Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide

1. Research in which a representative sample o people are as!ed "uestions a#out their attitudes or #ehavior is
called
a. ield e$periments.
#. archival analysis.
c. ethnography.
d. survey research.
%. A researcher conducted a study and ound a positive correlation #etween age and income level. &n other
words' this researcher ound that as age ((((((((' income level tends to ((((((((.
a. increases) decrease
#. increases) stay the same
c. decreases) increase
d. increases) increase
3. According to the authors o your te$t' when aced with a pu**ling social "uestion' it may #e tempting to as!
people why they #ehaved as they did. +hy is this not always the #est way to understand social #ehavior,
a. People almost always lie when they are interviewed.
#. People would simply answer randomly.
c. People would eel deensive' even when as!ed #enign "uestions.
d. People would not necessarily !now why they #ehaved as they did.
-. +hat do o#servational and correlational research have in common,
a. .hey can use random assignment.
#. .hey cannot predict #ehavior.
c. .hey cannot answer causal "uestions.
d. .hey can descri#e social #ehavior.
/. Ava is at a party' deep in conversation with her riends. Suddenly' she hears her name mentioned in another
conversation and her attention turns to monitor that conversation. Clearly' Ava had #een unconsciously
monitoring the other conversations. Such e$periences demonstrate the
a. availa#ility heuristic.
#. eects o priming.
c. representativeness heuristic.
d. coc!tail party eect.
0. 1ne main reason why social psychologists may elect to use deception in their studies is that it
a. ensures that all participants in an e$periment are treated e"ually.
#. allows or stronger p2values to occur.
c. creates a situation in which participants e$perience contrived events as though they were real.
d. can #e easier to deceive na3ve participants than to tell the truth and provide a comple$ e$planation.
4. +hen researchers say that there is a relationship #etween two varia#les' this means
a. they are very similar to each other.
#. one is causing the other.
c. that you can predict one rom the other.
d. they are e"ual to each other.
5. +hen we commit the undamental attri#ution error' we (((((((( the power o ((((((((.
a. overestimate) the situation
#. underestimate) personality characteristics
c. underestimate) personal motivations
d. overestimate) personal inluence
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
6. & a researcher is interested in learning a#out people7s attitudes a#out environmental issues' the research
method he should employ is
a. an e$periment.
#. a ield e$periment.
c. survey research.
d. ethnography.
18. 1#servational research is to descri#ing a #ehavior as correlational research is to
a. determining the causes o #ehavior.
#. e$plaining a #ehavior.
c. predicting #ehavior.
d. manipulating a #ehavior.
11. 9any raternities' sororities' and sports teams have initiation rituals. :or e$ample' at one school' all the
mem#ers o the soccer team must wear unusual clothing everywhere on campus or an entire day and then
have em#arrassing haircuts. .hese rituals try to capitali*e on the role o (((((((( in increasing commitment
via sel2;ustiication.
a. reinorcement
#. the ailiation motive
c. social power
d. suering
1%. According to the deinition o social psychology presented in your te$t' social psychology is the study o how
(((((((( aect the thoughts' eelings' and #ehaviors o humans.
a. perceptions o the social world
#. the presence o real or imagined others
c. other living things
d. live social interactions with other humans
13. A researcher is interested in the eects o sel2esteem on people7s choice o romantic partner. She as!s her
study participants to complete a measure o sel2esteem and to #ring in separate photos o themselves and
their signiicant others. She then has these photos rated or attractiveness #y a panel o independent ;udges'
and relates the relative attractiveness o a person7s signiicant other to the person7s sel2esteem. .he study ;ust
descri#ed is a<n=
a. o#servational study.
#. e$perimental study.
c. meta2analysis.
d. correlational study.
1-. & a researcher were to use deception as part o her e$perimental procedure' when would she e$plain the
purpose o this deception to her participants,
a. #eore collecting any dependent measures
#. during the de#rieing
c. immediately preceding the e$perimental manipulation
d. #eore o#taining inormed consent
1/. A researcher has recorded that on the playground' #oys are more li!ely to use physical aggression to get what
they want' #ut that girls are more li!ely to use ver#al aggression to get what they want. .his researcher most
li!ely employed a<n= (((((((( research method.
a. e$perimental
#. archival
c. o#servational
d. interview
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
10. & a scientist #elieves that another person7s theory is wrong' the #est approach or that scientist to ta!e is to
a. write an essay e$plaining why the other theory is wrong.
#. wor! in another country.
c. ignore the other7s research #ecause it is irrelevant to the scientist7s theory.
d. design a study ma!ing speciic predictions to test the alternate e$planation.
14. An e$perimenter inds out that the p2value in his study is 3 in 188. +hat does this mean,
a. >e has a 3 percent chance that his hypothesis is correct.
#. >is results have a 3 percent chance o #eing valid.
c. >e has a 3 percent chance o inding these results #y chance alone.
d. >e has a 38 percent chance that his study had good internal validity.
15. +hich o the ollowing is the #est deinition o the undamental attri#ution error,
a. people7s strong need to see themselves as reasona#ly good' competent' and decent
#. the inluence o the real or imagined presence o others
c. the tendency to underestimate the power o social inluence
d. the su#;ective way in which an o#;ect appears in people7s minds
16. ?ee Ross descri#es the idea o @na3ve realism@ as the
a. conviction that all o us have that we perceive things @as they really are.@
#. way in which people perceive' comprehend' and interpret the social world.
c. aspects o people7s personalities that ma!e them dierent rom other people.
d. scientiic study o the way in which people7s thoughts' eelings' and #ehaviors are inluenced #y the
real or imagined presence o other people.
%8. .he whole is dierent rom the sum o its parts. .his statement relects a tenet o (((((((( psychology.
a. cognitive
#. physiological
c. Gestalt
d. #ehavioral
%1. Proessor Rothman is interested in trac!ing changes in racial stereotypes in the A.S. & he decides to conduct
an archival analysis' he should
a. record how minorities are portrayed in cartoons in the New Yorker maga*ine rom 16-8%818.
#. interview multiple generations in amilies o dierent race and ethnicities.
c. as! his students to report their impressions o how dierent ethnic groups are portrayed on television.
d. compare the results o opinion polls ta!en over ive decades.
%%. & a researcher were to o#serve women e$ercising and then men e$ercising and compare these groups' why
would this not #e considered an e$periment,
a. .he study is #iased.
#. .he e$perimenter is not manipulating anything.
c. .here is no prior evidence that gender is related to one7s preerred type o e$ercise.
d. An e$periment must involve at least three dierent conditions.
%3. 1ne strength o o#servational research methods is that they can #e useul or descri#ing #ehavior. >owever'
these methods do not allow researchers to (((((((( human #ehavior.
a. understand the nature o
#. predict and e$plain
c. create theories a#out
d. analy*e and compare
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
%-. Assume that instead o conducting e$periments' ?atanB and Carley had used a correlational method to study
the relationship #etween the num#er o #ystanders who witness an emergency and how "uic!ly a victim
receives help. Assume that the correlational data were compati#le with results rom e$periments: the more
#ystanders' the more time it too! #ystanders to help. +hat type o correlation is this #etween time and
num#er o #ystanders,
a. a spurious correlation
#. a nonlinear correlation
c. a negative correlation
d. a positive correlation
%/. A researcher conducted a survey and ound a negative correlation #etween education and the tendency to
resort to violence during disputes. &n other words' this researcher ound that as education level ((((((((' the
tendency to use violence ((((((((.
a. increases) decreases
#. increases) remains the same
c. decreases) also decreases
d. increases) also increases
%0. +hereas o#servational research is designed to (((((((( #ehavior' correlational research is designed to
((((((((.
a. e$plain) assess relations #etween varia#les
#. systematically descri#e) determine what causes #ehavior
c. systematically descri#e) e$plain #ehavior
d. systematically descri#e) assess relations #etween varia#les
%4. +hich o the ollowing is a li!ely criticism o the #ehaviorist approach,
a. Concepts li!e reinorcement and punishment are too vague.
#. Scientists cannot deal with concepts li!e @thin!ing@ or @eeling@ in an o#;ective way.
c. .erms li!e @cognition@ or @thin!ing@ or @eeling@ are too vague to #e studied.
d. Dehaviorist e$planations are too simplistic to e$plain all human social #ehavior.
%5. .he varia#le a researcher measures to see i it is aected in the e$periment is called the
a. dependent varia#le.
#. independent varia#le.
c. meta2analysis.
d. correlation coeicient.
%6. Asing random selection is a way to ensure that
a. a sample is representative o a population #y giving everyone an e"ual chance o #eing selected or the
sample.
#. every mem#er in a population is sampled.
c. participants who it certain criteria or gender and ethnicity are more li!ely to #e selected as part o a
sample.
d. every participant in a sample has an e"ual chance o ta!ing part in any condition o an e$periment.
38. &n trying to ma!e sense o the mass suicide in Eonestown' a #ehaviorist would pro#a#ly e$amine the
a. rewards and punishments that Eim Eones used to inluence his ollowers.
#. contents o the speeches that Eim Eones delivered to his ollowers.
c. prior mental health o the people who committed suicide.
d. attitudes and values o the people who committed suicide.
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
31. Ater reading Chapter 1' i you were to advise producers o a sae2se$ television campaign' what would you
tell them,
a. Remem#er to provide complete inormation and get your acts right.
#. A&CS is more li!ely to #e transmitted via intravenous drug use than via se$.
c. Deware o the undamental attri#ution error.
d. Remem#er that sometimes people would rather eel good than #e accurate.
3%. .he only way to #e certain that the results o a survey represent the #ehavior o a particular population is to
ensure that the respondents are (((((((( that population.
a. randomly selected rom
#. conveniently accessi#le in
c. randomly assigned to
d. normally distri#uted in
33. +hich o the ollowing is a conse"uence o underestimating the power o social inluence,
a. +e overestimate our vulnera#ility to social situations.
#. +e tend to over2complicate simple situations.
c. +e perceive people as more inconsistent and varia#le than they really are.
d. +e tend to oversimpliy comple$ situations.
3-. &t is important to !now the pro#a#ility level or a given set o e$perimental indings #ecause p2values
a. inorm e$perimenters whether their results might have happened #y chance.
#. greater than .18 indicate that there is no need to replicate the e$periment.
c. alert e$perimenters to poor dependent varia#le measures.
d. indicate that e$perimenters have used the correct manipulation o the independent varia#le.
3/. &magine that researchers have ound a positive correlation #etween the re"uency o disagreements that
couples have and how long they stay together. Dased on this correlation' would you start arguments with your
signiicant other in order to sustain your relationship,
a. Fo' #ecause the correlation is positive.
#. Ges' #ecause the correlation is positive.
c. Fo' #ecause although the two may #e correlated' causation has not #een esta#lished.
d. Fo' #ecause in your group o riends' the correlation is negative.
30. Complete the ollowing analogy a#out research methods in social psychology: description: (((((((((::
(((((((((: e$perimental.
a. o#servational) causality
#. e$perimental) o#servational
c. correlational) e$perimental
d. o#servational) correlational
34. +hich o the ollowing pairs o varia#les are most li!ely to #e negatively correlated,
a. amount o practice) "uality o perormance
#. education) income
c. eort) success
d. calories consumed) weight loss
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
35. Proessor Swenson is interested in university students7 reactions to the death o a popular roc! star. :or two
wee!s' Proessor Swenson spends one hour a day in a popular caeteria' inconspicuously listening to students'
;oining in their conversations when the topic o the dead roc! star comes up' and recording what the students
have to say. Proessor Swenson is conducting (((((((( research.
a. e$perimental
#. correlational
c. o#servational
d. archival
36. Complete the ollowing analogy' #ased on inormation rom your te$t: #ehaviorism: ((((((((:: Gestalt
psychology: ((((((((.
a. perceptions) interpretations
#. mental #ehavior) interpretations and construals
c. rewards) perceptions
d. o#serva#le #ehavior) reinorcement
-8. &n an eort to convince more women to get mammograms' pu#lic service ads downplay ear o #reast cancer
and the discomort o this cancer detection procedure. &nstead such ads point to the #eneits o early detection
and conse"uent cure rate. According to the authors o your te$t' an ad could #e designed this way #ecause
a. people are more li!ely to watch positive than negative advertising.
#. when it comes to health' people are more motivated to #e accurate than to eel good.
c. messages that evo!e ear seldom i ever are successul at inluencing #ehavior.
d. overly rightened women might engage in denial a#out the odds that they would contract #reast cancer.
-1. &n many respects' reality television shows are similar to o#servational research in social psychology. &n what
crucial respect are reality .H shows most dierent rom o#servational research,
a. .he people ilmed did not provide inormed consent.
#. .he !ind o situations that are ilmed are not relevant to social psychologists.
c. .he o#servations were not conducted in a systematic' scientiic manner.
d. .hey do not use a representative sample o people who conronted strange situations.
-%. 9arta let a party eeling very upset. Rather than trying to recall each conversation she had during the party'
9arta tried to e$plain her eelings #y relecting on the party as a whole. .he process 9arta used resem#les
the approach used #y (((((((( psychologists.
a. personality
#. #ehavioral
c. Gestalt
d. social
-3. Social psychologists tend to #e more ocused on ((((((((' and personality psychologists tend to ocus more
on ((((((((.
a. glo#al issues) mental health
#. the inluence o the situation) individual dierences
c. societal pro#lems) therapies or psychological disorders
d. how people are uni"ue) how people are similar
--. +hen 9oni"ue plays chec!ers with her younger sister' she lets her sister win. +hen she plays with her older
#rother' she does everything she can to #eat him. A social psychologist would suggest that
a. 9oni"ue is #lindly o#edient to the rules o the game.
#. 9oni"ue is am#ivalent in how she eels a#out her si#lings.
c. 9oni"ue7s personality is unsta#le.
d. 9oni"ue is responding to dierent social situations.
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
-/. Fanami and April were playing in the den when April7s mother entered the room and scolded them or
ma!ing a mess. Fanami decided then and there that April7s mother was a grouch. Fanami7s inerence is an
e$ample o
a. availa#ility.
#. a sel2ulilling prophecy.
c. the undamental attri#ution error.
d. automatic thin!ing.
-0. &n discussing the issue o parental discipline' which o the ollowing proessionals would #e least li!ely to
remind parents that it is important to consider how the child views #eing punished,
a. a #ehaviorist
#. a ;ournalist
c. a philosopher
d. a social psychologist
-4. +hat is the unction o an institutional review #oard <&RD=,
a. to peer2review results rom e$periments and suggest appropriate replications
#. to review proposals or research and decide whether they meet ethical guidelines
c. to perorm a meta2analysis on all studies a#out a given phenomenon
d. to assess the psychological realism o proposed psychological research
-5. Garry is a physician and is convinced that his patient' 9r. 9ra*' has cancer. >owever' ater several diagnostic
tests and a #iopsy that came #ac! negative' Garry rethin!s his original diagnosis. >e admits that he was
wrong and does more research to ind the correct diagnosis. &n this case' which #asic motive did Garry give in
to,
a. the need to eel good a#out onesel
#. the need or accuracy
c. the need or control
d. the need or meaning
-6. Dehaviorists #elieve that all learning is a result o
a. emotion.
#. Gestalt principles.
c. interpretation.
d. reinorcement and punishment.
/8. .he authors o your te$t discuss the idea that social psychology progresses through the process o theory
reinement. +hich o the ollowing is the #est summary o theory reinement,
a. .heories are developed and de#ated #y e$perts in the ield.
#. >ypotheses are proposed and tested at least three times #y dierent researchers #eore altering a
theory.
c. +hen hypotheses are proven' they #ecome theories.
d. .heories are developed' hypotheses are proposed and tested' and then theories are revised.
/1. +hich o the ollowing #est deines the term @sample@,
a. a small group o people used to pilot test a study
#. the people actually measured in a study
c. a group o people who are representative o the population as a whole
d. the group o people a#out whom the results o a study are intended to generali*e
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
/%. A researcher interested in testing a (((((((( hypothesis would #e most li!ely to conduct an e$periment.
a. correlational
#. causal
c. theoretical
d. descriptive
/3. Ater the mass suicides related to the cults at Eonestown' people tended to #lame the victims and accuse them
o #eing psychologically unsta#le or deranged. Social psychologists are more li!ely to e$plain these mass
suicides as #eing due to
a. the social inluence o cult leaders.
#. individual dierences' such as antisocial personality.
c. mental illness in most o the cult mem#ers.
d. the imagined presence o an all2powerul deity.
/-. &n their approach to understanding social #ehavior' social psychologists are most similar to
a. personality psychologists.
#. #ehaviorists.
c. sociologists.
d. Gestalt psychologists.
//. .he word @construal@ reers to
a. o#;ective reality.
#. inormation provided #y other people.
c. imagined events.
d. personal interpretations.
/0. & two varia#les have no correlation with one another' this means that
a. when one is higher' the other is lower.
#. they are pro#a#ly very similar.
c. you cannot predict one rom the other.
d. you can only predict one o the two varia#les.
/4. According to the authors o your te$t' in the social cognition approach' a ma;or hallmar! o #eing human is
a. sel2esteem.
#. the a#ility to reason.
c. a sense o sel.
d. perception o social reality.
/5. &n two hundred years' ater watching our .H commercials and &nternet advertising' it is possi#le that
researchers will conclude that we had all sorts o medical pro#lems and only ate ood in our cars. .hese
conclusions would #e #ased on (((((((( research.
a. correlational
#. ethnographic
c. e$perimental
d. archival
/6. A researcher wants to see i there is a relationship #etween a person7s #irth order and his or her leadership
a#ility. .he #est method or answering this "uestion would #e
a. e$perimental.
#. o#servational.
c. archival analysis.
d. correlational.
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
08. George ;ust inished a poem' and is very proud o his wor!. >e !nows he should as! his instructor or some
constructive eed#ac! to improve it' #ut chooses not to #ecause he is araid o losing his sense o
accomplishment. &n this case' which #asic motive did George give in to,
a. the need to #elong
#. the need to eel good a#out onesel
c. the need or accuracy
d. the need or ailiation
01. Complete the ollowing analogy a#out research methods in social psychology: o#servational: (((((((((::
(((((((((: causality.
a. prediction) correlational
#. prediction) e$perimental
c. description) correlational
d. description) e$perimental
0%. &n e$plaining why so many people watching on the &nternet ailed to come to the aid o A#raham Diggs' who
committed suicide' a #ehaviorist would most li!ely address the
a. danger or inconvenience that aced anyone who intervened.
#. conlicting eelings o the viewers.
c. viewers7 interpretations o the video.
d. relationships #etween the viewers and A#raham.
03. (((((((( and (((((((( are the hallmar!s o the e$perimental method which set it apart rom the
o#servational and correlational methods.
a. Correlation coeicients) dependent varia#les
#. Representative sampling) control over e$traneous varia#les
c. Random assignment) pro#a#ility levels
d. Control over e$traneous varia#les) random assignment
0-. .ony has #een doing research on age and aggression. >e has discovered that the older a person gets' the less
li!ely he or she is to aggress against another person. +hat !ind o relationship #est descri#es .ony7s indings,
a. no correlation
#. curvilinear correlation
c. positive correlation
d. negative correlation
0/. 9ost o the early social psychologists arrived in the A.S. rom
a. South America
#. Australia
c. Asia
d. Iurope
00. A researcher is interested in the relationship #etween the num#er o a person7s past se$ual partners and the
person7s decision to have an >&H test. .o determine this' the researcher should use the (((((((( method.
a. longitudinal
#. e$perimental
c. correlational
d. o#servational
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
04. +hich o the ollowing is one o the ethical principles that psychologists must ollow when using human
participants, All participants must #e
a. contacted si$ months ater the study to assure that no psychological harm resulted.
#. inormed that they can withdraw rom the study at any time.
c. compensated in some way or their participation in research.
d. inormed o the true nature o the study upon arriving at the la#oratory.
05. .om saw a weight2loss program advertised on late2night television. .he ad claimed that deep #reathing
e$ercises would speed up meta#olism' causing people to lose weight. >e mailed a chec! or J66.6/. +hen
the plan arrived' .om rearranged his day so that he could complete the #reathing e$ercises as scheduled. .hey
made him nauseated and di**y' and #eore long' .om7s riends #egan to thin! that he was going over#oard
with the program' and they #egan to avoid him. Ater the end o the ten2wee! program' .om got on the scale
and saw that he hadn7t lost an ounceK Still' he remained enthusiastic and thought' @& may not have lost any
weight' #ut & eel so much healthierK@ .his situation is #est e$plained #y
a. the sel2ulilling prophecy.
#. accurate sel2perceptions.
c. delusional thin!ing.
d. the ;ustiication o suering.
06. +hich o the ollowing people have allen prey to the undamental attri#ution error,
a. .im' who points to a person who ell down and says' @+hat a clumsy oaK@
#. Cindy' who e$plains her poor e$am perormance #y pointing out how hard the "uestions were.
c. Cien' who points to an erratic driver and says' @?oo! at thatK .he roads are slic! tonight.@
d. Guillermo' who e$plains his girlriend7s tears #y saying' @She didn7t get enough sleep last night.@
48. .he pro#lem with a survey that is not representative is that
a. the data will #e limited in its relia#ility.
#. the researcher will not #e a#le to draw valid conclusions a#out the population.
c. the rules governing random assignment have #een violated.
d. it is unair not to give everyone an e"ual chance to participate.
41. 1#servational research allows a researcher to
a. ma!e predictions a#out one varia#le #ased on !nowledge o another.
#. randomly assign participants to conditions o an e$periment.
c. provide a description o a phenomenon.
d. ma!e statements a#out causality.
4%. +hich o the ollowing pairs o varia#les are most li!ely to #e positively correlated,
a. consumption o atty oods) ris! o heart disease
#. lossing) cavities
c. eelings o love) li!elihood o a #rea!2up
d. partying) grades
43. Parents seldom spend a lot o time e$plaining to their children how to ride a #icycle. &nstead' they oten get a
#i!e with training wheels and let the children learn or themselves how to ride a #i!e. .his is #ecause our
understanding a#out how to ride a #icycle is #ased on
a. automatic thin!ing which is diicult to descri#e to someone else.
#. controlled thin!ing that can only #e learned #y e$perience.
c. personal e$perience that is not li!ely to #e #elieved #y the child.
d. intuition that is diicult to e$press in language that a child can understand.
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
4-. +hen you conduct your own research' what si*e p2value indicates that your research has #een successul,
a. medium' such as #etween 38 and 48L
#. &t doesn7t matter the si*e. .he p2value does not indicate anything a#out research.
c. large' such as greater than 48L
d. small' such as less than /L
4/. .he (((((((( is a num#er that e$presses the li!elihood that a given e$perimental inding would have
occurred #y chance alone.
a. uncertainty "uotient
#. chance inde$
c. chaos inde$
d. pro#a#ility level
40. According to inormation rom the registrar7s oice' ?ee has discovered that people who score higher on the
SA. tend to have a higher GPA in their irst year o college. ?ee has used a<n= (((((((( research method.
a. e$perimental
#. correlational
c. ethnographic
d. ield study
44. .he varia#le that the researcher changes or varies to see i it has an eect is called the
a. correlation coeicient.
#. dependent varia#le.
c. inter;udge relia#ility.
d. independent varia#le.
45. Gou are reading a paper a#out how to do well in college and it presents several correlation coeicients. .hese
correlation coeicients indicate
a. the causal relationship #etween the varia#les.
#. the relia#ility o the varia#les.
c. that this study compared three or more groups o students.
d. how well you can predict one varia#le rom the other.
46. .here is a moderately strong correlation #etween the num#er o #ars in a town and the num#er o churches in
a town. As it turns out' this correlation is due to the correlation o #oth num#ers o #ars and num#er o
churches with town population. .his illustrates which o the ollowing, Correlations are
a. no guarantee o causation.
#. indicative o causation.
c. varia#le.
d. unrelia#le.
58. Spino*a <1003= proposed the idea that when you love someone whom you used to hate' you
a. will always "uestion the love.
#. love him or her more strongly than i hatred had not preceded the love.
c. love him or her less strongly #ecause hatred preceded the love.
d. cannot ever love that person ully.
51. .he #ehaviorist approach
a. revolutioni*ed psychology #y introducing cognitive concepts.
#. claims that although thin!ing and eeling cannot #e directly o#served' such concepts are essential or a
complete understanding o human #ehavior.
c. has its historical roots in Gestalt psychology.
d. claims that all learning occurs through reinorcement and punishment.
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
5%. +hat have archival analyses o se$ually e$plicit materials revealed a#out the pornographyMviolence "uestion,
a. 9en are largely a#sent in these se$ually e$plicit pu#lications.
#. Se$ually e$plicit materials are more li!ely to contain #ondage than to contain consensual se$.
c. 9en who read se$ually e$plicit #oo!s and maga*ines are li!ely to engage in violent acts against
women.
d. Aggression against women is a ma;or theme in some o these e$plicit materials.
53. +hich o the ollowing is the #est illustration o a sel2ulilling prophecy,
a. Imily always wanted to #e a physician when she grew up and is now inishing medical school.
#. 1livia has heard that Cylan is a good singer. +hen she sees him at a coee shop' she as!s him to sing
yet inds his singing atrocious.
c. Ryan heard that Grace is opinionated) upon meeting her' he stri!es up a conversation a#out politics and
inds that she is willing to e$press her opinion.
d. Eustin wanted some candy' and #ought some at the store the ne$t day.
5-. Complete the analogy a#out correlation coeicients: positive correlation: same direction:: negative
correlation:(((((((((.
a. no relationship
#. wea! relationship
c. no direction
d. opposite direction
5/. +hich research method allows the researcher to ocus on causality,
a. correlational methods
#. o#servational methods
c. archival analyses
d. e$perimental methods
50. &n an e$periment' the independent varia#le is (((((((( and the dependent varia#le is ((((((((.
a. measured) manipulated
#. measured) varied
c. varied) randomly assigned
d. varied) measured
54. &n the introduction to Chapter 1' you read a#out a num#er o social phenomena: a young man #roadcast his
suicide live online) a ather and son disagreed on the attractiveness o the same raternity) and more than 588
people committed mass suicide in Eonestown' Guyana. +hat do these e$amples have in common, .hey
a. relect the operation o deli#erate persuasion attempts.
#. reveal the power o social inluence.
c. dey e$planation.
d. descri#e socially deviant #ehavior.
55. Research that e$amines the eects o deception e$periments on participants has ound that
a. people do not o#;ect to the mild discomort and deceptions used in social psychological research.
#. participating in such e$periments has a delayed negative eect.
c. participating in such e$periments causes people to develop an enduring distrust o researchers.
d. most people ind such e$periences e$tremely upsetting.
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
56. +hat is the ta!e2home message o the authors7 description o the presidents7 decisions to continue and even
escalate wars,
a. .he need to #e accurate and the need to eel good a#out ourselves are oten compati#le.
#. .he need to #e accurate is stronger than the need to eel good a#out ourselves.
c. +hen we orego accuracy in the interest o eeling good a#out ourselves' there are sometimes serious
conse"uences.
d. .he need to #e accurate and the need to eel good a#out ourselves are always in conlict.
68. +hen social psychologists do research' they see! to answer "uestions with e$perimentation and
measurement. Dy doing so' they are as!ing ((((((( "uestions.
a. esteem
#. common sense
c. empirical
d. social inluence
61. .ed li!es Eim and smiles at him every chance he gets. Eim wonders why .ed is always smir!ing at him
sarcastically and studiously avoids him. .ed thin!s he7s #eing riendly and cannot understand Eim7s
standoishness) Eim thin!s .ed is a ;er! or continuing to smir! at him without e$planation. .his dierence
illustrates the role o (((((((( in e$plaining social #ehavior.
a. construals
#. the need or ailiation
c. persuasion
d. power
6%. Complete the analogy: correlation: ((((((((((:: e$periment: ((((((((((.
a. relate) o#serve
#. relate) cause
c. hypothesis) theory
d. predict) relate
63. 1ne o Nurt ?ewin7s #oldest intellectual contri#utions to social psychology was
a. applying #ehavioral principles to the topic o social inluence.
#. applying Gestalt principles to social perception.
c. promoting the use o o#servational methods.
d. reminding social psychologists that o#;ective physical attri#utes o a social stimulus are important.
6-. &n Chapter %' the authors included a #rie "ui* a#out research indings. .his "ui* was designed to illustrate
that
a. so2called @o#vious@ research indings are not all that easy to predict in advance.
#. although people are not insightul @physicists'@ they are insightul @social psychologists.@
c. most research indings directly contradict ol! wisdom.
d. social psychology is really little more than common sense.
6/. Ithnography can #e deined as the method #y which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture #y
a. e$amining the accumulated documents o that culture' such as newspapers.
#. as!ing "uestions o a representative sample o people #y means such as telephone interviews.
c. independently o#serving and coding a set o data.
d. o#serving it rom the inside' without imposing any preconceived notions.
Social Psychology: Aronson Chapters 1 3 Study Guide
60. Carlos' the president o a raternity on campus' randomly sampled /88 students' as!ed them i they #elonged
to a raternity or sorority' and as!ed them a#out their current GPA. >e discovered that the GPAs o those
people in raternities and sororities are higher than those o people who are not involved in the Gree! system.
Gleeully' he presented his indings to the dean' saying that #eing involved in a raternity or sorority leads to
higher grades. +hat rule o research methods is Carlos #rea!ing,
a. Correlation does not e"ual causation.
#. >is sample si*e o /88 is too small to ma!e such a generali*ation.
c. Correlational data do not provide any practical inormation on a topic.
d. College students are not representative o the whole sample o people in the world.
64. Deore Eonas Sal! discovered a vaccine to prevent polio' people noticed a correlation #etween outside
temperature and the incidence o polio: .he warmer the temperature over the course o the year' the more
out#rea!s o polio. .his relationship is an e$ample o a<n= (((((((( correlation.
a. negative
#. spurious
c. positive
d. illusory
65. Social psychologists have identiied two motives that are o primary importance in e$plaining our thoughts
and #ehaviors. According to your te$t#oo! authors' these are the need to (((((((( and the need to ((((((((.
a. #e as accurate as possi#le) maintain social control
#. eel good a#out ourselves) #elong
c. enhance our power) #e as accurate as possi#le
d. #e as accurate as possi#le) eel good a#out ourselves
66. Rashim is viewed #y most people he !nows as rude' #rus"ue' and completely unconcerned with other
people7s eelings. >e' in contrast' descri#es himsel as eicient and tas!2oriented. Rahim7s sel2description
#est relects the motive to
a. succeed at any cost.
#. ;ustiy our ailed eorts.
c. ;ustiy our past #ehavior.
d. perceive the world accurately.
188. .he e$perimental method always involves
a. a direct intervention on the part o the researcher.
#. one e$perimental group and one control group.
c. psychological realism.
d. mundane realism.