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Cantilever sheet pile wall design
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Cantilever sheet pile wall
Topics
Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesionless soil
Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesive soil
Design length of sheet pile
Theory:
Calculating active earth pressure
The active and passive lateral earth pressure of soil can be written as
s
a
=qK
a
+2CK
a
, s
p
=qK
p
+2CK
p
Where C is cohesion of soil and q is surcharge and
K
a
=tan
2
(45-f/2), K
p
= tan
2
(45+f/2) are active and passive lateral earth pressure, andf is internal friction angle.
In cohesionless soil, C is zero. The active pressure at bottom of excavation can be calculated as
p
a
=gh K
a
+ q K
a
,
Where, gis unit weight of soil, h is the height of excavation.
The lateral forces Ha1is calculated as
H
a1
=gK
a
h
2
/2+q K
a
h
Below the bottom of excavation, the sheet pile is subjected to active pressure on the earth side and passive pressure on the excavation
side. Since passive pressure is larger than active pressure, the earth pressure on the earth side decreases. At a depth a below the
bottom of excavation, the earth pressure is zero. The depth a can be calculated as
a =p
a
/ g(K
p
-K
a
)
Where K
p
is passive earth pressure coefficient. When the sheet pile rotates away from the earth side, there are active pressure on the
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earth side and passive pressure on the excavation side. Therefore, the slope of BC is equal tog(K
p
-K
a
)
The lateral forces Ha2can be calculated as
H
a2
=p
a
*a/2
Derive equation for depth Z from Fx = 0
Summarize lateral forces, we have
F
x
= H
a1
+ H
a2
-H
p1
+H
p2
=0
From the diagram, we recognize that lateral force H
p1
is area CDE and H
p2
is area DOG. There is a common area DEFO between
two areas, and
H
p1
-H
p2
= triangle CDE triangle DOG = triangle CFO triangle EFG = HCFO-HEFG
Where HCFO =p
1
*Y/2, and HEFG = (p
1
+p
2
)*Z/2
Therefore the equation can be written as
H
a1
+ H
a2
p
1
*Y/2+(p
1
+p
2
)*Z/2 = 0
Solving the equation for Z, we have
The pressure at bottom of sheet pile on the excavation sidep
1
can be determined from the slope of line CEF. Since the slope of line
CEF isg(K
p
-K
a
), p
1
=g(K
p
-K
a
)*Y
The pressure at the bottom of sheet pile on the earth sidep
2
can be determined from active and passive earth pressure coefficient and
overburden pressure. When the sheet pile rotates, there are active pressure on the excavation side and passive pressure on the earth
side at the bottom of sheet pile. The overburden pressure from bottom of excavation isg(a+Y), the active pressure isgKa (a+Y). The
overburden pressure from the top to the bottom of sheet pile on the earth side isg(h+a+Y), the passive pressure
isgK
p
(h+a+Y). Therefore,
p
2
=gK
p
(h+a+Y) - gK
a
(a+Y)
If there a surcharge, p
2
=gK
p
(h+a+Y)+q K
p
- gK
a
(a+Y)
Derive equation for Y from M
o
= 0
Bothp
1
andp
2
are function of Y, to determine Y, we can take moment about bottom of sheet pile O. We have
M
o
= H
a1
*(h/3+a+Y)+H
a2
*(2a/3+Y) HCFO*Y/3+HEFG*Z/3 = 0
Or
H
a1
*(h/3+a+Y)+H
a2
*(2a/3+Y) p
1
*Y2/6+(p
1
+p
2
)*Z
2
/3 = 0
The depth Y can be determined from a trial and error process.
Calculating embed depth D
Once Y is determined, the minimum embedded depth D is equal to Y+a. Usually a factor of safety of 1.2 is applied to D, and the
length of sheet pile L is equal to h+D*FS. FS is factor of safety from 1.2 to 1.4.
Selection of sheet pile section
The size of sheet pile is selected based on maximum moment and shear. Maximum shear force is usually located at D where lateral
earth pressure change from active to passive.
Vmax = H
a1
+H
a2
Maximum moment locates at where shear stress equals to zero between C and D.
Assume that maximum moment located at a distance y below point C, then
(H
a1
+H
a2
) =g(Kp-Ka) y
2
/2. Therefore,
y = {2*(H
a1
+H
a2
)/[g(Kp-Ka)]}
1/2
The maximum moment is
M
max
= H
a1
*(h/3+a+y)+H
a2
*(2a/3+y)-g(Kp-Ka)*y
3
/6
The required section modulus is S = M
max
/ F
b
, F
b
is allowable stress of sheet pile.
The sheet pile section is selected based on section modulus
Design Procedure
1. Calculate lateral earth pressure at bottom of excavation, p
a
and H
a1
.
p
a
=gK
a
h, H
a1
=p
a
*h/2
2. Calculate the length a, and H
a2
.
a =p
a
/ g(K
p
-K
a
), H
a2
=p
a
*a/2
3. Assume a trial depth Y, calculatep1andp2.
p
1
=g(K
p
-K
a
)*Y,
p
2
=gK
p
(h+a+Y) - gK
a
(a+Y)
4. Calculate depth Z.
5. Let R = H
a1
*(h/3+a+Y)+H
a2
*(2a/3+Y) p
1
*Y
2
/6+(p
1
+p
2
)*Z
2
/3
Substitute Y and Z into R, if R = 0, the embedded depth, D = Y + a.
If not, assume a new Y, repeat step 3 to 5.
6. Calculate the length of sheet pile, L = h+1.2*D
7. Calculate y = {2*(H
a1
+H
a2
)/[g(K
p
-K
a
)]}
1/2
.
8. Calculate M
max
= H
a1
*(h/3+a+y)+H
a2
*(2a/3+y)-g(K
p
-K
a
)*y
3
/6
9. Calculate required section modulus S=M
max
/F
b
.
10. Select sheet pile section.
Example 1: Design cantilever sheet pile in cohesionless soil.
Given:
Depth of excavation, h = 10 ft
Unit weight of soil, g= 115 lb/ft
3
Internal friction angle, f = 30 degree
Allowable design stress of sheet pile, F
b
= 32 ksi
Requirement: Design length of a cantilever sheet pile and select sheet pile section
Solution:
Design length of sheet pile:
Calculate lateral earth pressure coefficients:
K
a
= tan
2
(45-f/2) = 0.333
K
p
= tan
2
(45+f/2) = 3
The lateral earth pressure at bottom of excavation is
p
a
= K
a
gh = 0.333*115*10 = 383.33 psf
The active lateral force above excavation
H
a1
= p
a
*h/2 = 383.33*10/2 = 1917 lb/ft
The depth a = p
a
/ g(K
p
-K
a
) = 383.3 / [115*(3-0.333)] =1.25 ft
The corresponding lateral force
H
a2
= p
a
*a/2 = 383.33*1.25/2 = 238.6 lb/ft
Assume Y = 8.79 ft
p
1
=g(K
p
-K
a
)*Y = 115*(3-0.333)*8.79 = 2696 psf
p
2
=gK
p
(h+a+Y)-gK
a
(a+Y)=115*3*(10+1.25+8.79)-115*0.333*(1.25+8.79)=6529 psf
The depth
Z = [p
1
*Y-2*(H
a1
+H
a2
)]/(p
1
+p
2
) = [2696*8.79-2*(1917+238.6)]/(2696+6529) = 2.1 ft
The value
R = H
a1
*(h/3+a+Y)+H
a2
*(2*a/3+Y)-p1*Y
2
/6+(p
1
+p
2
)*Z
2
/6
=1917*(10/3+1.25+8.79)+238.6*(2*1.25/3+8.79)2696*8.79
2
/6 + (2696+6529)*2.1
2
/6
=12.9 lb close to zero
The embedded depth D = 1.25 + 8.79 = 10.04 ft
The design length of sheet pile, L = 10 + 1.2*10.04 = 22.05 ft Use 22 ft
Select sheet pile section:
y = {2*(H
a1
+H
a2
)/[g(K
p
-K
a
)]}
1/2
={2*(1917+238.6)/[115*(3-0.333)]}
1/2
= 3.75 ft
M
max
= H
a1
*(h/3+a+y)+H
a2
*(2a/3+y)-g(K
p
-K
a
)*y
3
/6
=1917*(10/3+1.25+3.75)+238.6*(2*1.25/3+3.75)-115*(3-0.333)*3.75
3
/6 = 14375 ft-lb/ft
Allowable bending stress
F
b
=32 ksi
Required section modulus
S = M
max
/F
b
= 11680*12/32000=5.39 in
3
/ft
Select PMA22 section modulus per foot of wall, S = 5.4 in
3
/ft
Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesionless soil at
various depth
Design Data:
Depth of excavation, h (ft) 10 12 14 16 18 20
Unit weight of soil, g(lb/ft^3) 115 115 115 115 115 115
Internal friction angle, F (degree) 30 30 30 30 30 30
Lateral earth pressure coefficient:
Active earth pressure coefficient, K
a
0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333
Passive earth pressure coefficient, K
p
3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000
Earth pressure above excavation:
Earth pressure at bottom of excavation, p
a
(psf) 383.34 460.00 536.67 613.34 690.00 766.67
Active lateral force above excavation, H
a1
(lb/ft) 1916.68 2760.02 3756.69 4906.69 6210.04 7666.71
Depth a (ft) 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50
Lateral force H
a2
(lb/ft) 239.58 345.00 469.58 613.33 776.25 958.33
Determine embedment depth:
Depth Y (ft) 8.79 10.55 12.31 14.07 15.83 17.59
Pressure p
1
(psf) 2695.63 3235.37 3775.11 4314.85 4854.59 5394.33
Pressure p
2
(psf) 6529.01 7835.42 9141.84 10448.25 11754.67 13061.08
Depth Z (ft) 2.10 2.52 2.94 3.36 3.79 4.21
Value R (lb) 12.69 3.59 -15.11 -45.85 -91.10 -153.30
Is assumed Y O.K. Y Y Y Y Y Y
Required embeded depth, D (ft) 10.04 12.05 14.06 16.07 18.08 20.09
Total length of sheet pile, L (ft) 20.04 24.05 28.06 32.07 36.08 40.09
Total length of sheet pile, L (ft) with 1.2 SF 22.05 26.46 30.87 35.28 39.70 44.11
Determine length of sheet piles for stability
Theory:
For cohesive soil, friction angle, f = 0, the sheet pile is supported by soil cohesion, C. Because cohesion, the soil can stands by itself
at certain height without sheet pile. Sincef= 0, lateral earth pressure distributes uniformly below excavation.
Calculating active earth pressure
The active and passive lateral earth pressure of soil can be written as
s
a
=qK
a
-2CK
a
, s
p
=qK
p
+2CK
p
Where C is cohesion of soil and q is surcharge and
K
a
=tan
2
(45-f/2), K
p
= tan
2
(45+f/2) are active and passive lateral earth pressure, andf is internal friction angle.
When friction angle, f = 0, K
a
= K
p
= 1, ands
a
=q-2C ands
p
=q+2C
If the unit weight of soil isg, the surcharge q at bottom of excavation on the earth side isg*h, then, the lateral earth pressure, p
a
=gh
2C
The lateral pressure at top of excavation will be 2C. At a distance, d, below the top of excavation, the lateral pressure, s
a
=g *d-2C =
0, and d = 2C/gis the free-standing height of soil. The resultant force H
a
=p
a
*h/2
Determine lateral earth pressure below excavation
Below the bottom of excavation, the sheet pile is subjected to both active and passive pressure. The active pressure iss
a
=gh-2C. The
passive pressure iss
p
= 2C, since q = 0 Therefore, the net pressure is
p
1
=s
p
-s
a=
2C-(gh-2C) = 4C-gh
At the bottom of sheet pile, the sheet pile is subjected to active pressure on the excavation side, and passive pressure on the earth
side. The active pressure iss
a
=gD-2C, and the passive pressure iss
p
=g(h+D)-2C. Therefore, the net pressure is
p
2
=s
p
-s
a
=gD+2C-[g(h+D)-2C] = 4C+gh
Derive equation for depth z from Fx = 0
Summarize horizontal forces, we have
F
x
= H
a
H
p1
+ H
p2
= 0
Where H
a
= p
a
(h-d)/2, and H
p1
- H
p2
= HBCFO+ HEFG
Since HBCFO=p
1
*D, and HEFG = (p
1
+p
2
)*Z/2=8C*Z/2 =4C*Z
H
a
p
1
*D +4C*Z=0
Then,
Z=(p
1
*D- H
a
)/4C (indicate revision)
Derive equation for embed depth D from M
o
= 0
Taking moment about point O at bottom of sheet pile, we have
M
o
= H
a
*[(h-d)/3+D]- p
1
*D
2
/2+4C*Z
2
/3 = 0
Structural design
The maximum shear occurs at point B, at the bottom of excavation and or at point D. The maximum moment occurs at a distance y
below the bottom of excavation where shear equal to zero. Then,
H
a
p
1
*y = 0, therefore, y = H
a
/p
1
The maximum moment,
M
max
=H
a
*[(h-d)/3+y]- p
1
*y
2
/2
The sheet pile section can be selected based on maximum moment and shear.
Design procedure:
1. Calculate free standing height, d = 2C/g
2. Calculate p
a
=g(h-d)
3. Calculate H
a
=p
a
*h/2
4. Calculatep
1
=4C-gh
5. Assume a trial depth, D, Calculate Z=(p
1
*D-H
a
)/(4C)
6. Calculate R=H
a
[(h-d)/3+D]- p
1
*D
2
/2+4CZ
2
/3
7. If R is not close to zero, assume a new D, repeat steps 5 and 6
8. The design length of sheet pile is L=h+D*FS, FS=1.2 to 1.4.
9. Calculate y = H
a
/ p
1
.
10. Calculate M
max
=H
a
[(h-d)/3+y]- p
1
*y
2
/2
11. Calculate required section modulus S=
Mmax
/F
b
.
12. Select sheet pile section.
Example 2: Design Cantilever sheet pile in cohesive soil.
Given:
Depth of excavation, h = 10 ft
Unit weight of soil, g= 115 lb/ft
3
Cohesion of soil, C = 500 psf
Internal friction angle, f = 0 degree
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Allowable design stress of sheet pile, F
b
= 32 ksi
Requirement: Design length of sheet pile and select sheet pile section
Solution:
Design length of sheet pile:
The free standing height, d = 2C/g= 2*500/115 = 8.7 ft
The lateral pressure at bottom of sheet pile, p
a
=g(h-d)=115*(10-8.7)=150 psf
Total active force, H
a
=p
a
*h/2 = 150*10/2 = 750 lb/ft
Assume D = 2.35 ft, p
1
=4C-gh=4*500-115*10 = 850 psf
The depth, Z=(p
1
*D-H
a
)/(4C)=(850*2.77-750)/(4*500) = 0.624 ft
R=H
a
[(h-d)/3+D]- p
1
*D
2
/2+4CZ
2
/3
=750*[(10-8.7)/3+2.35]-850*2.35
2
/2+2*500*0.624
2
/2 = 0.9 Close to zero
The length of sheet pile, L = 10+1.3*2.35 = 13.1 ft Use 14 ft
The maximum moment occurs at y = H
a
/ p
1
=750/850 = 0.882 ft
The maximum moment,
M
max
=H
a
[(h-d)/3+y]- p
1
*y
2
/2 = 750*[(10-8.7)/3+0.882]-750*0.882
2
/2=0.657 kip-ft/ft
The required section modulus, S=M
max
/F
b
=0.657*12/32=0.25 in
3
/ft
Select sheet pile section, PS28, S = 1.9 in
3
/ft
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Cantilever sheet pile wall design

http://www.ce-ref.com/Foundation/Sheet_pile/Cant_Sheet_pile/Cant_sheet_pile.html[12/09/2014 2:11:54 CH]

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