ok reiÃ° Ã¾Ä er hann Äkr, en hafrarnir draga
reiÃ°ina; Ã¾vÄ« er hann kallaÃ°r ÇªkuÃ¾Årr. Hann Ä ok Ã¾rjÄ kost-gripi. Einn Ã¾eira er hamarrinn
MjÇ«llnir, er hrÄ«m-Ã¾ursar ok berg- risar kÄnna, Ã¾Ä er hann kÃ¶mr Ä lopt, ok er Ã¾at eigi undarligt:
hann hÄfir lamit margan haus Ä fÄÃ°rum eÃ°a frÃ¦ndum Ã¾eira. Annan grip Ä hann bÄztan,
mÄgin-gjarÃ°ar; ok er hann spÄnnir Ã¾eim um sik, Ã¾Ä vÄx honum Äs-mÄgin hÄlfu. En Ã¾riÃ°ja hlut Ä
hann Ã¾ann er mikill gripr er Ä«, Ã¾at eru jÄrn- glÅfar; Ã¾eira mÄ hann eigi missa viÃ° hamarskaptit. En
engi er svÄ frÅÃ°r at tÄlja kunni Ç«ll stÅr-virki hans.
II. Thor and ÅªgarÃ°aloki

Ãat er upp-haf Ã¾essa mÄls at ÇªkuÃ¾Årr fÅr meÃ° hafra sÄ«na ok reiÃ°, ok meÃ° honum sÄ Äss er Loki
er kallaÃ°r; koma Ã¾eir at kveldi til eins bÅnda ok fÄ Ã¾ar nÄtt-staÃ°. En um kveldit tÅk ÃÅrr hafra
sÄ«na, ok skar bÄÃ°a; Äptir Ã¾at vÄru Ã¾eir flÄgnir ok bornir til kÄtils; en er soÃ°it var, Ã¾Ä sÄttisk
ÃÅrr til nÄtt-verÃ°ar ok Ã¾eir lags-mÄnn. ÃÅrr bauÃ° til matar meÃ° sÄr bÅndanum, ok konu hans, ok
bÇ«rnum Ã¾eira; sonr bÅnda hÄt ÃjÄlfi, en RÇ«skva dÅttir. ÃÄ lagÃ°i ÃÅrr hafr- stÇ«kurnar utar frÄ
eldinum, ok mÃ¦lti at bÅndi ok heima-mÄnn hans skyldu kasta Ä hafrstÇ«kurnar beinunum. ÃjÄlfi, sonr
bÅnda, helt Ä lÃ¦r-lÄgg hafrsins, ok sprÄtti Ä knÄ«fi sÄ«num, ok braut til mÄrgjar. ÃÅrr dvalÃ°isk Ã¾ar
of nÄttina; en Ä« Åttu fyrir dag stÅÃ° hann upp, ok klÃ¦ddi sik, tÅk hamarinn MjÇ«llni ok brÄ upp, ok
vÄ«gÃ°i hafrstÇ«kurnar; stÅÃ°u Ã¾Ä upp hafrarnir, ok var Ã¾Ä annarr haltr Äptra fÅti. Ãat fann ÃÅrr, ok
talÃ°i at bÅndinn eÃ°a hans hjÅn mundi eigi skynsamliga hafa farit meÃ° beinum hafrsins: kÄnnir hann at
brotinn var lÃ¦rlÄggrinn. Eigi Ã¾arf langt frÄ Ã¾vÄ« at sÄgja: vita mÄgu Ã¾at allir hvÄrsu hrÃ¦ddr
bÅndinn mundi vera, er hann sÄ at ÃÅrr lÄt sÄ«ga brÈ³nnar ofan fyrir augun; en Ã¾at er sÄ augnanna,
Ã¾Ä hugÃ°isk hann falla mundu fyrir sjÅninni einni samt; hann hÄrÃ°i hÄndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svÄ at
hvÄ«tnuÃ°u knÅ«arnir. En bÅndinn gÇ«ÌrÃ°i sem vÄn var, ok Ç«ll hjÅnin: kÇ«lluÃ°u Äka- fliga, bÄÃ°u
sÄr friÃ°ar, buÃ°u at fyrir kvÃ¦mi alt Ã¾at er Ã¾au Ättu. En er hann sÄ hrÃ¦zlu Ã¾eira, Ã¾Ä gekk af
honum mÅÃ°rinn, ok sefaÃ°isk hann; ok tÅk af Ã¾eim Ä« sÃ¦tt bÇ«rn Ã¾eira, ÃjÄlfa ok RÇ«sku, ok
gÇ«ÌrÃ°usk Ã¾au Ã¾Ä skyldir Ã¾jÅnustu- mÄnn ÃÅrs, ok fylgja Ã¾au honum jafnan sÄ«Ã°an.
LÄt hann Ã¾ar Äptir hafra, ok byrjaÃ°i fÄrÃ°ina austr Ä« JÇ«tun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok Ã¾Ä fÅr
hann Å«t yfir hafit Ã¾at it djÅ«pa; en er hann kom til lands, Ã¾Ä gekk hann upp, ok meÃ° honum Loki, ok
ÃjÄlfi, ok RÇ«skva. ÃÄ er Ã¾au hÇ«fÃ°u lÄ«tla hrÄ«Ã° gÄngit, varÃ° fyrir Ã¾eim mÇ«rk stÅr; gengu
Ã¾au Ã¾ann dag allan til myrkrs. ÃjÄlfi var allra manna fÅt-hvatastr; hann bar kÈ³l ÃÅrs, en til vista var
eigi gott. ÃÄ er myrkt var orÃ°it, leituÃ°u Ã¾eir sÄr til nÄttstaÃ°ar, ok fundu fyrir sÄr skÄla nakkvarn
mjÇ«k mikinn, vÄru dyrr Ä Ända, ok jafn-breiÃ°ar skÄlanum; Ã¾ar leituÃ°u Ã¾eir sÄr nÄtt- bÅls. En of
miÃ°ja nÄtt varÃ° land-skjÄlfti mikill, gekk jÇ«rÃ°in undir Ã¾eim skykkjum, ok skalf hÅ«sit. ÃÄ stÅÃ°
ÃÅrr upp, ok hÄt Ä lagsmÄnn sÄ«na; ok leituÃ°usk fyrir, ok fundu af-hÅ«s til hÅgri handar i miÃ°jum
skÄlanum, ok gengu Ã¾annig; sÄttisk ÃÅrr Ä« dyrrin, en Ç«nnur Ã¾au vÄru innar frÄ honum, ok vÄru
Ã¾au hrÃ¦dd, en ÃÅrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugÃ°i at vÄrja sik; Ã¾Ä heyrÃ°u Ã¾au ym mikinn ok gnÈ³.
En er kom at dagan, Ã¾Ä gekk ÃÅrr Å«t, ok sÄr hvar lÄ maÃ°r skamt frÄ honum Ä« skÅginum, ok var sÄ
eigi lÄ«till; hann svaf, ok hraut stÄrkliga. ÃÄ Ã¾Åttisk ÃÅrr skiIja hvat lÄtum verit hafÃ°i of nÄttina; hann
33
spÄnnir sik mÄgingjÇ«rÃ°um, ok Åx honum ÄsmÄgin; en Ä« Ã¾vÄ« vaknar maÃ°r sÄ, ok stÅÃ° skjÅtt
upp; en Ã¾Ä er sagt at ÃÅr varÃ° bilt einu sinni at slÄ hann meÃ° hamrinum; ok spurÃ°i hann at nafni, en
sÄ nÄfndisk SkrÈ³mir: 'en eigi Ã¾arf ek,' sagÃ°i hann, 'at spyrja Ã¾ik at nafni: kÄnni ek at Ã¾Å« ert
ÄsaÃ¾Årr; en hvÄrt hÄfir Ã¾Å« drÄgit Ä braut hanzka minn?' Seildisk Ã¾Ä SkrÈ³mir til, ok tÅk upp
hanzka sinn; sÄr ÃÅrr Ã¾Ä at Ã¾at hafÃ°i hann haft of nÄttina fyrir skÄla, en afhÅ«sit Ã¾at var
Ã¾umlungrinn hanzkans. SkrÈ³mir spurÃ°i ef ÃÅrr vildi hafa fÇ«ru-neyti hans, en ÃÅrr jÄtti Ã¾vÄ«. ÃÄ
tÅk SkrÈ³mir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjÅsk til at eta dÇ«gurÃ°, en ÃÅrr Ä« Ç«Ã°rum staÃ° ok hans
fÄlagar. SkrÈ³mir bauÃ° Ã¾Ä at Ã¾eir lÄgÃ°i mÇ«tu-neyti sitt, en ÃÅrr jÄtti Ã¾vÄ«; Ã¾Ä batt SkrÈ³mir
nest Ã¾eira alt Ä« einn bagga, ok lagÃ°i Ä bak sÄr; hann gekk fyrir of daginn, ok steig hÄldr stÅrum, en
sÄ«Ã°an at kveldi leitaÃ°i SkrÈ³mir Ã¾eim nÄttstaÃ°ar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti SkrÈ³mir til
ÃÅrs at hann vill lÄggjask niÃ°r at sofna; 'en Ã¾Är takiÃ° nest-baggann, ok bÅ«iÃ° til nÄtt-verÃ°ar yÃ°r.'
ÃvÄ« nÃ¦st sofnar SkrÈ³mir, ok hraut fast; en ÃÅrr tÅk nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svÄ er at sÄgja, sem
Å«-trÅ«ligt mun Ã¾ykkja, at engi knÅ«t fekk hann leyst, ok engi Älar- Ändann hreyft, svÄ at Ã¾Ä vÃ¦ri
lausari en ÄÃ°r. Ok er hann sÄr at Ã¾etta verk mÄ eigi nÈ³task, Ã¾Ä varÃ° hann reiÃ°r, greip Ã¾Ä
hamarinn MjÇ«llni tveim hÇ«ndum, ok steig fram Ç«Ã°rum fÅti at Ã¾ar er SkrÈ³mir lÄ, ok lÈ³str Ä«
hÇ«fuÃ° honum; en SkrÈ³mir vaknar, ok spyrr hvÄrt laufs-blaÃ° nakkvat felli Ä« hÇ«fuÃ° honum, eÃ°a
hvÄrt Ã¾eir hÄfÃ°i Ã¾Ä matazk, ok sÄ bÅ«nir til rÄkkna. ÃÅrr sÄgir at Ã¾eir munu Ã¾Ä sofa ganga.
Ganga Ã¾au Ã¾Ä undir aÃ°ra eik. Er Ã¾at Ã¾Är satt at sÄgja, at ekki var Ã¾Ä Åttalaust at sofa. En at
miÃ°ri nÄtt Ã¾Ä heyrir ÃÅrr at SkrÈ³mir hrÈ³tr, ok sÃ¶fr fast, svÄ at dunar Ä« skÅginum. ÃÄ stÄndr hann
upp, ok gÄngr til hans, reiÃ°ir hamarinn tÄ«tt ok hart, ok lÈ³str ofan Ä« miÃ°jan hvirfil honum; hann kÄnnir
at hamars-muÃ°rinn sÃ¶kkr djÅ«pt Ä« hÇ«fuÃ°it. En Ä« Ã¾vÄ« bili vaknar SkrÈ³mir, ok mÃ¦lti: 'hvat er
nÅ«? fell akarn nakkvat Ä« hÇ«fuÃ° mÄr? eÃ°a hvat er tÄ«tt um Ã¾ik, ÃÅrr?' En ÃÅrr gekk aptr
skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var Ã¾Ä nÈ³vaknaÃ°r, sagÃ°i at Ã¾Ä var miÃ° nÄtt, ok enn vÃ¦ri mÄl at
sofa. ÃÄ hugsaÃ°i ÃÅrr Ã¾at, ef hann kvÃ¦mi svÄ Ä« fÅri at slÄ hann it Ã¾riÃ°ja hÇ«gg, at aldri skyldi
hann sjÄ sik sÄ«Ã°an; liggr nÅ« ok gÃ¦tir ef SkrÈ³mir sofnaÃ°i fast. En lÄ«tlu fyrir dagan Ã¾Ä heyrir hann
at SkrÈ³mir mun sofnat hafa; stÄndr Ã¾Ä upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiÃ°ir Ã¾Ä hamarinn af Ç«llu afli ok
lÈ³str Ä Ã¾unn-vangann Ã¾ann er upp vissi; sÃ¶kkr Ã¾Ä hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En SkrÈ³- mir sÄttisk
upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mÃ¦lti: 'hvÄrt munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja Ä« trÄnu yfir mÄr? mik grunaÃ°i, er
ek vaknaÃ°a, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli Ä« hÇ«fuÃ° mÄr; hvÄrt vakir Ã¾Å«, ÃÅrr? MÄl mun vera
upp at standa ok klÃ¦Ã°ask, en ekki eigu Ã¾Är nÅ« langa leiÃ° fram til borgarinnar er kÇ«lluÃ° er
Åªt-garÃ°r. Heyrt hÄfi ek at Ã¾Är hafiÃ° kvisat Ä« milli yÃ°var at ek vÃ¦ra ekki lÄ«till maÃ°r vÄxti, en
sjÄ skulu Ã¾Är Ã¾ar stÅrri mÄnn, er Ã¾Är komiÃ° Ä« ÅªtgarÃ°. NÅ« mun ek rÄÃ°a yÃ°r heil-rÃ¦Ã°i:
lÄti Ã¾Är eigi stÅrliga yfir yÃ°r, ekki munu hirÃ°mÄnn ÅªtgarÃ°a-loka vel Ã¾ola Ã¾vÄ«lÄ«kum
kÇ«gur- sveinum kÇ«pur-yrÃ°i; en at Ç«Ã°rum kosti hverfiÃ° aptr, ok Ã¾ann Ã¦tla ek yÃ°r bÄtra af at taka.
En ef Ã¾Är viliÃ° fram fara, Ã¾Ä stÄfni Ã¾Är Ä« austr, en ek Ä nÅ« norÃ°r leiÃ° til fjalla Ã¾essa er nÅ«
munu Ã¾Är sjÄ mega.' TÄkr SkrÈ³mir nest-bag- garm, ok kastar Ä bak sÄr, ok snÈ³r Ã¾vÄrs Ä braut Ä«
skÅginn frÄ Ã¾eim, ok er Ã¾ess eigi getit at Ã¦sirnir bÃ¦Ã°i Ã¾Ä heila hittask.
ÃÅrr fÅr fram Ä leiÃ° ok Ã¾eir fÄlagar, ok gekk fram til miÃ°s dags; Ã¾Ä sÄ Ã¾eir borg standa Ä
vÇ«llum nÇ«kkurum, ok sÄttu hnakkann Ä bak sÄr aptr, ÄÃ°r Ã¾eir fengu sÄt yfir upp; ganga til
borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliÃ°inu, ok lokin aptr. ÃÅrr gekk Ä grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er
Ã¾eir Ã¾reyttu at komask Ä« borgina, Ã¾Ä smugu Ã¾eir milli spalanna ok kÅmu svÄ inn; sÄ Ã¾Ä hÇ«ll
mikla, ok gengu Ã¾annig; var hurÃ°in opin; Ã¾Ä gengu Ã¾eir inn, ok sÄ Ã¾ar marga mÄnn Ä tvÄ bÄkki,
ok flesta Årit stÅra. ÃvÄ« nÃ¦st koma Ã¾eir fyrir konunginn, ÅªtgarÃ°aloka, ok kvÇ«ddu hann, en hann leit
seint til Ã¾eira, ok glotti um tÇ«nn, ok mÃ¦lti: 'seint er um langan veg at spyrja tÄ«Ã°inda, eÃ°a er annan
veg en ek hygg, at Ã¾essi svein-stauli sÄ ÇªkuÃ¾Årr? en meiri muntu vera en mÄr lÄ«zk Ã¾Å«; eÃ°a hvat
Ä«Ã¾rÅtta er Ã¾at er Ã¾Är fÄlagar Ã¾ykkizk vera viÃ° bÅ«nir? Engi skal hÄr vera meÃ° oss sÄ er eigi
kunni nakkvars konar list eÃ°a kunnandi um fram flesta mÄnn.' ÃÄ sÄgir sÄ er sÄ«Ã°ast gekk, er Loki
heitir: 'kann ek Ã¾Ä Ä«Ã¾rÅtt, er ek em al-bÅ«inn at reyna, at engi er hÄr sÄ inni er skjÅtara skal eta mat
sinn en ek.' ÃÄ svarar ÅªtgarÃ°aloki: 'Ä«Ã¾rÅtt er Ã¾at, ef Ã¾Å« Äfnir, ok freista skal Ã¾Ä Ã¾essar
Ä«Ã¾rÅttar;' kallaÃ°i utar Ä bÄkkinn at sÄ er Logi heitir skal ganga Ä gÅlf fram, ok freista sÄ«n Ä« mÅti
Loka. ÃÄ var tÄkit trog eitt, ok borit inn Ä hallar- gÅlfit, ok fylt af slÄtri; sÄttisk Loki at Ç«Ã°rum Ända, en
34
Logi at Ç«Ã°rum, ok Ät hvÄrr-tvÄggja sem tÄ«Ã°ast, ok mÅttusk Ä« miÃ°ju troginu; hafÃ°i Ã¾Ä Loki etit
slÄtr alt af beinum, en Logi hafÃ°i ok etit slÄtr alt ok beinin meÃ°, ok svÄ trogit; ok sÈ³ndisk nÅ« Ç«llum
sem Loki hÄfÃ°i lÄtit leikinn. ÃÄ spyrr ÅªtgarÃ°aloki hvat sÄ inn ungi maÃ°r kunni leika. En ÃjÄlfi sÄgir
at hann mun freista at rÄnna skeiÃ° nÇ«kkur viÃ° einn-hvÄrn Ã¾ann er ÅªtgarÃ°aloki fÃ¦r til. Hann sÄgir,
ÅªtgarÃ°a]oki, at Ã¾etta er gÅÃ° Ä«Ã¾rÅtt, ok kallar Ã¾ess meiri vÄn at hann sÄ vel at sÄr bÅ«inn of
skjÅtleikinn, ef hann skal Ã¾essa Ä«Ã¾rÅtt inna; en Ã¾Å lÃ¦tr hann skjÅtt Ã¾essa skulu freista. StÄndr
Ã¾Ä upp ÅªtgarÃ°a- loki, ok gÄngr Å«t, ok var Ã¾ar gott skeiÃ° at rÄnna Äptir slÄttum vÄlli. ÃÄ kallar
ÅªtgarÃ°aloki til sÄ«n sveinstaula nakkvarn, er nÄfndr er Hugi, ok baÃ° hann rÄnna Ä« kÇ«pp viÃ° ÃjÄlfa.
ÃÄ taka Ã¾eir it fyrsta skeiÃ°, ok er Hugi Ã¾vÄ« framar at hann snÈ³sk aptr Ä« mÅti honum at skeiÃ°s
Ända. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÅªtgarÃ°a- loki: 'Ã¾urfa muntu, ÃjÄlfi, at lÄggja Ã¾ik meir fram, ef Ã¾Å« skalt vinna
leikinn; en Ã¾Å er Ã¾at satt, at ekki hafa hÄr komit Ã¾eir mÄnn er mÄr Ã¾ykkja fÅthvatari en svÄ.' ÃÄ
taka Ã¾eir aptr annat skeiÃ°, ok Ã¾Ä er Hugi er kominn til skeiÃ°s Ända, ok hann snÈ³sk aptr, Ã¾Ä var
langt kÅlf-skot til ÃjÄlfa. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÅªtgarÃ°aloki: 'vel Ã¾ykkir mÄr ÃjÄlfi rÄnna; en eigi trÅ«i ek honum
nÅ« at hann vinni leikinn, en nÅ« mun reyna, er Ã¾eir rÄnna it Ã¾riÃ°ja skeiÃ°it.' ÃÄ taka Ã¾eir Änn
skeiÃ°; en er Hugi er kominn til skeiÃ°s Ända ok snÈ³sk aptr, ok er ÃjÄlfi eigi Ã¾Ä kominn Ä mitt skeiÃ°it;
Ã¾Ä sÄgja allir at reynt er um Ã¾enna leik. ÃÄ spyrr ÅªtgarÃ°aloki ÃÅr, hvat Ã¾eira Ä«Ã¾rÅtta mun
vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir Ã¾eim, svÄ miklar sÇ«gur sem mÄnn hafa gÇ«Ìrt um stÅrvirki hans. ÃÄ
mÃ¦lti ÃÅrr at hÄlzt vill hann Ã¾at taka til, at Ã¾reyta drykkju viÃ° einnhvÄrn mann. ÅªtgarÃ°aloki sÄgir
at Ã¾at mÄ vel vera; ok gÄngr inn Ä« hÇ«llina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biÃ°r at hann taki vÄ«tis-horn
Ã¾at, er hirÃ°mÄnn eru vanir at drekka af. ÃvÄ« nÃ¦st kÃ¶mr fram skutilsveinn meÃ° horninu, ok fÃ¦r ÃÅr
Ä« hÇ«nd. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÅªtgarÃ°aloki: 'af horni Ã¾essu Ã¾ykkir Ã¾Ä vel drukkit, ef Ä« einum drykk gÄngr
af, en sumir mÄnn drekka af Ä« tveim drykkjum, en engi er svÄ lÄ«till drykkju- maÃ°r, at eigi gangi af Ä«
Ã¾rimr.' ÃÅrr lÄ«tr Ä hornit, ok sÈ³nisk ekki mikit, ok er Ã¾Å hÄldr langt, en hann er mjÇ«k Ã¾yrstr;
tÄkr at drekka, ok svelgr allstÅrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal Ã¾urfa at lÅ«ta optar at sinni Ä« hornit. En er hann
Ã¾raut Ã¶rindit, ok hann laut År horninu, ok sÄr hvat leiÃ° drykkinum, ok lÄ«zk honum svÄ, sem
all-lÄ«till munr mun vera at nÅ« sÄ lÃ¦gra Ä« horninu en ÄÃ°r. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÅªtgarÃ°aloki: 'vel er drukkit, ok
eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trÅ«a, ef mÄr vÃ¦ri sagt frÄ, at ÄsaÃ¾Årr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en
Ã¾Å veit ek at Ã¾Å« munt vilja drekka af Ä« Ç«Ã°rum drykk.' ÃÅrr svarar engu, sÄtr hornit Ä munn sÄr,
ok hyggr nÅ« at hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok Ã¾reytir Ä drykkjuna, sem honum vannsk til Ã¶rindi, ok
sÄr Änn at stikillinn hornsins vill ekki upp svÄ mjÇ«k sem honum lÄ«kar; ok er hann tÅk hornit af munni
sÄr ok sÄr, lÄ«zk honum nÅ« svÄ, sem minna hafi Ã¾orrit en Ä« inu fyrra sinni; er nÅ« gott beranda borÃ°
Ä horninu. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÅªtgarÃ°aloki: 'hvat er nÅ«, ÃÅrr? muntu nÅ« eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en
Ã¾Är mun hagr Ä vera? SvÄ lÄ«zk mÄr, ef Ã¾Å« skalt nÅ« drekka af horninu inn Ã¾riÃ°ja drykkinn, sem
Ã¾essi mun mestr Ã¦tlaÃ°r; en ekki muntu mega hÄr meÃ° oss heita svÄ mikill maÃ°r sem Ã¦sir kalla
Ã¾ik, ef Ã¾Å« gÇ«Ìrir eigi meira af Ã¾Är um aÃ°ra leika en mÄr lÄ«zk sem um Ã¾enna mun vera.' ÃÄ
varÃ° ÃÅrr reiÃ°r, sÄtr hornit Ä munn sÄr, ok drekkr sem Äkafligast mÄ hann, ok Ã¾reytir sem lÄngst Ä
drykkinn; en er hann sÄ Ä« hornit, Ã¾Ä hafÃ°i nÅ« hÄlzt nakkvat munr Ä fÄngizk, ok Ã¾Ä bÈ³Ã°r hann
upp hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÅªtgarÃ°aloki: 'auÃ°-sÄt er nÅ« at mÄttr Ã¾inn er ekki svÄ
mikill sem vÄr hugÃ°um; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? SjÄ mÄ nÅ«, at ekki nÈ³tir Ã¾Å« hÄr af.' ÃÅrr
svarar: 'freista mÄ ek Änn of nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mÄr Ã¾ykkja, Ã¾Ä er ek var heima meÃ°
Äsum, ef Ã¾vÄ«lÄ«kir drykkir vÃ¦ri svÄ lÄ«tlir kallaÃ°ir. En hvat leik vili Ã¾Är nÅ« bjÅÃ°a mÄr?' ÃÄ
mÃ¦lti ÅªtgarÃ°aloki: 'Ã¾at gÇ«Ìra hÄr ungir sveinar er lÄ«tit mark mun at Ã¾ykkja, at hÄfja upp af
jÇ«rÃ°u kÇ«tt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mÃ¦la Ã¾vÄ«lÄ«kt viÃ° ÄsaÃ¾År, ef ek hÄfÃ°a eigi sÄt
fyrr at Ã¾Å« ert miklu minni fyrir Ã¾Är en ek hugÃ°a.' ÃvÄ« nÃ¦st hljÅp fram kÇ«ttr einn grÄr Ä
hallargÅlfit, ok hÄldr mikill; en ÃÅrr gekk til, ok tÅk hÄndi sinni niÃ°r undir miÃ°jan kviÃ°inn, ok lypti
upp, en kÇ«ttrinn beygÃ°i kÄnginn, svÄ sem ÃÅrr rÄtti upp hÇ«ndina; en er ÃÅrr seildisk svÄ langt upp
sem hann mÄtti lÄngst, Ã¾Ä lÄtti kÇ«ttrinn einum fÅti, ok fÃ¦r ÃÅrr eigi framit Ã¾enna leik. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti
ÅªtgarÃ°aloki: 'svÄ fÅr Ã¾essi leikr sem mik varÃ°i; kÇ«ttrinn er hÄldr mikill, en ÃÅrr er lÄgr ok lÄ«till
hjÄ stÅr- mÄnni Ã¾vÄ« sem hÄr er meÃ° oss.' ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÃÅrr: 'svÄ lÄ«tinn sem pÄr kalliÃ° mik, Ã¾Ä
gangi nÅ« til einnhvÄrr, ok fÄisk viÃ° mik; nÅ« em ek reiÃ°r.' ÃÄ svarar ÅªtgarÃ°aloki, ok litask um Ä
bÄkkina, ok mÃ¦lti: 'eigi sÄ ek Ã¾ann mann hÄr inni, er eigi mun lÄ«til-rÃ¦Ã°i Ä« Ã¾ykkja at fÄsk viÃ°
35
Ã¾ik;' ok Änn mÃ¦lti hann: 'sjÄm fyrst, kalli mÄr hingat kÄrlinguna, fÅstru mÄ«na Älli, ok fÄisk ÃÅrr
viÃ° hana, ef hann vill; fÄlt hÄfir hon Ã¾Ä mÄnn er mÄr hafa litizk eigi Å«-stÄrkligri en ÃÅrr er.' ÃvÄ«
nÃ¦st gekk Ä« hÇ«llina kÄrling ein gÇ«mul. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti Åªtgar- Ã°aloki, at hon skal taka fang viÃ°
ÄsaÃ¾År. Ekki er langt um. at gÇ«Ìra: svÄ fÅr fang Ã¾at at Ã¾vÄ« harÃ°ara er ÃÅrr knÅ«Ã°isk at
fanginu, Ã¾vÄ« fastara stÅÃ° hon; Ã¾Ä tÅk kÄrling at leita til Ã¾ragÃ°a, ok varÃ° ÃÅrr Ã¾Ä lauss Ä
fÅtum, ok vÄru Ã¾Ã¦r svip- tingar all-harÃ°ar, ok eigi lÄngi ÄÃ°r en ÃÅrr fell Ä knÄ Ç«Ã°rum fÅti. ÃÄ
gekk til ÅªtgarÃ°aloki, baÃ° Ã¾au hÃ¦tta fanginu, ok sagÃ°i svÄ, at ÃÅrr mundi eigi Ã¾urfa at bjÅÃ°a
fleirum mÇ«nnum fang Ä« hans hÇ«ll; var Ã¾Ä ok liÃ°it Ä nÄtt, vÄ«saÃ°i ÅªtgarÃ°aloki ÃÅr ok Ã¾eim
fÄlÇ«gum til sÃ¦tis, ok dvÄljask Ã¾ar nÄtt-langt Ä« gÅÃ°um fagnaÃ°i.
En at morgni, Ã¾egar dagaÃ°i, stÄndr ÃÅrr upp ok Ã¾eir fÄlagar, klÃ¦Ã°a sik, ok eru bÅ«nir braut at
ganga. ÃÄ kom Ã¾ar ÅªtgarÃ°aloki, ok lÄt sÄtja Ã¾eim borÃ°; skorti Ã¾Ä eigi gÅÃ°an fagnaÃ°, mat ok
drykk. En er Ã¾eir hafa matazk, Ã¾Ä snÅ«ask Ã¾eir til fÄrÃ°ar. ÅªtgarÃ°aloki fylgir Ã¾eim Å«t, gÄngr
meÃ° Ã¾eim braut År borginni; en at skilnaÃ°i Ã¾Ä mÃ¦lti Åªtgar- Ã°aloki til ÃÅrs, ok spyrr hvÄrnig
honum Ã¾ykkir fÄrÃ° sÄ«n orÃ°in, eÃ°a hvÄrt hann hÄfir hitt rÄ«kara mann nakkvarn en sik. ÃÅrr svarar
at eigi mun hann Ã¾at sÄgja, at eigi hafi hann mikla Å«-sÅmÃ° farit Ä« Ã¾eira viÃ°-skiptum; 'en Ã¾Å veit
ek at Ã¾Är munuÃ° kalla mik lÄ«tinn mann fyrir mÄr, ok uni ek Ã¾vÄ« illa.' ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÅªtgarÃ°aloki:
'nÅ« skal sÄgja Ã¾Är it sanna, er Ã¾Å« ert Å«t kominn År borginni--ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k rÄÃ°a, Ã¾Ä
skaltu aldri optar Ä« hana koma; ok Ã¾at veit trÅ«a mÄ«n, at aldri hÄfÃ°ir Ã¾Å« Ä« hana komit, ef ek
hÄfÃ°a vitat ÄÃ°r at Ã¾Å« hÄfÃ°ir svÄ mikinn krapt meÃ° Ã¾Är, ok Ã¾Å« hafÃ°ir svÄ nÃ¦r haft oss
mikilli Å«-fÅru. En sjÅn-hvÄrfingar hÄfi ek gÇ«Ìrt Ã¾Är, svÄ at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann Ã¾ik Ä skÅginum,
kom ek til fundar viÃ° yÃ°r; ok Ã¾Ä er Ã¾Å« skyldir leysa nestbaggann, Ã¾Ä hafÃ°a-k bundit meÃ°
gres-jÄrni, en Ã¾Å« fannt eigi hvar upp skyldi lÅ«ka. En Ã¾vÄ« nÃ¦st laust Ã¾Å« mik meÃ° hamrinum
Ã¾rjÅ« hÇ«gg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var Ã¾Å svÄ mikit, at mÄr mundi Ändask til bana, ef Ä hÄfÃ°i
komit; en Ã¾ar er Ã¾Å« sÄtt hjÄ hÇ«ll minni set-berg, ok Ã¾ar sÄtt-u ofan Ä« Ã¾rjÄ dala fer- skeytta ok
einn djÅ«pastan, Ã¾at vÄru hamarspor Ã¾in; setber- ginu brÄ ek fyrir hÇ«ggin en eigi sÄtt Ã¾Å« Ã¾at.
SvÄ var ok of leikana, er Ã¾Är Ã¾reyttuÃ° viÃ° hirÃ°mÄnn mÄ«na. ÃÄ var Ã¾at it fyrsta, er Loki
gÇ«ÌrÃ°i; hann var mjÇ«k soltinn, ok Ät tÄ«tt; en sÄ er Logi hÄt, Ã¾at var villi-eldr, ok brÄndi hann eigi
seinna slÄtrit en trogit. En er ÃjÄlfi Ã¾reytti rÄsina viÃ° Ã¾ann er Hugi hÄt, Ã¾at var hugi minn, ok var
ÃjÄlfa eigi vÃ¦nt at Ã¾reyta skjÅt-fÅri viÃ° hann. En er Ã¾Å« drakkt af horninu, ok Ã¾Åtti Ã¾Är seint
lÄ«Ã°a,--en Ã¾at veit trÅ«a mÄ«n, at Ã¾Ä varÃ° Ã¾at undr, er ek munda eigi trÅ«a at vera mÃ¦tti; annarr
Ändir hornsins var Å«t Ä« hafi, en Ã¾at sÄttu eigi; en nÅ«, er Ã¾Å« kÃ¶mr til sÃ¦varins, Ã¾Ä mun-tu sjÄ
mega, hvÄrn Ã¾urÃ° Ã¾Å« hÄfir drukkit Ä sÃ¦num.' Ãat eru nÅ« fjÇ«rur kallaÃ°ar. Ok Änn mÃ¦lti hann:
'eigi Ã¾Åtti mÄr hitt minna vera vert, er Ã¾Å« lyptir upp kÄt- tinum, ok Ã¾Är satt at sÄgja, Ã¾Ä
hrÃ¦ddusk allir Ã¾eir er sÄ, er Ã¾Å« lyptir af jÇ«rÃ°u einum fÅtinum; en sÄ kÇ«ttr var eigi sem Ã¾Är
sÈ³ndisk; Ã¾at var MiÃ°garÃ°s-ormr, er liggr um lÇ«nd Ç«ll, ok vannsk honum varliga lÄngÃ°in til, at
jÇ«rÃ°ina tÅki sporÃ°r ok hÇ«fuÃ°; ok svÄ langt seildisk Ã¾Å« upp at skamt var Ã¾Ä til himins. En hitt
var ok mikit undr um fangit, er Ã¾Å« fekkzk viÃ° Älli; fyrir Ã¾vÄ« at engi hÄfir sÄ orÃ°it, ok engi mun
verÃ°a, ef svÄ gamall er at Älli bÄ«Ã°r, at eigi komi Ällin Ç«llum til falls. Ok er nÅ« Ã¾at sÄtt at sÄgja, at
vÄr munum skiljask, ok mun Ã¾Ä bÄtr hvÄrratvÄggju handar at Ã¾Är komiÃ° eigi optar mik at hitta; ek
mun Änn annat sinn vÄrja borg mÄ«na meÃ° Ã¾vÄ«lÄ«kum vÄlum eÃ°a Ç«Ã°rum, svÄ at ekki vald munu
Ã¾Är Ä mÄr fÄ.' En er ÃÅrr heyrÃ°i Ã¾essa tÇ«lu, greip hann til hamarsins, ok bregÃ°r Ä lopt; en er hann
skal fram reiÃ°a, Ã¾Ä sÄr hann Ã¾ar hvÄrgi ÅªtgarÃ°aloka, ok Ã¾Ä snÈ³sk hann aptr til borgarinnar, ok
Ã¦tlask Ã¾Ä fyrir at brjÅta borgina; Ã¾Ä sÄr hann Ã¾ar vÇ«llu vÄ«Ã°a ok fagra, en enga borg. SnÈ³sk
hann Ã¾Ä aptr, ok fÄrr leiÃ° sina, til Ã¾ess er hann kom aptr Ä« ÃrÅ«Ã°- vanga.
III. Balder
Annarr sonr ÅÃ°ins er Baldr, ok er frÄ honum gott at sÄgja: hann er bÄztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svÄ
fagr Ä-litum ok bjartr svÄ at lÈ³sir af honum; ok eitt gras er svÄ hvÄ«tt at jafnat er til Baldrs brÄr, Ã¾at er
allra grasa hvÄ«tast; ok Ã¾ar Äptir mÄttu marka hans fÄgrÃ°, bÃ¦Ã°i Ä hÄr ok Ä lÄ«ki; hann er vitrastr
Äsanna, ok fÄgrstr taliÃ°r ok lÄ«knsamastr. En sÅ« nÄttÅ«ra fylgir honum at engi mÄ haldask dÅmr hans.
Hann bÈ³r Ã¾ar sem heitir BreiÃ°a-blik, Ã¾at er Ä himni; Ä« Ã¾eim staÃ° mÄ ekki vera Å«-hreint, svÄ
36
sem hÄr sÄgir:
BreiÃ°ablik heita, Ã¾ar er Baldr hÄfir sÄr of gÇ«Ìrva sali; Ä« Ã¾vÄ« landi er ek liggja veit fÃ¦sta
feikn-stafi.
IV. The Death of Balder

Ãat er upphaf Ã¾essar sÇ«gu, at Baldr inn gÅÃ°a dreymÃ°i drauma stÅra ok hÃ¦ttliga um lÄ«f sitt. En er
hann sagÃ°i Äsunum draumana, Ã¾Ä bÄru Ã¾eir saman rÄÃ° sÄ«n, ok var Ã¾at gÇ«Ìrt at beiÃ°a griÃ°a
Baldri fyrir alls konar hÄska; ok Frigg tÅk svardaga til Ã¾ess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jÄrn ok alls
konar mÄlmr, steinar, jÇ«rÃ°in, viÃ°irnir, sÅttirnar, dÈ³rin, fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er Ã¾etta var gÇ«Ìrt ok
vitat, Ã¾Ä var Ã¾at skÄmtun Baldrs ok Äsanna at hann skyldi standa upp Ä Ã¾ingum, en allir aÃ°rir
skyldu sumir skjÅta Ä hann, sumir hÇ«ggva til, sumir bÄrja grjÅti. En hvat sem at var gÇ«Ìrt, sakaÃ°i hann
ekki, ok Ã¾Åtti Ã¾etta Ç«llum mikill frami. En er Ã¾etta sÄ Loki Laufeyjar-son, Ã¾Ä lÄ«kaÃ°i honum
illa er Baldr sakaÃ°i ekki. Hann gekk til FÄn-salar til Friggjar, ok brÄ sÄr Ä« konu lÄ«ki; Ã¾Ä spyrr Frigg
ef sÅ« kona vissi hvat Ã¦sir hÇ«fÃ°usk at Ä Ã¾inginu. Hon sagÃ°i at allir skutu at Baldri, ok Ã¾at, at hann
sakaÃ°i ekki. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti Frigg: 'eigi munu vÄpn eÃ°a viÃ°ir granda Baldri; eiÃ°a hÄfi ek Ã¾Ägit af Ç«llum
Ã¾eim.' ÃÄ spyrr konan: 'hafa allir hlutir eiÃ°a unnit at eira Baldri?' ÃÄ svarar Frigg: 'vÄx viÃ°ar-teinungr
einn fyrir vestan Val-hÇ«ll; sÄ er Mistilteinn kallaÃ°r; sÄ Ã¾Åtti mÄr ungr at krÄfja eiÃ°sins.' ÃvÄ« nÃ¦st
hvarf konan Ä braut; en Loki tÅk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til Ã¾ings. En HÇ«Ã°r stÅÃ° utarliga Ä«
mannhringinum, Ã¾vÄ« at hann var blindr. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti Loki viÃ° hann: 'hvÄ« skÈ³tr Ã¾Å« ekki at Baldri?'
Hann svarar: 'Ã¾vÄ« at ek sÄ eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok Ã¾at annat, at ek em vapnlauss.' ÃÄ mÃ¦lti Loki:
'gÇ«Ìr-Ã°u Ã¾Å Ä« lÄ«king annarra, manna, ok veit Baldri sÅmÃ° sem aÃ°rir mÄnn; ek mun vÄ«sa Ã¾Är
til, hvar hann stÄndr; skjÅt at honum vÄndi Ã¾essum.' HÇ«Ã°r tÅk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at
tilvÄ«sun Loka; flaug skotit Ä« gÄgnum hann, ok fell hann dauÃ°r til jarÃ°ar; ok hÄfir Ã¾at mest Å«-happ
verit unnit meÃ° goÃ°um ok mÇ«nnum. ÃÄ er Baldr var fallinn, Ã¾Ä fellusk Ç«llum Äsum orÃ°-tÇ«k, ok
svÄ hÄndr at taka til hans; ok sÄ hvÄrr til annars, ok vÄru allir meÃ° einum hug til Ã¾ess er unnit hafÃ°i
verkit; en engi mÄtti hÄfna: Ã¾ar var svÄ mikill griÃ°a-staÃ°r. En Ã¾Ä er Ã¦sirnir freistuÃ°u at mÃ¦la,
Ã¾Ä var hitt Ã¾Å fyrr, at grÄtrinn kom upp, svÄ at engi mÄtti Ç«Ã°rum sÄgja meÃ° orÃ°unum frÄ
sÄ«num harmi. En ÅÃ°inn bar Ã¾eim mun vÄrst Ã¾enna skaÃ°a, sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvÄrsu
mikil af-taka ok missa Äsunum var Ä« frÄ-falli Baldrs. En er goÃ°in vitkuÃ°usk, Ã¾Ä mÃ¦lti Frigg ok
spurÃ°i, hvÄrr sÄ vÃ¦ri meÃ° Äsum, er eignask vildi allar Ästir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann rÄ«Ã°a Ä
hÄl-veg ok freista ef hann fÄi fundit Baldr, ok bjÅÃ°a HÄlju Å«t-lausn, ef hon vill lÄta fara Baldr heim Ä«
Äs-garÃ°. En sÄ er nÄfndr HÄrmÅÃ°r inn hvati, sonr ÅÃ°ins, er til Ã¾eirar farar varÃ°. ÃÄ var tÄkinn
Sleipnir, hestr ÅÃ°ins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig HÄrmÅÃ°r Ä Ã¾ann hest, ok hleypÃ°i braut.
En Ã¦sirnir tÅku lÄ«k Baldrs ok fluttu til sÃ¦var. Hring- horni hÄt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr;
hann vildu goÃ°in fram sÄtja, ok gÇ«Ìra Ã¾ar Ä bÄl-fÇ«r Baldrs; en skipit gekk hvÄrgi fram. ÃÄ var sÄnt
Ä« JÇ«tunheima Äptir gÈ³gi Ã¾eiri er Hyrrokin hÄt; en er hon kom, ok reiÃ° vargi, ok hafÃ°i hÇ«gg-orm at
taumum, Ã¾Ä hljÅp hon af hestinum, en ÅÃ°inn kallaÃ°i til ber-sÄrki fjÅra at gÃ¦ta hestsins, ok fengu
Ã¾eir eigi haldit, nema Ã¾eir fÄldi hann. ÃÄ gekk Hyrrokin Ä fram-stafn nÇ«kkvans, ok hratt fram Ä«
fyrsta viÃ°-bragÃ°i, svÄ at eldr hraut År hlunnunum, ok lÇ«nd Ç«ll skulfu. ÃÄ varÃ° ÃÅrr reiÃ°r, ok greip
hamarinn, ok mundi Ã¾Ä brjÅta hÇ«fuÃ° hÄnnar, ÄÃ°r en goÃ°in Ç«ll bÄÃ°u hÄnni friÃ°ar. ÃÄ var borit
Å«t Ä skipit lÄ«k Baldrs; ok er Ã¾at sÄ kona hans, Nanna, Neps dÅttir, Ã¾Ä sprakk hon af harmi, ok dÅ;
var hon borin Ä bÄlit, ok slÄgit Ä« eldi. ÃÄ stÅÃ° ÃÅrr at, ok vÄ«gÃ°i bÄlit meÃ° MjÇ«llni; en fyrir
fÅtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sÄ er Litr nÄfndr; en ÃÅrr spyrndi fÅti sÄ«num Ä hann, ok hratt honum
Ä« eldinn, ok brann hann. En at Ã¾essi brÄnnu sÅtti margs konar Ã¾jÅÃ°: fyrst at sÄgja frÄ ÅÃ°ni, at
meÃ° honum fÅr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr Åk Ä« kÄrru meÃ° gÄlti Ã¾eim er
Gullin-bursti heitir eÃ°a SlÄ«Ã°rug-tanni; en Heimdallr reiÃ° hesti Ã¾eim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja
kÇ«ttum sÄ«num. Ãar kÃ¶mr ok mikit fÅlk hrÄ«mÃ¾ursa, ok berg- risar. ÅÃ°inn lagÃ°i Ä bÄlit gullhring
Ã¾ann er Draupnir heitir; honum fylgÃ°i sÄ«Ã°an sÅ« nÄttÅ«ra, at hina nÄ«undu hvÄrja nÄtt drupu af
honum Ätta gullhringar jafn-hÇ«fgir. Hestr Baldrs var leiddr Ä bÄlit meÃ° Ç«llu reiÃ°i.
En Ã¾at er at sÄgja frÄ HÄrmÅÃ°i, at hann reiÃ° nÄ«u nÃ¦tr dÃ¶kkva dala ok djÅ«pa, svÄ at hann sÄ
ekki, fyrr en hann kom til Ärinnar Gjallar, ok reiÃ° Ä Gjallar-brÅ«na; hon er Ã¾Ç«kÃ° lÈ³si-gulli.
37
MÅÃ°guÃ°r er nÄfnd mÃ¦r sÅ« er gÃ¦tir brÅ«arinnar; hon spurÃ°i hann at nafni eÃ°a Ã¦tt, ok sagÃ°i at
hinn fyrra dag riÃ°u um brÅ«na fimm fylki dauÃ°ra manna; 'en eigi dynr brÅ«in minnr undir einum Ã¾Är,
ok eigi hÄfir Ã¾Å« lit dauÃ°ra manna; hvÄ« rÄ«Ã°r Ã¾Å« hÄr Ä hÄlveg?' Hann svarar at 'ek skal rÄ«Ã°a
til hÄljar at leita Baldrs, eÃ°a hvÄrt hÄfir Ã¾Å« nakkvat sÄt Baldr Ä hÄlvegi?' En hon sagÃ°i at Baldr
hafÃ°i Ã¾ar riÃ°it um GjallarbrÅ«; 'en niÃ°r ok norÃ°r liggr hÄlvegr.' ÃÄ reiÃ° HÄrmÅÃ°r Ã¾ar til er
hann kom at hÄl-grindum; Ã¾Ä steig hann af hestinum, ok gyrÃ°i hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrÃ°i hann
sporum, en hestrinn hljÅp svÄ hart, ok yfir grindina, at hann kom hvÄrgi nÃ¦r. ÃÄ reiÃ° HÄrmÅÃ°r heim til
hallar- innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn Ä« hÇ«llina, sÄ Ã¾ar sitja Ä« Ç«ndvegi Baldr, brÅÃ°ur sinn; ok
dvalÃ°isk HÄrmÅÃ°r Ã¾ar um nÄttina. En at morgni Ã¾Ä beiddisk HÄrmÅÃ°r af HÄlju at Baldr skyldi
rÄ«Ã°a heim meÃ° honum, ok sagÃ°i hvÄrsu mikill grÄtr var meÃ° Äsum. En HÄl sagÃ°i at Ã¾at skyldi
svÄ reyna, hvÄrt Baldr var svÄ Äst-sÃ¦ll sem sagt er; 'ok ef allir hlutir Ä« heiminum, kykvir ok dauÃ°ir,
grÄta hann, Ã¾Ä skal hann fara til Äsa aptr, en haldask meÃ° HÄlju, ef nakkvarr mÃ¦llr viÃ°, eÃ°a vill eigi
grÄta.' ÃÄ stÅÃ° HÄrmÅÃ°r upp, en Baldr leiÃ°ir hann Å«t År hÇ«llinni, ok tÅk hringinn Draupni, ok
sÄndi ÅÃ°ni til minja, en Nanna sÄndi Frigg ripti ok Änn fleiri gjafar, Fullu fingr-gull. ÃÄ reiÃ° HÄrmÅÃ°r
aptr leiÃ° sÄ«na, ok kom Ä« ÄsgarÃ°, ok sagÃ°i Ç«ll tÄ«Ã°indi Ã¾au er hann hafÃ°i sÄt ok heyrt.
ÃvÄ« nÃ¦st sÄndu Ã¦sir um allan heim Ã¶rind-reka, at biÃ°ja at Baldr vÃ¦ri grÄtinn År hÄlju; en allir
gÇ«ÌrÃ°u Ã¾at, mÄnninir, ok kykvendin, ok jÇ«rÃ°in, ok steinarnir, ok trÄ, ok allr mÄlmr; svÄ sem Ã¾Å«
munt sÄt hafa, at Ã¾essir hlutir grÄta, Ã¾Ä er Ã¾eir koma År frosti ok Ä« hita. ÃÄ er sÄndi-mÄnn fÅru
heim, ok hÇ«fÃ°u vel rekit sÄ«n Ã¶rindi, finna Ã¾eir Ä« hÄlli nÇ«kkurum hvar gÈ³gr sat; hon nÄfndisk
ÃÇ«kk. Ãeir biÃ°ja hana grÄta Baldr År hÄlju. Hon svarar:
'ÃÇ«kk mun grÄta Ã¾urrum tÄrum Baldrs bÄlfarar; kyks nÄ dauÃ°s naut-k-a-k karls sonar; haldi HÄl
Ã¾vÄ« es hÄfir!'
En Ã¾ess geta mÄnn, at Ã¾ar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son, er flest hÄfir ilt gÇ«Ìrt meÃ° Äsum.

Konungr sÄ er HÇ«gni er nÄfndr Ätti dÅttur, er Hildr hÄt. Hana tÅk at hÄr-fangi konungr sÄ er HÄÃ°inn
hÄt, Hjarranda- son. ÃÄ var HÇ«gni konungr farinn Ä« konunga-stÄfnu; en er hann spurÃ°i at hÄrjat var Ä«
rÄ«ki hans, ok dÅttir hans var Ä« braut tÄkin, Ã¾Ä fÅr hann meÃ° sÄ«nu liÃ°i at leita HÄÃ°ins, ok
spurÃ°i til hans at HÄÃ°inn hafÃ°i siglt norÃ°r meÃ° landi. ÃÄ er HÇ«gni konungr kom Ä« Noreg, spurÃ°i
hann at HÄÃ°inn hafÃ°i siglt vestr um haf. ÃÄ siglir HÇ«gni Äptir honum allt til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom
Ã¾ar sem heitir HÄ-ey, Ã¾Ä var Ã¾ar fyrir HÄÃ°inn meÃ° liÃ° sitt. ÃÄ fÅr Hildr Ä fund fÇ«Ã°ur sÄ«ns,
ok bauÃ° honum mÄn at sÃ¦tt af hÄndi HÄÃ°ins, en Ä« Ç«Ã°ru orÃ°i sagÃ°i hon at HÄÃ°inn vÃ¦ri bÅ«inn
at bÄrjask, ok Ã¦tti HÇ«gni af honum engrar vÃ¦gÃ°ar vÄn. HÇ«gni svÄrar stirt dÅttur sinni; en er hon hitti
HÄÃ°in, sagÃ°i hon honum, at HÇ«gni vildi enga sÃ¦tt, ok baÃ° hann bÅ«ask til orrostu, ok svÄ gÇ«Ìra
Ã¾eir hvÄrir-tvÄggju, ganga upp Ä eyna, ok fylkja liÃ°inu. ÃÄ kallar HÄÃ°inn Ä HÇ«gna, mÄg sinn, ok
bauÃ° honum sÃ¦tt ok mikit gull at bÅtum. ÃÄ svarar HÇ«gni: 'of sÄ«Ã° bauzt-u Ã¾etta, ef Ã¾Å« vill
sÃ¦ttask, Ã¾vÄ« at nÅ« hÄfi ek drÄgit DÄins-leif, er dvergarnir gÇ«ÌrÃ°u, er manns bani skal verÃ°a,
hvÄrt sinn er bÄrt er, ok aldri bilar Ä« hÇ«ggvi, ok ekki sÄr grÅr, ef Ã¾ar skeinisk af.' ÃÄ svarar HÄÃ°inn:
'sverÃ°i hÅlir Ã¾Å« Ã¾ar, en eigi sigri; Ã¾at kalla ek gott hvÄrt er drÅttin- holt er.' ÃÄ hÅfu Ã¾eir
orrostu Ã¾Ä er HjaÃ°ninga-vÄ«g er kallat, ok bÇ«rÃ°usk Ã¾ann dag allan, ok at kveldi fÅru konungar til
skipa. En Hildr gekk of nÄttina til valsins, ok vakÃ°i upp meÃ° fjÇ«lkyngi alla Ã¾Ä er dauÃ°ir vÄru; ok
annan dag gengu konungarnir Ä vÄ«g-vÇ«llinn ok bÇ«rÃ°usk, ok svÄ allir Ã¾eir er fellu hinn fyrra daginn.
FÅr svÄ sÅ« orrosta hvÄrn dag Äptir annan, at allir Ã¾eir er fellu, ok Ç«ll vÄpn Ã¾au er lÄgu Ä
vÄ«gvÄlli, ok svÄ hlÄ«far, urÃ°u at grjÅti. En er dagaÃ°i, stÅÃ°u upp allir dauÃ°ir mÄnn, ok bÇ«rÃ°usk,
ok Ç«ll vÄpn vÄru Ã¾Ä nÈ³. SvÄ er sagt Ä« kvÃ¦Ã°um, at HjaÃ°ningar skulu svÄ bÄ«Ã°a ragna-rÃ¶krs.
VI. The Death of Olaf Tryggvason

Sveinn konungr tjÅ«gu-skÄgg Ätti SigrÄ«Ã°i hina stÅr-rÄÃ°u. SigrÄ«Ã°r var hinn mesti Å«-vinr ÅlÄfs
konungs Tryggva-sonar; ok fann Ã¾at til saka at ÅlÄfr konungr hafÃ°i slitit einka-mÄlum viÃ° hana, ok
lostit hana Ä« and-lit. Hon ÄggjaÃ°i mjÇ«k Svein konung til at halda orrostu viÃ° ÅlÄf konung Tryggvason,
ok kom hon svÄ sÄ«num for-tÇ«lum at Sveinn konungr var full- kominn at gÇ«Ìra Ã¾etta rÄÃ°. Ok snimma
38
um vÄrit sÄndi Sveinn konungr mÄnn austr til SvÄ«-Ã¾jÅÃ°ar Ä fund ÅlÄfs konungs SvÄ«a-konungs,
mÄgs sÄ«ns, ok EirÄ«ks jarls; ok lÄt sÄgja Ã¾eim at ÅlÄfr, Noregs konungr, hafÃ°i leiÃ°angr Å«ti, ok
Ã¦tlaÃ°i at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. FylgÃ°i Ã¾at orÃ°-sÄnding Dana-konungs, at Ã¾eir
SvÄ«akonungr ok EirÄ«kr jarl skyldi hÄr Å«ti hafa, ok fara til mÅts viÃ° Svein konung, skyldu Ã¾eir Ã¾Ä
allir samt lÄggja til orrostu viÃ° ÅlÄf konung Tryggva- son. En ÅlÄfr SvÄ«akonungr ok EirÄ«kr jarl vÄru
Ã¾essar fÄrÃ°ar al-bÅ«nir, ok drÅgu Ã¾Ä saman skipa-hÄr mikinn af SvÄ«a- vÄldi, fÇ«ru Ã¾vÄ« liÃ°i
suÃ°r til Dan-markar ok kvÄmu Ã¾ar svÄ, at ÅlÄfr konungr Tryggvason hafÃ°i ÄÃ°r austr siglt. Ãeir
SvÄ«akonungr ok EirÄ«kr jarl heldu til fundar viÃ° Danakonung, ok hÇ«fÃ°u Ã¾Ä allir saman Å«-grynni
hÄrs.
Sveinn konungr, Ã¾Ä er hann hafÃ°i sÄnt Äptir hÄrinum, Ã¾Ä sÄndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at
njÅsna um fÄrÃ° ÅlÄfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svÄ til, at fundr Ã¾eira Sveins konungs mÃ¦tti
verÃ°a. FÄrr Ã¾Ä Sigvaldi jarl leiÃ° sÄ«na, ok kom fram Ä Vindlandi, fÅr til JÅmsborgar, ok sÄ«Ã°an Ä
fund ÅlÄfs konungs Tryggvasonar. VÄru Ã¾ar mikil vinÄttu-mÄl Ã¾eira Ä meÃ°al, kom jarl sÄr Ä« hinn
mesta kÃ¦rleik viÃ° ÅlÄf konung. ÄstrÄ«Ã°r kona jarls, dÅttir Burizleifs konungs, var vinr mikill ÅlÄfs
konungs, ok var Ã¾at mjÇ«k af hinum fyrrum tÄngÃ°um, er Ålafr konungr hafÃ°i Ätt Geiru, systur hÄnnar.
Sigvaldi jarl var maÃ°r vitr ok rÄÃ°ugr; en er hann kom sÄr Ä« rÄÃ°a-gÄrÃ° viÃ° ÅlÄf konung, Ã¾Ä
dvalÃ°i hann mjÇ«k fÄrÃ°ina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til Ã¾ess mjÇ«k È³msa hluti. En liÃ° ÅlÄfs
konungs lÄt geysi illa, ok vÄru mÄnn mjÇ«k heim-fÅ«sir, er Ã¾eir lÄgu albÅ«nir, en veÃ°r byr-vÃ¦n.
Sigvaldi jarl fekk njÅsn leyniliga af DanmÇ«rk, at Ã¾Ä var austan kominn hÄrr SvÄ«akonungs, ok EirÄ«kr
jarl hafÃ°i Ã¾Ä ok bÅ«inn sinn hÄr, ok Ã¾eir hÇ«fÃ°ingjarnir mundu Ã¾Ä koma austr undir Vindland, ok
Ã¾eir hÇ«fÃ°u Ä kveÃ°it, at Ã¾eir mundu bÄ«Ã°a ÅlÄfs konungs viÃ° ey Ã¾Ä er SvÇ«lÃ°r heitir, svÄ
Ã¾at, at jarl skyldi svÄ til stilla at Ã¾eir mÃ¦tti Ã¾ar finna ÅlÄf konung.
ÃÄ kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana- konungr hÄfÃ°i hÄr Å«ti, ok gÇ«ÌrÃ°isk brÄtt sÄ
kurr, at Sveinn Danakonungr mundi vilja finna ÅlÄf konung. En Sigvaldi jarl sÄgir konungi: 'ekki er Ã¾at
rÄÃ° Sveins konungs at lÄggja til bardaga viÃ° Ã¾ik meÃ° Dana-hÄr einn saman, svÄ mikinn hÄr sem
Ã¾Är hafiÃ°. En ef yÃ°r er nakkvarr grunr Ä Ã¾vÄ«, at Å«-friÃ°r muni fyrir, Ã¾Ä skal ek fylgja yÃ°r
meÃ° mÄ«nu liÃ°i, ok Ã¾Åtti Ã¾at styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem JÅms-vÄ«kingar fylgÃ°u hÇ«fÃ°ingjum;
mun ek fÄ Ã¾Är ellifu skip vel skipuÃ°.' Konungr jÄtti Ã¾essu. Var Ã¾Ä lÄ«tit veÃ°r ok hag-stÅtt; lÄt
konungr Ã¾Ä leysa flotann, ok blÄsa til brott-lÇ«gu. DrÅgu mÄnn Ã¾Ä segl sÄ«n, ok gengu meira
smÄ-skipin Ç«ll, ok sigldu Ã¾au undan Ä haf Å«t. En jarl sigldi nÃ¦r konungs-skipinu, ok kallaÃ°i til
Ã¾eira, baÃ° konung sigla Äptir sÄr: 'mÄr er kunnast,' sÄgir hann, 'hvar djÅ«past er um eyja-sundin, en
Ã¾Är munuÃ° Ã¾ess Ã¾urfa meÃ° Ã¾au in stÅru skipin.' Sigldi Ã¾Ä jarl fyrir meÃ° sÄ«num skipum.
Hann hafÃ°i ellifu skip, en konungr sigldi Äptir honum meÃ° sinum stÅr-skipum, hafÃ°i hann Ã¾ar ok
ellifu skip, en allr annarr hÄrrinn sigldi Å«t Ä hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at SvÇ«lÃ°r, Ã¾Ä rÃ¶ri Ä
mÅti Ã¾eim skÅ«ta ein. Ãeir sÄgja jarli at hÄrr Dana- konungs lÄ Ã¾ar Ä« hÇ«fninni fyrir Ã¾eim. ÃÄ lÄt
jarl hlaÃ°a seglunum, ok rÅa Ã¾eir inn undir eyna.
Sveinn Danakonungr ok ÅlÄfr SvÄ«akonungr ok EirÄ«kr jarl vÄru Ã¾ar Ã¾Ä meÃ° allan hÄr sinn; Ã¾Ä
var fagrt veÃ°r ok bjart sÅl-skin. Gengu Ã¾eir nÅ« upp Ä hÅlminn allir hÇ«fÃ°ingjar meÃ° miklar sveitir
manna, ok sÄ er skipin sigldu Å«t Ä hafit mjÇ«k mÇ«rg saman. Ok nÅ« sjÄ Ã¾eir hvar siglir eitt mikit skip
ok glÃ¦siligt; Ã¾Ä mÃ¦ltu bÄÃ°ir konungarnir: 'Ã¾etta er mikit skip ok Äkafliga fagrt, Ã¾etta mun vera
Ormrinn langi.' EirÄ«kr jarl svarar ok sÄgir: 'ekki er Ã¾etta Ormr hinn langi.' Ok svÄ var sem hann sagÃ°i;
Ã¾etta skip Ätti EindriÃ°i af Gimsum. LÄ«tlu sÄ«Ã°ar sÄ Ã¾eir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu meira en hit
fyrra. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti Sveinn konungr: 'hrÃ¦ddr er ÅlÄfr Tryggvason nÅ«, eigi Ã¾orir hann at sigla meÃ°
hÇ«fuÃ°in Ä skipi sÄ«nu.' ÃÄ sÄgir EirÄ«kr jarl: 'ekki er Ã¾etta konungs skip, kÄnni ek Ã¾etta skip ok
seglit, Ã¾vÄ« at stafat er seglit, Ã¾at Ä Erlingr SkjÄlgsson; lÄtum sigla Ã¾Ä, bÄtra er oss skarÃ° ok missa
Ä« flota ÅlÄfs konungs en Ã¾etta skip Ã¾ar svÄ bÅ«it.' En stundu sÄ«Ã°ar sÄ Ã¾eir ok kÄndu skip
Sigvalda jarls, ok viku Ã¾an Ã¾annig at hÅlmanum. ÃÄ sÄ Ã¾eir hvar sigldu Ã¾rjÅ« skip, ok var eitt
mikit skip. MÃ¦lti Ã¾Ä Sveinn konungr, biÃ°r Ã¾Ä ganga til skipa sinna, sÄgir at Ã¾ar fÄrr Ormrinn langi.
EirÄ«kr jarl mÃ¦lti: 'mÇ«rg hafa Ã¾eir Ç«nnur stÅr skip ok glÃ¦silig en Orm hinn langa, bÄ«Ã°um Änn.'
ÃÄ mÃ¦ltu mjÇ«k margir mÄnn: 'eigi vill EirÄ«kr jarl nÅ« bÄrjask, ok hÄfna fÇ«Ã°ur sÄ«ns; Ã¾etta er
skÇ«mm mikil, svÄ at spyrjask mun um Ç«ll lÇ«nd, ef vÄr liggjum hÄr meÃ° jafn-miklu liÃ°i, en ÅlÄfr
39
konungr sigli Ä hafit Å«t hÄr hjÄ oss sjÄlfum.' En er Ã¾eir hÇ«fÃ°u Ã¾etta talat um hrÄ«Ã°, Ã¾Ä sÄ
Ã¾eir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af Ã¾eim var drÄki all-mikill ok mjÇ«k gull-bÅ«inn. ÃÄ stÅÃ° upp
Sveinn konungr, ok mÃ¦lti: 'hÄtt mun Ormrinn bera mik Ä« kveld, honum skal ek stÈ³ra.' ÃÄ mÃ¦ltu margir,
at Ormrinn var furÃ°u mikit skip ok frÄ«tt, ok rausn mikil at lÄta gÇ«Ìra slÄ«kt skip. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti EirÄ«kr
jarl, svÄ at nakkvarir mÄnn heyrÃ°u: 'Ã¾Ått ÅlÄfr konungr hÄfÃ°i ekki meira skip en Ã¾etta, Ã¾Ä mundi
Sveinn konungr Ã¾at aldri fÄ af honum meÃ° einn saman DanahÄr.' Dreif Ã¾Ä fÅlkit til skipanna, ok rÄku
af tjÇ«ldin, ok Ã¦tluÃ°u at bÅ«ask skjÅtliga. En er hÇ«fÃ°ingjar rÅddu Ã¾etta milli sÄ«n, sem nÅ« er sagt,
Ã¾Ä sÄ Ã¾eir, hvar sigldu Ã¾rjÅ« skip all-mikil, ok fjÅrÃ°a sÄ«Ã°ast, ok var Ã¾at Ormrinn langi. En
Ã¾au hin stÅru skip, er ÄÃ°r hÇ«fÃ°u siglt, ok Ã¾eir hugÃ°u at Ormrinn vÃ¦ri, Ã¾at var hit fyrra Traninn,
en hit sÄ«Ã°ara Ormrinn skammi. En Ã¾Ä er Ã¾eir sÄ Orminn langa, kÄndu allir, ok mÃ¦lti Ã¾Ä engi Ä«
mÅt, at Ã¾ar mundi sigla ÅlÄfr Tryggvason; gengu Ã¾Ä til skipanna, ok skipuÃ°u til at- lÇ«gunnar. VÄru
Ã¾at einkamÄl Ã¾eira hÇ«fÃ°ingja, Sveins konungs, ÅlÄfs konungs, EirÄ«ks jarls, at sinn Ã¾riÃ°jung
Noregs skyldi eignask hvÄrr Ã¾eira, ef Ã¾eir fÄldi ÅlÄf konung Tryggvason; en sÄ Ã¾eira hÇ«fÃ°ingja er
fyrst gengi Ä Orminn, skyldi eignask alt Ã¾at hlut-skipti er Ã¾ar fengisk, ok hvÄrr Ã¾eira Ã¾au skip er
sjÄlfr hryÃ°i. EirÄ«kr jarl hafÃ°i barÃ°a einn geysi mikinn, er hann var vanr at hafa Ä« viking; Ã¾ar var
skÄgg Ä ofan- verÃ°u barÃ°inu hvÄrutvÄggja, en niÃ°r frÄ jÄrn-spÇ«ng Ã¾ykk ok svÄ breiÃ° sem
barÃ°it, ok tÅk alt Ä« sÃ¦ ofan.
ÃÄ er Ã¾eir Sigvaldi jarl rÃ¶ru inn undir hÅlminn, Ã¾Ä sÄ Ã¾at Ã¾eir ÃorkÄll dyÃ°rill af Trananum ok
aÃ°rir skip-stjÅrn- ar-mÄnn, Ã¾eir er meÃ° honum fÅru, at jarl snÃ¶ri skipum undir hÅlmann; Ã¾Ä
hlÅÃ°u Ã¾eir ok seglum, ok rÃ¶ru Äptir honum, ok kÇ«lluÃ°u til Ã¾eira, spurÃ°u, hvÄ« Ã¾eir fÅru svÄ.
Jarl sÄgir, at hann vill bÄ«Ã°a ÅlÄfs konungs: 'ok er meiri vÄn at Å«friÃ°r sÄ fyrir oss.' LÄtu Ã¾eir Ã¾Ä
fljÅta skipin, Ã¾ar til er ÃorkÄll nÄfja kom meÃ° Orminn skamma, ok Ã¾au Ã¾rjÅ« skip er honum
fylgÃ°u. Ok vÄru Ã¾eim sÇ«gÃ° hin sÇ«mu tÄ«Ã°indi; hlÅÃ°u Ã¾eir Ã¾Ä ok sÄ«num seglum, ok lÄtu
fljÅta, ok biÃ°u ÅlÄfs konungs. En Ã¾Ä er konungrinn sigldi innan at hÅl- manum, Ã¾Ä rÃ¶ri allr hÄrrinn
Å«t Ä sundit fyrir Ã¾Ä. En er Ã¾eir sÄ Ã¾at, Ã¾a bÄÃ°u Ã¾eir konunginn sigla leiÃ° sÄ«na, en lÄggja
eigi til orrostu viÃ° svÄ mikinn hÄr. Konungr svarar hÄtt, ok stÅÃ° upp Ä« lyptingunni: 'lÄti ofan seglit,
ekki skulu mÄ«nir mÄnn hyggja Ä flÅtta, ek hÄfi aldri flÈ³it Ä« orrostu, rÄÃ°i GuÃ° fyrir lÄ«fi mÄ«nu, en
aldri mun ek Ä flÅtta lÄggja.' Var svÄ gÇ«Ìrt sem konungr mÃ¦lti.
ÅlÄfr konungr lÄt blÄsa til sam-lÇ«gu Ç«llum skipum sÄ«num. Var konungs skip Ä« miÃ°ju liÃ°i, en Ã¾ar
Ä annat borÃ° Ormrinn skammi, en Ä annat borÃ° Traninn. En Ã¾Ä er Ã¾eir tÅku at tÄngja stafna Ä
Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma, ok er konungr sÄ Ã¾at, kallaÃ°i hann hÄtt, baÃ° Ã¾Ä lÄggja fram
bÄtr hit mikla skipit, ok lÄta Ã¾at eigi aptast vera allra skipa Ä« hÄrinum. ÃÄ svarar Åªlfr hinn rauÃ°i: 'ef
Orminn skal Ã¾vÄ« lÄngra fram lÄggja, sem hann er lÄngri en Ç«nnur skip, Ã¾Ä mun Ä-vint verÃ°a um
sÇ«xin Ä« dag.' Konungr sÄgir: 'eigi vissa ek at ek Ã¦tta stafnbÅ«ann bÃ¦Ã°i rauÃ°an ok ragan.' Åªlfr mÃ¦lti:
'vÄr Ã¾Å« eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun stafninn.' Konungr helt Ä boga, ok lagÃ°i Ç«r Ä strÄng, ok
snÃ¶ri at Åªlfi. Åªlfr mÃ¦lti: 'skjÅt annan veg, konungr Ä« Ã¾annig sem meiri er Ã¾Ç«rfin; Ã¾Är vinn ek
Ã¾at er ek vinn.'
ÅlÄfr konungr stÅÃ° Ä« lyptingu Ä Orminum, bar hann hÄtt mjÇ«k; hann hafÃ°i gyltan skjÇ«ld ok
gull-roÃ°inn hjÄlm; var hann auÃ°-kÄndr frÄ Ç«Ã°rum mÇ«nnum: hann hafÃ°i rauÃ°an kyrtil stuttan utan
yfir brynju. En er ÅlÄfr konungr sÄ at riÃ°luÃ°usk flotarnir, ok upp vÄru sÄtt mÄrki fyrir hÇ«fÃ°ingjum,
Ã¾Ä spyrr hann: 'hvÄrr er hÇ«fÃ°ingi fyrir liÃ°i Ã¾vÄ« er gÄgnt oss er?' Honum var sagt at Ã¾ar var
Sveinn konungr tjÅ«guskÄgg meÃ° DanahÄr. Konungr svarar: 'ekki hrÃ¦Ã°umk vÄr bleyÃ°ur Ã¾Ã¦r, engi
er hugr Ä« DÇ«num. En hvÄrr hÇ«fÃ°ingi fylgir Ã¾eim mÄrkjum er Ã¾ar eru Å«t Ä«frÄ Ä hÅgra veg?'
Honum var sagt at Ã¾ar var ÅlÄfr konungr meÃ° SvÄ«a-hÄr. ÅlÄfr konungr sÄgir: 'bÄtra vÃ¦ri SvÄ«um
heima at sleikja um blÅt- bolla sÄ«na en ganga Ä Orminn undir vÄpn yÃ°ur. En hvÄrir eigu Ã¾au hin stÅru
skip, er Ã¾ar liggja Å«t Ä bak-borÃ°a DÇ«num?' 'Ãar er,' sÄgja Ã¾eir 'EirÄ«kr jarl HÄkonar-son.' ÃÄ
svaraÃ°i ÅlÄfr konungr: 'hann mun Ã¾ykkjask eiga viÃ° oss skapligan fund, ok oss er vÄn snarpligrar
orrostu af Ã¾vÄ« liÃ°i; Ã¾eir eru NorÃ°-mÄnn, sem vÄr erum.'
SÄ«Ã°an greiÃ°a konungar at-rÅÃ°r. LagÃ°i Sveinn konungr sitt skip mÅti Orminum langa, en ÅlÄfr
konungr SÅnski lagÃ°i Å«t frÄ, ok stakk stÇ«fnum at yzta skipi ÅlÄfs konungs Tryggvasonar, en Ç«Ã°rum
megin EirÄ«kr jarl. TÅksk Ã¾ar Ã¾Ä hÇ«rÃ° orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lÄt skotta viÃ° sÄ«n skip, ok lagÃ°i
40
ekki til orrostu.
Ãessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skÅÃ°. Fram- byggjar Ä Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma
ok Trananum fÅrÃ°u akkeri ok stafn-ljÄ Ä« skip Sveins konungs, en Ättu vÄpnin at bera niÃ°r undir fÅtr
sÄr; hruÃ°u Ã¾eir Ç«ll Ã¾au skip er Ã¾eir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok Ã¾at liÃ° er undan
komsk flÈ³Ã°i Ä Ç«nnur skip, ok Ã¾ar nÃ¦st lÇ«gÃ°u Ã¾eir frÄ År skot-mÄli. Ok fÅr Ã¾essi hÄrr svÄ
sem gat ÅlÄfr konungr Tryggvason. ÃÄ lagÃ°i Ã¾ar at Ä« staÃ°inn ÅlÄfr SvÄ«akonungr; ok Ã¾egar er
Ã¾eir koma nÃ¦r stÅrskipum, Ã¾Ä fÅr Ã¾eim sem hinum, at Ã¾eir lÄtu liÃ° mikit ok sum skip sÄ«n, ok
lÇ«gÃ°u frÄ viÃ° svÄ bÅ«it. En EirÄ«kr jarl sÄ«-byrÃ°i BarÃ°anum viÃ° hit yzta skip ÅlÄfs konungs, ok
hrauÃ° hann Ã¾at, ok hjÅ Ã¾egar Ã¾at År tÄngslum, en lagÃ°i Ã¾Ä at Ã¾vÄ«, er Ã¾ar var nÃ¦st, ok
barÃ°isk til Ã¾ess er Ã¾at var hroÃ°it. TÅk Ã¾Ä liÃ°it at hlaupa af hinum smÃ¦rum skipunum, ok upp Ä
stÅrskipin. En EirÄ«kr jarl hjÅ hvÄrt År tÄngslunum, svÄ sem hroÃ°it var. En Danir ok SvÄ«ar lÇ«gÃ°u
Ã¾Ä Ä« skotmÄl ok Ç«llum megin at skipum ÅlÄfs konungs, en EirÄ«kr jarl lÄ Ävalt sÄ«byrt viÃ° skipin,
ok Ätti hÇ«gg-orrostu. En svÄ sem mÄnn fellu Ä skipum hans, Ã¾Ä gengu aÃ°rir upp Ä« staÃ°inn, SvÄ«ar
ok Danir. ÃÄ var orrosta hin snarpasta, ok fell Ã¾Ä mjÇ«k liÃ°it, ok kom svÄ at lykÃ°um, at Ç«ll vÄru
hroÃ°in skip ÅlÄfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema Ormrinn langi; var Ã¾ar Ã¾Ä alt liÃ° Ä komit, Ã¾at er
vÄ«gt var hans manna. ÃÄ lagÃ°i EirÄ«kr jarl BarÃ°anum at Orminum langa sÄ«byrt, ok var Ã¾ar
hÇ«ggorrosta.
EirlÄ«kr jarl var Ä« fyrir-rÅ«mi Ä skipi sÄ«nu, ok var Ã¾ar fylkt meÃ° skjald-borg. Var Ã¾Ä bÃ¦Ã°i
hÇ«ggorrosta, ok spjÅtum lagit, ok kastat Ç«llu Ã¾vÄ« er til vÄpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti eÃ°a
hand-skoti. Var Ã¾a svÄ mikill vÄpnaburÃ°r Ä Orminn, at varla mÄtti hlÄ«fum viÃ° koma, er svÄ Ã¾ykt
flugu spjÅt ok Ç«rvar; Ã¾vÄ« at Ç«llum megin lÇ«gÃ°u hÄrskip at Orminum. En mÄnn ÅlÄfs konungs
vÄru Ã¾Ä svÄ ÅÃ°ir, at Ã¾eir hljÅpu upp Ä borÃ°in, til Ã¾ess at nÄ meÃ° sverÃ°s-hÇ«ggum at drepa
fÅlkit. En margir lÇ«gÃ°u eigi svÄ undir Orminn, at Ã¾eir vildi Ä« hÇ«ggorrostu vera. En ÅlÄfs mÄnn
gengu flestir Å«t af borÃ°unum, ok gÄÃ°u eigi annars en Ã¾eir bÄrÃ°isk Ä slÄttum vÄlli, ok sukku niÃ°r
meÃ° vÄpnum sÄ«num.
Einarr Ã¾ambar-skÄlfir var Ä Orminum aptr Ä« krappa-rÅ«mi; hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna
harÃ°-skeytastr. Einarr skaut at EirÄ«ki jarli, ok laust Ä« stÈ³ris-hnakkann fyrir ofan hÇ«fuÃ° jarli, ok gekk
alt upp Ä reyr-bÇ«ndin. Jarl leit til, ok spurÃ°i ef Ã¾eir vissi, hvÄrr skaut. En jafn-skjÅtt kom Ç«nnur Ç«r
svÄ nÃ¦r jarli, at flaug milli sÄ«Ã°unna ok handarinnar, ok svÄ aptr Ä« hÇ«fÃ°a-fjÇ«lina, at langt stÅÃ°
Å«t broddrinn. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti jarl viÃ° mann Ã¾ann er sumir nÄfna Finn, en sumir sÄgja at hann vÃ¦ri Finskr,
sÄ var hinn mesti bog-maÃ°r: 'skjÅt-tu mann Ã¾ann hinn mikla Ä« krapparÅ«minu!' Finnr skaut, ok kom
Ç«rin Ä boga Einars miÃ°jan, Ä« Ã¾vÄ« bili er Einarr drÅ it Ã¾riÃ°ja sinn bogann. Brast Ã¾Ä boginn Ä«
tvÄ hluti. ÃÄ mÃ¦lti ÅlÄfr konungr: 'hvat brast Ã¾ar svÄ hÄtt?' Einarr svarar: 'Noregr År hÄndi Ã¾Är,
konungr!' 'Eigi mun svÄ mikill brestr at orÃ°inn,' sÄgir konungr, 'tak boga minn, ok skjÅt af,' ok kastaÃ°i
boganum til hans. Einarr tÅk bogann, ok drÅ Ã¾egar fyrir odd Ç«rvarinnar, ok mÃ¦lti: 'ofveikr, ofveikr
allvalds boginn!' ok kastaÃ°i aptr boganum; tÅk Ã¾Ä skjÇ«ld sinn ok sverÃ°, ok barÃ°isk.
ÅlÄfr konungr Tryggvason stÅÃ° Ä« lypting Ä Orminum, ok skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en
stundum gaflÇ«kum, ok jafnan tveim sÄnn. Hann sÄ fram Ä skipit, ok sÄ sÄ«na mÄnn reiÃ°a sverÃ°in ok
hÇ«ggva tÄ«tt, ok sÄ at illa bitu; mÃ¦lti Ã¾Ä hÄtt: 'hvÄrt reiÃ°i Ã¾Är svÄ slÃ¦liga sverÃ°in, er ek sÄ at
ekki bÄ«ta yÃ°r?' MaÃ°r svarar: 'sverÃ° vÄr eru slÃ¦ ok brotin mjÇ«k.' ÃÄ gekk konungr ofan Ä«
fyrirrÅ«mit ok lauk upp hÄsÃ¦tis-kistuna, tÅk Ã¾ar År mÇ«rg sverÃ° hvÇ«ss, ok fekk mÇ«nnum. En er
hann tÅk niÃ°r hinni hÅgri hÄndi, Ã¾Ä sÄ mÄnn at blÅÃ° rann ofan undan bryn-stÅ«kunni; en engi vissi
hvar hann var sÄrr.
Mest var vÇ«rnin Ä Orminum ok mannskÅÃ°ust af fyrirrÅ«ms- mÇ«nnum ok stafnbÅ«um; Ã¾ar var
hvÄrttvÄggja, valit mest mann-fÅlkit ok hÃ¦st borÃ°in. En liÃ° fell fyrst um mitt skipit. Ok Ã¾Ä er fÄtt
stÅÃ° manna upp um siglu-skeiÃ°, Ã¾Ä rÄÃ° EirÄ«kr jarl til upp-gÇ«ngunnar, ok kom upp Ä Orminn viÃ°
fimtÄnda mann. ÃÄ kom Ä« mÅt honum Hyrningr, mÄgr ÅlÄfs konungs, meÃ° sveit manna, ok varÃ°
Ã¾ar inn harÃ°asti bardagi, ok lauk svÄ, at jarl hrÇ«kk ofan aptr Ä BarÃ°ann; en Ã¾eir mÄnn er honum
hÇ«fÃ°u fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vÄru sÃ¦rÃ°ir. Ãar varÃ° Änn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu Ã¾Ä margir
mÄnn Ä Orminum. En er Ã¾yntisk skipan Ä Orminum til varnarinnar, Ã¾Ä rÄÃ° EirÄ«kr jarl annat sinn til
uppgÇ«ngu Ä Orminn. VarÃ° Ã¾Ä Änn hÇ«rÃ° viÃ°-taka. En er Ã¾etta sÄ stafnbÅ«ar Ä Orminum, Ã¾Ä
41
gengu Ã¾eir aptr Ä skipit, ok snÅ«ask til varnar mÅti jarli, ok veita harÃ°a viÃ°tÇ«ku. En fyrir Ã¾vÄ« at
Ã¾Ä var svÄ mjÇ«k fallit liÃ° Ä Orminum, at vÄ«Ã°a vÄru auÃ° borÃ°in, tÅku Ã¾Ä jarls mÄnn vÄ«Ã°a
upp at ganga. En alt Ã¾at liÃ° er Ã¾Ä stÅÃ° upp til varnar Ä Orminum sÅtti aptr Ä skipit, Ã¾ar sem
konungr var.
KolbjÇ«rn stallari gekk upp Ä« lypting til konungs; Ã¾eir hÇ«fÃ°u mjÇ«k lÄ«kan klÃ¦Ã°a-bÅ«naÃ° ok
vÄpna, KolbjÇ«rn var ok allra manna mestr ok frÄ«Ã°astr. VarÃ° nÅ« Änn Ä« fyrirrÅ«minu in snarpasta
orrosta. En fyrir Ã¾Ä sÇ«k at Ã¾Ä var svÄ mikit fÅlk komit upp Ä Orminn af liÃ°i jarls sem vera mÄtti Ä
skipinu, en skip hans lÇ«gÃ°u at Ç«llum megin utan at Orminum, en lÄ«tit fjÇ«l-mÄnni til varnar mÅti svÄ
miklum hÄr, nÅ« Ã¾Ått Ã¾eir mÄnn vÃ¦ri bÃ¦Ã°i stÄrkir ok frÅknir, Ã¾Ä fellu nÅ« flestir Ä lÄ«tilli
stundu. En ÅlÄfr konungr sjÄlfr ok Ã¾eir KolbjÇ«rn bÄÃ°ir hljÅpu Ã¾Ä fyrir borÃ°, ok Ä sitt borÃ°
hvÄrr. En jarls mÄnn hÇ«fÃ°u lagt utan at smÄ-skÅ«tur, ok drÄpu Ã¾Ä er Ä kaf hljÅpu. Ok Ã¾Ä er
konungr sjÄlfr hafÃ°i Ä kaf hlaupit, vildu Ã¾eir taka hann hÇ«ndum, ok fÅra EirÄ«ki jarli. En ÅlÄfr
konungr brÄ yfir sik skildinum, ok steypÃ°isk Ä« kaf; en KolbjÇ«rn stallari skaut undir sik skildinum, ok
hlÄ«fÃ°i sÄr svÄ viÃ° vÄpnum er lagt var af skipum Ã¾eim er undir lÄgu, ok fell hann svÄ Ä sÃ¦inn at
skjÇ«ldrinn varÃ° undir honum, ok komsk hann Ã¾vÄ« eigi Ä« kaf svÄ skjÅtt, ok varÃ° hann hand-tÄkinn
ok drÄginn upp Ä« skÅ«tuna, ok hugÃ°u Ã¾eir at Ã¾ar vÃ¦ri konungrinn. Var hann Ã¾Ä leiddr fyrir jarl.
En er Ã¾ess varÃ° jarl varr at Ã¾ar var KolbjÇ«rn, en eigi ÅlÄfr konungr, Ã¾Ä vÄru Kolbirni griÃ° gefin.
En Ä« Ã¾essi svipan hljÅpu allir fyrir borÃ° af Orminum, Ã¾eir er Ã¾Ä vÄru Ä lÄ«fi, ÅlÄfs konungs
mÄnn; ok sÄgir Hall- freÃ°r vandrÃ¦Ã°a-skÄld, at ÃorkÄll nÄfja, konungs brÅÃ°ir, hljÅp sÄ«Ã°ast allra
manna fyrir borÃ°.
SvÄ var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fÇ«runeytis viÃ° ÅlÄf konung Ä« Vindlandi, ok hafÃ°i tÄ«u skip,
en Ã¾at hit ellifta, er Ä vÄru mÄnn ÄstrÄ«Ã°ar konungs-dÅttur, konu jarls. En Ã¾Ä er ÅlÄfr konungr
hafÃ°i fyrir borÃ° hlaupit, Ã¾Ä ÅpÃ°i hÄrrinn allr sigr-Åp, ok Ã¾Ä lustu Ã¾eir Ärum Ä« sÃ¦ Sigvaldi jarl
ok hans mÄnn, ok rÃ¶ru til bardaga. En sÅ« Vinda- snÄkkjan, er ÄstrÄ«Ã°ar mÄnn vÄru Ä, rÃ¶ri brott ok
aptr undir Vindland; ok var Ã¾at margra manna mÄl Ã¾egar, at ÅlÄfr konungr mundi hafa steypt af sÄr
brynjunni Ä« kafi, ok kafat svÄ Å«t undan langskipunum, lagizk sÄ«Ã°an til VindasnÄkkj- unnar, ok hÄfÃ°i
mÄnn ÄstrÄ«Ã°ar flutt hann til lands. Ok eru Ã¾ar margar frÄ-sagnir um fÄrÃ°ir ÅlÄfs konungs gÇ«Ìrvar
sÄ«Ã°an af sumum mÇ«nnum. En hvÄrn veg sem Ã¾at hÄfir verit, Ã¾Ä kom ÅlÄfr konungr Tryggvason
aldri sÄ«Ã°an til rÄ«kis Ä« Noregi.
VII. AuÃ°un
MaÃ°r hÄt AuÃ°un, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fÄ-lÄ«till; hann fÅr utan vestr Ã¾ar Ä« fjÇ«rÃ°um meÃ°
um-rÄÃ°i Ãorsteins bÅnda gÅÃ°s, ok ÃÅris stÈ³ri-manns, er Ã¾ar hafÃ°i Ã¾egit vist of vetrinn meÃ°
Ãorsteini. AuÃ°un var ok Ã¾ar, ok starfaÃ°i fyrir honum ÃÅri, ok Ã¾Ä Ã¾essi laun af
honum--utan-fÄrÃ°ina ok hans um-sjÄ. Hann AuÃ°un lagÃ°i mestan hluta fjÄr Ã¾ess er var fyrir mÅÃ°ur
sÄ«na, ÄÃ°r hann stigi Ä skip, ok var kveÃ°it Ä Ã¾riggja vetra bjÇ«rg. Ok nÅ« fara Ã¾eir utan heÃ°an, ok
fÄrsk Ã¾eim vel, ok var AuÃ°un of vetrinn Äptir meÃ° ÃÅri stÈ³rimanni; hann Ätti bÅ« Ä MÅri. Ok um
sumarit Äptir fara Ã¾eir Å«t til GrÅn-lands, ok eru Ã¾ar of vetrinn. Ãess er viÃ° getit at AuÃ°un kaupir
Ã¾ar bjarn-dÈ³ri eitt, gÇ«Ìrsimi mikla, ok gaf Ã¾ar fyrir alla eigu sÄ«na. Ok nÅ« of sumarit Äptir Ã¾Ä fara
Ã¾eir aptr til Noregs, ok verÃ°a vel reiÃ°-fara; hÄfir AuÃ°un dÈ³r sitt meÃ° sÄr, ok Ã¦tlar nÅ« at fara
suÃ°r til DanmÄrkr Ä fund Sveins konungs, ok gefa honum dÈ³rit. Ok er hann kom suÃ°r Ä« landit, Ã¾ar
sem konungr var fyrir, Ã¾Ä gÄngr hann upp af skipi, ok leiÃ°ir Äptir sÄr dÈ³rit, ok leigir sÄr hÄr-bÄrgi.
Haraldi konungi var sagt brÄtt at Ã¾ar var komit bjarndÈ³ri, gÇ«Ìrsimi mikil, 'ok Ä Äªs-lÄnzkr maÃ°r.'
Konungr sÄndir Ã¾egar mÄnn Äptir honum, ok er AuÃ°un kom fyrir konung, kvÄÃ°r hann konung vel;
konungr tÅk vel kvÄÃ°ju hans, ok spurÃ°i sÄ«Ã°an: 'Ättu gÇ«Ìrsimi mikla Ä« bjarndÈ³ri?' Hann svarar, ok
kvezk eiga dÈ³rit eitthvÄrt. Konungr mÃ¦lti: 'villtu sÄlja oss dÈ³rit viÃ° slÄ«ku verÃ°i sem Ã¾Å« keyptir?'
Hann svarar: 'eigi vil ek Ã¾at, herra!' 'Villtu Ã¾Ä,' sÄgir konungr, 'at ek gefa Ã¾Är tvau verÃ° slÄ«k, ok
mun Ã¾at rÄttara, ef Ã¾Å« hÄfir Ã¾ar viÃ° gefit alla Ã¾Ä«na eigu.' 'Eigi vil ek Ã¾at, herra!' sÄgir hann.
Konungr mÃ¦lti: 'villtu gefa mÄr Ã¾Ä?' Hann svarar: 'eigi, herra!' Konungr mÃ¦lti: 'hvat villtu Ã¾Ä af
gÇ«Ìra?' Hann svarar: 'fara,' sÄgir hann, 'til DanmÄrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.' Haraldr konungr sÄgir:
'hvÄrt er, at Ã¾Å« ert maÃ°r svÄ Å«vitr at Ã¾Å« hÄfir eigi heyrt Å«friÃ° Ã¾ann er Ä« milli er landa
42
Ã¾essa, eÃ°a Ã¦tlar Ã¾Å« giptu Ã¾Ä«na svÄ mikla, at Ã¾Å« munir Ã¾ar komask meÃ° gÇ«Ìrsimar, er
aÃ°rir fÄ eigi komizk klakk-laust, Ã¾Å at nauÃ°-syn eigi til?' AuÃ°un svarar: 'herra! Ã¾at er Ä yÃ°ru valdi,
en engu jÄtum vÄr Ç«Ã°ru en Ã¾essu er vÄr hÇ«fum ÄÃ°r Ã¦tlat.' ÃÄ mÃ¦lti konungr: 'hvÄ« mun eigi
Ã¾at til, at Ã¾Å« farir leiÃ° Ã¾Ä«na, sem Ã¾Å« vill, ok kom Ã¾Ä til mÄ«n, er Ã¾Å« fÄrr aptr, ok sÄg
mÄr, hvÄrsu Sveinn konungr launar Ã¾Är dÈ³rit, ok kann Ã¾at vera, at Ã¾Å« sÄr gÃ¦fu-maÃ°r.' 'ÃvÄ«
heit ek Ã¾Är,' sagÃ°i AuÃ°un.
Hann fÄrr nÅ« sÄ«Ã°an suÃ°r meÃ° landi, ok Ä« VÄ«k austr, ok Ã¾Ä til DanmÄrkr; ok er Ã¾Ä uppi
hvÄrr pÄnningr fjÄrins, ok verÃ°r hann Ã¾Ä biÃ°ja matar bÃ¦Ã°i fyrir sik ok fyrir dÈ³rit. Hann kÃ¶mr Ä
fund Är-manns Sveins konungs, Ã¾ess er Äki hÄt, ok baÃ° hann vista nakkvarra bÃ¦Ã°i fyrir sik ok fyrir
dÈ³rit: 'ek Ã¦tla,' sÄgir hann, 'at gefa Sveini konungi dÈ³rit.' Äki lÄzk sÄlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann
vildi. AuÃ°un kvezk ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; 'en ek vilda Ã¾Å,' sÄgir hann, 'at Ã¾etta kvÃ¦misk til leiÃ°ar
at ek mÃ¦tta dÈ³rit fÅra konungi.' 'Ek mun fÄ Ã¾Är vistir, sem it Ã¾urfiÃ° til konungs fundar; en Ã¾ar Ä«
mÅti vil ek eiga hÄlft dÈ³rit, ok mÄttu Ä Ã¾at lÄ«ta, at dÈ³rit mun deyja fyrir Ã¾Är, Ã¾ars it Ã¾urfuÃ°
vistir miklar, en fÄ sÄ farit, ok er bÅ«it viÃ° at Ã¾Å« hafir Ã¾Ä ekki dÈ³rsins.' Ok er hann lÄ«tr Ä Ã¾etta,
sÈ³nisk honum nakkvat Äptir sem ÄrmaÃ°rinn mÃ¦lti fyrir honum, ok sÃ¦ttask Ã¾eir Ä Ã¾etta, at hann sÄlr
Äka hÄlft dÈ³rit, ok skal konungr sÄ«Ã°an meta alt saman. Skulu Ã¾eir fara bÄÃ°ir nÅ« Ä fund konungs;
ok svÄ gÇ«Ìra Ã¾eir: fara nÅ« bÄÃ°ir Ä fund konungs, ok stÅÃ°u fyrir borÃ°inu. Konungr Ä«hugÄÃ°i,
hvÄrr Ã¾essi maÃ°r myndi vera, er hann kÄndi eigi, ok mÃ¦lti sÄ«Ã°an til AuÃ°unar: 'hvÄrr er-tu?' sÄgir
hann. Hann svarar: 'ek em ÄªslÄnzkr maÃ°r, herra,' sÄgir hann, 'ok kominn nÅ« utan af GrÅnlandi, ok nÅ«
af Noregi, ok Ã¦tlaÃ°a-k at fÅra yÃ°r bjarndÈ³ri Ã¾etta; keypta-k Ã¾at meÃ° allri eigu minni, ok nÅ« er
Ã¾Å Ä orÃ°it mikit fyrir mÄr; ek Ä nÅ« hÄlft eitt dÈ³rit,' ok sÄgir konungi sÄ«Ã°an, hvÄrsu farit hafÃ°i
meÃ° Ã¾eim Äka Ärmanni hans. Konungr mÃ¦lti: 'er Ã¾at satt, Äki, er hann sÄgir?' 'Satt er Ã¾at,' sÄgir
hann. Konungr mÃ¦lti: 'ok Ã¾Åtti Ã¾Är Ã¾at til liggja, Ã¾ar sem ek sÄtta-k Ã¾ik mikinn mann, at hÄpta
Ã¾at eÃ°a tÄlma er maÃ°r gÇ«ÌrÃ°isk til at fÅra mÄr gÇ«Ìrsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok sÄ Ã¾at Haraldr
konungr at rÄÃ°i at lÄta hann fara Ä« friÃ°i, ok er hann vÄrr Å«vinr? Hygg Ã¾Å« at Ã¾Ä, hvÄ sannligt
Ã¾at var Ã¾innar handar, ok Ã¾at vÃ¦ri makligt, at Ã¾Å« vÃ¦rir drepinn; en ek mun nÅ« eigi Ã¾at gÇ«Ìra,
en braut skaltu fara Ã¾egar År landinu, ok koma aldri aptr sÄ«Ã°an mÄr Ä« aug-sÈ³n! En Ã¾Är, AuÃ°un!
kann ek slÄ«ka Ã¾Ç«kk, sem Ã¾Å« gefir mÄr alt dÈ³rit, ok ver hÄr meÃ° mÄr.' Ãat Ã¾Äkkisk hann, ok er
meÃ° Sveini konungi um hrÄ«Ã°.
Ok er liÃ°u nakkvarir stundir, Ã¾Ä mÃ¦lti AuÃ°un viÃ° konung: 'braut fÈ³sir mik nÅ«, herra!' Konungr
svarar hÄldr seint: 'hvat villtu Ã¾Ä,' sÄgir hann, 'ef Ã¾Å« vill eigi meÃ° oss vera?' Hann sÄgir: 'suÃ°r vil
ek ganga.' 'Ef Ã¾Å« vildir eigi svÄ gott rÄÃ° taka,' sÄgir konungr, 'Ã¾Ä myndi mÄr fyrir Ã¾ykkja Ä«, er
Ã¾Å« fÈ³sisk Ä« braut'; ok nÅ« gaf konungr honum silfr mjÇ«k mikit, ok fÅr hann suÃ°r sÄ«Ã°an meÃ°
RÅ«m-fÄrlum, ok skipaÃ°i konungr til um fÄrÃ° hans, baÃ° hann koma til sÄ«n, er kvÃ¦mi aptr. NÅ« fÅr
hann fÄrÃ°ar sinnar, unz hann kÃ¶mr suÃ°r Ä« RÅma-borg. Ok er hann hÄfir Ã¾ar dvalizk, sem hann
tÄ«Ã°ir, Ã¾Ä fÄrr hann aptr; tÄkr Ã¾Ä sÅtt mikla, gÇ«Ìrir hann Ã¾Ä Äkafliga magran; gÄngr Ã¾Ä upp
alt fÄit Ã¾at, er konungr hafÃ°i gefit honum til fÄrÃ°arinnar; tÄkr sÄ«Ã°an upp staf-karls stÄ«g, ok biÃ°r
sÄr matar. Hann er Ã¾Ä kollÅttr ok hÄldr Å«-sÃ¦lligr; hann kÃ¶mr aptr Ä« DanmÃ¶rk at pÄskum,
Ã¾angat sem konungr er Ã¾Ä staddr; en ei Ã¾orÃ°i hann at lÄta sjÄ sik; ok var Ä« kirkju- skoti, ok
Ã¦tlaÃ°i Ã¾Ä til fundar viÃ° konung, er hann gengi til kirkju um kveldit; ok nÅ« er hann sÄ konunginn ok
hirÃ°ina fagrliga bÅ«na, Ã¾Ä Ã¾orÃ°i hann eigi at lÄta sjÄ sik. Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju Ä«
hÇ«llina, Ã¾Ä mataÃ°isk AuÃ°un Å«ti, sem siÃ°r er til RÅ«mfÄrla, meÃ°an Ã¾eir hafa eigi kastat staf ok
skreppu. Ok nÅ« of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld- sÇ«ngs, Ã¦tlaÃ°i AuÃ°un at hitta hann, ok svÄ mikit
sem honum Ã¾Åtti fyrr fyrir, jÅk nÅ« miklu Ä, er Ã¾eir vÄru druknir hirÃ°mÄnninir; ok er Ã¾eir gengu
inn aptr, Ã¾Ä Ã¾ÄkÃ°i konungr mann, ok Ã¾Åttisk finna at eigi hafÃ°i frama til at ganga fram at hitta
hann. Ok nÅ« er hirÃ°in gekk inn, Ã¾Ä veik konungr Å«t, ok mÃ¦lti: 'gangi sÄ nÅ« fram, er mik vill finna;
mik grunar at sÄ muni vera maÃ°rinn.' ÃÄ gekk AuÃ°un fram, ok fell til fÅta konungi, ok varla kÄndi
konungr hann; ok Ã¾egar er konungr veit, hvÄrr hann er, tÅk konungr Ä« hÇ«nd honum AuÃ°uni, ok baÃ°
hann vel kominn, 'ok hÄfir Ã¾Å« mikit skipazk,' segir hann, 'sÄ«Ã°an vit sÄmk'; leiÃ°ir hann Äptir sÄr inn,
ok er hirÃ°in sÄ hann, hlÅgu Ã¾eir at honum; en konungr sagÃ°i: 'eigi Ã¾urfu Ã¾Är at honum at hlÃ¦ja,
Ã¾vÄ« at bÄtr hÄfir hann sÄt fyr sinni sÄl hÄldr en Är.' ÃÄ lÄt konungr gÇ«Ìra honum laug, ok gaf honum
43
sÄ«Ã°an hlÃ¦Ã°i, ok er hann nÅ« meÃ° honum. Ãat er nÅ« sagt einhvÄrju sinni of vÄrit at konungr bÈ³Ã°r
AuÃ°uni at vera meÃ° sÄr Ä-lÄngÃ°ar, ok kvezk myndu gÇ«Ìra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lÄggja til hans
gÅÃ°a virÃ°ing. AuÃ°un sÄgir: 'GuÃ° Ã¾akki yÃ°r, herra! sÅma Ã¾ann allan er Ã¾Är viliÃ° til mÄ«n
lÄggja; en hitt er mÄr Ä« skapi at fara Å«t til Äªslands.' Konungr sÄgir: 'Ã¾etta sÈ³nisk mÄr undarliga
kosit.' AuÃ°un mÃ¦lti: 'eigi mÄ ek Ã¾at vita, herra!' sÄgir hann, 'at ek hafa hÄr mikinn sÅma meÃ° yÃ°r, en
mÅÃ°ir mÄ«n troÃ°i stafkarls stÄ«g Å«t Ä Äªslandi; Ã¾vÄ« at nÅ« er lokit bjÇ«rg Ã¾eiri er ek lagÃ°a til,
ÄÃ°r ek fÅra af Äªslandi.' Konungr svarar: 'vel er mÃ¦lt,' sÄgir hann, 'ok mannliga, ok muntu verÃ°a
giptu-maÃ°r; Ã¾essi einn var svÄ hlutrinn, at mÄr myndi eigi mis-lÄ«ka at Ã¾Å« fÅrir Ä« braut heÃ°an;
ok ver nÅ« meÃ° mÄr Ã¾ar til er skip bÅ«ask.' Hann gÇ«Ìrir svÄ.
Einn dag, er Ä leiÃ° vÄrit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan Ä bryggjur, ok vÄru mÄnn Ã¾Ä at, at bÅ«a skip til
È³missa landa, Ä« austr-veg eÃ°a Sax-land, til SvÄ«Ã¾jÅÃ°ar eÃ°a Noregs. ÃÄ koma Ã¾eir AuÃ°un at
einu skipi fÇ«gru, ok vÄru mÄnn at, at bÅ«a skipit. ÃÄ spurÃ°i konungr: 'hvÄrsu lÄ«zk Ã¾Är, AuÃ°un! Ä
Ã¾etta skip?' Hann svarar: 'vel, herra!' Konungr mÃ¦lti: 'Ã¾etta skip vil ek Ã¾Är gefa, ok launa bjarndÈ³rit.'
Hann Ã¾akkaÃ°i gjÇ«fina Äptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leiÃ° stund, ok skipit var albÅ«it, Ã¾Ä mÃ¦lti Sveinn
konungr viÃ° AuÃ°un: 'Ã¾Å villtu nÅ« Ä braut, Ã¾Ä mun ek nÅ« ekki lÄtja Ã¾ik, en Ã¾at hÄfi ek spurt,
at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yÃ°ru, ok eru vÄ«Ã°a Ã¶rÃ¦fi ok hÃ¦tt skipum; nÅ« brÈ³tr Ã¾Å«, ok tÈ³nir
skipinu ok fÄnu; lÄ«tt sÄr Ã¾at Ã¾Ä Ä, at Ã¾Å« hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum gÇ«Ìrsimi.'
SÄ«Ã°an sÄldi konungr honum leÃ°r-hosu fulla af silfri, 'ok ertu Ã¾Ä Änn eigi fÄ-lauss meÃ° Ç«llu,
Ã¾Ått Ã¾Å« brjÅtir skipit, ef Ã¾Å« fÃ¦r haldit Ã¾essu. VerÃ°a mÄ svÄ Änn,' sÄgir konungr, 'at Ã¾Å«
tÈ³nir Ã¾essu fÄ; lÄ«tt nÈ³tr Ã¾Å« Ã¾Ä Ã¾ess, er Ã¾Å« fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gÇ«Ìrsimi.'
SÄ«Ã°an drÅ konungr hring af hÄndi sÄr, ok gaf AuÃ°uni, ok mÃ¦lti: 'Ã¾Å at svÄ illa verÃ°i, at Ã¾Å«
brjÅtir skipit ok tÈ³nir fÄnu, eigi ertu fÄlauss, ef Ã¾Å« kÃ¶msk Ä land, Ã¾vÄ« at margir mÄnn hafa gull Ä
sÄr Ä« skips-brotum, ok sÄr Ã¾Ä at Ã¾Å« hÄfir fundit Svein konung, ef Ã¾Å« hÄldr hringinum; en Ã¾at
vil ek rÄÃ°a Ã¾Är,' sÄgir hann, 'at Ã¾Å« gefir eigi hringinn, nema Ã¾Å« Ã¾ykkisk eiga svÄ mikit gott at
launa nÇ«kkurum gÇ«fgum manni, Ã¾Ä gef Ã¾eim hringinn, Ã¾vÄ« at tignum mÇ«nnum sÅmir at
Ã¾iggja, ok far nÅ« heill!'
SÄ«Ã°an lÃ¦tr hann Ä« haf, ok kÃ¶mr Ä« Noreg, ok lÃ¦tr flytja upp varnaÃ° sinn, ok Ã¾urfti nÅ« meira
viÃ° Ã¾at en fyrr, er hann var Ä« Noregi. Hann fÄrr nÅ« sÄ«Ã°an Ä fund Haralds konungs, ok vill Äfna
Ã¾at er hann hÄt honum, ÄÃ°r hann fÅr til DanmÄrkr, ok kvÄÃ°r konung vel. Haraldr konungr tÅk vel
kvÄÃ°ju hans, ok 'sÄzk niÃ°r,' sÄgir hann, 'ok drekk hÄr meÃ° oss'; ok svÄ gÇ«Ìrir hann. ÃÄ spurÃ°i
Haraldr konungr: 'hvÄrju launaÃ°i Sveinn konungr Ã¾Är dÈ³rit?' AuÃ°un svarar: 'Ã¾vÄ«, herra! at hann
Ã¾Ä at mÄr.' Konungr sagÃ°i: 'launat mynda ek Ã¾Är Ã¾vÄ« hafa; hvÄrju launaÃ°i hann Änn?' AuÃ°un
svarar: 'gaf hann mÄr silfr til suÃ°r-gÇ«ngu.' ÃÄ sÄgir Haraldr konungr: 'mÇ«rgum mÇ«nnum gefr Sveinn
konungr silfr til suÃ°rgÇ«ngu eÃ°a annarra hluta, Ã¾Ått ekki fÅri honum gÇ«Ìrsimar; hvat er Änn fleira?'
'Hann bauÃ° mÄr,' sÄgir AuÃ°un, 'at gÃ¶rask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sÅma til mÄ«n at lÄggja.' 'Vel
var Ã¾at mÃ¦lt,' sÄgir konungr, 'ok launa, myndi hann Änn fleira.' AuÃ°un sagÃ°i: 'gaf hann mÄr knÇ«rr
meÃ° farmi Ã¾eim er hingat er bÄzt varit Ä« Noreg.' Ãat var stÅr-mannligt,' sÄgir konungr, 'en launat
mynda ek Ã¾Är Ã¾vÄ« hafa. LaunaÃ°i hann Ã¾vÄ« fleira?' AuÃ°un svaraÃ°i: 'gaf hann mÄr leÃ°rhosu
fulla af silfri, ok kvaÃ° mik Ã¾Ä eigi fÄlausan, ef ek helda Ã¾vÄ«, Ã¾Å at skip mitt bryti viÃ° Äªsland.'
Konungr sagÃ°i: 'Ã¾at var Ä-gÃ¦tliga gÇ«Ìrt, ok Ã¾at mynda ek ekki gÇ«Ìrt hafa; lauss mynda ek
Ã¾ykkjask, ef ek gÃ¦fa Ã¾er skipit; hvÄrt launaÃ°i hann fleira?' 'SvÄ var vÄ«st, herra!' sÄgir AuÃ°un, 'at
hann launaÃ°i: hann gaf mÄr hring Ã¾enna er ek hÄfi Ä hÄndi, ok kvaÃ° svÄ mega at berask, at ek tÈ³nda
fÄnu Ç«llu, ok sagÃ°i mik Ã¾Ä eigi fÄlausan, ef ek Ã¦tta hringinn, ok baÃ° mik eigi lÅga, nema ek Ã¦tta
nÇ«kkurum tignum manni svÄ gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nÅ« hÄfi ek Ã¾ann fundit, Ã¾vÄ« at
Ã¾Å« Ättir kost at taka hvÄrttvÄggja frÄ mÄr, dÈ³rit ok svÄ lÄ«f mitt, en Ã¾Å« lÄzt mik fara Ã¾angat
Ä« friÃ°i, sem aÃ°rir nÄÃ°u eigi.' Konungr tÅk viÃ° gjÇ«finni meÃ° blÄ«Ã°u, ok gaf AuÃ°uni Ä« mÅti
gÅÃ°ar gjafir, ÄÃ°r en Ã¾eir skilÃ°isk. AuÃ°un varÃ°i fÄnu til Äªslands-fÄrÃ°ar ok fÅr Å«t Ã¾egar um
sumarit til Äªslands, ok Ã¾Åtti vera inn mesti gÃ¦fumaÃ°r.
44
1. VreiÃ°r var Ã¾Ä Ving-Ã¾Årr, er hann vaknaÃ°i, ok sÄ«ns hamars of saknaÃ°i: skÄgg nam at hrista,
skÇ«r nam at dÈ³ja, rÄÃ° JarÃ°ar burr um at Ã¾reifask.
2. Ok hann Ã¾at orÃ°a alls fyrst of kvaÃ°: 'heyr-Ã°u nÅ«, Loki! hvat ek nÅ« mÃ¦li, er engi veit jarÃ°ar
hvÄrgi nÄ upp-himins: Äss er stolinn hamri!'
3. Gengu Ã¾eir fagra Freyju tÅ«na, ok hann Ã¾at orÃ°a alls fyrst of kvaÃ°: 'muntu mÄr, Freyja!
fjaÃ°r-hams ljÄ, ef ek minn hamar mÃ¦tta-k hitta?'
Freyja kvaÃ°:
4. ÃÅ munda-k gefa Ã¾Är, Ã¾Ått År gulli vÃ¦ri, ok-Ã¾Å sÄlja at vÃ¦ri År silfri.'
5. FlÅ Ã¾Ä Loki, fjaÃ°rhamr dunÃ°i, unz fyr utan kom Äsa garÃ°a, ok fyr innan kom jÇ«tna heima.
6. Ãrymr sat Ä haugi, Ã¾ursa drÅttinn, greyjum sÄ«num gull-bÇ«nd snÃ¶ri ok mÇ«rum sÄ«num mÇ«n
jafnaÃ°i.
Ãrymr kvaÃ°:
7. 'Hvat er meÃ° Äsum? hvat er meÃ° Älfum? hvÄ« er-tu einn kominn Ä« JÇ«tunheima?'
Loki kvaÃ°:
'Ilt er meÃ° Äsum, ilt er meÃ° Älfum; hÄfir Ã¾Å« HlÅ-riÃ°a hamar of fÅlginn?'
Ãrymr kvaÃ°:
8. 'Ek hÄfi HlÅriÃ°a hamar of fÅlginn Ätta rÇ«stum fyr jÇ«rÃ° neÃ°an; hann engi maÃ°r aptr of heimtir,
nema fÅri mÄr Freyju at kvÄn.'
9. FlÅ Ã¾Ä Loki, fjaÃ°rhamr dunÃ°i, unz fyr utan kom jÇ«tna heima ok fyr innan kom Äsa garÃ°a; mÅtti
hann ÃÅr miÃ°ra garÃ°a, ok hann Ã¾at orÃ°a alls fyrst of kvaÃ°:
10. 'HÄfir Ã¾Å« Ã¶rindi sem ÄrfiÃ°i? sÄg-Ã°u Ä lopti lÇ«ng tÄ«Ã°indi: opt sitjanda sÇ«gur of fallask, ok
liggjandi lygi of bÄllir.'
Loki kvaÃ°:
11. 'HÄfi-k ÄrfiÃ°i ok Ã¶rindi: Ãrymr hÄfir Ã¾inn hamar, Ã¾ursa drÅttinn; hann engi maÃ°r aptr of
heimtir, nema honum fÅri Freyju at kvÄn.'
12. Ganga Ã¾eir fagra Freyju at hitta, ok hann Ã¾at orÃ°a alls fyrst of kvaÃ°: 'bitt-u Ã¾ik, Freyja,
brÅ«Ã°ar lÄ«ni! vit skulum aka tvau Ä« JÇ«tunheima.'
13. VreiÃ° varÃ° Ã¾Ä Freyja ok fnÄsaÃ°i, allr Äsa salr undir bifÃ°isk, stÇ«kk Ã¾at it mikla mÄn
BrÄ«singa: 'mik veizt-u verÃ°a ver-gjarnasta, ef ek Äk meÃ° Ã¾Är Ä« JÇ«tunheima.'
14. SÄnn vÄru Ã¦sir allir Ä Ã¾ingi ok Äsynjur allar Ä mÄli, ok of Ã¾at rÄÃ°u rÄ«kir tÄ«var, hvÄ Ã¾eir
HlÅriÃ°a hamar of sÅtti.
15. ÃÄ kvaÃ° Ã¾at Heimdallr, hvÄ«tastr Äsa (vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir aÃ°rir): 'bindum vÄr ÃÅr
Ã¾Ä brÅ«Ã°ar lÄ«ni, hafi hann it mikla mÄn BrÄ«singa!
16. LÄtum und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vÄÃ°ir of knÄ falla, en Ä brjÅsti breiÃ°a steina, ok hagliga of
hÇ«fuÃ° typpum!'
17. ÃÄ kvaÃ° Ã¾at ÃÅrr, Ã¾rÅ«Ã°ugr Äss: 'mik munu Ã¦sir argan kalla, ef ek bindask lÃ¦t brÅ«Ã°ar
lÄ«ni.'
18. ÃÄ kvaÃ° Ã¾at Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: 'Ã¾Ägi Ã¾Å« [nÅ«], ÃÅrr! Ã¾eira orÃ°a; Ã¾egar munu
jÇ«tnar ÄsgarÃ° bÅ«a, nema Ã¾Å« Ã¾inn hamar Ã¾Är of heimtir.'
19. Bundu Ã¾eir ÃÅr Ã¾Ä brÅ«Ã°ar lÄ«ni ok inu mikla mÄni BrÄ«singa.
20. LÄtu und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vÄÃ°ir of knÄ falla, en Ä brjÅsti breiÃ°a steina, ok hagliga of
hÇ«fuÃ° typÃ°u.
21. ÃÄ kvaÃ° Ã¾at Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: 'mun ek ok meÃ° Ã¾Är ambÄtt vera, vit skulum aka tvÃ¦r Ä«
JÇ«tunheima.'
22. SÄnn vÄru hafrar heim of reknir, skyndir at skÇ«klum, skyldu vel rÄnna: bjÇ«rg brotnuÃ°u, brann
jÇ«rÃ° loga, Åk ÅÃ°ins sonr Ä« JÇ«tunheima.
45
23. ÃÄ kvaÃ° Ã¾at Ãrymr, Ã¾ursa drÅttinn: 'standiÃ° upp, jÇ«tnar! ok strÄiÃ° bÄkki! nÅ« fÅra mÄr
Freyju at kvÄn, NjarÃ°ar dÅttur, År NÅa-tÅ«num.
24. Ganga hÄr at garÃ°i gull-hyrndar kÈ³r, Ã¶xn al-svartir jÇ«tni at gamni; fjÇ«lÃ° Ä ek meiÃ°ma, fjÇ«lÃ°
Ä ek mÄnja, einnar mÄr Freyju Ävant Ã¾ykkir.'
25. Var Ã¾ar at kveldi of komit snimma, ok fyr jÇ«tna Ç«l fram borit; einn Ät oxa, Ätta laxa, krÄsir allar,
Ã¾Ã¦r er konur skyldu, drakk Sifjar verr sÄld Ã¾rjÅ« mjaÃ°ar.
26. ÃÄ kvaÃ° Ã¾at Ãrymr, Ã¾ursa drÅttinn: 'hvar sÄttu brÅ«Ã°ir bÄ«ta hvassara? sÄk-a-k brÅ«Ã°ir
bÄ«ta breiÃ°ara, nÄ inn meira mjÇ«Ã° mey of drekka.'
27. Sat in al-snotra ambÄtt fyrir, er orÃ° of fann viÃ° jÇ«tuns mÄli: 'Ät vÃ¦tr Freyja Ätta nÄttum, svÄ var
hon ÅÃ°-fÅ«s Ä« JÇ«tunheima.'
28. Laut und lÄ«nu, lysti at kyssa, en hann utan stÇ«kk Änd-langan sal: 'hvÄ« eru Ç«ndÅtt augu Freyju?
Ã¾ykkir mÄr År augum eldr of brÄnna.'
29. Sat in alsnotra ambÄtt fyrir, er orÃ° of fann viÃ° jÇ«tuns mÄli: 'svaf vÃ¦tr Freyja Ätta nÄttum, svÄ var
hon ÅÃ°fÅ«s Ä« JÇ«tunheima.'
30. Inn kom in arma jÇ«tna systir, hin er brÅ«Ã°-fjÄr of biÃ°ja Ã¾orÃ°i: 'lÄttu Ã¾Är af hÇ«ndum hringa
rauÃ°a, ef Ã¾Å« Ç«Ã°lask vill Ästir mÄ«nar, Ästir mÄ«nar, alla hylli!'
31. ÃÄ kvaÃ° Ã¾at Ãrymr, Ã¾ursa drÅttinn: 'beriÃ° inn hamar brÅ«Ã°i at vÄ«gja, lÄggiÃ° MjÇ«llni Ä«
meyjar knÄ, vÄ«giÃ° okkr saman VÄrar hÄndi!'
32. HlÅ HlÅriÃ°a hugr Ä« brjÅsti, er harÃ°-hugaÃ°r hamar of Ã¾ÄkÃ°i; Ãrym drap hann fyrstan, Ã¾ursa
drÅttin, ok Ã¦tt jÇ«tuns alla lamÃ°i.
33. Drap hann ina Ç«ldnu jÇ«tna systur, hin er brÅ«Ã°fjÄr of beÃ°it hafÃ°i; hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga,
en hÇ«gg hamars fyr hringa fjÇ«lÃ°. SvÄ kom ÅÃ°ins sonr Ändr at hamri.
Notes
The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar.
I. Thor
Line 3. Hann Ä Ã¾ar rÄ«ki er ÃrÅ«Ã°-vangar heita, 'he reigns (there) where it is called Ã.,' i.e. in the
place which is called Ã. The plur. heita agrees with Ã¾rÅ«Ã°vangar, as in l. 14 below: Ã¾at eru jÄrnglÅfar
'that is (his) iron gloves.'
l. 5. Ã¾at er hÅ«s mest, svÄ at mÄnn hafa gÇ«Ìrt, 'that is the largest house, so that men have made (it),'
i.e. the largest house that has been built. Note the plur. hÅ«s of a single house; each chamber was originally
regarded as a house, being often a detached building.
l. 13. spÄnnir Ã¾eim, Gr. Â§ 154; cp. 2. 49.
II. Thor and ÅªtgarÃ°aloki

l. 1. fÅr meÃ° hafra sÄ«na...ok meÃ° honum sÄ, Äss er... We see here that meÃ° generally takes an acc.
to denote passive, and a dat. to denote voluntary accompaniment.
l. 5. soÃ°it refers to some such subst. as slÄtr (meat) understood.
l. 11. sprÄtti Ä... Ä is here an adv.
l. 12. til mÄrgjar. til here implies intention--to get at the marrow.
l. 20. Ã¾at er sÄ augnanna, 'the little he saw of the eyes.'-- Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered
his eyes, and the man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight of them.
l. 21. The second hann refers, of course, to Thor.
46
l. 34. til myrkrs, till it was dark.
l. 36. Ã¾eir, the masc. instead of the neut. pl., as in l. 32 foll., showing that leituÃ°u is meant to refer only to
the men of the party, and not to include RÇ«skva. (Gr. Â§ 179.)
l. 46. sÄr hvar lÄ maÃ°r, 'saw where a man lay,' i.e. saw a man lying.
l. 51. einu sinni, for once in his life.
l. 52. nÄfndisk SkrÈ³mir, said his name was Skr.
l. 66. bÅ«iÃ° til (prp.) nÄtt-verÃ°ar yÃ°r, prepare supper for yourselves.
l. 77. Er Ã¾at Ã¾Är satt at sÄgja. satt is in apposition to Ã¾at--'that is to be told you as the truth, (namely)
that...'
l. 88. sjÄ sik, see himself alive.
l. 104. Ã¾ann = Ã¾ann veg, that way, course.
l. 108. at Ã¦sirnir bÃ¦Ã°i Ã¾Ä heila hittask. The full sense is, 'that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that
they and SkrÈ³mir might meet again safe and sound.'
ll. 111, 112. sÄttu hnakkann Ä bak sÄr aptr, threw back the backs of their heads till they touched their
backs, i.e. threw back their heads.
l. 118. Årit stÅra, 'rather big,' i.e. very big.
l. 120. glotti um tÇ«nn, 'grinned round a tooth,' i.e. showed his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read
viÃ° instead of um.
l. 121. er annan veg en ek hygg, at...? is it otherwise than as I think, namely that...? i.e. am I not right in
thinking that...?
l. 127. engi er hÄr sÄ inni er... = engi er hÄr-inni sÄ-er...
l. 129. freista skal, Gr. Â§ 192.
l. 140. kallar Ã¾ess meiri vÄn at hann sÄ... 'says that there is more probability of that, namely that he
is...than of the contrary,' i.e. says that he will have to be...
l. 150. fÅthvatari en svÄ, 'more swift-footed than so--under these circumstances,' i.e. than you.
l. 156. ok er ÃjÄlfl eigi Ã¾Ä kominn... = Ã¾Ä er ÃjÄlfi eigi kominn...
l. 172. at sinni, this time.
l. 172. hann, acc.
l. 173. laut År horninu, bent back from the horn.
47
l. 188. mestr refers to drykkr understood.
l. 218. kalli, Gr. Â§ 192.
l. 241. Ã¾Å refers to uni.
III. Balder
l. 7. engi agrees with dÅmr.
IV. The Death of Balder

l. 11. hann, acc.
l. 20. ungr, too young.
l. 31. Å«-happ is in apposition to Ã¾at; cp. 3. 7.
ll. 33, 34. vÄru meÃ° einum hug til... had the same feelings towards.
l. 36. var...fyrr, was beforehand, prevented.
l. 42. vili, subj. 'whether he will';--change of construction.
l. 55. nema, 'unless,' here = 'until.'
l. 89. heim. This use of heim in the sense of 'someone else's home.' is frequent. Cp. our 'drive a nail home.'
l. 94. svÄ refers to ok ef allir hlutir..., the ok being pleonastic.
l. 108. hvar, cp. 2. 46.
l. 113. karl, 'old man,' here = Odin.

l. 6. HÄÃ°inn = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a pronoun is frequent.
l. 9. Ã¾ar. Cp. 1. 3.
VI. The Death of Olaf Tryggvason

l. 17. svÄ at, so that, i.e. just when.
l. 30. er, namely that.
l. 33. austan at sigla, is in a kind of apposition to fÄrÃ°ina.
l. 40. svÄ, also.
l. 48. muni fyrir, awaits you, is impending.
l. 53. meira, adv., better, faster.
l. 149. bar hann hÄtt, impers. w. acc.; he was in a conspicuous place.
48
l. 244. viÃ° fimtÄnda mann, one of fifteen, with fourteen men.
l. 259. vÄpna is governed by the second half of the genitival compound klÃ¦Ã°a-bÅ«naÃ°, which is here
considered as two independent words.
VII. AuÃ°un
l. 17. var fyrir, was to be found.
l. 26. tvau verÃ° slÄ«k, double the price you gave.
l. 55. fÄ is probably dat. here, but may be nom.
l. 56. Äptir sem..., according as, in accordance with what.
l. 64. nÅ«...nÅ«, lately...just now.
l. 116. hÄldr is here used pleonastically in a kind of apposition to the preceding bÄtr.
l. 125. en, and = while.
l. 129. Ã¾essi einn var svÄ hlutrinn, at..., this single thing is the case, namely that... i.e. the only thing is
that...
l. 7. jarÃ°ar is governed by hvÄrgi.
l. 9. tÅ«na. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of motion.
l. 15. Ã¾Å goes with the following at = ok sÄlja, Ã¾Åat (Ã¾Ått) vÃ¦ri År silfri.
l. 32. fÅri may be either sg. or pl. 3 pers.
Glossary
Ã¦ follows aÃ°, Ã° follows d, Ä follows e, Å follows oÃ°, Ç« follows o, Ã¶ follows Ç«, Ã¾ follows t.
The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given.
(-rs) etc. means that the r of the nom. is kept in inflection.
A
-a adv. not.
Ä sf. river.
Ä see eiga.
Ä prp. w. acc. and dat. on, in.
ÄÃ°r adv., cj. before.
aÃ°rir see annar.
Ã¦sir see Äss.
49
Ã¦tla wv. 3, consider, deem: 'Ã¦tlask fyrir,' intend.
Ã¦tt sf. 2, race, descent, family.
Ã¦tta see eiga.
af prp. w. dat. from; of; with; adv. 'drekka af,' drink off.
af-hÅ«s sn. out-house, side room.
afl sn. strength, might.
af-taka wf. damage, injury.
ÄgÃ¦tliga adv. splendidly.
aka sv. 2, drive (a chariot, etc.).
Äkafliga adv. vehemently, hard--'kalla a.' call loudly.
akarn sn. acorn.
akkeri sn. anchor.
Älar-Ändir sm. thong-end, end of a strap.
al-bÅ«inn adj. w. gen. quite ready.
aldinn adj. old.
aldri adv. never.
Ä-lÄngÃ°ar adv. for some time.
Älfr sm. elf.
Ä-lit snpl. appearance, countenance [lÄ«ta].
all-harÃ°r adj. very hard, very violent.
all-lÄ«till adj. very little.
all-mann-skÅÃ°r adj. (very injurious to men), very murderous (of a battle) [skaÃ°i, 'injury'].
all-mikill adj. very great.
allr adj. all, whole; 'meÃ° Ç«llu,' entirely; 'alls fyrst,' first of all.
all-stÅrum adv. very greatly.
all-valdr sm. monarch, king.
al-snotr adj. very clever.
al-svartr adj. very black, coal-black.
alt adv. quite.
ambÄtt sf. 2, female slave, maid.
and-lit sn. face [lÄ«ta].
annarr prn. second; following, next; other; one of the two--'annar...annarr,' one...the other.
aptann sm. evening.
aptastr adj. most behind.
aptr adv. back, backwards, behind.
Är sf. oar.
Är sn. year.
Är see Ä.
argr adj. cowardly, base.
Är-maÃ°r sm. steward.
armr adj. wretched.
Äs-mÄgin sn. divine strength.
50
Äss sm. 3, (Scandinavian) god.
Äst sf. 2, affection, love, often in pl.
Äst-sÃ¦ll adj. beloved, popular. [sÃ¦ll, 'happy'].
Äsynja wf. (Scandinavian) goddess [Äss].
Ät see eta.
at prp. w. dat. at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance with, after.
at adv. to.
-at adv. not.
at-laga wf. attack [lÄggja].
at-rÅÃ°r (-rar) sm. 2, rowing against, attack.
Ätta num. eight.
Ätta see eiga.
auÃ°-kÄndr adj. easy to be recognized, easily distinguishable.
auÃ°r adj. desert, deserted, without men.
auÃ°-sÄnn adj. evident.
auga wn. eye.
aug-sÈ³n sf. sight.
auka sv. 1, increase; impers., w. dat. of what is added 'jÅk nÅ« miklu Ä,' much was added to it (his
hesitation increased).
austan adv. from the east.
aust-maÃ°r sm. Easterner, Norwegian.
austr sn. the east--'Ä« au.,' eastwards.
austr adv. eastwards.
austr-vegr sm. the East, especially Russia.
Ävalt adv. continually, all the time.
Ä-vanr adj. wanting; impers. neut. in 'einnar mÄr Freyju Ävant Ã¾ykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want.
Ä-vinnr adj. toilsome, only in the impers. neut. 'mun Ä-vint verÃ°a um sÇ«xin,' it will be a hard fight at the
prow.
B
baÃ° see biÃ°ja.
bÄÃ°ir prn. both, neut. as adv. in 'bÃ¦Ã°i...ok,' both...and.
bÄÃ°u see biÃ°ja.
bÇ£Ã°a see biÃ°ja.
bÇ£Ã°i see bÄÃ°ir.
baggi wm. bag; bundle.
bak sn. back, 'vÄrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with the back, i.e. turns one's back to it = be a coward.
bak-borÃ°i wm. larboard.
bÄl sn. flame; funeral pile.
bÄl-fÇ«r sf. funeral.
bani wm. death.
bar see bera.
bardagi wm. battle.
51
barÃ° sn. edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship formed by the continuation of the keel.
barÃ°a see bÄrja.
barÃ°i wm. war-ship with a sharp prow, ram.
barn sn. child.
batt see binda.
bauÃ° see bjÅÃ°a.
beiÃ°a wv. 1, w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. benefited, ask, demand.
bein sn. bone.
bÄkkr sm. 2, bench.
bÄlla wv. 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, generally in a bad sense.
bera sv. 4, carry, take; bear, endure. berask at, happen. b. fram, bring forward, out. b. vÄpn niÃ°r, shoot
down. b. rÄÃ° sÄ«n saman, hold council, deliberate.
berg-risi wm. hill-giant.
bÄrja wv. 1b, strike--'b. grjÅti,' stone. bÄrjask, fight.
bÄrr adj. bare, unsheathed (of a sword).
ber-sÄrkr sm. 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally 'bear-shirt,' i.e. one clothed in a bear's skin.]
bÄtr see vel.
bÄtri see gÅÃ°r.
bÄzt see vel.
bÄztr see gÅÃ°r.
beygja wv. 1, bend, arch.
bÄ«Ã°a sv. 6, w. gen. wait for; w. acc. abide, undergo.
biÃ°ja sv. 5, ask, beg, pray, w. gen. of thing, acc. of the pers. asked, and dat. of the person benefited; express
a wish, bid--'baÃ° hann vel kominn' (vera understood), bad him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell.
bifask wv. 1, tremble, shake.
bil sn. moment of time.
bila wv. 2, fail.
bilt neut. adj. only in the impers. 'einum verÃ°r bilt,' one hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid.
binda sv. 3, bind, tie up; dress.
birta wv. 1, show [bjartr].
bÄ«ta sv. 6, bite; cut.
bittu see binda.
bitu see bÄ«ta.
bjarn-dÈ³ri sn. bear.
bjartr adj. bright, clear.
bjÅ see bÅ«a.
bjÅÃ°a sv. 7, w. acc. and dat. offer, propose--'b. einum fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. b. upp, give up.
bjÇ«rg sf. help; means of subsistence, store of food.
blÄsa sv. 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal.
bleyÃ°a wf. coward.
blÄ«Ã°a wf. gentleness, friendliness.
blindr adj. blind.
52
blÅÃ° sn. blood.
blÅt-bolli wm. sacrificial bowl.
bÅtr see bÅt.
boga-skot sn. bowshot.
bogi wm. bow.
bog-maÃ°r sm. bowman, archer.
bÅndi sm. 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [bÅ«a].
borÃ° sn. side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between the rim of a vessel and the liquid in it--'nÅ« er gott
beranda b. Ä horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the horn, i.e. its contents are so diminished
that it can be lifted without spilling.
borg sf. fortress, castle.
borg-hliÃ° sn. castle gate.
bÅt sf. 3, mending, improvement; plur. bÅtr, compensation.
bÇ«rn see barn.
brÄ sf. eyelid.
brÄ see bregÃ°a.
bragÃ° sn. trick, stratagem [bregÃ°a].
brann see brÄnna.
brast see bresta.
brÄtt adv. quickly.
braut sf. way--Ä braut, adv. away.
braut see brjÅta.
braut, brott adv. away.
bregÃ°a sv. 3, w. dat. jerk, pull, push; b. upp, lift, raise (to strike). change, transform.
breiÃ°r adj. broad.
brÄnna wf. burning; incremation.
brÄnna sv. 3, burn intr.
brÄnna wv. 1, burn trans.
bresta sv. 3, break, crack, burst.
brestr sm. crack; loss.
brjÅst sn. breast.
brjÅta sv. 7, break--'b. (skip)' suffer shipwreck, also impers. 'skip (acc.) brÈ³tr,' the ship is wrecked.
broddr sm. point.
brÅÃ°ir sm. 4, brother.
brotinn see brjÅta.
brotna wv. 3, break intr.
brott see braut.
brott-laga sf. retreat.
brÅ« sf. bridge.
brÅ«Ã°-fÄ sn. bridal gift.
brÅ«Ã°r sf. 2, bride.
brÅ«n sf. 3, eyebrow.
53
bryggja wf. pier.
brynja wf. corslet.
brÈ³nn see brÅ«n.
bryn-stÅ«ka wf. corslet-sleeve.
bryti see brjÅta.
brÈ³tr see brjÅta.
bÅ« sn. dwelling, home.
bÅ«a sv. 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. bÅ«ask, get ready, prepare intr. 'er bÅ«it viÃ° at...' it is likely to
be that..., there is danger of...
buÃ°u see bjÅÃ°a.
bÅ«inn adj. ready; in a certain condition--'(viÃ°) svÄ bÅ«it' adv. under such circumstances; capable, fit
for--'vel at sÄr bÅ«inn,' very capable, very good (at).
bundu see binda.
burr sm. son.
bÈ³Ã°r see bjÅÃ°a.
bÈ³r see bÅ«a.
byrja wv. 3, begin.
byr-vÃ¦nn adj. promising a fair wind.
D
daga wv. 3, dawn.
dagan sf. dawn.
dagr sm. day.
dalr sm. valley.
dauÃ°r adj. dead.
dÄgi see dagr.
deyja sv. 2, die.
djÅ«pr adj. deep.
dÅ see deyja.
dÅmr sm. decision.
dÅttir sf. 3, daughter.
dÇ«gurÃ°r sm. breakfast [-urÃ° = -verÃ°r, cp. nÄttverÃ°r].
dÅkkr (-vir) adj. dark.
draga sv. 2, draw, drag. d. saman, collect.
drakk see drekka.
drap see drepa.
draumr sm. dream.
drÄginn see draga.
dreif see drÄ«fa.
drÄki wm. dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head as a beak.
drekka sv. 3, drink.
drepa sv. 5, strike; kill.
dreyma wv. 1, impers. w. acc. of pers. and acc. of the thing dream [draumr].
54
drÄ«fa sv. 6, drive; hasten.
drjÅ«pa sv. 7, drop.
drÅ see draga.
drÅgu see draga.
drÅttinn sm. lord.
drÅttin-hollr adj. faithful to its master.
drukkinn adj. (ptc.) drunk.
drupu see drjÅ«pa.
drykkja wf. drinking [drekka].
drykkju-maÃ°r sm. drinker.
drykkr sm. 2, draught.
duna wv. 3, resound.
dunÃ°i see dynja.
dvalÃ°a see dvÄlja.
dvÄlja wv. 1b, delay. dvÄljask, dwell, stop.
dvergr sm. dwarf.
dyÃ°rill sm. (?).
dÈ³ja wv. 1b, shake.
dynja wv. 1b, resound.
dÈ³r sn. animal, beast.
dyrr sfnpl. door.
E
eÃ°a cj. or.
ef cj. if.
Äfna wv. 1, perform, carry out.
Äggja wv. 3, incite.
eiÃ°r sm. oath.
eiga wf. property.
eiga swv. possess, have: have as wife, be married to; have in the sense of must.
eigi adv. not; no.
eign sf. property.
eignask wv. 3, appropriate, gain.
eik sf. 3, oak.
einka-mÄl snpl. personal agreement, special treaty.
einn num., prn. one; the same; a certain, a; alone, only--'einn saman,' alone, mere.
einn-hvÄrr prn. a certain, some, a.
eira wv. 1, w. dat. spare.
eitr sn. poison.
ek prn. I.
Äk see aka.
ekki prn. neut. nothing; adv. not.
eldr sm. fire.
55
Älli wf. old age.
ellifti adj. eleventh.
ellifu num. eleven.
em see vera.
en cj. but; and.
en adv. than, after compar.
Ändask wv. 1, end, suffice for.
Ändi, Ändir sm. end.
Änd-langr adj. the whole length--'Ändlangan sal,' the whole length of the hall.
Ändr adv. again.
engi prn. none, no.
Änn adv. yet, still; besides; after all.
Äptir prp. w. acc. after (of time). w. dat. along, over; in quest of, after; according to, by. adv. afterwards;
behind [aptr].
Äptri adj. compar. hind.
er prn. rel. who, which, rel. adv. where; when; because, that.
er see vera.
er see Ã¾Å«.
ÄrfiÃ°i sn. work; trouble.
ert see vera.
eru see vera.
eta sv. 5, eat.
ey sf. island.
F
fÄ sv. 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. fÄsk, wrestle. fÄsk Ä, be obtained, be.
faÃ°ir sm. 4, father.
fÃ¦r see fÄ.
fÃ¦str see fÄr.
fagnaÃ°r sm. 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality.
fagr adj. beautiful, fair, fine.
fagrliga adv. finely.
fall sn. fall.
falla sv. 1, fall. fallask, be forgotten, fail.
fang sn. embrace, grasp; wrestling.
fann see finna.
fÄr adj. few--neut. fÄtt w. gen.: 'fÄtt manna,' few men.
fara go, travel--w. gen. in such constr. as 'f. fÄrÃ°ar sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out;
experience; 'f. meÃ° einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use up w. dat. farask impers. in 'fÄrsk Ã¾eim vel,' they
have a good passage.
farmr sm. lading, cargo.
fastr adj. firm, fast, strong.
fÄ sn. property, money.
56
fÄÃ°rum see faÃ°ir.
fekk see fÄ.
fÄgrÃ° sf. beauty [fagr].
fÄgrstr see fagr.
feikn-stafir smpl. 2, wickedness.
fela sv. 3, hide.
fÄlagi wm. companion.
fÄ-lauss adj. penniless.
fÄ-lÄ«till adj. with little money, poor.
fell see falla.
fÄlla wv. 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla].
fengu, fÄnginn see fÄ.
fÄr see fara.
fÄrÃ° sf. 2, journey [fara].
fer-skeyttr adj. four-cornered.
fimm num. five.
fimtÄndi adj. fifteenth.
finna sv. 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see.
fjaÃ°r-hamr sm. feathered (winged) coat.
fjall sn. mountain.
fjÄr see fÄ.
fjara sf. ebb-tide; beach.
fjogur see fjÅrir.
fjÅrÃ°i adj. fourth.
fjÅrir num. four.
fjÇ«lÃ° wf. quantity.
fjÇ«l-kyngi sn. magic.
fjÇ«l-mÄnni sn. multitude; troop [maÃ°r].
fjÇ«rÃ°r sm. 3, firth.
fjÇ«rur see fjara.
flÄ sv. 2, flay, skin.
flaug see fljÅ«ga.
flÄginn see flÄ.
flestr see margr.
fljÅta sv. 7, float, drift.
fljÅ«ga sv. 7, fly.
flÅ see fljÅ«ga.
floti wm. fleet [fljÅtal.
flÅtti wm. flight [flÈ³ja].
flugu see fljÅ«ga.
fluttu see flytja.
flÈ³ja wv. 1, flee.
57
flytja wv. 1b. remove, bring.
fnÄsa wv. 3, snort.
fÅra wv. 1, bring, take; fasten [fara].
fÅrir see fara.
fÅti see fÅt.
fÅlginn see fela.
fÅlk sn. multitude, troop; people.
fÅr see fara.
for-tÇ«lur wpl. representations, arguments [tala].
fÅstra wf. nurse.
fÅt-hvatr adj. swift-footed.
fÅtr sm. foot; leg.
fÇ«Ã°ur see faÃ°ir.
fÇ«r sf. journey [fara].
fÇ«ru-neyti sn. company [njÅta].
frÄ prp. from, away from; about, concerning. 'Ä« frÄ' adv. away.
frÃ¦ndi sm. 4, relation.
frÄ-fall sn. death.
fram adv. forward, forth. compar. framar, ahead.
framastr adj. superl. chief, most distinguished.
frami wm. advantage, courage.
framiÃ°r see frÄmja.
fram-stafn sm. prow.
frÄ-sÇ«gn sf. narrative, relation.
freista wv. 3, w. gen. try, test.
frÄmja wv. 1b, perform [fram].
friÃ°r sm. 2, peace.
frÄ«Ã°r adj. beautiful, fine.
frÅÃ°r adj. learned, wise.
frÅkn adj. bold, daring.
frost sn. frost.
fugl sm. bird.
full-kominn adj. (ptc.) complete; ready (for).
fullr adj. full.
fundr sm. 2, meeting [finna].
fundu see finna.
furÃ°u adv. awfully, very.
fÅ«ss adj. eager.
fylgja wv. 1, w. dat. follow; accompany.
fylki sn. troop [fÅlk].
fylkja wv. 1, w. dat. draw up (troops) [fÅlk].
fylla wv. 1, fill [fullr].
58
fyr, fyrir prp. w. acc. and dat. before; beyond, over--'f. borÃ°,' overboard; instead of--'koma f.' adv. be given
as compensation; for; because of. 'f. Ã¾vÄ« at,' because. 'lÄ«till. f. sÄr,' insignificant.
fyrir-rÅ«m sn. fore-hold, chief-cabin.
fyrirrÅ«ms-maÃ°r sm. man in the fore-hold.
fyrr adv. compar. before, formerly. superl. fyrst, first.
fyrri adj. compar. former. superl. fyrstr, first.
fÈ³sa wv. 1, hasten trans.--impers. 'braut fÈ³sir mik,' I feel a desire to go away [fÅ«ss].
G
gÄ wv. 1, w. gen. heed, care for.
gÃ¦fa wf. luck [gefa].
gÃ¦ta wv. 1, watch, take care of [geta].
gaf see gefa.
gÃ¦fu-maÃ°r sm. lucky man.
gaflak sn. javelin.
gamall adj. old.
gaman sn. amusement, joy.
ganga sv. 1, go, with gen. of goal in poetry; attack--'g. Ä skip,' board a ship. g. af, be finished. g. til, come up.
g. upp, land; board a ship; be used up, expended (of money).
garÃ°r sm. enclosure, court; dwelling.
gat see geta.
gefa sv. 5, give.
gÄgnum, Ä« gÄgnum prp. w. gen. through.
gekk see ganga.
gÄlti see gÇ«ltr.
gÄnginn, gÄngr, gengu see ganga.
geta sv. 5, w. gen. mention, speak of; guess, suppose.
geysi adv. excessively.
gipta wf. luck [gefa].
giptu-maÃ°r sm. lucky man.
gjafar see gjÇ«f.
gjÇ«f sf. gift.
glotta wv. 2, smile maliciously, grin.
glÃ¦siligr adj. magnificent.
gnÈ³r sm. din, noise.
gÅÃ°r adj. good--'gott er til eins,' it is easy to get at, obtain.
gÅlf sn. floor; apartment, room.
gott see gÅÃ°r.
gÇ«fugr adj. distinguished [gefa].
gÇ«ltr sm. 3, boar.
gÇ«mul see gamall.
gÇ«Ìra wv. 1c, do, make. gÇ«Ìrask, set about doing; be made into, become. gÇ«Ìra at, accomplish, carry
out.
59
gÇ«Ìrsimi wf. article of value, treasure.
granda wv. 3, w. dat. injure.
grÄr adj. gray.
gras sn. grass; plant, flower.
grÄta sv. 1, weep, mourn for.
grÄtr sm. weeping.
greiÃ°a wv. 1, put in order, arrange.
greip see grÄ«pa.
gres-jÄrn sn. iron wire (?).
grey sn. dog.
griÃ° snpl. peace, security.
griÃ°a-staÃ°r sm. sanctuary.
grind sf. 3, lattice door, wicket.
grÄ«pa sv. 6, seize.
gripr sm. 2, article of value, treasure.
grjÅt sn. stone (collectively).
grÅa sv. 1, grow; heal.
grÅr see grÅa.
gruna wv. 3, impers.--'mik grunar,' I suspect, think.
grunr sm. 2, suspicion.
gull sn. gold.
gull-band sn. gold band.
gull-bÅ«inn adj. adorned with gold.
gull-hringr sm. gold ring.
gull-hyrndr adj. (ptc.) with gilt horns.
gull-roÃ°inn adj. (ptc.) gilt.
gÈ³gr sf. giantess.
gyltr adj. (ptc.) gilt.
gyrÃ°a wv. 1, gird.
H
hÃ¦str see hÄr.
hÃ¦tta wv. 1, w. dat. desist from, stop.
hÃ¦ttligr adj. dangerous, threatening.
hÃ¦ttr adj. dangerous.
haf sn. sea.
hafa wv. 1, have; 'h. einn nÃ¦r einu,' bring near to, expose to; use, utilize. at hafask, undertake. til hafa, have
at hand.
hafna see hÇ«fn.
hafr sm. goat.
hafr-staka wf. goatskin.
hagliga adv. neatly.
hagr sm. condition; advantage--'Ã¾Är mun h. Ä vera,' will avail thee, be profitable to you.
60
hag-stÅÃ°r adj. favourable.
halda sv. 1, w. dat. hold (also with prp. Ä); keep. w. acc. observe, keep (laws, etc.). intr. take a certain
direction, go.
hÄlfr adj. half.
hÄlfu adv. by half, half as much again.
hallar see hÇ«ll.
hallar-gÅlf sn. hall floor.
haltr adj. lame.
hamarr sm. hammer.
hamars-muÃ°r sm. thin end of hammer.
hamar-skapt sn. handle of a hammer.
hamar-spor sn. mark made by a hammer.
hana see hann.
handar see hÇ«nd.
hand-skot sn. throwing with the hand.
hand-tÄkinn ptc. pret. taken by hand, taken alive.
hann prn. he.
hÄr sn. hair.
hÄr adj. high.
harÃ°-hugaÃ°r adj. stern of mood.
harÃ°r adj. hard; strong.
harÃ°-skeytr adj. strong-shooting [skjÅta].
harmr sm. grief.
hÄski wm. danger.
hÄ-sÃ¦ti sn. high seat, dais [sitja].
hÄsÃ¦tis-kista sf. chest under the dais.
hÄtt adv. high; loudly.
haugr sm. mound.
hauss sm. skull.
heÃ°an adv. hence.
hÄfi see hafa.
hÄfja sv. 2, raise, lift; begin.
hÄfna wv. 1, w. gen. revenge, avenge.
heill adj. sound, safe, prosperous.
heil-rÇ£Ã°i sn. sound advice, good advice [rÄÃ°].
heim adv. to one's home, home (domum).
heima adv. at home (domi).
heima-maÃ°r sm. man of the household.
heim-fÅ«ss adj. longing to go home, homesick.
heimr sm. home, dwelling; world.
heimta wv. 1, fetch, obtain, get back.
heita sv. 1, call; w. dat. of pers. and dat. of thing promise; intr. (pres. heiti) be named, called.
61
hÄldr see halda.
hÄldr adv. compar. more willingly, rather, sooner, more; rather, very.
hÄl-grindr sf. the doors of hell.
hÄllir sm. cave.
helt see halda.
hÄl-vegr sm. road to hell.
hÄlzt adv. superl. most willingly, soonest, especially, most [hÄldr].
hÄndi, hÄndr see hÇ«nd.
hÄnnar, hÄnni see hann.
hÄpta wv. 1, bind; hinder, stop.
hÄr adv. here--'h. af,' etc. here-of.
hÄr-bergi sn. quarters, lodgings.
hÄrÃ°a wv. harden, clench.
hÄr-fang sn. booty.
hÄrja wv. 3, make war, ravage [hÄrr].
hÄrr sm. army, fleet.
herra sm. lord.
hÄr-skip sn. war-ship.
hestr sm. horse.
hÄt see heita.
heyra wv. 1, hear.
himinn sm. heaven.
hingat adv. hither.
hinn prn. that.
hirÃ° sf. court.
hirÃ°-maÃ°r sm. courtier.
hiti wm. heat.
hitta wv. come upon, find, meet; trans. go to. hittask, meet, intr.
hjÄ prp. w. dat. by, at; in comparison with.
hjÄlmr sm. helmet.
hjÅn snpl. household.
hlaÃ°a sv. 2, load, heap up; 'h. seglum,' take in sails.
hlÃ¦ja sv. 2, laugh.
hlaupa sv. 1, jump, leap; run.
hlaut see hljÅta.
hleyp see hlaupa.
hleypa wv. 1, make to run (i.e. the horse), gallop.
hlÄ«f sf. shield.
hlÄ«fa wv. 1, w. dat. shelter, cover, protect.
hljÅp see hlaupa.
hljÅta sv. 7, get, receive.
hlÅÃ°u see hlaÃ°a.
62
hlÅgu see hlÃ¦ja.
hlunnr sm. roller (for launching ships).
hluti wm. portion [hljÅta].
hlutr sm. 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljÅta].
hlut-skipti sn. booty.
hnakki wm. back of head.
hÅf see hÄfja.
hollr adj. gracious, faithful.
hÅlmr sm. small island.
hon see hann.
honum see hann.
horn sn. horn.
hÅgri adj. compar. right (hand).
hÅla wv. 1, w. dat. praise, boast of.
hÇ«fÃ°ingi wm. chief [hÇ«fuÃ°].
hÇ«fÃ°a-fjÇ«l sf. head-board (especially of a bedstead).
hÇ«fÃ°u see hafa.
hÇ«fn sf. harbour.
hÇ«fuÃ° sn. head.
hÇ«gg sn. stroke.
hÇ«gg-ormr sm. viper.
hÇ«gg-orrosta wf. 'cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight.
hÇ«ggva sv. 1, hew, cut, strike.
hÇ«ll sf. hall.
hÇ«nd sf. 3, hand; side--'hvÄrra-tvÄggju handar,' on both sides, for both parties.
hrÃ¦ddr adj. frightened, afraid [ptc. of hrÃ¦Ã°ask].
hrÃ¦Ã°ask wv. 1, be frightened, fear.
hrÃ¦zla wf. fear [hrÃ¦Ã°ask].
hrafn sm. raven.
hratt see hrinda.
hrauÃ° see hrjÅÃ°a.
hraut see hrjÅta.
hreyfa wv. 1, move.
hrÄ«Ã° sf. period of time.
hrÄ«m-Ã¾urs sm. frost giant.
hrinda sv. 3, push, launch (ship).
hrista wv. 1, shake.
hrjÅÃ°a sv. 7, strip, clear, disable.
hrjÅta sv. 7, start, burst out.
hrÇ«kk see hrÃ¶kkva.
hrÃ¶kkva sv. 3, start back.
hryÃ°i see hrjÅta.
63
hrynja wv. 1b. fall down.
hrÈ³tr see hrjÅta.
hugÃ°a see hyggja.
hugi wm. thought.
hugr sm. mind, heart; courage, spirit.
hugsa wv. 3, consider, think.
hundraÃ° sn. hundred.
hurÃ° sf. 2, door.
hÅ«s sn. room; house.
hvar adv. where; that.
hvÄrr prn. which of two; each of the two, both.
hvÄrr-tvÄggja prn. each of the two, both.
hvÄrt adv. whether, both in direct and indirect questions.
hvÄrt-tvÄggja adv. 'hv...ok,' both...and.
hvass adj. sharp.
hvat prn. neut. what.
hvart adj. brisk, bold.
hvÄ adv. how.
hverfa sv. 3, turn, go.
hvÄr-gi adv. nowhere--'hv. jarÃ°ar,' nowhere on earth; in no respect, by no means.
hvÄrnig adv. how [= hvÄrn veg.].
hvÄrr prn. who.
hvÄrsu adv. how.
hvÄ« adv. why.
hvirfill sm. crown of head.
hvÄ«tna wv. 2, whiten.
hvÄ«tr adj. white.
hyggja wv. 1b. think, mean, determine [hugr].
hylli wf. favour [hollr].
I
Ä« prp. in.
Ä«-huga wv. 3, try to remember, consider [hugr].
illa adv. ill, badly.
illr adj. ill, bad.
inn art. the.
inn adv. in compar. innar, further in.
inna wv. 1, accomplish.
innan adv. within, inside. fyrir innan prp. w. gen. within, in.
inni adv. in.
it see Ã¾Å«.
it see inn.
Ä«-Ã¾rÅtt sf. feat.
64
J
jafn-breiÃ°r adj. equally broad.
jafn-hÇ«fugr adj. equally heavy [hÄfja].
jafn-mikill adj. equally great.
jafn-skjÅtt adv. equally quick.
jafna wv. 3, smooth; compare w. dat. of thing compared.
jafnan adv. always.
jarl sm. earl.
jÄrn sn. iron.
jÄrn-glÅfi sm. iron gauntlet.
jÄrn-spÇ«ng sf. iron plate.
jÄta wv. 1, w. dat. agree to.
jÅk see auka.
jÇ«rÃ° sf. earth.
jÇ«tun-heimar smpl. home, world of the giants.
jÇ«tunn, sm. giant.
K
kÃ¦r-leikr sm. love, affection [kÃ¦rr, 'dear'].
kaf sn. diving; deep water, water under the surface.
kafa wv. 3, dive.
kalla wv. 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call.
kann see kunna.
kapp sn. competition.
karl sm. man; old man.
kasta wv. 3, cast, throw.
kaupa wv. 2, buy.
kÄngr sm. bend.
kÄnna wv. 1, know; perceive.
kÄrling sf. old woman [karl].
kÄrra wf. chariot.
kÄtill sm. kettle.
keypta see kaupa.
keyra wv. 1, drive.
kirkja wf. church.
kirkju-skot sn. wing of a church.
kjÅsa sv. 7, choose.
klakk-laust adv. uninjured.
klÃ¦Ã°a wv. 1, clothe.
klÃ¦Ã°a-bÅ«naÃ°r sm. apparel.
klÃ¦Ã°i snpl. clothes.
knÄ sn. knee.
knÄ«fr sm. knife.
65
knÇ«rr sm. merchant-ship.
knÅ«Ã°i see knÈ³ja.
knÅ«i wm. knuckle.
knÅ«tr sm. knot.
knÈ³ja wv. 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert oneself [knÅ«i].
kÅlf-skot sn. (distance of a) bolt-shot.
kollÅttr adj. bald.
koma sv. 4. come; happen, turn out; w. dat. bring into a certain condition. k. fyrir, be paid in atonement.
komask, make one's way (by dint of exertion).
kona wf. woman; wife.
konr sm. kind--'alls konar,' all kinds; 'nakkvars konar,' of some kind.
konunga-stÄfna wf. congress of kings.
konungr sm. king.
konungs-dÅttir sf. king's daughter.
konungs-skip sn. king's ship.
kosinn see kjÅsa.
kost-gripr sm. precious thing, treasure.
kostr sm. 2, choice--'at Ç«Ã°ru kosti,' otherwise; power [kjÅsa].
kÇ«gur-sveinn sm. little boy, urchin.
kÇ«pp see kapp.
kÇ«pur-yrÃ°i sn. boasting [orÃ°].
kÇ«ttr sm. 3, cat.
kÃ¶m see koma.
krappa-rÅ«m sn. back cabin.
krappr adj. narrow.
kraptr sm. strength.
krÄs sf. 2, delicacy.
krÄfja wv. 1b, w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing, demand.
kunna swv. know; feel; venture; like to.
kunnandi wf. knowledge, accomplishments.
kunnusta wf. knowledge, power.
kunnr adj. known.
kurr sm. murmur, rumour.
kvÃ¦Ã°i sn. poem.
kvÃ¦ma see koma.
kvÄn sf. wife.
kveÃ°a sv. 5, say. kv. Ä settle, agree on.
kvÄÃ°ja wf. salutation [kveÃ°a].
kvÄÃ°ja wv. 1b, greet.
kveld sn. evening--'Ä« kv.,' this evening.
kveld-sÇ«ngr sm. vespers.
kvenn-vÄÃ°ir sfpl. woman's clothes.
66
kviÃ°r sm. 3, stomach, belly.
kvisa wv. 3, whisper.
kvistr sm. 3, branch, twig.
kvÇ«ddu see kvÄÃ°ja.
kykr (-vir) adj. living.
kykvendi sn. living creature, animal.
kÈ³ll sm. bag.
kyn sn. race, lineage.
kÈ³r sf. 3, cow.
kyssa wv. 1, kiss.
L
lÄ see liggja.
lÃ¦gri see lÄgr.
lÃ¦r-lÄggr sm. thigh-bone.
lÃ¦t see lÄta.
lagÃ°a see lÄggja.
lÄgr adj. low; short of stature [liggja].
lags-maÃ°r sm. companion.
lagu see liggja.
lamÃ°a, lamit see lÄmja.
land sn. land, country.
land-skjÄlfti wm. earthquake.
langr adj. long, far.
lÄt snpl. noise.
lÄta sv. 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; behave, act; say.
lauf sn. foliage.
laufs-blaÃ° sn. (blade of foliage), leaf.
laug sf. bath.
laun snpl. reward.
launa wv. 3, reward, requite w. dat. of the thing given and of the pers., and acc. of the thing requited.
lauss adj. loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation.
laust see ljÅsta.
laut see lÅ«ta.
lax sm. salmon.
leÃ°r-hosa wf. leather bag.
lÄggja wv. 1b, lay, put; 'l. eitt fyrir einn,' give, settle on; 'l. sik fram,' exert oneself; intr. w. skip understood
sail, row--l. at, land; attack; l. frÄ, retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. lÄggjask, set out, proceed; swim
[liggja].
leiÃ° sf. way--'koma einu til leiÃ°ar,' carry out [lÄ«Ã°a].
leiÃ° see lÄ«Ã°a.
leiÃ°a wv. 1, lead, conduct [lÄ«Ã°a].
leiÃ°angr (-rs) sm. levy [leiÃ°].
67
leiga wv. 1, borrow.
leikr sm. game; athletic sports, contest.
leita wv. 3, w. gen. and dat. seek; take to, have recourse to. leitask, feel one's way [lÄ«ta].
lÄmja wv. 1b, break.
lÄngÃ° sf. length [langr].
lÄngi adv. long (of time) [langr].
lÄngstr see langr.
lÄt see lÄta.
lÄtja wv. 1b, w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing, hinder, dissuade.
lÄtta wv. 1, w. dat. lift.
leyniliga adv. secretly.
leysa wv. 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss].
liÃ° sn. troop.
lÄ«Ã°a sv. 6, go; pass (of time); impers. lÄ«Ã°r, w. dat. fare, get on. impers. 'lÄ«Ã°r Ä (nÄttina),' (the
night) is drawing to a close.
lÄ«f sn. life--'Ä lÄ«fi,' alive.
lifa wv. 2, live.
liggja sv. 5, lie. l. til, be fitting.
lÄ«k sn. body; corpse.
lÄ«ka wv. 3, w. dat. please.
lÄ«ki sn. form [lÄ«k].
lÄ«king sf. likeness, similarity [lÄ«kr].
lÄ«knsamr adj. gracious.
lÄ«kr adj. like.
lÄ«n sn. linen; linen headdress.
list sf. art.
lÄ«ta sv. 6, look at; regard, consider--'l. til eins.' turn to, acknowledge greeting. lÄ«task
impers. w. dat. seem.litask wv. 3, look round one [lÄ«ta].lÄ«till adj. little, small--'lÄ«tit veÃ°r,' not very
windy weather. lÄ«tlu adv. by a little, a little.lÄ«til-rÃ¦Ã°i sm. degradation [rÄÃ°].litr sm. 3, colour,
complexion; appearance [lÄ«ta].lÄ«zk see lÄ«ta.ljÄ wv. 1, w. gen. and dat. lend.ljÅsta sv. 7, strike, w. dat.
of instr. and acc. of the thing struck--'l. Ärum Ä« sÃ¦,' dip the oars into the sea, begin to row.lofa wv. 3,
praise.lÅga wv. 3, w. dat. part with.logi wm. flame.lokinn see lÅ«ka.lopt sn. air--'Ä l.,' up.lÅ«ka sv. 7, lock,
close; impers. 'lÈ³kr einu,' it is finished, exhausted. 'l. upp,' unlock, open.lukla see lykill.lustu see
ljÅsta.lÅ«ta sv. 7, bend, bow.lygi wf. lie, falsehood.lykÃ° sf. ending--'at lykÃ°um,' finally.lykill sm. key
[lÅ«ka].lypta wv. 1, w. dat. lift [lopt].lypting sf. raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship [lypta].lÈ³sa
wv. 1, shine.lÈ³si-gull sn. bright gold.lÈ³st see ljÅsta.lysta wv. 1, impers. w. acc. desire.
M
mÄ see mega.
maÃ°r sm. 4, man.
mÃ¦la (mÃ¦lta) wv. 1, speak--'m. viÃ° einu,' refuse; suggest.
mÃ¦r sf. virgin, maid.
mÃ¦tta see mega.
magr (-ran) adj. thin.
mÄgr sm. kinsman, relation, connection.
68
makligr adj. fitting.
mÄl sn. narrative; in plur. poem; proper time, time.
mÄlmr sm. metal.
mann see maÃ°r.
mann-fÅlk sn. troops, crew.
mann-hringr sm. ring of men.
mannliga adv. manlily.
margr adj. many, much.
mark sn. mark; importance.
marka wv. 3, infer.
marr sm. horse.
mart see margr.
matask wv. 3, eat a meal.
matr sm. 2, food.
mÄtta see mega.
mÄttr sm. 2, might, strength.
meÃ° prp. w. acc. and dat. with.
meÃ°al s. middle--Ä m. w. gen. between.
meÃ°an adv. whilst.
mega swv. can, may.
megin --'Ç«Ã°rum m.,' on the other side; 'Ç«llum m.,' on all sides [corruption of vegum].
mÄgin-gjarÃ°ar sfpl. girdle of strength [mega].
meiÃ°mar sfpl. treasures.
meiri see mikill.
mÄn sn. necklace, piece of jewelry.
mÄnn see maÃ°r.
mÄr see ek.
mÄrgr sm. 2, marrow.
mÄrki sn. mark; banner [mark].
mest see mikill.
meta sv. 5, measure; estimate.
mey see mÃ¦r.
miÃ°-garÃ°r sm. (middle enclosure), world.
miÃ°garÃ°s-ormr sm. world-serpent.
miÃ°r adj. middle.
mik see ek.
mikill adj. big, tall, great. mikit adv. much, very.
miklu adv. (instr.) much.
milli, Ä milli prp. between, among.
minjar sfpl. remembrance, memorial.
minn see ek.
minni see lÄ«till.
69
minnr adv. less.
mis-lÄ«ka wv. 3, w. dat. displease, not please.
missa wf. loss, want.
missa wv. 1, w. gen. lose; do without.
mistil-teinn sm. mistletoe [teinn, 'twig'].
mitt see ek.
mjÇ«Ã°r sm. 3, mead.
mjÇ«k adv. very.
mÅÃ°ir sf. 3, mother.
mÅÃ°r sm. anger.
mÅtask wv. 1, meet intr. [mÅt].
mÇ«n sf. mane.
morginn sm. morning.
mÇ«rk sf. 3, forest.
mÇ«rum see marr.
mÅt sn. meeting. Ä« mÅti prp. w. dat. against.
mÇ«tu-neyti sn. community of food--'lÄggja m. sitt,' make their provision into a common store [matr;
njÅta].
mundu see munu.
munnr sm. mouth.
munr sm. difference--'Ã¾eim mun,' to that extent.
munu swv. will, may (of futurity and probability).
myndi see munu.
myrkr sn. darkness.
myrkr adj. dark.
N
nÄ wv. 1, reach, obtain; succeed in.
nÇ£r adv. w. dat. near; nearly. superl. nÃ¦st--'Ã¾vÄ« n.,' thereupon.
nÇ£tr see nÄtt.
nafn sn. name.
nakkvarr prn. some, a certain. nakkvat adv. somewhat; perhaps.
nÄtt sf. 3, night.
nÄtt-bÅl sn. night-quarters.
nÄtt-langt adv. the whole night long.
nÄtt-staÃ°r sm. night-quarters.
nÄttÅ«ra wf. nature, peculiarity.
nÄtt-verÃ°r sm. 2, supper.
nauÃ°-syn sf. necessity.
naut see njÅta.
neÃ°an adv. below. fyrir n. prp. w. dat. below.
nÄfja adj. long-nosed (?).
nÄfna wv. 1, name, call. nÄfnask, name oneself, give one's name as [nafn].
70
nema sv. 4, take; begin.
nema adv. except, unless.
nest sn. provisions.
nest-baggi sm. provision-bag.
niÃ°r adv. down, downwards.
nÄ«undi adj. ninth.
njÅsn sf. spying; news.
njÅsna wv. 3, spy; get intelligence.
njÅta sv. 7, enjoy, profit.
norÃ°r adv. northwards.
nÇ«kkvi wm. vessel, small ship.
nÅ« adv. now; therefore, so.
nÈ³-vaknaÃ°r adj. (ptc.) newly awoke.
nÈ³r adj. new.
nÈ³ta wv. 1, profit [njÅta].
O
oddr sm. point.
ÅÃ°-fÅ«ss adj. madly eager.
ÅÃ°r adj. mad, furious.
ÅÌpa wv. 1, shout [Åp, 'shout'].
Årit adv. enough; very.
of prp. w. dat. over; during; with respect to, about. adv. too (of excess).
of adv., often used in poetry as a mere expletive.
of-veikr adj. too weak.
ofan adv. above; down.
ofan-verÃ°r adj. upper, on the top.
Åk see aka.
ok conj. and; also--'ok...ok,' both...and; but.
okkr see Ã¾Å«.
opt adv. often. compar. optar, oftener, again.
År prp. w. dat. out of.
orÃ° sn. word--'Ä« Ç«Ã°ru orÃ°i,' otherwise.
orÃ°inn see verÃ°a.
orÃ°-sÄnding sf. verbal message.
orÃ°-tak sn. expression, word.
ormr sm. serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head.
orrosta wf. battle.
oss see ek.
Åtta wf. the end of night, just before dawn.
Åttalaust adj. without fear.
Åx see vaxa.
oxi wm. ox.
71
Ç«Ã°lask wv. 3, obtain.
Ç«Ã°ru see annarr.
Ç«l sn. ale.
Ç«ldnu see aldinn.
Ç«ndÅttr adj. fierce.
Ç«nd-vegi sn. high seat, dais.
Ç«nnur see annar.
Ç«r sf. arrow.
Ã¶r-Ã¦fi sn. harbourless coast.
Ã¶rendi sn. errand.
Ã¶rendi sn. holding the breath, breath.
Ã¶rind-reki sm. messenger [reka].
Ã¶xn see oxi.
P
pati sm. rumour.
pÄnningr sm. penny.
R
rÄÃ° sn. advice; what is advisable--'sjÄ eitt at rÄÃ°i,' consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution.
rÄÃ°a sv. 1, advise, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.; consider, deliberate; undertake, begin w. prp. til or
infin.; dispose of, have control over w. prp. fyrir.
rÄÃ°a-gÇ«ÌrÃ° sf. deliberation, decision.
rÄÃ°ugr adj. sagacious.
ragna-rÃ¶kr sn. twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna gen. of rÄgin neut. plur. 'gods.']
ragr adj. cowardly.
rÄku see reka.
rann see rÄnna.
rÄs sf. race.
rauÃ°r adj. red.
rausn sf. magnificence, anything magnificent.
rÄÃ° see rÄÃ°a.
reiÃ° sf. chariot.
reiÃ° see rÄ«Ã°a.
reiÃ°a wv. 1, swing, wield, brandish.
reiÃ°-fara adj. --'vera vel r.,' have a good passage.
reiÃ°i sn. trappings, harness.
reiÃ°r adj. angry.
reka sv. 7, drive; carry out; perform. 'r. af tjÇ«ld,' take down awning.
rÄkkja wf. bed.
rÄnna sv. 3, run.
rÄtta wv. 1, direct; reach, stretch. r. upp, pull up.
rÄttr adj. right, correct; equitable, fair.
reyna wv. 1, try, test.
72
reyr-bÇ«nd supl. the wire with which the arrow-head was bound to the shaft.
rÄ«Ã°a sv. 6, w. dat. ride.
riÃ°u see rÄ«Ã°a.
riÃ°lask wv. 3, set oneself in motion.
rÄ«ki sn. power; sovereignty, reign.
rÄ«kr adj. powerful, distinguished.
ripti sn. linen cloth.
rita wv. 3, write.
rÅa sv. 1, row.
rÅÃ°a wv. 1, talk about, discuss.
rÃ¶ra see rÅa.
rÇ«st sf. league.
S
sÄ prn. that; he; such, such a one.
sÄ see sjÄ.
sÃ¦r sm. sea.
sÃ¦ra wv. 1, wound [sÄr].
sÃ¦ti sn. seat [sitja].
sÃ¦tt sf. 2, reconciliation, peace.
sÃ¦ttask wv. 1, be reconciled, agree.
saga wf. narrative, history, story.
sagÃ°a see sÄgja.
saka wv. impers. w. acc.--'hann (acc.) sakaÃ°i ekki,' he was not injured.
sakna wv. 3, w. gen. miss.
sÄl sf. 2, soul.
sÄld sn. gallon.
salr sm. 2, hall.
saman adv. together.
sami weak adj. same.
sam-laga wf. laying ships together for battle.
samt adv. together.
sannligr adj. probable; suitable, right.
sannr adj. true.
sÄr sn. wound.
sÄrr adj. wounded.
sat see sitja.
satt see sannr.
sÄ see vera.
sÄ see sjÄ.
sefask wv. 3, be pacified.
sÄgja wv. 1b, say, relate [saga].
segl sn. sail.
73
seilask wv. 1, stretch intr.
seinn adj. late, slow, tedious. seint adv. slowly.
sÄlja wv. 1, give; sell.
sem adv. as; w. subj. as if; to strengthen the superl.--'sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible.
sÄnda wv. 1, send.
sÄndi-maÃ°r sm. messenger.
sÄnn adv. at the same time, at once; immediately, forthwith.
sÄnn see sjÄ.
sÄr see sik.
sÄr see sjÄ.
sÄt see sjÄ.
set-berg sn. seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja].
sÄtja wv. 1, set, place. s. fram, launch (a ship). sÄtjask, sit down. sÄtjask upp, sit up [sitja].
sÄ«-byrÃ°a wv. 1, w. dat. lay a ship alongside another. neut. ptc. sÄ«byrt, close up to [borÃ°].
sÄ«Ã° adv. late. comp. sÄ«Ã°ar, later, afterwards. superl. sÄ«Ã°ast, latest, last.
sÄ«Ã°a wf. side.
sÄ«Ã°an adv. afterwards, then; since.
sÄ«Ã°ari adj. comp. later, second (in order).
siÃ°r sm. 3, custom.
sÄ«ga sv. 6, sink.
sigla wf. mast [segl].
sigla wv. 1, sail.
siglu-skeiÃ° sn. middle of a ship.
sigr (-rs) sm. victory.
sigr-Åp shout of victory.
sik prn. oneself.
silfr sn. silver.
sÄ«n see sik.
sinn sn. time (of repetition)--'einu sinni,' once, for once. 'eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, i.e.
only once.
sinn see sik.
sitja sv. 5, sit. s. fyrir, sit in readiness.
sjÄ = Ã¾essi.
sjÄ sv. 5, see; 's. fyrir einu,' look after, take care of. impers. 'lÄ«tt sÄr Ã¾at Ä, at'...it will hardly be seen
that... sjÄsk, see one another, meet.
sjÄlfr prn. self.
sjÅÃ°a sv. 7, boil; cook.
sjÅn sf. sight.
sjÅn-hvÄrfing sf. ocular delusion.
skal see skulu.
skalf see skjÄlfa.
skÄli wm. hall.
74
skammr adj. short.
skap sn. state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour.
skapligr adj. suitable, fit.
skapt sn. shaft, handle.
skar see skera.
skarÃ° sn. notch, gap; defect.
skaut see skjÅta.
skÄgg sn. beard; beak (of a ship).
skeiÃ° sn. race-course, running-ground; race--'taka sk.,' start in a race.
skeina wv. 1, graze.
skellr sm. knock.
skÄmtun sf. amusement, entertainment [skammr, literally 'shortening (of time)'].
skera sv. cut, cut up; kill (animal).
skiljask wv. 1, separate, part intr.
skillingr sm. shilling, coin.
skilnaÃ°r sm. separation, parting.
skip sn. ship.
skipa wv. 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. 'sk. til um eitt,' make arrangements for. skipask, take one's place;
change, alter intr.
skipa-hÄrr sm. fleet.
skipan sf. arranging; ship's crew.
skips-brot sn. shipwreck.
skip-stjÅrnar-maÃ°r sm. (steerer), commander of a ship, captain.
skjald-borg sf. wall of shields, testudo.
skjÄlfa sv. 3, shake intr.
skjÅta sv. 7, w. dat. shoot, throw, push.
skjÅt-fÅri sn. swiftness.
skjÅt-leikr sm. swiftness.
skjÅt-liga adv. swiftly, quick.
skjÅtr adj. swift, quick. skjÅtt adv. quickly.
skjÇ«ldr sm. 3, shield.
skÅgr sm. forest, wood.
skorta wv. 1, impers. w. acc. of pers. and of thing, want, fail.
skot sn. shot; missile [skjÅta].
skot-mÄl sn. shot-measure, range.
skotta wv. 3, dangle--sk. viÃ° drift (of ships).
skÇ«kull sm. shaft (of a cart).
skÇ«mm sf. disgrace, shame.
skÇ«r sf. hair of the head.
skreppa wf. bag, wallet.
skulfu see skjÄlfa.
skulu swv. shall.
75
skuta wf. small ship, cutter.
skutill sm. trencher, small table.
skutil-sveinn sm. page, chamberlain.
skutu see skjÅta.
skykkr sm. shake--'ganga skykkjum,' shake.
skylda see skulu.
skyldr adj. obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu].
skyn sn. understanding, insight--'kunna, sk.' understand.
skynda wv. 1, hasten, bring in haste.
skyndiliga adv. hastily, quickly.
skynsamliga adv. intelligently, carefully.
skÈ³t see skjÅta.
slÄ sv. 2, strike. 'slÄ eldi Ä«,' light a fire.
slÃ¦liga adv. sluggishly, weakly.
slÃ¦r adj. blunt.
slÃ¦r see slÄ.
slÄtr sn. meat.
sleikja wv. lick.
sleit see slÄ«ta.
slÄttr adj. level, smooth; comfortable, easy.
slÄ«kr adj. such.
slÄ«ta sv. 6, tear--sl. upp, pull up; w. dat. break (agreement).
smÃ¦ri see smÄr.
smÄr adj. small, insignificant.
smÄ-skip snpl. small ships.
smÄ-skÅ«ta wf. small cutter.
smjÅ«ga sv. 7, squeeze through, slip.
smugu see smjÅ«ga.
snarpligr adj. vigorous.
snarpr adj. sharp; vigorous.
snimma adv. early.
snÃ¶ra see snÅ«a.
snÅ«a sv. 1, w. dat. turn or (trans.) direct; twist, plait. snÅ«ask, turn (intr.).
soÃ°inn see sjÅÃ°a.
sÅkja wv. 1c, seek; go--'s. aptr,' retreat.
sÅmÃ° sf. honour [sÅma].
sÅtti see sÅkja.
sofa sv. 4, sleep.
sofna wv. 3, go to sleep.
sÇ«gur see saga.
sÇ«k sf. cause--'fyrir Ã¾Ä s. at'..., because.
sÃ¶kkva sv. 3, sink.
76
sÅl sf. sun.
sÅl-skin sn. sunshine.
soltinn adj. hungry [ptc. of 'svelta,' starve].
sÅma wv. 2, w. dat., be suitable, befitting.
sÅmi wm. honour.
sonr sm. son.
sÅtt sf. illness.
sÅtta see sÅkja.
sÇ«x snpl. raised prow of a war-ship.
spala see spÇ«lr.
sparask wv. 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy.
spÄnna (spÄnta) wv. 1, w. dat. of thing, gird, buckle on.
spjÅt sn. spear.
sporÃ°r sm. tail.
spori sm. spur.
spÇ«lr sm. rail.
sprakk see springa.
sprÄtta wv. 1, split.
springa sv. 3, burst.
spurÃ°a see spyrja.
spyrja wv. 1b, ask; hear of, learn--'sp. til eins,' have news of, hear of his arrival. spyrjask, be known.
spyrna wv. 1, kick.
staddr adj. placed, staying [ptc. of 'stÄÃ°ja,' place].
staÃ°r sm. place--'Ä« staÃ°inn,' instead.
stafaÃ°r adj. (ptc.) striped.
staf-karl sm. (staff-man), beggar.
stafn sm. prow.
stafn-bÅ«i wm. prow-man.
stafn-lÄ wm. grappling-hook.
stafr sm. 2 (gen. sg. stafs), staff, stick.
stakk see stinga.
stallari sm. marshall.
standa sv. 2, stand. st. upp, stand up, rise.
starfa wv. 3, work.
stÄfna wv. 1, steer; take a course, go.
steig see stÄ«ga.
steinn sm. stone; jewel.
stela sv. 4, w. dat. of thing and acc. of pers. steal, rob.
stÄndr see standa.
stÄrkliga adv. vigorously.
stÄrkr adj. strong.
steypa wv. 1, w. dat. of thing, throw; pull off. steypask, throw oneself.
77
stÄ«ga sv. 6, advance, walk, go. st. upp, mount (horse).
stÄ«gr sm. path, way.
stikill sm. point.
stilla (stilta) wv. 1, arrange. st. til, arrange, dispose.
stinga sv. 3, pierce; 'st. stÇ«fnum at skipi,' run the prow against a ship's side.
stirt adv. harshly [neut. of 'stirÃ°r,' stiff].
stÅÃ° see standa.
stÅrri see stÅr.
stÅkkva sv. 3, spring, rebound, start back.
stolinn see stela.
stÅrliga adv. bigly, arrogantly.
stÅr-mannligr adj. magnificent, aristocratic.
stÅr-mÄnni sn. great men (collective), aristocracy.
stÅrr adj. big, great. stÅrum adv. greatly.
stÅr-rÄÃ°r adj. (great of plans), ambitious.
stÅr-skip sn. big ship.
stÅr-virki sn. great deed.
strÄ wv. 1, strew, cover with straw.
strauk see strjÅ«ka.
strÄngr sm. 2, string.
strjÅ«ka sv. 7, stroke.
stund sf. period of time, time.
stutt adv. shortly, abruptly [neut. of 'stuttr' short].
stÈ³ra wv. 1, w. dat. steer.
stÈ³ri sn. rudder.
stÈ³ris-hnakki wm. top piece of rudder.
styrkr sm. strength; help.
sÅ« see sÄ.
suÃ°r adv. southward.
suÃ°r-ganga wf. journey south (to Rome).
sukku see sÃ¶kkva.
sumar sn. summer.
sumr prn. some.
sund sn. sound, channel.
svÄ adv. so, as; as soon as. 'ok svÄ,' also.
svaf see sofa.
svara wv. 3, w. dat. of thing, answer.
svardagi sm. oath.
sveinn sm. boy.
sveinn-stauli wm. small boy.
sveit sf. troop.
svelga sv. 3, swallow, gulp.
78
sverÃ° sn. sword.
sverÃ°s-hÇ«gg sn. swordstroke.
svipan sf. jerk; moment.
svipting sf. pull, struggle.
sÈ³nask wv. 1, seem [sjÅn].
syni see sonr.
systir sf. 3, sister.
T
taka wv. 2, w. acc. take, seize, take possession of; w. inf. begin; w. dat. receive (well, ill, etc.). takask, take
place, begin. t. at, choose. t. til, engage in, try. t. upp, take to, choose.
tala wf. talk, speech.
tala wv. 3, speak, talk about, discuss.
taliÃ°r see tÄlja.
tÄlma wv. 3, hinder.
tÄr sn. tear.
taumar smpl. reins.
tÄkinn see taka.
tÄlja wv. 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, say [tala].
tÄngÃ°ir sfpl. relationship, connection by marriage.
tÄngja wv. 1, bind, fasten together.
tÄngsl snpl. cable.
tÄ«Ã°a wv. 1, impers. w. acc. desire.
tÄ«Ã°indi snpl. tidings, news.
tÄ«Ã°r adj. usual, happening--'hvat er tÄ«tt um Ã¾ik?' what is the matter with you? tÄ«tt adv. often,
quickly--'sem tÄ«Ã°ast,' as quickly as possible.
tiginn adj. of high rank.
tigr sm. --'fjÅrir tigir,' forty.
til prp. w. gen. to; till; for (of use)--'alt er t. vÄpna var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for (of
object, intention)--'brjÅta lÄgg til mÄrgjar,' break a leg to get at the marrow; with respect to--'til vista var
eigi gott,' they were not well off for provisions.
til adv. too (of excess).
til-vÄ«san sf. direction, guidance.
tÄ«tt see tÄ«Ã°r.
tÄ«vi wm. god.
tjald sn. tent.
tjÅ«gu-skÄgg sn. forked beard.
tÅka see taka.
tÅk see taka.
tÇ«nn sf. 3, tooth.
trani wm. crane.
trÄ sn. tree.
troÃ°a sv. tread.
trog sn. trough.
79
tros sn. droppings, rubbish.
trÅ«a wf. faith--'Ã¾at veit tr. mÄ«n at...,' by my faith.
trÅ«a wv. 2, w. dat. of pers. believe, trust, rely on.
tÅ«n sn. enclosure, dwelling.
tveir num. two.
tÈ³na wv. 1, w. dat. lose.
typpa wv. tie in a top-knot.
Ã
Ã¾Ä see sÄ.
Ã¾Ä see Ã¾iggja.
Ã¾Ä adv. then.
Ã¾Ã¦r see sÄ.
Ã¾akÃ°r see Ã¾Äkja.
Ã¾akka wv. 3, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers. thank; requite, reward.
Ã¾ambar-skÄlfir sm. bowstring-shaker (?).
Ã¾ann see sÄ.
Ã¾annig adv. thither; so [= Ã¾ann veg].
Ã¾ar adv. there; then; 'Ã¾. af,' etc., thereof. 'Ã¾ar sem,' since, because. 'Ã¾ar til,' until.
Ã¾arf see Ã¾urfa.
Ã¾at see sÄ.
Ã¾au see sÄ.
Ã¾egar adv. at once. 'Ã¾. er,' as soon as.
Ã¾Äginn see Ã¾iggja.
Ã¾Ägja wv. 1b, be silent.
Ã¾eim see sÄ.
Ã¾eir, Ã¾eirra see sÄ.
Ã¾Äkja wv. 1b, roof.
Ã¾Äkkja wv. 1, notice. Ã¾Äkkjask, take pleasure in; accept.
Ã¾Är see Ã¾Å«.
Ã¾ess see sÄ.
Ã¾ess adv. w. comp. the, so much the.
Ã¾essi prn. this.
Ã¾iggja sv. 5, receive.
Ã¾ik see Ã¾Å«.
Ã¾ing sn. meeting, parliament.
Ã¾inn see Ã¾Å«.
Ã¾it see Ã¾Å«.
Ã¾jÅÃ° sf. nation, race.
Ã¾Å adv. though, yet.
Ã¾Ç«kÃ° see Ã¾Äkja.
Ã¾Ç«kk sf. thanks, gratitude [Ã¾akka].
Ã¾ola wv. 2, endure, put up with.
80
Ã¾ora wv. 2, dare.
Ã¾Ç«rf sf. need.
Ã¾orrinn see Ã¾verra.
Ã¾Ått adv. though [= Ã¾Å at].
Ã¾Åtta see Ã¾ykkja.
Ã¾raut see Ã¾rjÅta.
Ã¾reifask wv. 3, grope, feel.
Ã¾reyta wv. 1, make exertions, try.
Ã¾riÃ°i adj. third.
Ã¾riÃ°jungr sm. third.
Ã¾rÄ«r num. three.
Ã¾rjÅta sv. 7, impers. w. acc. of pers. come to an end, fail.
Ã¾rÅ«Ã°ugr adj. mighty.
Ã¾Å« prn. thou.
Ã¾umlungr sm. thumb of glove.
Ã¾unn-vangi wm. temple (of head).
Ã¾urÃ°r sm. diminution.
Ã¾urfa swv. often impers. require, need.
Ã¾urr adj. dry.
Ã¾urs sm. giant.
Ã¾verra sv. 3, diminish.
Ã¾vers adv. across.
Ã¾vÄ« see sÄ.
Ã¾vÄ« adv. therefore; w. compar. the, so much the more.
Ã¾vÄ«likr adj. such.
Ã¾ykkja wv. 1c, seen, be considered. 'Ã¾ykkir einum fyrir,' there seems to be something in the way, one
hesitates. 'myndi mÄr fyrir Ã¾. Ä«,' I should be displeased. Ã¾ykkjask, think.
Ã¾ykkr adj. thick, close.
Ã¾ynna wv. 1, make thin. Ã¾ynnask get thin.
Ã¾yrstr adj. (ptc.) thirsty.
U
Å«-fÅra wf. impassable place; fix, difficulty.
Å«-friÃ°r sm. hostility, war.
Å«-grynni sn. countless number [grunnr, 'bottom'].
Å«-happ sn. misfortune.
Å«-hreinn adj. impure.
um prp. w. acc. around, about, over; of time in, at; of superiority beyond; concerning, about.
um-rÄÃ° sn. advice, help.
um-sjÄ sf. care.
una wv. 1, w. dat. be contented--'u. illa,' be discontented.
undan prp. w. dat., adv. away (from).
undarliga adv. strangely.
81
undarligr adj. strange.
undir prp. w. acc. and dat. under.
undr sn. wonder.
ungr adj. young.
unninn see vinna.
unz adv. until.
upp adv. up.
upp-ganga wf. boarding (ship).
upp-haf sn. beginning [hÄfja].
upp-himinn sm. high heaven.
uppi adv. up; at an end.
urÃ°u see verÃ°a.
Å«t adv. out. comp. utar, outer, outwards, farther away.
utan adv. outside; outwards.
utan-fÄrÃ° sf. journey abroad.
utar see Å«t.
Å«ti adv. outside, out on the sea.
Å«t-lausn sf. ransom.
Å«-vinr sm. enemy.
V
vÃ¦gÃ° sf. forbearance.
vÃ¦nn adj. likely, to be expected.
vÃ¦ri see vera.
vÃ¦tr neut. nothing.
vaka wv. 3, be awake, wake up.
vakna wv. 3, awake.
vald sn. power, control.
val-kyrja sf. chooser of the slain, war-goddess [kjÅsa].
valr sm. corpses on the battle-field.
vÄn, sf. hope, expectation, probability.
vandrÃ¦Ã°a-skÄld sn. the 'awkward' poet, the poet who is difficult to deal with.
vandrÃ¦Ã°i snpl. difficulty.
vangi wm. cheek.
vanr adj. accustomed.
vÄpn sn. weapon.
vÄpna-burÃ° sm. bearing weapons, shower of missiles.
vÄpn-lauss adj. without weapons.
var see vera.
vÄr sn. spring.
vÄr see ek.
vara wv. 2, impers. w. acc. of pers.--'mik varÃ°i,' I expected.
varÃ° see verÃ°a.
82
varÃ°i see vÄrja.
vargr sm. wolf.
variÃ°r see vÄrja.
varla adv. scarcely.
varnaÃ°r sm. goods, merchandise.
vÄru see vera.
vatn sn. water.
vaxa sv. 2, grow; increase.
veÃ°r sn. weather.
vegr sm. road; way, manner; direction, side; in composition, region, tract, land.
veik see vikja.
veit see vita.
veita wv. 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.).
vÄkja wv. 1b, wake [vaka].
vÄl sf. artifice, cunning.
vÄlja wv. 1b, choose.
vÄndi see vÇ«ndr.
vÄr see ek.
vera sv. exist; remain, stay, happen; be. 'hvat lÄtum hafÃ°i verit,' what had caused the noise. v. at, be
occupied with.
verÃ° sn. worth, value; price.
verÃ°a sv. 3, happen; happen to come. 'v. fyrir einum,' come in one's way, appear before one; become; come
into being, be; 'v. til eins,' be ready for, undertake; w. infin. be obliged, must. 'nÅ« er Ä orÃ°it mikit fyrir
mÄr,' now I have come into a great perplexity, difficulty. v. at, happen.
verÃ°r adj. worth; important.
ver-gjarn adj. desirous of a husband, loose.
verit see vera.
vert see verÃ°r.
vÄrja wv. 1b, defend--'v. baki,' defend with the back, turn one's back on.
vÄrja wv. 1b, dress; lay out money, invest.
verk sn. work, job.
verr sm. man; husband.
vÄrr adv. comp. worse. superl. vÄrst, worst.
verÇ«ld sf. world.
vestan adv. from the west. 'v. fyrir' w. gen. or acc., west of.
vestr adv. westwards.
vetr sm. winter; year.
vÄx see vaxa.
vÄxti see vÇ«xtr.
viÃ° prp. w. acc. by, near; towards (of place and time); with (of various relations). w. dat. towards, at (laugh
at, etc.); in exchange for, for.
vÄ«Ã°a adv. widely, far and wide, on many sides.
83
viÃ°ar-teinungr sm. tree-shoot, plant.
viÃ°-bragÃ° sn. push.
viÃ°r sm. 3, tree.
vÄ«Ã°r adj. wide, broad.
viÃ°-skipti snpl. dealings.
viÃ°-taka wf. reception; resistance.
vÄ«gja wv. 1, consecrate, hallow.
vÄ«gr adj. warlike, able-bodied.
vÄ«king sf. piracy, piratical expedition.
vÄ«kingr sm. pirate.
vÄ«kja sv. 6, turn, move, go.
vilja swv. will.
villi-eldr sm. wildfire, conflagration.
vinÄtta wf. friendship.
vinÄttu-mÄl snpl. assurances of friendship.
vinna sv. 3, do, perform; win, conquer. vinnask til, suffice.
vinr sm. 2, friend.
virÃ°ing sf. honour [verÃ°r].
vÄ«sa wv. 2, w. dat. show, guide.
vÄ«ss adj. wise; certain.
vissa see vita.
vist sf. 2, board and lodging; provisions.
vit see ek.
vita swv. know; be turned in a certain direction. v. fram, see into futurity.
vÄ«ti sn. punishment, penalty.
vÄ«tis-horn sn. penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk as a punishment).
vitkask wv. 3, come to one's senses.
vitr (-ran) adj. wise.
vÇ«llr sm. 3, plain, field.
vÇ«ndr sm. 3, twig, rod.
vÇ«rn sf. defence, resistance.
vÇ«xtr sm. 3, growth, stature.
vreiÃ°r = reiÃ°r.
Y
yÃ°r see Ã¾Å«.
yfir prp. w. acc. and dat. over [ofan].
È³miss adj. various, different.
ymr sm. rumbling noise.
ytri adj. comp. outer. superl. yztr, outside(st) [Å«t].
Proper Names
84
Äki sm.
Äsa-Ã¾Årr sm. (divine) Thor.
ÄstrÄ«Ã°r sf.
AuÃ°un sm.
Baldr (-rs) sm.

BarÃ°i wm. 'the Ram' (name of a ship).
Bil-skÄ«rnir sm.
BrÄ«singa-mÄn sn. Freyja's necklace.
Burizleifr sm.
DÄins-leif sf. relic of DÄinn ['leif,' leaving, heritage].

Dana-konungr sm. king of the Danes.
Danir smpl. the Danes.
Dan-mÇ«rk sf. 3, Denmark.
Draupnir sm.
Einarr sm.
EindriÃ°i wm.
EirÄ«kr sm.
Erlingr sm.
FÄn-salr sm. 2.
Finnr sm.
Finskr adj. Finnish.
Freyja wf.
Freyr sm.
Frigg sf. wife of Odin.
Fulla wf. Frigg's handmaid.
Geira wf.
Gimsar fpl.
Gjallar-brÅ« sf. the bridge over the river GjÇ«ll.
GjÇ«ll sf. 'the Resounder,' the river of Hell.
GrÅn-land sn. Greenland.
Gullin-bursti wm. 'Golden-bristle.'
Gull-toppr sm. 'Gold-top.'
HÄ-ey sf. 'High-island.'

HÄkon sm.
Hall-freÃ°r sm.
Haraldr sm.
HÄÃ°inn sm.
85
Heim-dallr sm.
HÄl sf. the goddess of the infernal regions.
HÄr-mÅÃ°r sm.
Hildr sf. ['hildr,' war].
HjaÃ°ninga-vÄ«g sn. battle of the HjaÃ°nings.
Hjarrandi wm.
HlÅriÃ°i wm. the Thunderer, Thor.
HÇ«gni wm.
Hring-horni wm. 'Ring-prowed.'
Hyrningr sm.
Hyrrokin sf.
HÇ«Ã°r sm.
Äªs-land sn. Iceland.

Äªsland-fÄrÃ° sf. journey to Iceland.
ÄªslÄnzkr adj. Icelandic.
JÅms-borg sf.
JÅms-vÄ«kingar smpl. the pirates of JÅmsborg.
Kol-bjÇ«rn sm.
Laufey sf.
Litr sm.
Loki wm.
MÅÃ°-guÃ°r sf.
MÅri wf.
Nanna wf.
Nepr sm.
NjarÃ°ar see NjÇ«rÃ°r.
NjÇ«rÃ°r sm.
NÅa-tÅ«n snpl.
Noregr sm. Norway [= norÃ°-vegr].
Çªku-Ã¾Årr sm. Thor (the driver) [aka].

ÅlÄfr sm.
ÅÃ°inn sm. Odin.
Orkn-eyjar sfpl. Orkneys.
RÅma-borg sf. Rome.

RÅ«m-fÄrli wm. pilgrim to Rome [fara].
86
RÇ«skva wf.
Sax-land sn. Saxony, Germany.

Sif sf.
SigrÄ«Ã°r sf.
Sig-valdi wm.
SkjÄlgr sm.
SkrÈ³mir sm.
Sleipnir sm.
SlÄ«Ã°rug-tanni wm. [tÇ«nn].
SÅnskr adj. Swedish.
Sveinn sm.
SvÄ«a-konungr sm. king of Sweden.
SvÄ«ar smpl. Swedes.
SvÄ«a-vÄldi sn. Sweden [vald].
SvÄ«-Ã¾jÅÃ° sf. Sweden.
SvÇ«lÃ°r (-rar) sf. island of Svolder, near RÃ¼gen.
Tann-gnjÅstr sm. [tÇ«nn].

Tann-grisnir sm. [tÇ«nn].
Tryggvi wm. 'Trusty.'
ÃjÄlfi wm.
ÃÅrir sm.
Ãor-kÄll sm.
ÃÅrr sm. Thor.
Ãor-steinn sm.
ÃrÅ«Ã°-vangar smpl. 'plains of strength.'
Ãrymyr sm.
ÃÇ«kk sf.
Åªlfr sm.
ÅªtgarÃ°a-loki wm.
Åªt-garÃ°r sm. Åªt-garÃ°ar pl. 'outer enclosure,' world of the giants.
Vanir smpl. race of Gods.

VÄr sf. goddess of betrothal and marriage.
Vest-firzkr adj. of the west firths (in Iceland).
VÄ«k sf. 'the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord.
Vinda-snÄkkja wf. Wendish ship.
Vind-land sn. Wendland.
Vindr smpl. the Wends.
Ving-Ã¾Årr sm. name of Thor.
87
THE END.
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER ***
This file should be named clprm10h.html or clprm10h.zip

Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, clprm11h.html
VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, clprm10ah.html
Image files scanned in by Sean Crist http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germa
88

Icelandic Primer With Grammar, Notes and Glossary by Sweet, Henry, 1845-1912

Cargado por

Información del documento

Descripción original:

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Icelandic Primer With Grammar, Notes and Glossary by Sweet, Henry, 1845-1912

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet

The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet

**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**

**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**

*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****

Title: An Icelandic Primer

Author: Henry Sweet

Release Date: April, 2004 [EBook #5424]

Character set encoding: Unicode UTF-8

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER ***

[Footnote 1: Note that the longs of Ä, Ã¶ are written Ã¦, Å, respectively.]

a as in mann (G.) halda (hold)

Ã¦ as in there sÃ¦r (sea)

14. p in pt probably had the sound of f: lopt (air).

15. r was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch.

16. s was always sharp.

18. z had the sound of ts: bÄztr (best).

Ä ... Ã¦ :-- mÄl (speech), mÃ¦la (speak).

e (ja, jÇ«) ... i :-- verÃ°r (worth), virÃ°a (estimate).

Å« ... È³ :-- brÅ«n (eyebrow), pl. brÈ³nn.

o ... Ã¶ :-- koma (to come), kÃ¶mr (comes).

Å ... Å :-- fÅr (went), fÅra (bring).

au ... ey :-- lauss (loose), leysa (loosen).

[Footnote 4: Cp. German erde.]

Final r is often assimilated to a preceding cons.

[Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described above.]

48. So also a number of proper names, such as SkrÈ³mir, ÃÅrir.

49. So also gripr (precious thing), salr (hall).

54. So also brÅÃ°ir (brother), pl. brÅÃ°r.

56. So also frÅndi (kinsman), pl. frÅndr.

59. fÄ (money) is contracted: gen. fjÄr, dat. fÄ.

61. So also mÇ«n (mane), gjÇ«rÃ° (girdle), Är (oar).

62. Ä (river) contracts: Ä, Ä, Ä, Är; Är, Är, Äm, Ä.

70. hÇ«nd (hand) pl. hÄndr has dat. sg. hÄndi.

71. kÈ³r (cow) has acc. kÅ«, pl. kÈ³r.

72. brÅ«n (eyebrow) assimilates the r of the pl.: brÈ³nn.

74. So also mÄni (moon), fÄlagi (companion).

76. lÄ (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is ljÄ.

78. herra (lord) is indeclinable in the sg.

79. So also auga (eye).

Sg. Nom. Älli (old age)

81. So also glÄÃ°i (joy) and many abstract nouns.

84. So also fagr (fair), fem. fÇ«gr, neut. fagrt.

85. Some insert j before a and u: nÈ³r (new), nÈ³jum, nÈ³jan.

Masc. Neut. Fem.

89. So also lÄ«till (little).

Masc. Neut. Fem.

92. So also fagri, hÄvi, mikli, etc.

Masc. Neut. Fem.

96. The following are irregular:

gamall (old) Ällri Älztr

einn is declined like other adjectives:--

Masc. Neut. Fem.

The next three show various irregularities.

Masc. Neut. Fem.

Similarly bÄÃ°ir (both):

Masc. Neut. Fem.

Masc. Neut. Fem.

Masc. Neut. Fem.

105. Ã¾Å«sund is a strong ir-feminine: tvÃ¦r Ã¾Å«sundir (2400).

106. hundraÃ° and Ã¾Å«sund are rarely = 100 and 1000.

Sg. Nom. ek (I) Ã¾Å« (thou) --

Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts

eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971

These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!

* START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER *