Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
User's Guide
For Windows
RobertMcNeel&Associates,4/30/2014.
Table of Contents
SectionI:Workingin3-D 1
Chapter1:Introduction 3
TheRhinointerface 3
Rhinocommands 4
Startfromthemenu 4
Startfromatoolbarbutton 6
Startfromthecommandline 8
Undoamistake 9
Thecommandwindow 10
Commandoptions 10
Repeatthelastcommand 10
Gethelpanytime 11
Chapter2:RhinoObjects 13
WhyNURBSmodeling 13
Points 13
Curves 14
Surfaces 14
Closedandopensurfaces 15
Trimmedanduntrimmedsurfaces 15
Surfaceisoparametricandedgecurves 17
Polysurfaces 18
Solids 18
Light-weightextrusionobjects 19
Polygonmeshobjects 19
Chapter3:SelectingObjects 21
Selectobjectswithwindows 22
Otherwaysofselecting 23
Sub-objectselection 25
Chapter4:NavigatingViewports 27
Viewportprojection 27
Viewportnavigation 27
Mousenavigation 28
Viewportdisplaymodes 28
Wireframe 29
Shaded 29
Othershadedmodes 30
Viewporttitle 31
Toactivatetheviewporttitlemenu 31
Chapter5:AccurateModeling 33
TheRhinocursor 33
Snaptotheconstructionplanegrid 33
Constraintheangleofmovement 33
iii
Table of contents
Snaptoexistingobjects 34
Persistentobjectsnaps 34
Specialcaseobjectsnaps 35
Cursorconstraints 35
Distanceconstraint 35
Angleconstraint 35
Distanceandangletogether 36
Elevatormode 36
SmartTrack 36
Coordinatesystems 37
Cartesiancoordinates 37
Right-handrule 37
Worldcoordinates 37
Constructionplanecoordinates 37
Relativecoordinates 39
Chapter6:CreateSurfacesfromCurves 41
Edgecurves 41
Extrudecurves 42
Loftcurves 44
Revolvecurves 45
Revolvecurveswitharail 47
Sweepalongonerailcurve 49
Sweepalongtworailcurves 51
Chapter7:EditCurvesandSurfaces 53
Join 53
Explode 53
TrimandSplit 53
Control-pointediting 53
Controlpointvisibility 53
Changecontrolpointlocations 54
Add,delete,orredistributecontrolpoints 54
Curveandsurfacedegree 54
Chapter8:Transforms-Move,Copy,Rotate,Scale 57
Move 57
Moveobjectsusingdistancevalues 57
Moveobjectsbydragging 58
Elevatormode 59
Copy 62
Rotate 64
Scale 67
Mirror 69
Array 71
Orient 71
Chapter9:CurveandSurfaceAnalysis 73
Measuredistance,angle,andradius 73
iv
Table of contents
Curveandsurfacedirection 73
Curvature 74
Visualsurfaceanalysis 74
Environmentmap 74
Curvatureanalysis 75
Zebraanalysis 75
Draftangleanalysis 75
Edgeevaluation 76
Diagnostics 76
Chapter10:OrganizationandAnnotation 77
Layers 77
Groups 78
Blocks 78
Worksessions 78
Dimensions 78
Text 79
Leaders 79
Dots 80
Hiddenlineremoval 80
Notes 80
Chapter11:Render 81
Lights 81
Materials 82
Environment 83
GroundPlane 83
Render 84
SectionII:Tutorials 85
Chapter12:PullToy-SolidsandTransforms 87
Entercoordinates 87
Drawthepulltoybody 87
Drawtheaxlesandwheelhubs 89
Drawthelugnuts 92
Arraythelugnuts 93
Drawthetires 94
Mirrorthewheels 95
Drawtheeyes 97
Makethepullcord 101
Chapter13:Flashlight-RevolveCurves 107
Setupthemodel 107
Drawacenterline 109
Drawthebodyprofilecurve 110
Drawthelensprofilecurve 111
Buildtheflashlightbody 112
Createthelens 113
Chapter14:Headphone-Sweep,Loft,andExtrude 115
v
Table of contents
Createthespeakershell 116
Createthepaddingandcover 121
Createthemountingbracket 123
Createtheheadband 127
Roundtheheadbandends 131
Createthespeakerwire 136
Mirrortheheadphoneparts 140
Learnmore 142
Chapter15:Penguin-PointEditingandBlending 143
Thebody 143
Theeyes 150
Thebeak 153
Thefeet 156
Thetail 163
Thewings 166
Finishingtouches 170
Render 171
Chapter16:BoatHull-LoftandSweep 173
Layoutthehullcurves 174
Checkthecurvesforfairness 175
Fixthecurvature 175
Createthe3-Dcurves 176
Revisethecurves 178
Loftthehullsurfaces 180
Trimthebowandbottom 181
Buildthetransom 183
Addthedeck 190
Chapter17:Dragonfly-TraceImages 195
Drawthebody 195
Drawthehead 201
Blendtheheadandbody 204
Drawtheeyes 205
Shapethetail 206
Tracethewings 207
Drawthelegs 209
Finishingtouches 210
Chapter18:WrapText-Flowalongsurface 211
Makeasurface 211
Createtheobjectstowrap 212
Controltheobjectplacement 212
Chapter19:MechanicalPart-Blocks 217
Createsolidshapes 217
Drilltheholes 221
Copytheholes 223
Makea2-Ddrawing 226
vi
Table of contents
Dimensionthe2-Ddrawing 226
Chapter20:MechanicalPart-Layouts 229
Layoutviewports 230
Insertatitleblock 231
vii
Rhinoceros 5 User's Guide
Section I: Working in 3-D
Chapter 1: Introduction
Modelingin3-Distheprocessofcreatingamathematicalrepresentationofanobject'ssurfaces.Theresulting
modelisdisplayedonyourscreenasatwo-dimensionalimage.Rhinoprovidestoolsforcreating,displaying,
andmanipulatingthesesurfaces.
The Rhino interface
TheimagebelowillustratessomeofthemajorfeaturesoftheRhinowindow.
Menu (1)
ThemenusgroupRhinocommandsbyfunction.
History window (2)
Thecommandhistorywindowdisplaysthepreviouscommandsandprompts.
Command prompt (3)
Thecommandpromptdisplayspromptsforthecurrentcommandactions,optionsforthecommandthat
youcanclick,andallowstypingcommandnamesandoptions.
Toolbars (4)
Toolbarscontaingraphicaliconbuttonsforinitiatingcommands.Manytoolbariconbuttonshaveasecond
commandthatyoucanaccessbyright-clickingthebutton.Thetooltipthatappearswhenyouhoverover
thebuttontellsyouwhattheleftandrightmousebuttondo.
To access the command on the first line
4
Clicktheiconwiththeleft mouse button.
To access the command on the second line
4
Clickthebuttonwiththeright mouse button.
3
Chapter 1: Introduction
Viewports (5)
ViewportsdisplaytheRhinoworkingenvironment.
Panels (6)
Tabbedpanelscontainslayers,properties,andothersettings.
Rhino commands
Rhinoisacommand drivenprogram.Inotherwords,allactionsareactivatedbynamedcommandssuchas
Line,Box,orCurvatureAnalysis.
Tip:Toreadmoreaboutacommand,clickthered,underlinedcommandnamelink.
Commandsareaccessedthroughthemenus,orthetoolbars,orbytypingthecommandname.Inthenext
sections,youwillexploreusingthesemethods.Youmayfindonemethodeasierthananother.Thechoiceis
yours,andthereisnopreferenceforonemethodoveranother.
Intheexercises,youwilluseRhinoscommands,navigationtools,shadedmodes,render,andusesomebasic
objectmanipulation.
Tip:Tocancelacommandanytime,presstheEsckey.
In this session you will
4
Startacommandbychoosingfromthemenu.
4
Startacommandbychoosingfromatoolbarbutton.
4
Startacommandbytyping.
To start your first Rhino model
1. StartRhino.
2. OntheFilemenu,clickNew.
3. IntheOpen Template Filedialogbox,selectSmallObjects - centimeters.3dmandclickOpen.
Start from the menu
MostRhinocommandsarearrangedinthemenus.
Start the Cone command
4
OntheSolidmenu,clickCone.
4
Chapter 1: Introduction
Draw the cone
1. AttheBase of coneprompt,intheTopviewport,clickwiththemousetopickthecenterpointfor
thebaseofthecone.
2. AttheRadiusprompt,intheTopviewport,dragthemouseandclicktodrawtheconesbase.
3. AttheEnd of coneprompt,intheFrontviewport,dragthemouseandclicktodrawthecones
point.
5
Chapter 1: Introduction
4. WatchwhathappensinthePerspectiveviewport.
Start from a toolbar button
Toolbarsprovideagraphicalinterfacetothecommands.
To display a button tooltip, hover your mouse over the button
4
Thecommandnamesthatareactivatedwiththeleftandrightmouseclicksdisplay.
Start the Curve command
4
OnthetoolbardockedontheleftsideoftheRhinowindow,clicktheiconforControl point curve.
6
Chapter 1: Introduction
Draw the curve
1. AttheStart of curveprompt,intheTopviewport,clickthemousetostartthecurve.
2. AttheNext point...prompts,clickafewmorepointsintheTopviewport.
3. AttheNext point...prompts,movethemouseintotheFrontviewportandclickafewmorepoints.
4. AttheNext point...prompts,movethemouseintotheRightviewportandclickafewmorepoints.
7
Chapter 1: Introduction
5. Right-click,pressEnterorpressthespacebartocompletethecurve.
6. CheckoutthePerspectiveviewport.
Admire your work
4
DragwiththerightmousebuttontorotatethePerspectiveview.
Start from the command line
Youcanstartacommandbytypingthecommandname.
Start the Sphere command by typing
4
Clickatthecommandprompt,andtypeSphere.
Whenyoutypethefirstlettersofacommand,alistofpossiblecommandsappears.Themostlikely
candidateauto-completes.
WhenthecommandnameSphereappears,pressEnter,orchooseSphere fromthelist.
ThedefaultoptionfortheSpherecommandisCenter, Radius,soyoucansimplystartdrawingthe
centerofthesphere.
Draw the sphere
1. AttheCenter of sphereprompt,inthePerspectiveviewport,clickthemousetopickthecenter
pointforthesphere.
8
Chapter 1: Introduction
2. AttheRadiusprompt,inthePerspectiveviewport,movethemouseawayfromthecenterpoint,
andclickthemousetodrawthesphereandclick.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,clickthedown-arrowontheviewport title,andonthemenu,click
Shaded.
Undo a mistake
Ifyoudidsomethingyoudidnotwanttodo,youcanundoyouractions.
Undo a command
4
OntheEditmenu,clickUndo,orpresstheCtrl and Zkeys.
Youcanundoaseriesofcommands.
YoucanalsoRedotheUndoifyougotoofar.
Redo commands
4
OntheEditmenu,clickRedo,orpresstheCtrl and Ykeys.
9
Chapter 1: Introduction
The command window
Thecommandwindowcontainsthecommandhistoryandthecommandprompt.
ThewindowisnormallydockedatthetopoftheRhinowindow,butyoucandockitatthebottomofthescreen
orfloatitjustlikeanytoolbar.Itisagoodideatodragthewindowsoitdisplaysatleastthreelinesoftext.
Thecommand promptiswhereyoucantypecommandnames,setoptions,enterdistancesandanglesfor
drawing,andreadthepromptsforthecommands.
Thecommandpromptdisplaysoptionsforthecommandinparentheses.Toactivateanoption,clicktheoption
withthemouseortypetheoptionnameortheunderlinedletterintheoption.
Optionsgiveyoualternatemethodsforusingthecommand.Promptsaremessagestoyoutoselectobjectsto
acton,toenterinformation,ortoenterapointonthescreen.Asyoustarttobuildobjects,promptsbecome
increasinglyimportant,sincetheytellyouwhattodonext.
Command options
Commandoptionschangehowacommandacts.Forexample,whenyoudrawacircle,thecircleisnormally
drawnontheactiveconstructionplane.TheCirclecommandhasseveraloptionsincludingVerticaland
AroundCurve.Commandoptionsappearinparenthesesattheprompt.
Touseacommandoption,clicktheoptionname,ortypetheunderlinedletteroftheoptionorthewholeoption
name.
Choose a command option
1. Atthecommandprompt,typeCircle.
Assoonasyouhavetypedenoughletterstouniquelyidentifythecommand,theCirclecommand
automaticallycompletesattheprompt.PressEnterorclickthecommandname.
2. TheoptionsfortheCirclecommandappear:
Center of circle(DeformableVertical2Point3PointTangentAroundCurveFitPoints)
3. Todrawacircleverticaltotheactiveconstructionplane,usetheVerticaloption.
ClickVertical,ortypeV.
Repeat the last command
ManytasksinRhinoarerepetitive.Youmightwanttomoveorcopyseveralobjects,forexample.Methodsfor
repeatingcommandsareprovided.
To repeat the last command
4
PresstheEnterkeywhennocommandisactive.
4
InadditiontopressingtheEnterkeyonyourkeyboard,youcanpresstheSpacebarorclickthe
right mouse buttoninaviewport.Theseallperformthesamefunction.
Note:Somecommands,suchasUndoandDeletedonotrepeat.Instead,the
commandpriortothesecommandsisrepeated.Thispreventsyoufromaccidentally
undoingtoomanycommandsordeletingobjectsaccidentally.
Inaddition,youoftenwanttorepeatthecommandyouwereusingbeforeundoinga
mistake.Youcandefinethelistofcommandsthatdonotrepeattosuityourownway
ofworking.
10
Chapter 1: Introduction
Get help any time
TheRhino Helpfileisthemajorresourcefordetailedinformationonspecificcommands.
To get help on a specific command
4
TogetHelpforacommand,pressF1whilethecommandisrunning.
4
OntheHelpmenu,clickCommand Help.
TheRhinoHelpwilldisplayinadockablewindow.
ClickAuto-UpdatetodisplaytheHelptopicforthecurrentcommand.
TheHelpwindowappearswiththespecificcommandtopicvisible.
4
GotoRhino Helpforthemostup-to-dateHelpinformation.
4
Findtheanswerstofrequentlyaskedquestionsat:Rhino Support.
Tip:Formoreinformationaboutthemathematicalprinciplesinvolvedin3-Dmodeling,
see:www.mathopenref.com.
11
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
ThefundamentalgeometricobjectsinRhinoarepoints,curves,surfaces,polysurfaces,extrusionobjects,and
polygonmeshobjects.
Why NURBS modeling
NURBS(non-uniformrationalB-splines)aremathematicalrepresentationsthatcanaccuratelymodelany
shapefromasimple2-Dline,circle,arc,orboxtothemostcomplex3-Dfree-formorganicsurfaceorsolid.
Becauseoftheirflexibilityandaccuracy,NURBSmodelscanbeusedinanyprocessfromillustrationand
animationtomanufacturing.
NURBSgeometryisanindustrystandardfordesignerswhoworkin3-Dwhereformsarefreeandflowing;
wherebothformandfunctionisimportant.Rhinoisusedinmarine,aerospace,andautomobileinteriorand
exteriordesign.Makersofhouseholdandofficeappliances,furniture,medicalandsportsequipment,footwear,
andjewelryuseRhinotocreatefree-formshapes.
NURBSmodelingisalsowidelyusedbyprofessionalanimatorsandgraphicartists.Theadvantageoverusing
polygonmodelersisthattherearenofacets.Themodelscanberenderedatanyresolution.Ameshcanbe
createdfromthemodelatanyresolution.FormoreinformationaboutthemathematicsofNURBS,seeWhat
are NURBS?.
Points
Pointobjectsmarkasinglepointin3-Dspace.TheyarethesimplestobjectsinRhino.Pointscanbeplaced
anywhereinspace.Pointsaremostoftenusedasplaceholders.
13
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Curves
ARhinocurveissimilartoapieceofwire.Itcanbestraightorwiggled,andcanbeopenorclosed.
Apolycurveisseveralcurvesegmentsjoinedtogetherendtoend.
Rhinoprovidesmanytoolsfordrawingcurves.Youcandrawstraightlines,polylinesthatconsistofconnected
linesegments,arcs,circles,polygons,ellipses,helices,andspirals.
Youcanalsodrawcurvesusingcurvecontrol pointsanddrawcurvesthatpassthroughselectedpoints.
CurvesinRhinoincludelines,arcs,circles,free-formcurves,andcombinationsofthese.Curvescanbeopenor
closed,planarornon-planar.
Surfaces
Asurfaceislikearectangularstretchyrubbersheet.TheNURBSformcanrepresentsimpleshapes,suchas
planesandcylinders,aswellasfree-form,sculpturedsurfaces.
AllsurfacecreationcommandsinRhinoresultinthesameobject:aNURBSsurface.Rhinohasmanytoolsfor
constructingsurfacesdirectlyorfromexistingcurves.
AllNURBSsurfaceshaveaninherentlyrectangularorganization.
14
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Evenaclosedsurfacesuchasacylinderislikearectangularpieceofpaperthathasbeenrolledupsotwo
oppositeedgesaretouching.Theplacewheretheedgescometogetheriscalledtheseam.Ifasurfacedoesnot
havearectangularshape,eitherithasbeentrimmedorthecontrolpointsontheedgeshavebeenmoved.
Closed and open surfaces
Asurfacecanbeopenorclosed.Anopencylinderisclosedinonedirection.
Atorus(donutshape)isclosedintwodirections.
Trimmed and untrimmed surfaces
Surfacescanbetrimmedoruntrimmed.Atrimmedsurfacehastwoparts:asurfacethatunderlieseverything
anddefinesthegeometricshape,andtrimmingcurvesthatmarksectionsoftheunderlyingsurfacethatare
trimmedaway.
Trimmedsurfacesarecreatedwithcommandsthattrimorsplitsurfaceswithcurvesandothersurfaces.Some
commandscreatetrimmedsurfacesdirectly.
15
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Theshapeofasurfaceisstilldefinedbyasetofcontrolpointsarrangedinarectangularpattern.
Sinceitcanbeimportantforyoutoknowifasurfaceistrimmed,thePropertiescommandliststhetrimmed
oruntrimmedstateofthesurface.SomeRhinocommandsworkonlywithuntrimmedsurfacesandsome
softwaredoesnotimporttrimmedNURBSsurfaces.
Trimmingcurveslieontheunderlyingsurface.Thissurfacemaybelargerthanthetrimcurves,butyouwill
notseetheunderlyingsurfacebecauseRhinodoesnotdrawthepartofthesurfacethatisoutsidethetrim
curves.Everytrimmedsurfaceretainsinformationaboutitsunderlyingsurfacegeometry.Youcanremovethe
trimmingcurveboundariestomakethesurfaceuntrimmedwiththeUntrimcommand.
Ifyouhaveatrimcurvethatrunsacrossasurface,thetrimcurveitselfdoesnothaveanyrealrelationshipto
thecontrolpointstructureofthesurface.Youcanseethisifyouselectsuchatrimmedsurfaceandturnits
controlpointson.Youwillseethecontrolpointsforthewholeunderlyingsurface.
16
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Ifyoucreateasurfacefromaplanarcurve,itcanbeatrimmedsurface.Theillustratedsurfacewascreated
fromacircle.Thecontrolpointsdisplayshowstherectangularstructureofthesurface.
TheUntrimcommandremovesthetrimmingcurvefromthesurfacetogetbacktotheunderlyinguntrimmed
rectangularsurface.
Surface isoparametric and edge curves
Inwireframeview,surfaceslooklikeasetofcrossingcurves.Thesecurvesarecalledisoparametric curvesor
isocurve.Thesecurveshelpyouvisualizetheshapeofthesurface.Isoparametriccurvesdonotdefinethe
surfacethewaythepolygonsdoinapolygonmesh.Theyaremerelyavisualaidthatallowsyoutoseethe
surfaceonthescreen.Whenasurfaceisselected,allofitsisoparametriccurveshighlight.
Edgecurvesboundthesurface.Surfaceedgecurvescanbeusedasinputtoothercommands.
Isocurves (1), Edge curves (2).
17
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Polysurfaces
Apolysurfaceconsistsoftwoormoresurfacesthatarejoinedtogether.Apolysurfacethatenclosesavolumeof
spacedefinesasolid.
Solids
Asolidisasurfaceorpolysurfacethatenclosesavolume.Solidsarecreatedanytimeasurfaceorpolysurfaceis
completelyclosed.Rhinocreatessingle-surfacesolids,polysurfacesolids,andextrusionsolids.
Asinglesurfacecanwraparoundandjoinitself.ExamplecommandsincludeSphere,Torus,andEllipsoid.
Controlpointscanbedisplayedonsingle-surfacesolidsandmovedtochangethesurface.
SomeRhinocommandscreatepolysurfacesolids.Pyramid,Cone,andTConeareexamplesofcommands
thatcreatepolysurfacesolids.
TheSolidPtOncommandturnsongrippointsforpolysurfaces,whichactlikecontrolpoints.
18
Chapter 2: Rhino Objects
Light-weight extrusion objects
Light-weightextrusionobjectsuseonlyaprofilecurveandalengthasinputinsteadofthenetworkof
isocurvesnormallyneededforNURBSobjects.TheBox,Cylinder,Tube,andExtrudeCrvcommandscreate
extrusionobjects.Extrusionobjectscanbeclosedwithaplanarcaporopen.Theseobjectswillbeconvertedto
polysurfacesbysomecommandsifnecessarytoaddadditionalinformationforediting.
Polygon mesh objects
Becausetherearemanymodelersthatusepolygonmeshestorepresentgeometryforrendering,animation,
stereolithography,visualization,andfiniteelementanalysis,theMeshcommandtranslatesNURBSgeometry
intopolygonalmeshesforexport.Inaddition,theMeshcreationcommandsMeshSphere,MeshBox,
MeshCylinder,etc.,drawmeshobjects.
Note:ThereisnoeasywaytoconvertameshmodelintoaNURBSmodel.The
informationthatdefinestheobjectsiscompletelydifferent.
However,Rhinohasafewcommandsfordrawingcurvesonmeshesandextracting
vertexpointsandotherinformationfrommeshobjectstoassistinusingmesh
informationtocreateNURBSmodels.
19
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
MostoperationsyouwilldoinRhinorequireyoutoselectoneormoreobjects.Objectscanbeselectedby
clickinganywhereontheobject.Clickawayfromtheobjecttodeselectit.Thismethodletsyouselectone
objectatatime.
To select additional objects
4
HoldtheShiftkeywhileclickingtheobjects.
To remove objects from the selection
4
HoldtheCtrlkeyandclicktheobjectsagain.
To cancel the selection
4
ClickawayfromtheobjectsorpresstheEsckey.
Practice selecting objects
1. OpenthetutorialmodelSelect Objects.3dm.
2. InthePerspectiveviewport,clicktoselectthesphere.
3. HoldtheShiftkeyandselectthecylinder.
Thecylinderisaddedtotheselection.
21
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
4. HoldtheCtrlkeyandclickthesphereagain.
Thesphereisremovedfromtheselection.
5. Clickawayfromtheobjects,orpresstheEsckey.
Theselectioniscanceled.
Select objects with windows
Anothermethodistomakeawindowselectionoracrossingselectiontoselectmultipleobjectsinone
operation.
Youcanclickinanopenareaofthescreenanddragtocreateaselectionwindow.Tomakeawindowselection
clickinanopenareaofthescreenanddragtotheright.Tomakeacrossingselectionclickinanopenareaof
thescreenanddragtotheleft.
Awindowselection,selectsallobjectscompletelyenclosedbythewindow.Acrossingselection,selectsall
objectsthatareenclosedbythewindoworanyobjectthewindowcrosses.
Toaddobjects,holdtheShiftkeywhilemakingawindoworcrossingselection.Toremoveobjects,holdthe
Ctrlkeywhilemakingawindoworcrossingselection.
22
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
Practice window and crossing select
1. InthePerspectiveviewport,clickanddragawindowaroundthesphere.
2. InthePerspectiveviewport,holdtheShiftkeythenclickanddragawindowaroundtheboxand
thecylinder.
Thecylinderandboxareaddedtotheselection.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,holdtheCtrlkeythenclickanddragacrossingovertheboxand
cylinder.
Thecylinderandboxareremovedfromtheselection.
Other ways of selecting
Rhinohasmanycommandsandmethodsforselectingobjects.Youcanselectobjectbyname,layer,color,
type;bycapturingwithboundariesorcrossingfences;byvolumeshapes,bygroupnameandmanyothers.
ReviewthehelptopicSelection commands.
23
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
Practice selection by object type
1. Atthecommandprompt,typeSelAll.
2. TypeSelNone.
Thisclearstheobjectsfromtheselection.
24
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
3. TypeSelSrf.
Thisselectsallsurfaces.Inthiscase,onlythesphereisasurface.
4. TypeSelPolysurface.
Thisaddsallpolysurfacestotheselection.Inthiscase,thecylinderandboxarepolysurfaces.
5. PresstheEsckey.
Thisalsoclearstheselection.
Sub-object selection
Toselectpartsofobjectsforusewithothercommands,pressandholdboththeCtrlandShiftkeysatthe
sametimeandclickanobjectpart.Theavailablepartsincludepolysurfacefaces;surfaceandpolysurfaceedge
curves;controlpoints;meshvertices,faces,boundaries,andedges;andobjectswithinagroup.Reviewthe
helptopicforSub-object selection.
25
Chapter 3: Selecting Objects
Practice sub-object selection
1. InthePerspectiveviewport,presstheCtrlandShiftkeysandclickafaceofthebox.
Thefaceyouselecthighlights.
2. PresstheDeletekey.
Thefaceoftheboxisseparatedfromtheboxsolidanddeleted.
26
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Theviewporttitlehassomespecialfunctionsformanipulatingtheviewport.
4
Clickthetitletomaketheviewportactivewithoutdisturbingtheview.
4
Dragtheviewporttitletomovetheviewport.
4
Double-clicktheviewporttitletomaximizetheviewport.Double-clickagaintorestorethesizetonormal.
Viewport projection
Viewportscanhaveoneofthreeprojections:parallel,perspectiveortwo-pointperspective.
Rightmousenavigationworksdifferentlyinthetwoviewportstyles.Inparallelviews,rightmousedragging
panstheview.Inperspectiveviews,right-mousedraggingrotatestheview.Intheusualfour-viewportlayout,
therearethreeparallelviewportsandoneperspectiveviewport.
Parallel
Parallelviewsarealsocalledorthogonalviewsinsomesystems.Inaparallelview,allthegridlinesare
paralleltoeachother,andidenticalobjectslookthesamesize,regardlessofwheretheyareinspace.
Perspective
Inaperspectiveview,gridlinesconvergetoavanishingpoint.Thisprovidestheillusionofdepthinthe
viewport.Perspectiveprojectionmakesobjectsfartherawaylooksmaller.
Viewport navigation
Rhinoseasynavigationhelpsyoutovisualizeyourmodel.
Thesimplestwaytochangetheviewistodragthemousewithrightbuttonhelddown.Thispanstheviewin
parallelviewsandrotatestheviewinperspectiveviews.
Youcanchangeyourviewinthemiddleofacommandtoseepreciselywhereyouwanttoselectanobjector
chooseapoint.
Tozoominandout,holddowntheCtrlkeyanddragupanddownwiththerightmousebuttonhelddown.If
youhaveamousewithawheel,usethewheeltozoominandout.
27
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Command Key and mouse combinations
Pan
Inparallelviewports(forexample:Top,Front,andRight),dragwiththerightmousebutton.
Inperspectiveviewports,holdtheShift key,and dragwiththerightmousebutton.
RotateView
Inparallelviewports(forexample:Top,Front,andRight),holdtheCtrl and Shift keys,and
dragwiththerightmousebutton.
Inperspectiveviewports,dragwiththerightmousebutton.
Zoom
HoldtheCtrlkey,anddragupanddownwiththerightmousebutton,orrotatethemouse
wheel.
Mouse navigation
Workingin3-Donacomputerrequiresvisualizingthree-dimensionalobjectsdrawnonatwo-dimensional
mediumthecomputerscreen.Rhinoprovidestoolstohelpdothis.
Dragwiththerightmousebuttontoeasilymanipulatetheviewstolookmodelfromvariousangles.Usethe
rightmousebuttonviewmanipulationsinbothwireframeandshadedviews.
To pan in a viewport
4
IntheTopviewport,dragthemousewiththerightmousebuttonhelddowntopantheview.
Restore a view
Ifyougetlost,thereareseveralwaystogetyourselfreoriented:
4
PresstheHomekeytostepbackthroughyourviewchanges.
4
PresstheEndkeytostepforwardthroughyourviewchanges.
4
Tosetyourviewsoyouarelookingstraightdownontheconstructionplane,usethePlancommand.
4
Tobringallyourobjectsintoview,usetheZoomcommandExtentsoption.
Practice rotating the view
1. ClicktheleftmousebuttoninthePerspectiveviewporttomakeitactive.
Anactiveviewportistheviewportwhereallyourcommandsandactionstakeplace.Theactive
viewportstitlehighlightssoyoucaneasilyseewhichviewportisactive.
2. InthePerspectiveviewport,dragthemousewiththerightmousebuttonhelddowntorotatethe
viewandseetheobjectsfromadifferentangle.
Viewport display modes
Youcanviewyourmodelinavarietyofwaysthatdependonyourownneeds.Wireframemodeusuallyoffers
thefastestdisplayspeed,shadedmodesoffertheabilitytoviewsurfacesandsolidswithshadingtohelpyou
visualizetheshapes.
Standardandcustomizedshadedmodesalloweasiervisualizationofsurfacesandsolids.
28
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Wireframe
InWireframemode,surfaceslooklikeasetofcrossingcurves.Thesecurvesarecalledisoparametric curves
orisocurves.
Isocurvesdonotdefinethesurfacethewaythepolygonsdoinapolygonmesh.Theyaremerelyavisualaid.
To set wireframe mode
1. ClickamousebuttoninthePerspectiveviewporttomakeitactive.
Anactiveviewportistheviewportwhereallyourcommandsandactionstakeplace.
2. Ontheviewporttitlemenu,clickWireframe.
Shaded
Theshadedmodes,(forexample,Shaded,Rendered,Artistic,andPen)displaysurfacesandsolidswiththe
surfacesshadedusingtheirlayer,object,orcustomcolor.Youcanworkinanyoftheshadedmodes.The
surfacesareopaqueortransparent.
29
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
To set shaded mode
1. Ontheviewporttitlemenu,clickShaded.
Rotateyourviewbyholdingdowntherightmousebuttonanddraggingfromthebottomoftheview
towardthetop.
Youarenowundertheobjectslookingup.
Theconstructionplanegridhelpsyoustayoriented.Iftheobjectsarebehindthegrid,youarelooking
atthebottomoftheconstructionplane.
2. PresstheHomekeytoundoyourviewchanges.
Rendered
Renderedmodeshowstheobjectswithlightingandrendermaterialsapplied.
Other shaded modes
OtherdisplaymodesandcustomsettingsaredescribedintheRhinoHelp.
Artistic (left) and Pen (right) display modes.
30
Chapter 4: Navigating Viewports
Viewport title
Theviewporttitlehassomespecialfunctionsforviewportcontrol.
4
Clickthetitletomaketheviewportactivewithoutdisturbingtheview.
4
Dragtheviewporttitletomovetheviewport.
4
Double-clicktheviewporttitletomaximizetheviewport.
Double-clickagaintorestorethesizetonormal.
To activate the viewport title menu
4
Right-clicktheviewporttitleorclickthedown-arrowonthemenutodisplaytheviewporttitlemenu.
Fromtheviewporttitlemenuyoucanmaximizetheviewport,pan,rotate,zoom,setoneofthe
standardviews,setaconstructionplane,setthecameraandtargetlocations,chooseashading
option,setthegrid,andopentheViewport Propertiesdialogbox.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Thecursorcanalwaysmovefreelyinspace,butchancesare,youwillwanttorelateyourmodelingelementsto
theconstructionplanegrid,existingobjects,orcoordinatesinspace.Youcanrestrictthecursorsmovementto
thegrid,enterspecificdistancesandanglesfromapoint,snaptospecificlocationsonexistingobjects,and
enterCartesiancoordinatestolocatepointsin2-Dor3-Dspace.
The Rhino cursor
Therearetwopartsofthecursor:thecursor (1)andthemarker (2).Thecursoralwaysfollowthemouse
movement.
Themarkersometimesleavesthecenterofthecursorbecauseofsomeconstraintonitsuchasgridsnapor
ortho.Themarkerisadynamicpreviewofthepointthatwillbepickedwhentheleftmousebuttonisclicked.
Whenthemarkerisconstrained,inelevatormode,forexample,atracking line (3)alsodisplays.
Constraintsmoveyourmarkertoaspecificpointinspaceormakeitsmovementtrackaccordingtothe
constraintsoyoucanmodelaccurately.
Snap to the construction plane grid
Gridsnapconstrainsthemarkertoanimaginarygridthatextendsinfinitely.Youcansetthesnapspacingto
anyvalue.
ClicktheGrid Snapbuttononthestatusbartoturngridsnaponandoff.
Tip:Toreadmoreaboutacommand,clickthered,underlinedcommandnamelink.
Constrain the angle of movement
Orthomodeconstrainsthemarkermovementorobjectdraggingtoaspecificsetofangles.Bydefault,thisis
paralleltothegridlines,butyoucanchangethis.Orthoissimilartotheaxislockfunctionfoundindrawingor
animationprograms.
ClicktheOrthopaneonthestatusbartoturnorthoonandoff.PressandholdtheShiftkeytotemporarily
toggletheorthomode.
Anothercommonusefororthoistoconstrainobjectdraggingtoaspecificaxis.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Orthoisactiveafterthefirstpointforacommand.Forexample,afterpickingthefirstpointforaline,the
secondpointisconstrainedtotheorthoangle.
Ortho off (left); Ortho on (right).
Ifyouonlyneedadifferentangleforasingleoperation,angleconstraintisfastertouse.Enteraspecificangle
foroneoperationinsteadofchangingtheorthoangleandthenchangingitback.
Snap to existing objects
Object snapsconstrainthemarkertospecificpointsonanobject.WhenRhinoasksyoutospecifyapoint,
youcanconstrainthemarkertospecificpartsofexistinggeometry.Whenanobjectsnapisactive,movingthe
cursornearaspecifiedpointonanobjectcausesthemarkertojumptothatpoint.
Objectsnapscanpersistfrompicktopick,orcanbeactivatedforonepickonly.Multiplepersistentobjectsnaps
canbesetfromthestatusbar.Allobjectsnapsbehavesimilarly,butsnaptodifferentpartsofexisting
geometry.Inaddition,therearespecialobjectsnapsthatworkforonepickonly.
Persistent object snaps
Usepersistentobjectssnapstomaintainanobjectsnapthroughchoosingseveralpoints.Sincepersistent
objectsnapsareeasytoturnonandoff,youcansetthemandleavethemonuntiltheygetinyourway.You
canthensetadifferentoneorjustdisablethem.
Sometimesobjectsnapsinterferewitheachotherandwithgridsnaporortho.Objectsnapsnormallytake
precedenceovergridsnaporotherconstraints.
Thereareothersituationswhereobjectsnapsworkinconjunctionwithotherconstraints.Youwillsee
examplesofthisinthischapter.Formoreinformationincludingvideodemonstrations,seetheRhinohelptopic
Object snaps.
Open the Osnap control
4
ClicktheOsnappaneinthestatusbar.
TheOsnapcontrolopens.Thiscontrolisusuallydockedatthebottomofthescreen.
4
Clickacheckboxtoturnonanobjectsnap.
4
Rightclickacheckboxtoturnanobjectsnaponandturnoffallotherobjectsnaps.
4
Whenanobjectsnapisactive,movingthecursornearaneligiblepointonanobjectcausesthe
markertojumptothatpointandatooltiptoappear.
ThebuttonsontheOsnaptoolbarallowsingle-useoverridesforthepersistentobjectsnaps.
To suspend all persistent object snaps
4
IntheOsnaptoolbar,clicktheDisablebutton.
Allpersistentobjectsnapswillbesuspended,butremainchecked.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
To clear all persistent object snaps
4
IntheOsnaptoolbar,clicktheDisablebuttonwiththerightmousebutton.
Allpersistentobjectsnapswillbecleared.
To turn on one object snap and turn all others off with one click
4
IntheOsnaptoolbar,right-clicktheobjectsnapyouwanttoturnon.
Special case object snaps
Complexobjectsnapsthatallowselectingmultiplereferencepointsoraddotheradvancedcontrols.Seethe
RhinohelptopicObject snapsformoreinformation.
ThesearealsoavailablefromtheOsnapcontrol.
To turn on complex object snaps
4
HoldtheCtrlkeyandhoverovertheOsnapcontrol.
Analternatesetofcontrolsappears.
Cursor constraints
Whenenteringpoints,youcanconstrainthemarkertoadistanceoranglefromthepreviouspoint.Onceyou
havesetthedistance,dragthelinearoundtoanyangle.Youcanalsousefurthersnapstopointthelineina
specificdirection.
Distance constraint
Duringanycommandthatrequirestwopoints,suchastheLinecommand,placethefirstpoint.Thenatthe
nextprompt,typeadistanceandpressEnter.
Themarkerwillbeconstrainedtothespecifieddistancefromthepreviouspoint.Dragthecursoraroundthe
firstpointandthenpickapoint.
Angle constraint
Angleconstraintissimilartoortho,butyoucansetanyangleanditisaone-timesetting.
The<symbolisusedbecauseitissimilartothesymbolusedingeometrytoindicateanangle.
Themarkerwillbeconstrainedtolinesradiatingfromthepreviouspointseparatedbythespecifiedangle,
wherethefirstlineisthespecifiednumberofdegreescounterclockwisefromthex-axis.Ifyouenteranegative
number,theanglewillbeclockwisefromthex-axis.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Distance and angle together
Distanceandangleconstraintscanbeusedatthesametime.
1. Atthecommandprompt,typethedistance,andpressEnter.
2. Atthenextcommandprompt,typethe<characterandtheanglevalue,andpressEnter.
Theorderofthedistanceandangledoesnotmatter.Themarkerwilldragaroundyouroriginalpointat
angleincrementsatthespecifieddistance.
Elevator mode
Pickasecondpointtospecifythez-coordinateofthedesiredpoint.Itiseasiesttoseethisinadifferent
viewportorusethePerspectiveviewport.Dragthemousecursoraroundtoseethemarkermovevertically
fromthebasepointalongthetrackingline.
Pickthepointwiththemouseortypetheheightabovetheconstructionplane.Positivenumbersareabovethe
constructionplane;negativenumbersarebelowit.Youcanusefurtherconstraintslikecoordinates,object
snapsorgridsnapforthefirstpoint,andyoucanuseobjectsnapsfortheheight.
Tomovethemarkerintheconstructionplanez-direction,holdtheCtrlkeyandclickapointonthe
constructionplane,andthendragverticallyfromtheconstructionplaneandclicktopickapoint.This
constraintiscalledelevatormode.Usingelevatormodetomoveyourpickpointverticallyfromthe
constructionplaneletsyouworkmoreinthePerspectiveviewport.
SmartTrack
SmartTrackisasystemoftemporaryreferencelinesandpointsthatisdrawnintheRhinoviewportusing
implicitrelationshipsamongvarious3-Dpoints,othergeometryinspace,andthecoordinateaxesdirections.
Temporaryinfinitelines(trackinglines)andpoints(smartpoints)areavailabletoobjectsnapsverymuchlike
reallinesandpoints.
36
Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Youcansnaptointersectionsofthetrackinglines,perpendiculars,anddirectlytosmartpointsaswellas
intersectionsoftrackinglinesandrealcurves.Thetrackinglinesandsmartpointsaredisplayedforthe
durationofacommand.
Coordinate systems
Rhinousestwocoordinatesystems:constructionplanecoordinatesandworldcoordinates.Worldcoordinates
arefixedinspace.Constructionplanecoordinatesaredefinedforeachviewport.
Cartesian coordinates
WhenRhinopromptsyouforapoint,ifyoutypexandyCartesiancoordinates,thepointwilllieonthe
constructionplaneofthecurrentviewport.Formoreinformationaboutcoordinatesystemsandnumeric
constraints,seewww.mathopenref.com/coordinates.
Right-hand rule
Rhinofollowswhatiscalledtheright-hand rule.Theright-handrulecanhelpyoudeterminethedirectionof
thez-axis.Formarightanglewiththethumbandforefingerofyourrighthand.Whenyourthumbpointsin
thepositivex-direction,yourforefingerpointsinthepositivey-direction,andthepalmofyourhandfacesin
thepositivez-direction.
World coordinates
Rhinocontainsoneworldcoordinatesystem.Theworldcoordinatesystemcannotbechanged.WhenRhino
promptsyouforapoint,youcantypecoordinatesintheworldcoordinatesystem.
Thearrowiconinthelowerleftcornerofeachviewportdisplaysthedirectionoftheworldx-,y-,andz-axes.
Thearrowsmovetoshowtheorientationoftheworldaxeswhenyourotateaview.
Construction plane coordinates
Eachviewporthasaconstruction plane.Aconstructionplaneislikeatabletopthatthecursormovesonunless
youusecoordinateinput,elevatormode,orobjectsnapsorafewotherinstanceswhereinputisconstrained.
Theconstructionplanehasanorigin,x-andy-axes,andagrid.Theconstructionplanecanbesettoany
orientation.Bydefault,eachviewportsconstructionplaneisindependentofthoseinotherviewports.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Theconstructionplanerepresentsthelocalcoordinatesystemfortheviewportandcanbedifferentfromthe
worldcoordinatesystem.
Rhinosstandardviewportscomewithconstructionplanesthatcorrespondtotheviewport.Thedefault
Perspectiveviewport,however,usestheworldTopconstructionplane,whichisthesameconstructionplane
thatisusedintheTopviewport.
Thegridliesontheconstructionplane.Thedarkredlinerepresentstheconstructionplanex-axis.Thedark
greenlinerepresentstheconstructionplaney-axis.Theredandgreenlinesmeetattheconstructionplane
origin.
Tochangethedirectionandoriginofaconstructionplane,usetheCPlanecommand.Presetconstruction
planes(WorldTop,Right,andFront)giveyouquickaccesstocommonconstructionplanes.Inaddition,you
cansaveandrestorenamedconstructionplanesandimportnamedconstructionplanesfromanotherRhino
file.
2-D construction plane coordinates
4
Atacommandprompt,typethecoordinatesintheformatx,ywherexisthex-coordinateandyis
they-coordinateofthepoint.
A line from 1,1 to 4,2.
3-D construction plane coordinates
4
Atacommandprompt,typethecoordinatesintheformatx,y,zwherexisthex-coordinate,yisthe
y-coordinate,andzisthez-coordinateofthepoint.
Therearenospacesbetweenthecoordinatevalues.
4
Toplaceapoint3unitsinthex-direction,4unitsinthey-direction,and10unitsinthez-direction
fromtheconstructionplaneorigin,type3,4,10attheprompt.
NoteIfyouenteronlyx-andy-coordinates,thepointwilllieontheconstruction
plane.
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Chapter 5: Accurate Modeling
Relative coordinates
Rhinoremembersthelastpointused,soyoucanenterthenextpointrelativetoit.Relativecoordinatesare
usefulforenteringalistofpointswheretherelativelocationsinsteadofabsolutelocationsofthepointsare
known.Userelativecoordinatestolocatepointsaccordingtotheirrelationshiptothepreviousactivepoint.
To use relative coordinates
4
Atacommandprompt,typethecoordinatesintheformatrx,ywherersignifiesthatthecoordinate
isrelativetothepreviouspoint.
For example
1. StarttheLinecommand.
2. AttheStart of lineprompt,clicktoplacethefirstendoftheline.
3. AttheEnd of lineprompt,typer2,3,andpressEnter.
Thelineisdrawntoapoint2unitsinthex-directionand3unitsinthey-directionfromthelastpoint.
39
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Acommonwayofworkingin3-Distodrawcurvesthatrepresentedges,profiles,cross-sections,orother
surfacefeaturesandthentousesurfacingcommandstocreatesurfacesfromthosecurves.
Edge curves
Youcancreateasurfacefromthreeorfourcurvesthatformthesidesofthesurface.
Create a surface from edge curves
1. OpenthetutorialmodelEdgeSrf.3dm.
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickEdge Curves.
PressF1oropentheCommand HelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheEdgeSrf
command.
3. Selectthefourcurves.
Objectschangetoyellowwhenyouselectthem.
Asurfaceiscreatedfromthecurvesthatformitsedges.
41
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Extrude curves
Extrudingcreatessurfacesbytracingthepathofacurveinastraightline.
Create an extruded surface
1. OpenthetutorialmodelExtrude.3dm.
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickExtrude Curve,andthenclickStraight.
PressF1oropentheCommand Helppaneltoreviewthehelptopicforthe
ExtrudeCrvcommand.
3. Selectthecurve(1).
4. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,dragadistancewithyourmouseandclick.
42
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
43
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Loft curves
Loftingcreatesasmoothsurfacethatblendsbetweenselectedshapecurves.Thissurfacelookssimilartothe
Sweepacurvewithtworailsexample,butiscreatedwithoutrailcurves.Instead,theedgesofthesurfaceare
createdbyfittingsmoothcurvesthroughtheshapecurves.
Create a lofted surface
1. OpenthetutorialmodelLoft.3dm.
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickLoft.
PressF1oropentheCommand HelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheLoft
command.
3. Selectthethreecurves(1),(2),and(3),andpressEnter.
4. IntheLoft Optionsdialogbox,clickOK.
5. TrysomeoftheStyleoptionsandthenclickPreviewtoseethevariousloftstyles.
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Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Revolve curves
Revolvingacurvecreatesasurfacebyrevolvingaprofilecurveaboutanaxis.Thisissometimescalledlathing.
Create a revolved surface
1. OpenthetutorialmodelRevolve.3dm.
2. Inthestatus bar,clickOsnap.
3. IntheOsnapdialogbox,clickEnd.
4. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRevolve.
PressF1oropentheCommand HelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheRevolve
command.
5. Selecttheprofile curve(1)andpressEnter.
6. AttheStart of revolve axisprompt,snaptooneendoftheaxisline(2).
45
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
7. AttheEnd of revolve axisprompt,snaptotheotherendoftheaxisline(3).
8. AttheStart angle...prompt,selecttheFullCircleoption.
46
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Revolve curves with a rail
Railrevolvecreatesasurfacebyrevolvingaprofilecurvearoundanaxiswhileatthesametimefollowingarail
curve.ThisisbasicallythesameasSweep Along 2 Rails,exceptoneoftherailsisacentralpoint.
Create a revolved surface with a rail curve
1. OpenthetutorialmodelRailRev.3dm.
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRail Revolve.
PressF1oropentheCommand Helppaneltoreviewthehelptopicforthe
RailRevolvecommand.
3. Selecttheprofilecurve(1).
4. AttheSelect rail curve...prompt,selecttherailcurvetherevolvewillfollow(2).
47
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
5. AttheStart of RailRevolve axisprompt,snaptoanendpointoftheaxisline(3).
6. AttheEnd of RailRevolve axisprompt,snaptotheotherendoftheaxisline(4).
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Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Sweep along one rail curve
Sweepingcreatesasurfacewithcrosssectionsthatmaintaintheinitialorientationoftheshapecurve(s)tothe
pathcurve.
Create a sweep surface
1. OpenthetutorialmodelSweep1.3dm.
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickSweep 1 Rail.
PressF1oropentheCommand Helppaneltoreviewthehelptopicforthe
Sweep1command.
3. Selecttherailcurve(1).
4. AttheSelect cross section curves ...prompt,selectthecross-sectioncurve(2),andpressEnter.
49
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
5. IntheSweep 1 Rail Optionsdialogbox,clickOK.
50
Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
Sweep along two rail curves
Usingtworailsforasweepcreatesasmoothsurfacethroughtwoormoreshapecurvesthatfollowtwocurve
rails.Therailsalsoaffecttheoverallshapeofthesurface.Usethiscommandwhenyouwanttocontrolthe
locationoftheedgesofthesurface.
Create a sweep surface with two rail curves
1. OpenthetutorialmodelSweep2.3dm.
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickSweep 2 Rail.
PressF1oropentheCommand Helppaneltoreviewthehelptopicforthe
Sweep2command.
3. Selectthefirstrailcurve(1).
4. AttheSelect second rail...prompt,selectthesecondrailcurve(2).
5. AttheSelect cross section curvesprompt,selectthetwocross-sectioncurves(3)and(4),and
pressEnter.
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Chapter 6: Create Surfaces from Curves
6. IntheSweep 2 Rails Optionsdialogbox,clickOK.
52
Chapter 7: Edit Curves and Surfaces
Theeditingoperationsinthissectionbreakobjectsapart,cutholesinthem,andputthembacktogether.
Someofthesecommandsconnectcurvestocurvesorsurfacestosurfacesorpolysurfacesandbreaka
compositecurveorpolysurfaceintoitscomponents.
Thecommands:Join,Explode,Trim,andSplitapplytocurves,surfaces,andpolysurfaces.
TheRebuild,ChangeDegree,andSmoothcommandsaltertheshapeofacurveorsurfacebychangingits
underlyingcontrolpointstructure.
Inaddition,objectshavepropertiesthatareassignedtothemsuchascolor,layer,renderingmaterial,and
otherattributesdependingontheobject.ThePropertiescommandmanagestheseproperties.
Join
TheJoincommandconnectscurvesorsurfacestogetherintooneobject.Forexample,apolycurvecanconsist
ofstraight-linesegments,arcs,polylines,andfree-formcurves.TheJoincommandalsoconnectsadjacent
surfacesintoapolysurface.
Explode
TheExplodecommandremovestheconnectionbetweenjoinedcurvesorsurfaces.Forpolysurfaces,thisis
usefulifyouwanttoediteachindividualsurfacewithcontrolpoints.
Trim and Split
TheTrimandSplitcommandsaresimilar.Thedifferenceiswhenyoutrimanobject,youselectthepartsto
removeandtheyaredeleted.Whenyousplitanobject,allpartsareleft.
TheSplitcommandwillsplitasurfacewithacurve,surface,polysurface,oritsownisoparametriccurves.
TheUntrimcommandremovesasurfacestrimmingcurve,withanoptiontokeepthecurvesoyoucanre-
useit.
Control-point editing
Youcanmakesubtlechangesintheshapeofacurveorsurfacebymovingthelocationofitscontrolpoints.
Rhinooffersmanytoolsforeditingcontrolpoints.SomecommandssuchasRebuild,Fair,andSmoothoffer
someautomatedsolutionsforredistributingcontrolpointsoveracurveorsurface.Othercommands,suchas
controlpointdraggingandnudging,MoveUVN,andHBarletyoumanuallycontrolthelocationofindividualor
groupsofcontrolpoints.
Control point visibility
Toeditcurvesandsurfacesbymanipulatingcontrolpoints,usethePointsOncommandtoturnthecontrol
pointson.
Whenyouarefinishedwithcontrol-pointediting,usethePointsOffcommandorpressEsctoturnthemoff.
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Chapter 7: Edit Curves and Surfaces
Controlpointsofpolysurfacescannotbeturnedonforediting.Editingthecontrolpointsofpolysurfacescould
separatetheedgesofthejoinedsurfacescreatingleaksinthepolysurface.
Change control point locations
Whenyoumovecontrolpoints,thecurveorsurfacechanges,andRhinosmoothlyredrawsit.Thecurveor
surfaceisnotdrawnthoughthecontrolpointsratheritisattractedtothenewpositionsofthecontrolpoint.
Thisallowstheobjecttobesmoothlydeformed.Whencontrolpointsareon,Rhinostransformcommandscan
manipulatethepoints.Youcanalsorebuildsurfacestoaddcontrolpointsandredistributethem.
Add, delete, or redistribute control points
Addingcontrolpointstoacurvegivesyoumorecontrolovertheshapeofthecurve.Manipulatingcontrol
pointsalsoletsyouremovekinks,makecurvesuniform,andaddorsubtractdetail.TheDeletekeyerases
curvecontrolpoints.Thischangestheshapeofthecurve.
Curve and surface degree
Apolynomialisafunctionlikey=3x
3
2x+1.The"degree"ofthepolynomialisthelargestpowerofthe
variable.Forexample,thedegreeof3x
3
2x+1is3;thedegreeofx
5
+x
2
is5,andsoon.NURBSfunctions
arerationalpolynomialsandthedegreeoftheNURBSisthedegreeofthepolynomial.FromaNURBSmodeling
pointofview,the(degree1)isthemaximumnumberof"bends"youcangetineachspan.
Forexample:
Adegree-1curvemusthaveatleasttwocontrolpoints.
Alinehasdegreelessthan1.Ithaszerobends.
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Chapter 7: Edit Curves and Surfaces
Adegree-2curvemusthaveatleastthreecontrolpoints.
Aparabola,hyperbola,arc,andcircle(conicsectioncurves)havedegreelessthan2.Theyhaveonebend.
Adegree-3curvemusthaveatleastfourcontrolpoints.
AcubicBzierhasdegreelessthan3Ifyouarrangeitscontrolpointsinazig-zagshape,youcangettwobends.
55
Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Transformschangethelocation,rotation,numberandshapeofwholeobjectsbymoving,mirroring,arraying,
rotating,scaling,shearing,twisting,bending,andtapering.Thetransformcommandsdonotbreaktheobjects
intopiecesorcutholesinthem.
Note:Forallofthefollowingexercises,theimageswerecapturedusingShadedmode
display.
Move
UsetheMovecommandwhenyouwanttomoveanobjectacertaindistanceorifyouwanttouseobject
snapstoplaceanobjectaccurately.
Move objects using distance values
TheMovecommandrequiresafromandtolocation.
Youcanpicktheselocationsonthescreenortypecoordinatesatthecommandprompt.
Practice moving objects
Theobjectofthisexerciseistomoveanobjectfromaspecificlocationontheobjecttoalocationinthe
coordinatesystem.
1. Startanewmodelusinganytemplate.
2. DrawaSphereofanysizeanywhereonthescreen.
3. Selectthesphere.
4. StarttheMovecommand.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
5. AtthePoint to move fromprompt,withtheCenobjectsnapon,movethemousearoundtheedge
ofthesphereuntiltheCentooltipdisplaysandclick.
6. AtthePoint to move toprompt,type0,0,0.
Thespheremovestothe0,0,0coordinatepoint.
Tip:Simplytyping0isashortcutforthecoordinates0,0,0.
Move objects by dragging
Thequickestwayistoclicktheobjectanddragit.Rhinoprovidestoolsformakingdraggingobjectsaccurate.
Youcandragobjectsinanyviewport.Objectsnapswillhelpalignobjectstoeachother.
Practice dragging objects
1. OpenthetutorialmodelDrag Objects.3dm.
2. IntheOsnapcontrol,turnontheCen(Center)objectsnap.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,clicktheconeatthebottomedgeandpauseuntiltheCenobjectsnap
tooltipdisplays.
4. Dragtheconeuntilthecenterofthecone'sbaselinesupwiththetopsurfaceofthecylinderandthe
Cenobjectsnapforthecylinder'stopfacedisplays.
5. Releasethemousebuttontoplacethecone.
6. IntheFrontviewport,dragtheconetothetopofthecylinder.
WatchwhathappensinthePerspectiveviewport.
Therearemanytimeswhenyouhavetowatchwhatishappeninginotherviewportstoaccurately
placeyourobjects.
Elevator mode
YoucanpresstheCtrlkeytomoveobjectsinthez-direction.Thisiscalledelevator mode.Elevator modeis
likeOrtho,exceptthemovementisverticaltotheactiveconstructionplane.
TopracticeusingtheCtrlkeytomovevertically,youaregoingtomovetheboxtoalocation5unitsabovethe
centerofthesphere.UsingelevatormodetomoveobjectsverticallyletsyouworkmoreinthePerspective
viewport.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Move the box vertically
Note:Forthefollowingimages,Shade-highlight selected surfaces and
polysurfaceshasbeenturnedon.
(Options>View>DisplayModes>Shaded>Objects>Selection)
1. TurnOrtho off.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMove.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,rotatetheviewsothesphereistowardthefront,andselectthebox.
4. AtthePoint to move from...prompt,turnontheEndobjectsnapandclickacornerofthebox.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
5. AtthePoint to move toprompt,turnontheCenobjectsnap,holddowntheCtrlkey,andclickthe
centerofthesphere.
6. ReleasethemousebuttonandtheCtrlkeyandstarttodragthebox.
Theboxcannowmoveonlyupanddowninthez-direction.
7. Atthecommandprompt,type5.
Theboxwillbeplacedwiththeselectedcorner5unitsinthez-directionfromthecenterofthe
sphere.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Copy
TheCopycommandmakescopiesofobjects.
SometransformcommandslikeRotate,Rotate3D,andScalehaveaCopyoption.Thisletsyoucreateacopy
oftheobjectasyourotateorscaleit.
Practice copying objects
1. OntheTransformmenu,click Copy.
2. InthePerspectiveviewport,useacrossingwindowtoSelecttheconeandthecylinder.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
3. AtthePoint to copy fromprompt,clickanywhereintheTopviewport.
4. AtthePoint to copy toprompt,clickwhereyouwantthefirstcopy.
Zoominoroutifyoulike.
5. AtthenextPoint to copy toprompts,clickotherplacestomakesomecopiesofthebox.
Whenyouhaveenoughcopies,pressEntertoendthecommand.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Rotate
TheRotatecommandrotatesanobjectinrelationtotheconstructionplanearoundacenterpoint.
Rotate an object
1. OpenthetutorialmodelRotate-Scale.3dm.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickRotate.
3. IntheTopviewport,selectthegreenhalf-cylinderasshownintheillustrationbelow.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
4. AttheCenter of rotation...prompt,withtheEndobjectsnapon,clickthelowerleftcornerofthe
box.
5. AttheAngle or first reference point...prompt,checktoseethatOrthoisturnedon,dragthe
cursortotherightandclick.
6. AttheSecond reference point...prompt,toggleOrthoonoroffdependingonwhetheryouwant
torotatetheboxin90-degreeincrementsortorotateitfreely.
65
Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
7. Dragthecursoruptorotatetheboxasshownintheillustrationbelow,andclick.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Scale
TheScalecommandsgiveyoucontroloverthedirectionofthescale.Youcanre-sizeobjectsuniformlyinone,
two,orthreedirections,orscaleanobjectwithadifferentscalefactorineachdirection.
Scale the prism
1. Selecttheprismshape.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickScale,andthenclickScale 3-D.
3. AttheOrigin point...prompt,clickthecorneroftheprismasshownintheillustrationbelow.
Theoriginpointisthebasepointfromwhichtheobjectwillbescaled.Itislikeananchorpoint.The
objectwillgroworshrinkaroundthispoint.
Toscaleanobject,youmustfirstshowanoriginalsize,andthenshowanewsize.Dragthecursor
andclickanotherpointontheobjecttoshowtheoriginalsize,andthendragthecursorandclick
againtoshowthenewsize.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
4. AttheScale factor or first reference point...prompt,clickthecorneroftheprismasshownin
theillustrationbelow.
Thisestablishesthefirstreferencepoint.
5. AttheSecond reference point...prompt,dragthecursor.
Theobjectgrowstheamountyoudragthecursor.
6. Clicktosetthesecondreferencepoint.
Enter a number to set the scale factor
4
Tomaketheobjecttwiceitsoriginalsize,atthecommandprompt,type2.
4
Tomaketheobjecthalfitsoriginalsize,atthecommandprompt,type.5.
Scale an object to a specific size
4
Tomaketheprisminthisexample2.35unitsalongtheoriginalside,attheSecond reference
pointprompt,atthecommandprompt,type2.35.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Mirror
Inthisexercise,youaregoingtopracticeanotherbasiceditingcommand:Mirror.TheMirrorcommand
makesareverse-imagecopyoftheobject.Objectsaremirroredacrossalinethatyoudrawinaviewport.
Mirror an object
1. OpenthetutorialmodelMirror Objects.3dm.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.
3. Onthestatusbar,turnOrtho on.
4. Selecttheobject.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
5. AttheStart of mirror plane...prompt,intheToporFrontviewport,clicktotherightofthefaceas
shownintheillustrationbelow.
6. AttheEnd of mirror plane...prompt,dragthelinetowardthebottomofthescreen,andclickto
endthemirrorline.
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Chapter 8: Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Array
TheArraycommandscopyobjectsintoevenlyspacedrowsandcolumnsoraroundacircle.
Orient
TheOrientcommandscombinemoveorcopy,scale,androtateoperationstohelpyoupositionandsize
objectsinonecommand.
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Chapter 9: Curve and Surface Analysis
SinceRhinoisamathematicallyaccurateNURBSmodeler,toolsthatprovideaccurateinformationaboutthe
objectsareprovided.
Measure distance, angle, and radius
Someanalysiscommandsprovideinformationaboutlocation,distance,anglebetweenlines,andradiusofa
curve.Forexample:
Distancedisplaysthedistancebetweentwopoints.
Angledisplaystheanglebetweentwolines.
Radiusdisplaystheradiusofacurveatanypointalongit.
Lengthdisplaysthelengthofacurve.
Curve and surface direction
Curvesandsurfaceshaveadirection.Manycommandsthatusedirectioninformationdisplaydirectionarrows
andgiveyoutheopportunitytochange(flip)thedirection.
TheDircommanddisplaysthedirectionofacurveorsurfaceandletsyouchangethedirection.
Theillustrationshowsthecurvedirectionarrows.Ifthedirectionhasnotbeenchanged,itreflectsthedirection
thecurvewasoriginallydrawn.Thearrowspointfromthestartofthecurvetowardtheendofthecurve.
TheDir commandalsodisplayssurfaceu-,v-,andnormaldirection.Surfacenormalsarerepresentedby
arrowsperpendiculartothesurface,andtheu-andv-directionsareindicatedbyarrowspointingalongthe
surface.Closedsurfacesalwayshavethesurfacenormalspointingtotheexterior.
TheDir commandcanchangetheu-,v-,andnormal-directionsofasurface.Thisdirectioncanbeimportantif
youareapplyingtexturestothesurface.
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Chapter 9: Curve and Surface Analysis
Curvature
Curveanalysistoolsletyouturnonagraphshowingthedirectionperpendiculartothecurveatapointandthe
amountofcurvature,displayacurvaturecircle,testthecontinuitybetweentwocurvesandtheintervalsof
overlapbetweenthetwocurves.
TheCurvatureGraphcommanddisplaysacurvaturegraphoncurvesandsurfaces.Thelinesonthegraph
representadirectionperpendiculartothecurveatthatpoint.Thelengthofthelineindicatesthecurvature.
Visual surface analysis
Visualsurfaceanalysiscommandsletyouexaminesurfacestodeterminesmoothnessasdeterminedbyits
curvature,tangency,orothersurfaceproperties.ThesecommandsuseNURBSsurfaceevaluationand
renderingtechniquestohelpyouvisuallyanalyzesurfacesmoothnesswithfalsecolororreflectionmapssoyou
canseethecurvatureandbreaksinthesurface.
Environment map
TheEMapcommanddisplaysabitmapontheobjectsoitlookslikeasceneisbeingreflectedbyahighly
polishedmetal.Thistoolhelpsyoufindsurfacedefectsandvalidateyourdesignintent.
Thefluorescenttubeenvironmentmapsimulatestubelightsshiningonareflectivemetalsurface.
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Chapter 9: Curve and Surface Analysis
Curvature analysis
TheCurvatureAnalysiscommandanalyzessurfacecurvatureusingfalse-colormapping.Itanalyzes
Gaussiancurvature,meancurvature,minimumradiusofcurvature,andmaximumradiusofcurvature.
Zebra analysis
TheZebracommanddisplayssurfaceswithreflectedstripes.Thisisawaytovisuallycheckforsurfacedefects
andfortangencyandcurvaturecontinuityconditionsbetweensurfaces.
Draft angle analysis
TheDraftAngleAnalysiscommanddisplaysbyfalse-colormappingthedraftanglerelativetothe
constructionplanethatisactivewhenyoustartthecommand.
ThepulldirectionfortheDraftAngleAnalysiscommandisthez-axisoftheconstructionplane.
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Chapter 9: Curve and Surface Analysis
Edge evaluation
GeometryproblemssuchasBooleanorjoinfailurescanbecausedbyedgesonsurfacesthathavebecome
brokenoredgesbetweensurfacesthathavebeenmovedthroughpointeditingsotheycreateholes.Anedgeis
aseparateobjectthatispartofthesurfacesboundaryrepresentation.
TheShowEdgescommandhighlightsalltheedgesofthesurface.
Apolysurfacemaylookclosed,butthePropertiescommandmaytellyouthatitisopen.Someoperationsand
exportfeaturesrequireclosedpolysurfaces,andamodelusingclosedpolysurfacesisgenerallyhigherquality
thanonewithsmallcracksandslivers.
Rhinoprovidesatoolforfindingtheunjoinedornakededges.Whenasurfaceisnotjoinedtoanother
surface,ithasnakededges.UsePropertiescommandtoexaminetheobjectdetails.Apolysurfacethathas
nakededgeslistsasanopenpolysurface.UsetheShowEdgescommandtodisplaytheunjoinededges.
Otheredgetoolsletyousplitanedge,mergeedgesthatmeetend-to-end,orforcesurfaceswithnakededges
tojoin.Youcanrebuildedgesbasedoninternaltolerances.Otheredgetoolsinclude:
SplitEdgesplitsanedgeatapoint.
MergeEdgemergesedgesthatmeetendtoend.
JoinEdgeforcesunjoined(naked)edgestojoinnearbysurfaces.
RebuildEdgesredistributesedgecontrolpointsbasedoninternaltolerances.
Diagnostics
Diagnostictoolsreportonanobjectsinternaldatastructureandselectobjectsthatmayneedrepair.The
outputfromtheList,Check,SelBadObjects,andAudit3dmFilecommandsisnormallymostusefultoa
Rhinoprogrammertodiagnoseproblemswithsurfacesthatarecausingerrors.
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Chapter 10: Organization and Annotation
Rhinooffersaidstoorganizingyourwork:
Layers
Groups
Blocks
Worksessions
Eachmethodoffersadifferentapproachtomodelorganization.Usinglayersletsyouassignalayerdesignation
toobjects.Groupsassociateobjectssotheycanbeselectedasone.Blocksletyoustoreandupdatean
associationofobjects.Worksessionsletyouworkonapartofaprojectwhileusingothermodelsintheproject
asreferences.
Rhinoalsoprovidestheabilitytoaddnotationtoyourmodel.Theseappearasobjectsinthemodel.
Dimensions
Leaders
Textblocks
Adifferentformofnotationalwaysdisplaysfacingtowardstheviewplane.
Annotationdots
Arrowheads
Inaddition,youcanaddNotestothemodel.Notesdonotappearinthemodel,butdisplayinaseparate
window.
Layers
Layersareawayofgroupingobjectsandapplyingcertaincharacteristicstoallobjectsthathavethatlayer
assignment.Therearetwomentalmodelsyoucanusewhenyouthinkoflayerstheycanbethoughtof
eitherasastoragelocationfortheobjectsorasawaytoassignasetofcharacteristicsorpropertiesto
objects.
Layerstatesincludealayername,thecolorusedtodisplaytheobjects,andtheon/offandlocked/unlocked
statusofalltheobjectsonalayer.Objectsonlayersthatareoffarenotvisibleinthemodel.Objectsonlocked
layerscannotbeselectedbutcanbesnappedto.Objectsarealwayscreatedonthecurrentlayer.Thislayer
assignmentcanbechangedlater.
Toaccomplishthemostcommontasksrelatedtolayers,clicktheLayerpaneinthestatusbartodisplaythe
popuplayerlist.Youcansetthecurrentlayer;changetheon/off,locked/unlockedstate;andthelayercolor.In
addition,right-clickthelayernametocreateanewlayer,renamealayer,deletetheselectedlayer,select
objectsontheselectedlayer,changeobjectstotheselectedlayer,andcopyobjectstotheselectedlayer.
AccomplishmoredetailedlayermanagementwiththeLayerspanel.Right-clicktheLayer panetoopenthe
Layerspanel.TheLayerspanelsetsthecurrentlayer,locksandunlockslayers,turnslayersonandoff,
changesthelayercolorandsetsthelayerrendermaterial.Youcancreatenewlayers,deletelayers,move
layersupordowninthelayerlist,filterthelayerlist,setthecurrentlayertomatchanobjectinthemodel,
changeobjectstoaselectedlayer,selectalllayers,andinverttheselection.
TheSelLayercommandselectsallobjectsonalayer.
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Chapter 10: Organization and Annotation
Groups
Agroupisacollectionofobjectsthatselectasoneformoving,copying,rotating,orothertransformsand
applyingpropertiessuchasobjectcolor.Groupingobjectsassignsagroupnametoeachobjectthatisdisplayed
asapartofitsproperties.Objectswiththesamegroupnamebelongtothesamegroup.
Groupgroupsobjectsforselection.Agroupcancontainoneormoresub-groups.
Ungroupdestroysthegroup.
SetGroupNamechangesthenameassignedbydefault.Namingdifferentgroupstothesamename
combinesthosegroupsintoone.
AddToGroupandRemoveFromGroupaddandremoveobjectsfromgroups.
SelGroupselectsgroupsbyname.
Blocks
Ablockisanotherwayofassociatingobjectstogethertoformasingleobject.TheBlockcommandcreatesa
blockdefinitioninthecurrentmodel.TheInsertcommandplacesinstancesofthisblockdefinitioninyour
model.Youcanscale,copy,rotate,array,andotherwisetransformblockinstancesinthemodel.Ifyoueditthe
blockdefinition,allinstancesoftheblockarechangedtothisnewdefinition.Blockscanstreamlinemodeling,
reducemodelsize,andpromotestandardizationofpartsanddetails.
Multipleinstancesofablockcanbelocated,scaled,androtatedintoamodelwiththeInsertcommand.Block
definitionsarecreatedwiththeBlockorInsertcommand.Materialsandotherobjectpropertiesonblock
instancesaredeterminedbythecomponentobjects.
Explodingablockinstanceplacestheblockgeometryusingtheinstancelocation,scale,androtation.To
redefineablock,usetheBlockEditcommand,toeditthegeometry.
TheBlockManagercommanddisplaysadialogboxthatlistsalltheblockdefinitionsinthemodel.Usethe
Block Managerdialogboxtoviewblockproperties,exportablockdefinitiontoafile,deleteablockdefinition
andallitsinstances,updateablockdefinitionfromafile,findoutwhatblocksarenestedinotherblocks,and
countthenumberofblockinstancesinthemodel.
Worksessions
TheWorksessioncommandletsmanyusersworkonalargeprojectbymanagingmanyfiles.Eachusercan
editadifferentfileintheprojectandatthesametimeseetherelatedportionsoftheproject.Byrefreshingas
needed,eachusercanseethecurrentversionoftherelatedfilesintheprojects.Onlyoneusercanhaveafile
openforediting,butmanyuserscanseeit.
Rhinoworksessionsletyouattachexternalfilestoyourcurrentworkenvironment.Attachedgeometrycannot
beedited(Move,Scale),butitcanbeusedforinputtocreationcommands(Copy,ExtrudeCrv).
Dimensions
Youcandimensionobjectsinyourmodel,withyourchoiceoffont,unitsdisplay,decimalprecision,textand
arrowsize,andtextalignment.Afterdimensionsareplaced,youcanselectalldimensions,editdimensiontext,
turncontrolpointsontomovedimensionelements,anddeletedimensions.Youcanplacehorizontal,vertical,
aligned,rotated,radial,diameter,andangledimensions,textblocks,leaders,andcreatea2-Dhiddenline
drawing.
Dimensionsarenotassociative.Changingyourgeometrywillnotupdatethedimensionunlessthedimension
wasdrawnwithhistoryenabled.Changingthedimensionwillnotupdateyourgeometry.
TheDimcommandplaceshorizontalandverticaldimensionsdependingonthedirectionyoupickthepoints.
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Chapter 10: Organization and Annotation
Dimensionsarecreatedusingthecurrentdimensionstyle.Createnewdimensionstylestocontroltextsize
andfont,andotherdimensionproperties.UsethesettingsintheDocument Propertieswindowtocreate
newstylesandsetthepropertiesofexistingstyles.
Text
TheTextcommandplacesannotationtextinyourmodel.
Leaders
TheLeadercommanddrawsanarrowleader.
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Chapter 10: Organization and Annotation
Dots
TheDotcommandplacesatextdot.
Dotsarealwaysparalleltotheview.Dotsaredisplayedinthelayercolor.Dotsizeisconstantonthescreen.As
youzoominandout,thedotdisplaysthesamesize.
Hidden line removal
TheMake2Dcommandcreatescurvesfromtheselectedobjectsassilhouettesrelativetotheactiveview.The
silhouettecurvesareprojectedflatandthenplacedontheworldx,y-plane.
Thecommandoptionscreatethe2-Ddrawingfromthecurrentview,currentconstructionplane,createafour-
viewlayoutusingUSorEuropeanprojectionangles,setlayersforthehiddenlines,anddisplaytangentedges.
Notes
TheNotescommandprovidesameansofstoringtextinformationinyourmodelfile.Youcantypeinformation
directlyintotheNotestextbox.IfyouleavetheNotes boxdisplayedwhenyouclosethemodelfile,itwill
displaythenexttimethefileisopened.
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Chapter 11: Render
Inadditiontoshadedpreviews,Rhinoprovidesfull-colorrenderingwithlights,transparency,shadows,
textures,andbumpmapping.
Objectswillrenderwhiteuntilyouaddrendercolor,highlight,texture,transparency,andbumps.These
attributesarecontrolledthroughthePropertiespanel,Materialpage.
Theprocessneededtorenderscenesconsistsoffourbasicsteps:
Addlighting
Assignmaterials
Setuptheenvironmentandgroundplane
Render
Althoughthestepsdonothavetobedoneinthisorder,usingthismethodseemstomakesettingupascene
moreefficient.Toimprovequality,repeatthesestepsuntiltheimagelooksrighttoyou.
Lights
IneveryRhinorenderingtherearelightsourcesthatRhinousestocalculatehowtheobjectsaretobe
illuminated.Ifyoudonotaddanylightsourcestoyourscene,thedefaultlightisused.Thedefaultlightisa
directionallightwithparallelraysthatactsasthoughyouhavealampshiningoveryourleftshoulder.
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Chapter 11: Render
Add indoor lights or sun
4
InsertSpotlights,Directional Lights,Linear Lights,Point Lights,orRectangular Lights.
4
OrturnontheSun.
Materials
Materialsspecifythecolor,finish,transparency,texture,andbumpforusebytherenderer.
Assign materials to layers
1. IntheLayerspanel,selectoneormorelayernames,andclickintheMaterialcolumn.
2. IntheLayer Material dialogbox,setupmaterialproperties.
Assign materials to objects
1. Selectanobject.
2. OntheEditmenu,clickObject Properties.
3. InthePropertiespanel,Materialpage,setupmaterialproperties.
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Chapter 11: Render
Environment
Environmentsdescribethespacearoundthemodel.Thisspaceisreflectedinobjectsandcanprovideoverall
lighting.
Set up the rendering environment
Therenderingpropertiesincludeenvironmentsettingslikebackgroundcolorandimage.
1. OpentheEnvironment Editorpanel.
2. Setupenvironmentproperties.
Ground Plane
Thegroundplaneprovidesaninfinitehorizontalplatformfortheimagethatstretchestothehorizoninall
directionspositionedatadefinedelevation.Agroundplanerendersmuchfasterthanusingasurfaceasa
background.Anymaterialcanbeassignedtothegroundplane.
Turn on a ground plane
1. OpentheGround Planepanel.
2. Setupgroundplaneproperties.
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Chapter 11: Render
Render
Renderandsaveanimage.
Render and save the image
1. OntheRendermenu,clickRender.
2. IntheRender Window,ontheFilemenu,clickSave As.
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Rhinoceros 5 User's Guide
Section II: Tutorials