Term Paper on Press After Movable Types

A movable type press is a printing and typographical device that uses movable components to
reproduce elements of a document such as letters and punctuation. This device is credited for a
revolution in books production that has fostered development in arts, sciences and religion.
Johannes Gutenberg was the inventor of the wooden movable typing press. Movable type is the
system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a
document usually individual letters or punctuation!.
The world"s first known movable type system for printing was created in #hina around $%&%
A.'. by (i )heng **%+$%,$! during the )ong 'ynasty. -hen this technology spread to .orea
during the Goryeo 'ynasty in $/0&, they made the metal movable1type system for printing. This
led to the printing of the Jik2i in $033, the oldest e4tant movable metal print book. The diffusion
of both movable1type systems was, however, limited5 They were e4pensive, and re6uired an
enormous amount of labour involved in manipulating the thousands of ceramic tablets, or in the
case of .orea, metal tablets re6uired for scripts based on the #hinise writing system which have
thousands of characters.
Around $&,%, Johannes Guternberg invented an improved movable type mechanical printing
system in 7urope along with innovations in casting the type based on a Matri4 and hand mould.
The more limited number of characters needed for 7uropean languages were an important factor.
Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of 8ead, tin and antimony9the
same components still used today.
:or alphabetic scripts, movable1type page setting was 6uicker and more durable than woodblock
printing. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to
typography and fonts. The printing press was especially efficient for limited alphabets. The high
6uality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg (ible $&,,! established the superiority of
movable type in 7urope and the use of printing presses spread rapidly. The printing press may be
regarded as one of the key factors fostering the ;enaissance and due to its effectiveness, its use
spread around the globe.
The $*th1century invention of hot metal typesetting and its successors caused movable type to
decline in the /%th century. The development of movable press is categorically mentioned here.
(rief e4planation of press5
7tching is the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal
surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal the original process9in modern manufacturing
other chemicals may be used on other types of material!. As an intaglio method of printmaking, it
is, along with engraving, the most important techni6ue for old master prints, and remains in wide
use today.
Me<<otint is a printmaking process of the intaglio family, technically a drypoint method. =t was
the first tonal method to be used, enabling half1tones to be produced without using line1 or dot1
based techni6ues like hatching, cross1hatching or stipple. Me<<otint achieves tonality by
roughening the plate with thousands of little dots made by a metal tool with small teeth, called a
>rocker.> =n printing, the tiny pits in the plate hold the ink when the face of the plate is wiped
clean. A high level of 6uality and richness in the print can be achieved.
A6uatint is an intaglio printmaking techni6ue, a variant of etching.
=n intaglio printmaking, the artist makes marks on the matri4 in the case of a6uatint, a copper or
<inc plate! that are capable of holding ink. The inked plate is passed through a printing press
together with a sheet of paper, resulting in a transfer of the ink to the paper. This can be repeated
a number of times, depending on the particular techni6ue.
8ithography from Greek ?@ABC, lithos, >stone> and DEFGHIJ, graphein, >to write>! is a method of
printing originally based on the principle that oil and water do not mi4. Printing is from a stone
lithographic limestone! or a metal plate with a smooth surface. =t was invented in $3*K by
German author and actor Alois )enefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical
works.8ithography can be used to print te4t or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.
#hromolithography is a method for making multi1color prints. This type of color printing
stemmed from the process of lithography, and it includes all types of lithography that are printed
in color. -hen chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs, the term photo chrome is
fre6uently used. 8ithographers sought to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of
chemicals instead of relief or intaglio printing.
A rotary printing press is a printing press in which the images to be printed are curved around a
cylinder. Printing can be done on large number of substrates, including paper, cardboard, and
plastic. )ubstrates can be sheet feed or unwound on a continuous roll through the press to be
printed and further modified if re6uired e.g. die cut, overprint varnished, embossed!. Printing
presses that use continuous rolls are sometimes referred to as >web presses>. ;otary drum
printing was invented by ;ichard March Loe in $M&0, perfected in $M&K, and patented in $M&3.
Note + )ome sources describe Parisian "Lippolyte Auguste Marinoni", $M/0, 3 January $*%&! as
the inventor of the ;otary printing press.#larification needed.
The hectograph or gelatin duplicator or 2elly graph is a printing process which involves transfer
of an original, prepared with special inks, to a pan of gelatin or a gelatin pad pulled tight on a
metal frame. The hectograph was invented in ;ussia in $MK* by Mikhail Alisov.
Offset printing or web offset printing is a commonly used printing techni6ue in which the inked
image is transferred or >offset>! from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface.
-hen used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil
and water, the offset techni6ue employs a flat pantographic! image carrier on which the image to
be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non1printing area attracts a water1based film
called >fountain solution>!, keeping the non1printing areas ink1free. The modern >web> process
feeds a large reel of paper through a large press machine in several parts, typically for several
meters, which then prints continuously as the paper is fed through.
Lot metal typesetting also called mechanical typesetting, hot lead typesetting, hot metal, and hot
type! refers to technologies for typesetting te4t in letterpress printing. This method in2ects molten
type metal into a mold that has the shape of one or more glyphs. The resulting sorts and
The stencil duplicator or mimeograph machine often abbreviated to mimeo! is a low1cost
printing press that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. The mimeograph process
should not be confused with the spirit duplicator process.
)creen printing is a printing techni6ue that uses a woven mesh to support an ink1blocking stencil
to receive a desired image. The attached stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink or
other printable materials which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp1edged image onto a
substrate. A fill blade or s6ueegee is moved across the screen stencil, forcing or pumping ink
through the mesh openings to wet the substrate during the s6ueegee stroke. (asically, it is the
process of using a mesh1based stencil to apply ink onto a substrate, whether it be t1shirts, posters,
stickers, vinyl, wood, or other material.
A spirit duplicator also referred to as a 'itto machine in North America, (anda machine in the
P. or ;oneo in :rance and Australia! was a printing method invented in $*/0 by -ilhelm
;it<erfeld and commonly used for much of the rest of the /%th century. The term >spirit
duplicator> refers to the alcohols which were a ma2or component of the solvents used as >inks> in
these machines. The device coe4isted alongside the mimeograph.
A photocopier also known as a copier or copy machine! is a machine that makes paper copies of
documents and other visual images 6uickly and cheaply. Most current photocopiers use a
technology called 4erography, a dry process that uses electrostatic charges on a light sensitive
photoreceptor to first attract and then transfer toner particles a powder! onto paper in the form of
an image. Leat, pressure or a combination of both is then used to fuse the toner onto the paper.
#opiers can also use other technologies such as ink 2et, but 4erography is standard for office
copying.!
Phototypesetting was a method of setting type, rendered obsolete with the popularity of the
personal computer and desktop publishing software, that used a photographic process to generate
columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper. Typesetters used a machine called a
phototypesetter, which would 6uickly pro2ect light through a film negative image of an
individual character in a font, through a lens that would magnify or reduce the si<e of the
character onto photographic paper, which would collect on a spool in a light1tight canister. The
photographic paper or film would then be fed into a processor, a machine that would pull the
paper or film strip through two or three baths of chemicals, where it would emerge ready for
paste up or film make1up.
=nk2et printing is a type of computer printing that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of
ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates. =nk2et printers are the most commonly used type of
printer, and range from small ine4pensive consumer models to very large professional machines
that can cost tens of thousands of dollars, or more.
A dye1sublimation printer or dye1sub printer! is a computer printer which employs a printing
process that uses heat to transfer dye onto materials such as a plastic, card, paper, or fabric. The
sublimation name was first applied because the dye was considered to transition between the
solid and gas states without going through a li6uid stage. This understanding of the process was
later shown to be incorrectQ since then the process is sometimes known as dye1diffusion, though
this has not eliminated the original name. Many consumer and professional dye1sublimation
printers are designed and used for producing photographic prints, =' cards, and so on.
'ot matri4 printing or impact matri4 printing is a type of computer printing which uses a print
head that runs back and forth, or in an up and down motion, on the page and prints by impact,
striking an ink1soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print mechanism on a
typewriter. Lowever, unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot
matri4, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced.
8aser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process that rapidly produces high 6uality te4t
and graphics by passing a laser beam over a charged drum to define a differentially charged
image. The drum then selectively collects charged toner and transfers the image to paper, which
is then heated to permanently fi4 the image. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction
printers M:Ps!, laser printers employ a 4erographic printing process, but differ from analog
photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of the medium across the
printer"s photoreceptor. Lence, it proves to be a much faster process compared to the latter.
Thermal printing or direct thermal printing! is a digital printing process which produces a
printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is
commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in
the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two1colour direct thermal printers can print
both black and an additional colour often red! by applying heat at two different temperatures.
0' printing or additive manufacturing AM! is a process of making a three1dimensional solid
ob2ect of virtually any shape from a digital model. 0' printing is achieved using an additive
process, where successive layers of material are laid down in different shapes. 0' printing is also
considered distinct from traditional machining techni6ues, which mostly rely on the removal of
material by methods such as cutting or drilling subtractive processes!.
'igital printing refers to methods of printing from a digital based image directly to a variety of
media. =t usually refers to professional printing where small1run 2obs from desktop publishing
and other digital sources are printed using large1format andRor high1volume laser or ink2et
printers. 'igital printing has a higher cost per page than more traditional off set press methods,
but this price is usually offset by avoiding the cost of all the technical steps re6uired to make
printing plates. =t also allows for on1demand printing, short turnaround time, and even a
modification of the image variable data! used for each impression. The savings in labor and the
ever1increasing capability of digital presses means that digital printing is reaching the point
where it can match or supersede offset printing technology"s ability to produce larger print runs
of several thousand sheets at a low price. After the /%th century the age of it prospectively run as
the age of digital age. As we describe the early /%th century which may reflects the digital age.
Lere we are describing the early /$th century.
=n the digital age press has been significantly made a revolution in terms of establish and practice
the modern press and instrument including the gadget of mobile internet computer. Now we see
there has been slightly changed the pattern of 2ournalism. 7specially in a way of development of
the press. Press now has been uplifted in the modern way. Along with the development of =T, -e
found a lot of change in the development of press.
After the movable press whatever with discussed above basically we found the digital press is
being the part of well practiced in all over in the world. The digital press especially comprises
the online subscription, blog, social media including face book, tweeter etc.these social media
now becoming very familiar with the all types of age. After the well developed the digital press,
we have an e4ample that there have been erasing the value of news paper. (ig house of the well
presence of digital press slightly the primitive age based press have been disappearing is means
the digital press replaced the previous developed press.
This digital press is being popular because of the demand of new generation .the readers and a
viewer they can easily get it where ever they lived. 'igital press has made the glove single. =t
means the globali<ation of the information is the result of the digital press.
Literature review
As the Gutenberg who had developed the inception of movable press. -hich has indicate the
displacement of woodblock printing likewise the $*th century specially in the era of $*$%.The
movable of development has begin slightly change in this century. -e found the modern types of
movable press have come into the function. =n totality we find the movable type especially non
as a system which makes our day to day function of press.
=n a brief it is better to e4amine its historical development from woodblock printing to digital
press.
Methodology
:or collecting the data of the historical development of the after movable press, = have gone
through the brief sketch out of its development from the Google. The overviews of the study of
after movable press we have found various assumptions regarding the historical development of
after movable press from the period of the world first S now printing which was created china
printing around $%&% A'. After this period there has been so many change of year which has
significantly non as the era for spreading the technology .As = mention above = have gone
through the various aspect my research to find the chronological development of after movable
development of after movable press. :or this = have engaged in a way of visiting to the various
library which are centered in the .athmandu valley specially .eshar library .'espite of this =
have deepen in the online research which guided me to find this analysis. The chronological
development of the movable type has 6uite meaningful to e4plain in a brief. As we sought the
early development of the movable press, which is begin from the early $* century.
Conclusion
Movable type is a form of type setting that allows for the letters to be arranged on a press in such
a way as the letters can be rearranged without making a new press. Movable type was the
beginning of the Gutenberg press. we found after movable press there has been many stages
where the press evolution, developments and wild development we found respectivly.As we
mentioned above the categorically, we found the age of digital press where there has been drastic
change we found digital press is the symbol of the age of information .The practice of the digital
age is meaningful.
Reference
http5RRen.wikipedia.orgRwikiRPrintingTpress
http5RRwww.princeton.eduRUachaneyRtmveRwiki$%%kRdocsRMovableTtype.html
http5RRen.wikipedia.orgRwikiRMovableTtype
Mass Media
An =ntroduction to modern communication
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