COMPUTER

COMPUTER
NETWORKING
NETWORKING
Computer Networking Part I
SVKMsNMIMS University
Hemant
Introduction To Networking
Introduction To Networking
Describes the connection of two of more
computers by some type of medium
Example: A computer connected to the
internet over the public telephone system
Two computer connected by a wire cable
Connections established with
Fiber-optic cable
Infrared
Wireless (radio waves)
Origins Of Networking
Origins Of Networking
Difficult to actually place the origin of
networking
Many devices have been networked throughout
history
Example: 1930s electrical engineers used a Network
Analyzer for simulating electrical power grids
The earliest main frame computers were placed
into networks
Networks today include a wide variety of
computers and peripheral components
Why Do We Use Networks?
Why Do We Use Networks?
Efficiency
Necessity
Convenience
Networks allow the transfer of
Files
Data
Shared applications
Why Do We Use Networks?
Why Do We Use Networks?
(continued)
(continued)
Networks allow computers and users to
share
Printers
Scanners
Fax Machines
Processors
Disk drives
Many other resources
Network Terminology
Network Terminology
Media
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
Wireless
Infrared
Radio signals
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Network Terminology (continued)
Network Terminology (continued)
Client/Server networks
Servers
Print server
File server
Database server
Remote access server (RAS)
Web server
Client
Network Terminology (continued)
Network Terminology (continued)
Peer-to-peer networks
Acts as client and server
Computers share resources
Files
Printers
Applications
Known as workgroups
All computers are on the same level
Network Terminology (continued)
Network Terminology (continued)
Terms used to describe the size of a
network
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Network Terminology (continued)
Network Terminology (continued)
Two types of Operating Systems (OS)
Stand-alone operating systems
Network operating systems
Network operating systems allow
Communication
Distribution of
Data
Files
Applications
Network Terminology (continued)
Network Terminology (continued)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Also known as
Network adapter / Card
Network interface
Connect to a network through the media
Considered a physical component
Network Terminology (continued)
Network Terminology (continued)
Networking hardware
Generic term for describing all physical
components of a network
Examples of networking hardware
NIC
Cable
Hub
Switch
Router
Network Terminology (continued)
Network Terminology (continued)
Networking software
Programs used to run a network
Programs used to run on a network
Examples of programs
NOS
All client/server software programs
Email
Database applications
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
NETWORK GOALS
The two main benefits of networking computers are
Communications
Information can be distributed very quickly, such as
email and video conferencing.
Saving Money
Resources such as information, software, and
hardware can be shared.
CPUs and hard disks can be pooled together to
create a more powerful machine.
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
APPLICATIONS
A lot of things we take for granted are the result of
computer networks.
Email
Chat
Web sites
Sharing of documents and pictures
Accessing a centralized database of information
Mobile workers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
The Open Systems Interconnection is the model
developed by the International Standards Organization.
Benefits
Interconnection of different systems (open)
Not limited to a single vendor solution
Negative Aspect
Systems might be less secure
Systems might be less stable
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
1. Physical Layer
a) Convert the logical 1s and 0s coming from
layer 2 into electrical signals.
b) Transmission of the electrical signals over a
communication channel.
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
2. Data Link Layer
a) Error control to compensate for the
imperfections of the physical layer.
b) Flow control to keep a fast sender from
swamping a slow receiver.
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
3. Network Layer
a) Controls the operation of the subnet.
b) Routing packets from source to destination.
c) Logical addressing.
Main topics:
Internetworking
Routing algorithms
Internet Protocol (IP) addressing
Routers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
4. Transport Layer
a) Provides additional Quality of Service.
b) Heart of the OSI model.
Main topics:
Connection-oriented and connectionless services
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
5. Session Layer
a) Allows users on different machines to establish
sessions between them.
b) One of the services is managing dialogue
control.
c) Token management.
d) Synchronization.
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
6. Presentation Layer
a) Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information.
b) Preserves the meaning of the information.
c) Data compression.
d) Data encryption.
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
7. Application Layer
a) Provides protocols that are commonly needed.
Main topics:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Network File System (NFS)
Telnet
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
SERVICES
2. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Connection-Oriented before data is sent, the
service from the sending computer must establish
a connection with the receiving computer.
Connectionless data can be sent at any time by
the service from the sending computer.
Q: Is downloading a music file from the Internet
connection-oriented or connectionless?
Q: Is email connection-oriented or connectionless?
Computer Networks: Introduction 25
Network Building Blocks
Network Building Blocks
Nodes and Hosts: computers, routers,
switches
Links: coaxial cable, optical fiber, wireless
communication
point-to-point
multiple access
(a)
(b)
Computer Networks: Introduction 26
Peer
Peer
-
-
to
to
-
-
Peer Applications
Peer Applications
In a peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients
and servers.
Computer Networks: Introduction 27
Network Classification by Size
Network Classification by Size
LANs {Local Area Networks}
Wired LANs: typically physically broadcast at
the MAC layer (e.g., Ethernet, Token Ring)
Wireless LANs
MANs{Metropolitan Area Networks}
campus networks connecting LANs logically or
physically.
Computer Networks: Introduction 28
Ethernet bus Ethernet hub
transceivers
l l l l l l
Figure 1.17 Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill
Companies
Wired LANs
Computer Networks: Introduction 29
Metropolitan Area Networks
Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
Computer Networks: Introduction 30
Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs
(a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad
hoc networking.
Computer Networks: Introduction 31
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
A stream of packets from sender to receiver.