LINKING WORDS and RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Fill the gaps with suitable linking words. Each word may be used several times.

ALTHOUGH / AND / BECAUSE / EVENTUALLY (= finally) / FIRST
FOR INSTANCE (= for example) / LIKE / SECONDLY / THAT / THATS WHY
WHICH / WHO


Many people are fond of science fiction. There are several reasons for this.
____________, this type of fiction introduces an element of magic into their lives.
____________their ancestors ____________believed in fairy tales and ghost
stories, today's people believe in science fiction ____________it is part of all the
mystery ____________surrounds their lives. ____________, science fiction is one
answer to all the questions ____________are raised by the recent developments in
the scientific field. ____________people get accustomed to scientific progress and its
applications, they are afraid of possible developments, ____________nuclear war
____________the destruction of our planet. ____________science fiction has a
reassuring effect upon them. ____________, all human beings need some form of
dream ____________science fiction enables our imagination to escape from reality
____________everyday life.


Vocabulary


1. fairy tale 2. ghost story 3. surround
4. field 5. accustomed to 6. reassure
7 . dream 8. enable 9. escape

Fill the gaps with suitable linking words. Try to vary them.


When Steven, 16, was going home from school he expected the day to end as usual.
______________, something unpredictable happened. __________ he was about
to open the front door he had a bad feeling. _______________ he heard a noise from
behind _________ when he turned around he saw a man with a gun.
The man said:
If you dont do as I say Ill shoot you!
________________ raise your hands above your head.
________________ slowly turn around.
________________ lay down on the ground.
________________ the man with the gun told him to keep quiet. He went up to
Steven ________ felt his pockets for valuables.
He grabbed his wallet and some pocket change. _____________he stole his watch.
____________ the thief told Steven that if he went to the police he would be sorry.
_________________he kept his mouth shut and didnt tell anybody about the
robbery. ______________when his mother came home she asked him if anything
was wrong. He said everything was fine, _________________ his mother knew
something was wrong and __________________ he told her the whole story.


Vocabulary

1. grab = 2. wallet = 3.thief =
4. robbery = 5. valuables = 5. shoot =
Fill the gaps with suitable linking words:

ALSO, AT FIRST GLANCE, BECAUSE (2x), BUT (2x), DESPITE, HOWEVER (2x),
JUST AS, THEREFORE (2x), TO SUM UP, UNLIKE, WHEREAS, WHILE.


There is and always has been a need for an international language, and historically
languages have competed with each other for this role. The current leader in the field is
English, with other European languages behind, __________ artificial languages such
as Esperanto are nowhere to be in sight.
_______________, this might seem surprising, as the advantage of artificial
languages is that they are supposed to be simple to learn. ___________ natural
languages, there are no irregular verbs, the grammar is extremely simple, and the
vocabulary has a large number of words that appear to be easy to learn. However,
__________ this may be true for speakers of European languages, it is by no means
true for speakers of a language like Japanese, which is entirely different. Artificial
languages are ____________ not suitable (1) for everyone, ____________ they are
based only on European languages.
There would ___________ be practical problems if an artificial language was chosen
as an international means (2) of communication. There is no official organization or
government that could make such a decision, ____________ as far as languages are
concerned, success breeds success. Most people want to learn a language such as
English, Spanish or French that is already widely (3) spoken, and popular languages
continually attract new learners. It would ___________ not be realistic for
governments to impose an artificial language with almost no speakers, because people
would simply refuse to learn it.
Ultimately (4), ___________ , the main (5) problem with an artificial language is
related to the nature of language itself. An artificial language is simply a set of words
with no heart, no native speakers and no traditions, ____________, a living language
is dynamic. Living languages can change and develop. They have literary traditions and
are capable of growing and adopting new words and ideas. Languages are aggressive
too, and take over and kill off minority ones, ______________ English has almost
eliminated Gaelic. In these circumstances, an artificial language could never hope to
survive.
______________ , although the current international languages are not ideal, there is
no evidence that artificial languages would be any better. ___________ their
deceptive (6) simplicity, it would be almost impossible to make everyone to learn one,
and it would possible not survive unchanged anyway. It is possible that English will
continue to dominate and may one day be a completely international second language,
_____________ whatever (7) happens, the process will be determined by the
speakers, and will not be under political control.



Vocabulary


suitable (1) = means (2) = widely (3) =
ultimately (4) = main (5) = deceptive (6) =
whatever (7) =