Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.

com/abstract=1195282
An analysis of the Marketing Strategy of Vicks Vaporub.
Amit Banerji & Tarun Jain
(for more details, visit http://ssrn.com/abstract=1195282)
Keywords:
Branded products; Competition Map; Competitive advantage; Competitive
Marketing Strategy; Healthcare products; Hoarders; Indirect competition;
Indigenous medicines; Market segment; Marketing Commission; Marketing
strategy; Super Distributor; Unbranded segment; Vaporub; Vicks.
Abstract:
Vicks Vaporub has been the market leader in Vaporub industry in India for long.
It has ensured that competition does not creep up by considerably reducing its
cost of marketing and distribution. However there is still a considerable share of
the market that needs to be tapped by Vicks Vaporub. This study analyses the
scope and viability for Vicks Vaporub to acquire this untapped segment. Due
emphasis has also been laid to study those factors which exist in this segment
and the strategy needed to be devised to deal with the potential competition
which they pose.
The study is based upon a survey of the distribution channel of Proctor and
Gamble through which Vicks Vaporub is marketed. The selection of dealers has
been at random and a sample of 30 dealers has been surveyed in both Jodhpur
and Agra, covering Western and Northern India respectively.
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1195282

2
An analysis of the Marketing Strategy of Vicks Vaporub.
AMIT BANERJI & TARUN JAIN
Introduction
With the numbers of market players going high and the margins of profit falling
down rapidly, the future in the industry is not ambiguous but clear. Compete or
exit. Its not just one company or an industry which is facing this unbearable
pressure to perform but perform better than others. Market is no more governed
by sentiments. Its your competence and ability to perform better than expected
that allows you to survive. Even for that matter, the great marketing guru Kotler
would be forced to give a second thought to his earlier stand
1
and think of
something for the fate of those firms who afford to ignore their competitors or
those who cannot match them.
The essence of the argument is that the traditionally drawn distinction between
the different market players in the likes of market leader; market challengers;
market followers etc. has come to be of no meaning today in real terms. Anyone
and everyone who offers to the market a product similar to yours or who trades
on similar advantages as yours is your competitor no matter his size, product
differentiation, the market segment he caters or the place he occupies in the
market for directly or indirectly, sooner or later, he is bound to and in fact does
cut down your market share, takes away your advantage to trade on equity and

1
Poor firms ignore their competitors; average firms copy their competitors; winning firms lead their
competitors. Philip C. Kotler, Marketing Management, (Prentice Hall India, New Delhi, 11
th
edition), p.
241.

3
also takes policy decision to expand his market share by snatching away your
share.
Thus it is not only advisable but mandatory to design a competitive policy so as
not only to protect but also perceive, analyse, keep track and also retaliate when
required against all sorts of competitive decisions taken by the other players. The
aim and essence is simple. Be firm on your stand and dont be deviated by the
actions of the other players unless too exceptions to note.
The strategy so designed shall be termed a competitive strategy and shall not
only seek to protect your interests but also allow you to take long term decisions
without being unduly perturbed by the competitors particularly when you hold a
substantial share in the segment and command a good host of resources or
opportunities in the existing segments.
This study is undertaken on similar lines with the objective to design a
competitive marketing strategy for a product particular namely Vicks Vaporub.
The aim is to study the product and its marketing strategy followed presently and
to test it on lines of the existing and upcoming competition and to redesign or
design a new strategy altogether, as the case may, and thus achieve our
objectives by the undertaken exercise.
Another reason for making this exercise is to also to take into account, through
deductive reasoning though, as to how a market leader reacts to the competition
and how he frames the strategy to deal with the same. The reason for taking this
practice into account is to analyse whether the presence of competition plays any

4
role in the determination of the policies framed by the market leaders and if it
does, than to what extent and how. This exercise shall aid us to understand the
level of importance given by the market leaders to their competitors and how they
acknowledge their presence. With these objectives the present study is
undertaken and following the methodology so described shall be employed
towards their attainment.
Analysis the Vaporub market in India.
The Vaporub segment in the market is strategically dominated by Vicks Vaporub
in India. A brand of Proctor & Gamble (P&G), Vicks Vaporub covers almost the
entire market segment in the case of branded competitors. It can be represented
statistically as in the chart below. The data upon which it is based is derived after
a market analysis of 30 dealers in Agra and Jodhpur (thus primarily north-
western and the western part of India) picked at random and in different parts of
the cities.
Entire Vaporub Segment
(Share in entire market in percentage)
Name Market Share (%)
Vicks Vaporub 85%
Unbranded & Indigenous 12%
Other branded competitors 3%

5
Vicks Vaporub
Unbranded & Indigenous operators
Other Branded Competitors

Also it has to be seen that among the branded competitors, Vicks leads the
market and dominates its competitors. Vicks Vaporub has a market share of
96.5% (rounded off) among the branded competitors in the Vaporub segment.
Branded segment in Vaporub Market
(Share in entire market in percentage)
Name Market Share (%)
Vicks Vaporub 96.5%
Dabur Dubruv 1.75%
Painrub (a product of Borolin) 0.5%

6
Ethorum (a product of Ethnoil) .25%
Zandu Balm
2
1%

Thus we find that if at all Vicks has any competitors in the Vaporub segment, it is
the unbranded competitors who pose the any area to work upon for Vicks to
expand its market share. Therefore, the need to understand this market
composition of the unbranded sector gains weight and we have to consider it.
It is also to note that the present data available to us is only with regards to the
Vaporub Industry in isolation to the other products available which also cater to
similar needs of the customers. For example, we have cough syrups for dealing
with cough, we have capsules and tablets for cold and headache and among
these also, there are thousands of branded and unbranded producers and
manufacturers who flood the data with such variety of products that it is hard for
one particular product to create its brand image.
Here, therefore, we confine our understanding to those products only which are
direct competitors to Vicks Vaporub and that too, are in the unbranded segment
for it is this share in the market that is more lucrative to capture. To progress with
this understanding, upon a market survey, it is found that that majority share of
this is taken up by indigenous medicines emanating from Ayurvedic and

2
Though Zandu Balm is not meant technically understood as a part of the Vaporub Segment yet because
of similar characteristics it does compete with Vaporub products in areas and thus it has to be provided
for as a competitor in the Vaporub segment.

7
Allopathic
3
, which also offer balms and creams which are similar to Vicks in size
and application and also serve the same purpose. It is futile to name these
brands and medicines as they are known by distant names in various parts of the
country and also have varied compositions. However they have a common
characteristic at one point and that is that they serve the same purpose, giving
relief against blocked nose, cough, body ache, headache, muscle-stiffness and
breathing difficulty namely the six symptoms of cold as Vicks advertises.
The reason for their wide prevalence and acceptance in the market, especially in
the rural and semi-urban segment is that they are cheap but effective. Also, the
prevalence of quacks, local practitioners and road side physicians carry a wide
variety of such products which the uneducated man often falls prey too on
account of effective presentation and quick affect of these applications. A
significant portion of market stake is not taken over by them because of the
reason that the urban and experience population knows that it is better to spend
on health safe then be a spendthrift and face risk by applying those so called
effective and cheap remedies. Nevertheless, the fact remains that a considerable
market share eludes Vicks on account of these indigenous and unbranded rubs.
Coming back to our previously raised issue of those products (indirect
competitors) which serve the same needs as served by Vicks Vaporub but are
not a part of the Vaporub segment, it is important to note that they not only

3
To mention these two does not mean taking into account the Siddha medicines and other traditional
methods which are equally employed (and not specifically to India alone but all throughout the South
Asian, Chinese, African and Latin American countries) as an effective substitutes for these branded
medicines.

8
acquire a considerable share in the everyday medicine market, they also pose a
considerable threat to Vicks in terms of the needs it serves and the product they
offer, satisfying the same set of needs.
What is meant here is that the nature and production of the product may be
different i.e. they may be in a form different from a rub (which is presently our
area of concentration) but they are bent upon the same market for their products
also serve similar needs (in fact they are meant to serve much more needs then
as just a vaporub serves).
The reason for concern for Vaporub industry is simple to understand. Marketing a
product which serves only on set of needs and that too when all of these needs
are on account of one factor alone (Cough) is impractical and also unsustainable
as regards to marketing a product which not only serves the needs your product
offers but is also useful and in fact meant for other needs which are incident and
related to that similar factor (as Cough is often accompanied by cold and then
followed by common fever) but which your product does not take into account.
Thus cough syrups, cold tablets and capsules, cough drops, nasal oils, inhalers
etc. are different from vaporub in their strict sense of their application as a rub
that can be applied directly upon the infested area of the skin. But they are to be
classified as competitors in their generic sense and also posing indirect
competition to the Vaporub segment. The position, to borrow the concept from

9
Kotler
4
, can be understood diagrammatically and thus we can also simplify our
understanding as to the real competition faced by Vicks Vaporub, the product for
our study.
The under printed diagram shows the entire gamut of competitive forces in which
Vicks Vaporub, as a product, operates in the market towards the fulfillment of the
needs of the consumers which emanate from one basic need of dealing with
common cough which is a recurring phenomenon and does not have any
permanent cure. Nevertheless the important features to be noted from this
diagrammatic representation are,
1.) Vicks Vaporub acquires a much larger share as compared to the other direct
competitors in the vaporub segment.
2.) The magnitude of indirect competition is much larger as compared to the
direct competition faced by Vicks Vaporub.
3.) The components of Indirect Competition arise on account of the seven needs
served by Vicks Vaporub.
4.) The real competition for Vicks Vaporub is on account of the traditional and
indigenous products rather than branded items available in the areas.

4
Philip C. Kotler, Marketing Management, (Prentice Hall India, New Delhi, 11
th
edition), p. 247. In his
book, Kotler examines the competition faced by Eastman Kodak (in the American market) through the
Competition Map analysis. Through this he analyses the products that serve the same generic needs as
served by its products and other ancillary products as well that indirectly affect the market share and
operations of Eastman Kodak and are thus indirect competitors to it.

10
Competition Map for Vicks Vaporub


SALIENT FEATURES OF EXISTING MARKETING STRATEGY OF
VICKS VAPORUB
A profitable venture of Proctor & Gamble
5
, Vicks Vaporub has established itself
as a market leader in Vaporub segment and gives tough competition to certain
products in other segments also. The distinct niche it has created in the market is
because of the fact that the company realizes its position as a market leader and

5
Proctor and Gamble stated its operations in India in 1985 while it began functioning in the United States
in 1837.

11
thus the formulation of policies accordingly. To speak of them, it is important to
appreciate its inherent advantage as a Proctor & Gamble product. The fact is that
P & G believes in exploiting its resources and putting them to their maximum
usage. Their entire marketing strategy is based upon its principle (to speak
exclusively in the Indian context) and thus they have only one marketing channel
for all its products. This is to say that the same set of dealers for its products who
market them all and thus the cost of marketing each product is saved in terms of
distribution cost.
An analysis of the facts and figures shall tell us how effective this strategy works
for P & G. Procter & Gamble India had a turnover of Rs. 750 crore in 2002-03
and had a profitable outcome on all of its portfolio brands such as Tide, Ariel,
Pantene, Whisper, Pampers and also those leading brands such as Vicks and
Head & Shoulders. The innovate techniques and Research and Development in
the area has led to a reduction of the companys total inventories from 120 days
to 65 days of annual turnover over the last five years. The distributor inventories
have gone down from 35 days to five days in the same period. Currently, P&G
invests 4% of its worldwide sales, about $1.6bn or Rs 7,500 crore in research
and development. P&G sales grew by 10% in the last quarter, led by an increase
in distribution by 21%. But for the most important part for us, Vicks grew at 8%.
To quote the Directors Report, 2003, the Health Care Product sales were
impacted in the year under review due to the proliferation of look-alike or pass-off

12
products in the market
6
for the better part of the year. These look-alike products
posed a serious threat to the Health Care business. There were close to 60 look-
alike brands of various VICKS products in the market. Research conducted by
ORG MARG and AC Nielsen indicated that the pass-off products were having
an impact upon their Health Care business by upto 10% and in the case of Vicks
Action 500 upto 54%. It was on account of this fact that P & G India adopted a
crusade against look-alike products of Vicks in 1999-2000.
It is also to be noted that the market of Vicks Vaporub is not concentrated to
India alone. Vicks Vaporub exports to markets such as Japan, Australia and the
rest of Asia.
This being the general and overall view of the strategy of Vicks, we have to take
an insight into the specific areas of the marketing strategy of the Vicks. The
strategy followed by Vicks for the marketing of the product may be understood as
follows.
(1.) Vicks Vaporub or for that matter no product of Vicks does not have a
separate market channel for itself. All products are marketed by one
single marketing channel, organized and regulated by one company
namely, Proctor and Gamble Hygiene Products Ltd.
(2.) The commission for each intermediatory is as follows.
(i) Dealer 16%

6
This accounts for another area of competition in the local market namely those local brands which
imitate the Vicks products in great detail and are often pose a confusion to the consumers in rural and
semi urban markets.

13
(ii) Distributor 4%
(iii) Super Distributor 1 - 1.5%
What is here important to note that the person who actually sells the
product to the consumer gets the maximum i.e. 16% on the sale of the
product. The distributor, who makes the goods available to the
distributor gets 4% i.e. one-forth of the share of the dealer.
Also this fact has to be understood in the light of the peculiar fact of the
existence of a Super Distributor. In our context, this implies the actual
link between the company and the distributors. Generally there are only
one or two of super distributors in each state, depending upon the size
and demand in the state. These super distributors are bulk distributors
and actually account for the market building of Vicks or P & G products
as any increase in market share of Vicks or and increase in demand in
the market earns them handsome incentives for Vicks. Thus without
actually getting into the hassles of dealing with local dealers and
distributors, Vicks actually gets a higher share in market by using the
area specific knowledge of these super distributors.
(3.) Another factor in this distribution channel is the presence of hoarders.
Now these hoarders are none else but what we call as black marketers
and they are not specific to Vicks but in general hoard all products in
the commodity segment especially the FMCGs. These cause great
problems in the assessment of real demand of the consumers and the

14
real consumption of the products. They store the goods in great bulks
and lead to artificial scarcity of products, thus raising the prices. P & G
has found an effective reply to this situation by the designing of their
super distributor system. They being aware of the local peculiarities,
effectively deal with the hoarding effect and do not allow the company
to suffer on these counts.
(4.) The collection of order from the local dealers is a task left upon the MRs
(Medical Representatives) who collect orders and report to the
distributors, who also employ them for this purpose. The advantage of
being an non prescribed drug, the cost of giving samples to the doctors
is saved considerably.
(5.) Then again, the segregation of the orders received through MRs and
direct orders is considerable. It is estimated that about 50 to 60 percent
of the entire supply of Vicks Vaporub is through this MR route. The rest
is in the form of direct purchase of the dealers (which comprises a
significant portion of the sales volume) from the super distributor. In this
manner, they not only gain on the count of the commission of the
distributor but also get twofold advantage. First they can negotiate on
whole sale prices on account of bulk purchase and secondly they can
also negotiate upon the transport and delivery upon their own terms to
them by the super distributor.

15
(6.) That Vicks does not count solely upon its share as a market leader. It is
aware of the presence of other competitors and thus it has not
remained static in terms of its promotional strategy and has also
simultaneously been incumbent upon increasing its market share by
indulging into intensive promotions strategies such as free Vicks Inhaler
along with Vicks Vaporub, discounts, 20% extra on each pack of 50g.
each and other offers. Thus it has constantly tried to lure the consumers
to stay with it while penetrating the market deeper.
(7.) Vicks has been posed as the Health Care Brand of P & G India.
Whisper is characterized as female hygiene brand. Through this, P & G
has sought to present both its market leaders and having a distinct aim
and objective and thus sought to gain a recognition of the product in the
eyes of the consumer. The effect, accordingly, has been that the
consumers have sought to rely on Vicks as a part and parcel of their
daily lives as such. In almost each and every household
7
, a pack of
Vicks Vaporub can be located. And what is important to note is that
where it is not present, consumers still refer the other ointments (which
they use) as Vicks only. By this it can be understood as to how
dominating the effect of Vicks has been.

7
As found from a consumer sample of about 60 people in Jodhpur.

16
DEVELOPING A SUITABLE COMPETITIVE MARKETING STRATEGY
It is a tough task to design a competitive marketing strategy for Vicks Vaporub in
the Indian market for the reason that it does not have visible competitors. All
other brands in this segment are just saturated as far as their market share is
concerned. Thus targeting them alone does not serve our purpose of increasing
the market share of the product or the sales volume. What is required instead is
to compete with the unbranded competitors and also to look upon other related
products which also serve the same generic needs. Therefore for our
understanding we shall deal with them separately.
First we shall deal with the unbranded segment. This segment has certain
peculiarities.
(i) It is hard to trace and attribute them to a particular region or area as
they work locally and have different manufacturers for different areas.
Thus they have to be dealt with collectively and not individually.
(ii) This segment being not required to establish a separate marketing
channel and encashing upon the brand image of Vicks Vaporub by
passing upon their goods under the name of Vicks, they are cost
efficient. Thus they are preferred in those areas (especially rural and
semi urban) where cost and not health/quality is the primary concern.
Therefore it is these areas in where Vicks Vaporub needs to find space.
(iii) Most of the sale of their products is due to the aid of the local dealers
who seek to sell their products even when Vicks product is demanded.

17
This is to say they that it is because of the aid of the local dealers that
the unbranded products are sold. Thus Vicks Vaporub has to effectively
deal with these dealers who actually cut their market.
These peculiarities have been accounted for in devising the competitive
marketing strategy for Vicks Vaporub.
Having reviewed the existing strategy for the Marketing of Vicks Vaporub and its
successful implementation, it is advisable to continue with it except for the
incorporation of the following which should also be accounted for in order to
expand its market share and also to acquire those areas which are under the
occupation of the indirect competitors.
(a) Vicks Vaporub should continue to give the margin of 16% to the dealers.
This shall protect them against the inducement of the manufacturers of
local and unbranded products to sell their products.
(b) Since the need in the untapped market is of a product which is effective
but of lesser costs, Vicks Vaporub should look out for introducing packs in
smaller sizes and weight. This shall bring Vicks Vaporub on competitive
terms with the cheaper products
8
as smaller brands have been competitive

8
It should be noted that Vicks Vaporub is already available in 5g pack which costs Rs. 9/. However due to
the failure of marketing department and the distribution channel, it has not been made available in the
rural and semi urban segment is such quantity as it should have been and thus the market penetration
has not been made possible to such extent which was expected with this size. It is presently being used
only for traveling purposes in the urban segment and thus still has a vast area of expansion. But the same
also requires a deeper marketing channel to trap this segment. Vicks Vaporub, in our opinion, has not
sought to venture into this as it shall lead to increase in distribution cost on account of the increase of a
market intermediatory. Nevertheless the venture is worth profitable as there is a large market to explore
and the cost of having local distributor in those areas may not be high comparatively on account of the
existing brand image of Vicks Vaporub.

18
either by offering better quantity, freebies or price to the value-conscious
Indian consumer.
(c) Another way of increasing its share in the market is to raise the per capita
consumption. Presently the various sizes available are, 100g @ Rs. 55/-;
50g @ Rs. 40/-; 10g @ Rs. 15/- and 5g @ Rs. 9/-.
9
Among these, the 50g
size is the most preferred but comparing it with the 100g size, it is over
priced. To increase its per capita consumption, what is advised is to
concentrate on the 50g pack, do away with the 100g size
10
and to be cost
effective on the 50g size. This shall lower the margin on each product but
the increase in consumption volume shall not only compensate for the
margin but also increase the production efficiency, consumption among
the consumers but also bring more consumers in the 50g size from those
who prefer to stay in the 10g size on account of its price.
11

(d) Vicks Vaporub must launch an intensive advertising campaign on similar
lines as was earlier undertaken in 2000 and which lead to a tremendous
boost in sales and resulted in an increase in its market share. This shall
lead to a reaffirmation in the market leadership of Vicks Vaporub as a
brand of Proctor and Gamble. Unlike the last campaign, the emphasis this

9
We would like to appreciate the change over of Vicks Vaporub from tin packs to plastic coverings as the
tin packs would lose their share in falling and were also prone to rust. Especially the 5g pack in tin was
difficult to open. This inconvenience has been removed by the switch over to plastic packs.
10
Which is also the least consumed among the four sizes available.
11
It is much more suited to keep only two sizes of 50g and 5g and to target the urban and lower, semi-
urban market with them respectively. This shall cut the packing costs on the other two sizes and also
make the products segment specific. However it may cut the share on account of 10g pack which is also
widely used in the urban segment. Thus more research is required before actually doing away with the
10g size.

19
time should be in market penetration and increase in per capita
consumption (as explained above) rather than on an increase in the
market coverage. This is for the reason that an increase in market share
with this objective shall not lead to any increase in the distribution cost but
shall lead to a greater utilization of its existing distribution channels.
(e) Vicks Vaporub should encash upon its competitive advantage to gain a
larger share in the market. The advantage it derives from its medicinal
properties must be used to counter the indigenous and native drugs. The
reason for this assertion lies in the natural ingredients of Vicks Vaporub.
Nilgiri (Eucalyptus Oil), Pudina (Menthol) and Kapoor (Camphor) are the
three basic indredients of Vicks Vaporub which provides faster, longer-
lasting relief from cold and its accompanying ails. Thus it must press upon
this fact and seek to cover those competitors which prefer other
indigenous items because they are unaware that Vicks Vaporub actually
has the same components that are used for traditional methods.
(f) It has to encash the factors making it competitively superior i.e. (i) safe
and effective, (ii) as a product which can be used regularly and has no
side effects, (iii) is easier to carry, (iv) has a quick effect, (v) has a external
application and thus has no side effects, (vi) is useful for all ages, (vii) is
less greasy and smells better (than other products of the same type) etc.
and then only it can seek to acquire the market share influenced by other
indirect competitors.

20
CONCLUSION
To design a competitive marketing strategy for a brand which has almost no
visible competitors is not an easy task. Vicks Vaporub, since its introduction in
the market has been performing like a market leader and actually realizes this
fact to frame its policies. The peculiar design of distribution, having one single
marketing channel to distribute all its products, Proctor and Gamble India has
ingenuinely devised a way to retrieve the most of its investment.
The Company is placing considerable energies behind strengthening the Vicks
Brand in India and further building its core health care business, which has
already expanded a vast net over the country. The reason why P & G does not
wish to further emphasis the promotion of Vicks Vaporub is that it has already
become a mega-brand and then the introduction of other Vicks products having
different packaging and targeting the same needs (like Vicks Cough Drops, Vicks
Action 500 tablets etc.) has led Vicks towards the monopoly over the market and
it wishes to cut down the costs on unnecessary advertising. This fact and state of
mind of P & G as regards Vicks is the major limitation faced in recommending
upon efforts to improve the existing strategy.
Nevertheless, an effort has been made to understand the indirect competition
being faced by Vicks Vaporub (which at all is any cause of concern for Vicks, if
any) and upon an analysis, certain steps have been recommended to counter the
same. It is found that Vicks Vaporub has presently been thriving upon the urban
and to some extent upon the semi urban segment of the population. Thus to

21
increase the market share it can either adopt to go for a deeper penetration of
the existing segment or further explore the unexplored areas.
While the first case called for a increase in per capita consumption of the existing
consumers by a suitable modification in the product size and the price structure,
the second case called for an expansion in the distribution channel besides also
designing a suitable size for the rural and semi urban segment with a special
emphasis on the cost and quantity offered.
Further, it is found that Vicks Vaporub as a product may already have achieved
its maturity stage if one was to trace it on the product life cycle curve. This being
the case, great reliance needs to be given for its reinforcement. But relief lies in
the fact that though Vicks Vaporub may be in its late maturity phase yet, its
repurchase customers are enough and sufficient to keep it at the present rate of
return.
To speak on a holistic basis, we find that, Vicks Vaporub has gained and secured
a monopolistic position in the Indian market and, it would not only be hard, but
cumbersome for any competitor to acquire a part of market share belonging to it.
It is important to understand here that Vicks Vaporub can afford to sell upon its
brand image as from now, to around a further period of five years without any
substantial changes. However, the rate of growth of the Indian healthcare
industry and particulary the rate at which the population is affected by cough and
cold, there lies a great market to explore and even Vicks for that matter should

22
not make the already attractive market more prone to a competitor attack by
going on with the existing strategy and no product development.
It is thus high time now for the Vicks Vaporub to extend its drive to the rural and
semi urban areas and expand the market coverage to ensure the continuity of
growing returns and increasing sales volume.

23
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
(1.) Firstly, it was difficult to determine the exact market share of the
competitors in the unbranded segment and the figures have been
based upon an average of the figures as received by us from various
dealers in Jodhpur and Agra.
(2.) Also, there being no separate distribution link for Vicks Vaporub, we
had to rely on the figures available for the distribution of P & G products
in India.
(3.) Also, the non disclosure of the identities of the super distributor on
account of ignorance or trade secrets to us posed a barrier towards a
more data based study.
(4.) Next, the presence of hoarders and their trade practices was a great
limitation to the understanding of the level of consumption in different
segments and markets and a comparative analysis thereon.