Robert Hooke (1665) tiny

compartments in cork tissue (cells)

R. J. H. Dutrochet( 1824)
Robert Brown (1833)
Matthias Scleiden (1838)
Theodor Schwann (1839)
Are the basic structural and functional
unit
All living organisms are made up of cells
Physiological processes are encountered
and manifested at cellular level.
e.g. respiration, digestion, growth and
development.
1. prokaryote cell
without nucleus and
other membrane
bounded organelles.
e.g eubacteria and
archaebacteria
2. Eukaryote cell with
nucleus and
membrane bounded
organelles.
e. g. protists, fungi,
plants, animals.
A plant cell consists of three general parts:
1. the cell wall
2. the protoplasm
3. the cell inclusion
The most important feature
distinguishing the cells of
plants from those of animals
is the cell wall. In plants this
wall protects the cellular
contents and limits cell size
A plant's cell wall is
composed of cellulose (a
polymer made up of
molecules of the sugar
glucose) is the most important
Other important are lignins,
which add rigidity, and waxes,
such as cutin and suberin,
which reduce water loss from
cells
.
- osmoregulator, semi-
permeable, phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model.
Cytoplasm- fluid portion containing the
nucleus and the rest of the organelles.
Nucleus -
Eukaryotes contain more genetic material than
prokaryotes. Histonesproteins unique to
eukaryotescombine with the deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) to pack the genetic material into
compact chromosomes. The nuclear material is
enclosed in a nuclear envelope formed of a double
membrane. The fluid portion is nucleoplasm
(karyoplasm or karyolymph. The nucleolus
synthesize RNA. The pores are called nulear pores
Mitochondrion- respiratory site of the cells (ATP)
Chloroplast- green plastids, captures light
for photosynthesis
Chloroplast mostly disc-shaped organelles, 4
to 6 micrometres in diameter. They occur most abundantly
in leaf cells, where they can apparently orientate
themselves to light
colorless plastids
Amyloplast stores
starch.
Aleuroneplast- stores
protein
Elaioplast stores
oils and fats.
Chromoplast- fat-soluble pigments
giving red colors to flowers
Ribonucleic acid
The mRNA molecule is ribbon-like, and is
synthesized from DNA in a process called
transcription in which the genetic code is
transcribed from the DNA to the mRNA.
The mRNA joins temporarily to the anticodon of the tRNA.
This protein building process takes place in the
ribosomes of a cell, which consist largely of rRNA. The
large and small subunits of a ribosome are marked in
the third illustration above.
Transfer RNA is instrumental in the translation of the
genetic code. Transfer RNAs are small structures in
the form of four-leaf clovers. They each carry an
amino acid that is added to the end of a growing
protein chain.
Ribosomal RNA
Vacuole
Derived from small cavities scattered in
the cytoplasm
Cell sap (vacuolar sap),enclosed by the
tonoplast
Anthocyanin
Functions
1. Maintain turgor pressure
2. Storage area
3. Accumulation of toxic sustances
Vacuole
Ergastic substances
1. crystals
a. calcium carbonate
b. calcium oxalate
2. starch and aleurone grains
3. nitrogenous inclusions crystalloids or
protein crystals
Crystals (CaC
2
O
4
)
raphides
rosette
prismatic
styloid
3
cystolith
Epidermal cells pear cells