Grant Clay

Period 3
11/2/08
AP Psychology Outline
Chapter 11: Human e!elopment across "i#espan
$ed % e#inition
&lue ' (mportant Points
Green ' (mportant People ) Contri*utions
1+ e!elopment % ,e-uence o# Age'$elated Changes that occur as a Person Progresses #rom
Conception until eath+
2+ Prenatal e!elopment
a+ .ygote % 1 Celled Organism #ormed *y /nion o# ,perm and an 0gg+
*+ Prenatal Period % Period #rom Conception to &irth1 usually 2 3onths o# Pregnancy+
3+ Prenatal e!elopment
a+ Germinal ,tage % 4irst Phase o# Prenatal e!elopment1 encompassing the #irst 2 5ee6s
a#ter Conception+
i+ Placenta % ,tructure that allo7s O8ygen ) 9utrients to pass into 4etus #rom the
3other:s &loodstream and &odily 5aste to Pass Out the 3other+
*+ 0m*ryonic ,tage % ,econd ,tage o# Prenatal e!elopment1 lasting #rom 2 7ee6s to 0nd
o# ,econd 3onth+
i+ 3ost ;ital Organs are 4ormed+
c+ 4etal ,tage % <hird ,tage o# Prenatal e!elopment1 lasting #rom 2 3onths until &irth+
i+ 3uscles 4orm1 and &ones harden+
ii+ Age o# ;ia*ility % Age at 7hich a &a*y can sur!i!e Pre'3ature &irth1 a*out 22
% 2= 5ee6s+
>+ 0n!ironmental 4actors ) Prenatal e!elopment
a+ 3aternal 3alnutrition % 3alnutrition o# 3other causes &a*y to *e more li6ely to ha!e
health pro*lems #or rest o# li#e+
*+ 3aternal rug /se % rugs used *y 3other pass through Placenta to &a*y and cause
many &irth e#ects and Health Pro*lems+
i+ 4etal Alcohol ,yndrome % Collection o# (n*orn Pro*lems associated 7ith
e8cessi!e Alcohol use during Pregnancy+
c+ 3aternal (llness % 3any (llnesses contracted *y 3other can *e transmitted to 9e7*orn+
i+ Aids/H(; can pass #rom 3other to 9e7*orn in &irth+
d+ Parental Health Care % "ess Parental Health Care #or lo7'income group causes 3any
pro*lems #or &a*ies+
?+ Childhood
a+ 3otor e!elopment % Progression o# 3uscular Coordination re-uired #or Physical
Acti!ities+
*+ Cephalocaudal <rend % Head%to%4oot direction o# 3otor e!elopment+
c+ Pro8imodistal <rend % Center%Out7ard irection o# 3otor e!elopment+
d+ 3aturation % e!elopment that $e#lects the Gradual /n#olding o# one:s Genetic
&lueprint+
e+ e!elopmental 9orms % <he 3edian Age at 7hich (ndi!iduals display ;arious &eha!iors
and A*ilities+
#+ i##erent Cultures de!elop speci#ic 3otor ,6ills 4aster+
g+ i##erences on <emperament
i+ <emperament % Characteristic 3ood1 Acti!ity "e!el1 and 0motional $eacti!ity+
ii+ "ongitudinal esign % ,tudy One Group o# Participants $epeatedly o!er a
Period o# <ime+
iii+ Cross',ectional esign % ,tudy Compare Groups o# Participants o# i##ering
Age at a ,ingle Point in <ime+
i!+ @erome Aagen % B<emperament at Childhood can change o!er a "i#etime+C
h+ Attachment
i+ Attachment % Close 0motional &onds o# A##ection that e!elop &et7een
(n#ants and their Caregi!ers+
ii+ ,eparation An8iety % 0motional istress seen in 3any (n#ants 7hich happens
7hen they are ,eparated #rom People 7ho they ha!e #ormed an Attachment
7ith+
iii+ Harry Harlo7 % BAttachment happens *ecause the 3other *ecomes a
Conditioned $ein#orcer+C
i!+ Attachment Patterns
1+ ,ecure Attachment % /se 3other as ,ecure *ase to ;enture out+
2+ $esistant Attachment % An8ious 7hen 3other is Present or "ea!es+
3+ A!oidant Attachment % Child oesn:t care 7hen 3other "ea!es or is
Present+
>+ Attachment e!elopment 9orms are same across Culture1 *ut <ype o#
Attachment !aries across Culture+
?+ @ohn &o7l*y % BAttachment is an 0!olutionary Adaptation+C
i+ Personality e!elopment
i+ ,tage % e!elopmental Period uring 5hich Characteristics Patterns o#
&eha!ior are 08hi*ited and Certain Capacities *ecome 0sta*lished+
ii+ 0ric6son:s ,tage <heory % Personality is shaped ho7 one deals 7ith 8
Psychosocial crises in the 8 ,tages o# "i#e+
D+ Cogniti!e e!elopment
i+ Cogniti!e e!elopment % <ransitions in Children Patterns o# <hin6ing1
including $easoning1 $emem*ering1 and Pro*lem ,ol!ing+
ii+ @ean Paiget <heory o# Cogniti!e e!elopment % All Children goes through >
,tages o# Cogniti!e e!elopment+
iii+ Assimilation % (nterpreting 9e7 08periences in <erms o# 08isting 3ental
,tructures 7ithout Changing <hem+
i!+ Accommodation % Changing 08isting 3ental ,tructures to 08plain 9e7
08periences+
1+ ,ensorimotor Period
a+ O*Dect Permanence % 5hen a Child $ecogniEes O*Dects that
Continue to 08ist e!en 7hen they are 9o "onger A!aila*le+
2+ Preoperational Period
a+ Conser!ation % A7areness that Physical Fuantities $emain
Constant in ,pite o# Changes in their ,hape or Appearance+
*+ Centration % <endency to 4ocus on Dust One 4eature o# a
Pro*lem1 9eglecting other (mportant Aspects+
c+ (rre!ersa*ility % (na*ility to 0n!ision $e!ersing an Action+
d+ 0gocentrism % <hin6ing CharacteriEed *y a "imited A*ility to
,hare Another:s Point o# ;ie7+
e+ Animism % <he &elie# that All things are "i!ing+
3+ Concrete Operational Period
>+ 4ormal Operational Period
6+ ;ygots6y:s ,ociocultural <heory
i+ .one o# Pro8imal e!elopment G.PH % Gap &et7een 7hat a "earner can
Accomplish alone and 7hat a "earner can Achie!e 7ith Guidance #rom 3ore
,6illed Partners+
ii+ ,ca##olding % 5hen the Assistance Pro!ided to a Child is AdDusted as "earning
Progresses+
l+ (nnate Cogniti!e A*ilities
i+ Ha*ituation % Gradual $eduction in the ,trength o# a $esponse 7hen a ,timulus
0!ent is Presented $epeatedly+
ii+ isha*ituation % Occurs i# a 9e7 ,timulus 0licits an (ncrease in the ,trength o#
a Ha*ituated $esponse+
m+ 3oral $easoning
i+ Aohl*erg ,tage <heory % Children ma6e Choices *ased on $easoning in ,tages
and not &eha!ior+
=+ Adolescence
a+ Pu*escence % 2 Iear ,pan Preceding Pu*erty during 7hich the Changes "eading to
Physical and ,e8ual 3aturity ta6e Place+
*+ ,econdary ,e8 Characteristics % Physical 4eatures that istinguish 1 ,e8 #rom the Other
*ut that are not 0ssential #or $eproduction+
c+ Pu*erty % ,tage during 7hich ,e8ual 4unctions reach 3aturity1 7hich 3ar6s the
&eginning o# Adolescence+
d+ Primary ,e8 Characteristics % <he ,tructures necessary #or ,e8ual $eproduction+
e+ 3enarche % 1
st
Occurrence o# 3enstruation+
#+ ,permache % 1
st
Occurrence o# 0Daculation+
g+ Pre'4rontal Corte8 GControl CenterH is the "ast to 3ature in Adolescence+
h+ ,earch #or (dentity
i+ 0ri6 0ri6son ) @ames 3arcia
ii+ (dentity i##usion % $e#using to Chart a "i#e Course+
iii+ (dentity 4oreclosure % Premature Commitment to ;isions+
i!+ (dentity 3oratorium % elaying Commitment to play 7ith di##erent (deas+
!+ (dentity Achie!ement % Arri!ing at a ,ense o# ,el#'irection+
J+ Adulthood
a+ Personality e!elopment
i+ Personality in Adulthood 08periences *oth ,ta*ility and Change+
*+ 3idli#e Crisis % A i##icult1 <ur*ulent1 Period o# ou*ts and $eappraisal o# one:s "i#e+
c+ 0ri6son:s ;ie7 o# Adulthood
i+ (ntimacy !+ (solation
ii+ Generati!ity !+ ,el#'A*sorption
iii+ (ntegrity !+ espair
8+ 4amily "i#e
a+ 4amily "i#e Cycle % ,e-uence o# ,tages that 4amilies tend to Progress through+
*+ AdDusting to di##erent ,tages: 3arriage1 Parenthood1 and 0mpty 9est+
2+ Aging ) Physical Changes
a+ People "ose ;ision as &ecome Older+
*+ 0yesight goes #rom 9ear',ightedness to 4ar',ightedness+
c+ 3enopause in 5omen+
d+ ementia % A*normal Condition mar6ed *y 3ultiple Cogniti!e e#icits that (nclude
3emory (mpairment+
i+ Can &e caused *y a ;ariety o# iseases1 (ncluding AlEheimer:s+
10+ Aging ) Cogniti!e Changes
a+ Aging ta6es toll on ,peed o# 3emory 4irst+
*+ &ut A*ility $emains throughout age+