This outcome has been achieved with the financial support of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
of the Czech Republic, project No. 1M0579
Update: 20.11. 2006 1.1.3.2-9 Summary Based on data compiled in this work proposes new temperature-dependent relationships / functions for concrete strength (compressive and tensile), modulus of elasticity, fracture energy and Poisson ratio. The curves are designed on the basis of literature published in [1]. A comparison of the designed functions with their counterparts found in existing codes, authoritative design guides and literature is presented. Surprisingly enough, functions for selected parameters (namely fracture energy and Poisson ratio) were not found in any code although they are necessary for realistic numerical simulations of structural responses. For the practical reasons, relationships proposed in this work are designed as continuous functions whilst data found in codes are presented as discrete points in tables. It is believed that an analytical formulation is friendlier for implementing computational models, e.g. sort of transient coupled thermal and structural analysis and others. The temperature dependence of these parameters is an important ingredient for the safe design and assessment of structures undergoing high temperature loading (fire, etc.). Field of application The behaviour of concrete structures at extreme temperatures is presently a subject of research concerning the safe operation of various types of structures (fire safety of tunnels, chemical factories, industrial and high rise buildings, power plants, etc.). The utilization of the presented results is suitable for a design of bearing and non-bearing concrete and reinforced concrete structures that are presumed to be loaded by high temperatures. Another possible utilization is for an assessment of the residual state of existing structures that were already affected by high temperatures. The presented functional dependencies of the mechanical/fracture parameters of concrete on temperature extend recommendations of existing design documents and guidelines. Designed functions may serve as input data for linear and nonlinear calculations of structures subjected to high temperature loading. Methodological and conceptual approach The typical parameters of quantifying material strength are compressive and tensile strength. Stiffness is typically quantified by modulus of elasticity. Another elastic constant related to strain in biaxial stress state is the Poisson ratio. Only parameters such as strength and stiffness are unable to describe concrete behaviour in complexity. They do not describe the material from the point of view of toughness, brittleness or ductility. The typical parameters used to assess the brittleness/toughness of concrete are fracture toughness, fracture energy, the brittleness index and characteristic length. Each of these characteristics has a different physical/mechanical meaning. The knowledge, especially, of fracture energy is necessary for nonlinear simulations of structures made of quasi-brittle materials. A lack of input parameters is a frequent problem in numerical modelling, mainly their dependences on temperature (temperature history). Whereas for commonmechanical parameters (compressive strength, modulus of elasticity) the data are partly available. In the field of fracture mechanics at high temperatures the data are still insufficient (tensile strength, fracture energy). A large number of experimental data from scientific publications were collected in the scope of this work [1-12]. On the basis of these data, functional dependencies of concrete mechanical/fracture parameters on temperature were designed. The functions are formulated as a dependence of reduction coefficients k for individual parameters at elevated temperatures. In 1 INTEGRATED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS FOR CONSTRUCTION 1.1 Theoretical bases of integrated design 1.1.3 Methods of structural design stressing durability and reliability 1.1.3.2 Degradation models; assessment of material imperfections and technological effects, definition of critical values of degradation impacts, application Author: Ing. Dita Matesov, Ph.D.; Brno University of Technology EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURES ON MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF CONCRETE COMPOSITES
This outcome has been achieved with the financial support of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, project No. 1M0579 Update: 20.11. 2006 1.1.3.2-9 all cases the functions k(t) are designed such that the reduction parameter k = 1 at temperature t = 20C. An example of k(t) function for fracture energy vs. temperature together with the weighted averages of experimental data is given in fig. 1.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Temperature, t (C) R e d u c t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t
f o r
f r a c t u r e e n e r g y
( - ) averages from exper. data regression Fig. 1 Reduction coefficient for fracture energy of concrete vs. temperature. References [1] Matesov, D. Fracture/mechanical parameters of quasi brittle materials at high temperatures for numerical modelling. Dissertation. Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Structural Mechanics, 2005, p. 0-118. [2] Wu, B., Su, X., Li, H., Yuan, J. (2002). Effect of high temperature on residual mechanical properties of confined und unconfined high- strength concrete, ACI Material Journal 99(4), pp. 399-407. [3] Janotka, I., Bagel, L. (2002). Pore structures, permeabilities and compressive strengths of concrete at temperatures up to 800C. ACI Material Journal 99(2), pp. 196-200. [4] Phan, L. T., Carino, N. J. (2002). Effect of test conditions and mixture proportions on behavior of high strength concrete exposed to high temperatures. ACI Material Journal 99(1), pp. 54- 66. [5] Luo, X., Sun, W., Chan, S.Y.N. (2000). Effect of heating and cooling regimes on residual strength and microstructure of normal strength and high-performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 30, pp. 379-383. [6] Janotka, I., Nurnbergerova, T., Nad, L. (2000). Behaviour of high-strength concrete with dolomitic aggregate at high temperatures. Mag. of Concrete Res. 52, No. 6, pp. 399-406. [7] Nielsen, C.V., Bicanic, N. (2003). Residual fracture energy of high-performance and normal concrete subject to high temperatures. Materials and Structures, vol. 36, No. 262, pp. 515-521. [8] Chen, B., Liu, J. (2004) Residual strength of hybrid-fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Cement and Concrete Research 34, pp. 1065-1069 [9] Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., Lam, L. (2004) Compressive behavior of fiber reinforced high- performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Cement and Concrete Research 34, pp. 2215-2222 [10] Sakr, K., El-Hakim (2004) Effect of temperature or fire on heavy weight concrete properties. Cement and Concrete Research [11] Savva, A., Manita, P., Sideris, K.K. (2005) Influence of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of blended cement concretes prepared with limestone and siliceous aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites 27, pp. 239-248 [12] Zhang, B., Bicanic, N. (2002). Residual fracture toughness of normal and high strength gravel concrete after heating to 600C. ACI Material Journal 99(3), pp. 217-226.
Design Guidelines For The Use of HM Strips - Strengthening of Steel Concrete Composite Bridge With High Modulus Carbon Fibrer Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Strips