Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics

McGill University

CIVE327 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS
Assignment No. 2


1. A 60-cm-wide belt moves as shown in Fig. P1.37. Calculate the horsepower requirement
assuming a linear velocity profile in the 10
o
C water? (Potter & Wiggert 1.37)







Figure P1.37

Solution:
Given: area of shear, A = 0.6 4 = 2.4 m
2
; strain rate,
dy
du
=
002 0
10
.

For water at T = 10
o
C,
water
= 1.308 10
3
N.s/m
2

Therefore,
Shear stress, = = =

002 0
10
10 308 1
3
water
.
.
dy
du
6.54 N/m
2

Force, F = A = 6.54 2.4 = 15.696 N
Power, P = work done over time = Fu = 15.696 10 = 156.96 W = 0.2105 hp
(where 1 hp = 745.7 W)


2. The velocity distribution in a 1.0-cm-diameter pipe is given by ( ) ( )
2
0
2
1 16 r r r u = m/s, where r
0

is the pipe radius. Calculate the shearing stress at the centerline, at r = 0.25 cm, and at the wall if
water at 20
o
C is flowing. (Potter & Wiggert 1.39)

Solution:










For water at 20
o
C, = 1.005 10
3
N.s/m
2


2 mm 10 m/s
4 m
( ) ( )
2
0
2
1 16 r r r u =
u
max

u(r)
r
y = r
0
r
r
0
= 0.005 m
Strain rate,
2
0
32
r
r
dr
du
=
Therefore,
Shear stress,
2
0
3
32
10 005 1
r
r
.
dr
du
= =


At r = 0.25 cm = 0.0025 m,
2
3
005 0
0025 0 32
10 005 1
.
.
.

=

= 3.216 Pa
At the pipe wall, r = r
0
= 0.005 m,
2
3
005 0
005 0 32
10 005 1
.
.
.

=

= 6.432 Pa


3. Calculate the maximum average velocity V with which 20
o
C water can flow in a pipe in the
laminar state if the critical Reynolds number (Re = VD/) at which transition occurs is 2000; the
pipe diameter is (Potter & Wiggert 7.1):
(a) 2 m (b) 2 cm (c) 2 mm

Solution:
For water at 20
o
C, =

= 1.007 10
6
m
2
/s
Reynolds number is given as

VD
Re =
Therefore,
For Re = 2000, maximum average velocity,
D
.
D
.
D
V
3 6
10 014 2 2000 10 007 1 Re

=

= =

(a) For D = 2 m, =

=

2
10 014 2 10 014 2
3 3
.
D
.
V 1.007 10
3
m/s
(b) For D = 2 cm = 0.02 m, =

02 0
10 014 2
3
.
.
V 0.1007 m/s
(c) For D = 2 mm = 0.002 m, =

002 0
10 014 2
3
.
.
V 1.007 m/s


4. A pressure drop of 0.07 psi occurs over a section of 0.8-in.-diameter pipe transporting water at
70
o
F. Determine the length of the horizontal section if the Reynolds number is 1600. Also, find
the shear stress at the wall and the friction factor. (Potter & Wiggert 7.18)

Solution:






Water
p
1
p
2

dp = p
2
p
1
= 0.07 psi
dx
At 70
o
F, kinematic viscosity of water, = 1.06 10
5
ft
2
/s
dynamic viscosity of water, = 2.05 10
5
lb.s/ft
2

density of water, = 1.94 slug/ft
3


For Re = 1600, the average velocity,
=

= =

12
8 0
1600 10 06 1 Re
5
.
.
D
V

0.2544 ft/s
For a pipe, pressure gradient is
2
0
8
r
V
dx
dz
g
dx
dp
dx
p d
= + =

For a horizontal pipe (z = 0), pressure gradient is given as

2
0
8
r
V
dx
dp
=
Therefore, the length of the horizontal section in consideration,
=

= =

2544 0 10 05 2 8
12
4 0
12 07 0
8
5
2
2
2
0
. .
.
.
V
r
dp dx

268.45 ft

Shearing stress, =

=
45 268
12 07 0
2
12
4 0
2
2
0
0
.
.
.
dx
p d r
6.258 10
4
lb/ft
2

Friction factor, =

= =

2
4
2
0
2544 0 94 1
8
1
10 258 6
8
1
. .
.
V
f

0.0399


5. Find the angle of the 10-mm-diameter pipe of Fig. P7.19 in which water at 40
o
C is flowing
with Re = 1500 such that no pressure drop occurs. Also, find the flow rate. (Potter & Wiggert
7.19)









Figure P7.19

Solution:
At 40
o
C, kinematic viscosity of water, = 0.661 10
6
m
2
/s
For Re = 1500, the average velocity, =

= =

01 0
1500 10 661 0 Re
6
.
.
D
V

0.09915 m/s
p
1

p
2
= p
1



Water













Pressure gradient in a pipe is given as,

2
0
8
r
V
dx
dz
g
dx
dp
= +
Since dp = 0 and dz = dz, therefore

2
0
8
r
V
dx
dz
g

=
since sin
dx
dz
=
=

= =

2
6
2
0
005 0 81 9
09915 0 10 661 0 8 8
. .
. .
gr
V
sin

2.1378 10
3

= 0.1225
o


Flow rate, = = = = 09915 0 005 0
2 2
0
. . V r AV Q 7.787 10
6
m
3
/s


6. Water at 20
o
C flows in the 4-mm-diameter pipe of Fig. P7.26. The pressure rise over the 10-m
section is 6 kPa. Find the Reynolds number of the flow and the wall shear stress. Assume laminar
flow. (Potter & Wiggert 7.26)











Figure P7.26



p
1

p
2
= p
1



Water
dx

dz

10
o

?
Water at 20
o
C
10 m
Solution:










At 20
o
C, kinematic viscosity of water, = 1.007 10
6
m
2
/s
dynamic viscosity of water, = 1.005 10
3
N.s/m
2

density of water, = 998.2 kg/m
3


Pressure gradient in a pipe is given as,

2
0
8
r
V
dx
dz
g
dx
dp
= +
Therefore, ( ) ( )
o 3
3
2 2
0
10 10 81 9 2 998 10 6
10 10 005 1 8
002 0
8
sin . .
.
.
gdz dp
dx
r
V

= + =

= V 0.5475 m/s

Reynolds number, =

= =
6
10 007 1
004 0 5475 0
Re
.
. . VD

2175

Shear stress,
( ) ( )
10
10 10 81 9 2 998 10 6
2
002 0
2 2
o 3
0 0
0
sin . . .
dx
gdz dp r
dx
p d r
=
+
=

=


=
0
1.1004 Pa


7. Find the radius in a developed laminar flow in a pipe where (Potter & Wiggert 7.30):
(a) The velocity is equal to the average velocity.
(b) The shear stress is equal to one-half the wall shear stress.

Solution:
(a) For steady, laminar, developed flow in a circular pipe, the velocity distribution is
( )
2
0
2
4
1
r r
dx
p d
u

(1)

Since the maximum velocity occur at r = 0, Eq. (1) becomes

dx
p d r
u
max

=
4
2
0
(2)


10
o

dz

Water at 20
o
C
dx = 10 m

The average velocity,
max
u V
2
1
= , therefore

dx
p d r
u V
max

= =
4 2
1
2
1
2
0
(3)

For velocity in pipe to be equal to the average velocity, Eq. (3) is equal to Eq. (1),
( )
2
0
2
2
0
4
1
4 2
1
r r
dx
p d
dx
p d r

2
0
2 2
0
2
1
r r r =

2
0
2
2
1
r r =
r = 0.7071 r
0


(b) The shear stress is equal to one-half the wall shear stress.
Shear stress in pipe flow,

dx
p d r
=
2
(4)
At the pipe wall,
0
= at
0
r r =

dx
p d r
=
2
0
0
(5)

At point where the shear stress is equal to one-half of the wall shear stress,

0
2
1
=

dx
p d r
dx
p d r
=

2 2
1
2
0


0
2
1
r r = == =