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Basic Chemistry - General Chemistry - Applied Chemistry

Notes for all Competitive Exams - Part I


The purest form of carbon is Diamond.
A Mixture of water and alcohol can be separated by distillation.
Radiocarbon Dating, widely employed to determine the age of objects of animal of
vegetable origin involves the radioisotope carbon 14.
The use of ozone kills Micro-organisms in water.
Electrons in motion behave as if they were waves.
Sodium is soluble in benzene and ether.
Sun's material is of H2 and He 90%.
From liquid air oxygen is prepared by Clud's process.
Ozone gas turns silver into black.
Graphite and heavy water can be used as a moderator in atomic reactors.
Citric acid makes a lemon sour in taste.
A catalyst decreases the activation energy and alter the rate Mechanism.
Fluming sulphuric acid is called oleum.
The atoms of metals tend to lose electrons.
Pure water contains O2 up to the level of 89%.
Water boils at 100
o
Cunder a pressure of 760mm of Hg.
Two solutions are said to be isotonic when they have the same somatic pressure.
The element which forms the largest number of compounds with hydrogen is carbon.
Gypsum is added to cement clinker to decrease the rate of setting of cement.
The industrial preparation of metal aluminium from bauxite involves the process of
electrolysis.
Molecular weight of the gas is equal to 2 X vapour density.
Phosphorus is kept under water to save it from catching fire when exposed to dry air.
During the burning of fuel carbon and hydrogen present in fuels are converted into CO2
and H20 vapor.
Helium is preferred to hydrogen in air balloons because it does not form an explosive
mixture with air.
The pure crystalline form of Silica used in scientific apparatus for passing UV-light is
called quartz glass.
Wood charcoal is obtained by burning wood out of contact with air.
Steel contains 0.1-2% of carbon.
The solubility of gases in liquids increases with increases of pressure.
A transuranic element is one which has a higher atomic number than Uranium and is
thus radioactive in nature.
The atomicity of an atom is the number of atoms in one molecule of it.
Highly electropositive metals are extracted by electrolytic reduction.
Soda water is the solution of CO gas in water.
Uranium is naturally occurring radioactive element which emits a-particles and is
converted into thorium.
Nitrogen fertilizer having maximum amount of Nitrogen is urea.
Water is called 'the Standard Solvent'
The phenomenon of diffusion is utilized in uranium enrichment and perfume - spraying.
The chief chemical component of pearls is calcium carbonate.
Any gas contains zero volume at 273C temperature.
Absolute zero is the hypothetical temperature at which in gaseous state the molecular
motion causes and the volume of the gas becomes zero.
Nucleus is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of the
atom.
The percentage of lime in cement is 50.
Rain water helps to increase the Calcium content to some extent.
Liquid sodium is used as a coolant in Nuclear reactors.
Radioactivity happens only in heavier elements because only heavy nuclei will be
unstable.
The chemical name for marble is calcium carbonate.
The minimum possible temperature beyond which matter cannot be cooled that IS-
273.lSC.
Atomic hydrogen has a life period of fraction of sound.
The melting point of ice decreases by increasing pressure.
If gas is expanded at constant temperature the pressure decreases but the kinetic
energy of the molecules remains the same.
Sulphur compounds are the most harmful pollutant for archaeological artifacts.
The scattering of light in colloidal solution is called Tyndale effect.
Lt. is difficult to measure the pollutant carbon monoxide (CO) in the atmosphere (as it's
colourless, odourless and almost of the same density as air.
The resistance of any pure metal increases with increases in temperature.
In the process of radioactivity V-rays are emitted from the nuclei.
Real gases obey Vander Waal's law.
A gas has property of indefinite expansion and neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.
No dew is formed. When it is a cloudily conditions.
The main constituents of table salt are sodium and chlorine.
Carbon atoms are arranged in a tetrahedral configuration in Diamond.
Dew formation increases: When the relative humidity of air is high.
A gas is most soluble in a liquid at low temperature and high pressure.
Bakelite is a thermosetting plastic, but not a natural one.
As excited hydrogen atoms return to the ground sate they emit protons.
Atoms are composed of electrons and nuclei (i.e.) protons and Neutrons.
Zinc and copper make the terminals of the torch cell.
Cobalt is useful in making rust-resistant alloys.
Chlorine is used to kill germs in an Indoor swimming pool.
In cold countries, alcohol is preferred to mercury as a thermometer liquid because
alcohol has a very low freezing point
U-233 is derived from thorium.
Gasohol is a combination of gasoline and ethyl alcohol.
A petrol fire can be best extinguished by using water and halogenated hydro carbons.
When a radioactive element emits a -particle.
Its atomic number is reduced by 2 and its atomic Mass by 4. But, when -particles is lost
it goes one place ahead in the periodic Table.
If the pH-value of a given solution is made to decrease its acidity will increase.
Water boils below 100C at higher altitudes because atmospheric pressure is low there.
The electronegativity of elements decrease while going down is a group in the Periodic
Table.
Sodium would burn when put into water.
Calcium is extracted from electrolysis.
Cathode rays are deflected by electric and magnetic field.
Radio-isotopes of short half-lives produce very high level of radiation in a short period.
Hydrogen cannot be used as an automobile fuel because of its highly explosive nature.
U-235 is the chief fuel used in nuclear reactors (only 0.7%) but the bulk of the natural
Uranium is U-238.
The volume of a gas increases with increase in temperature. Keeping pressure
constants.
The coolant used in fast breeder reactors is generally liquid sodium.
Carbon is present in all common fuels.
Bordeaux mixture is used as a fungicide.
Gases mix by the process of diffusion.
Metals are better conductors of heat because of ionic bonding.
The element common in glass cement and quartz is silicon.




Nylon, Polyethylene and Teflon are the thermoplastic polymers.
The volume of a given mass of a gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the
pressure.
Plutonium is not found in nature and it is man-made.
Methyl alcohol is not used for marking alcoholic beverages.
The chief chemical constituent of petroleum is hydrocarbons.
Ionic bond is formed when a metallic element reacts with a non-metallic element.
Calcium is most suited for a photoelectric cell.
The chemical name of calomel is mercuras chloride (Hg2Cl2).
In an ordinary dry cell electrolyte is Ammonium chloride.
Radioactive nucleus cannot emit proton.
Zinc oxide is called the flower of zinc.
To make the glass hard. Some KCl is added to it.
Lead of a pencil is made of graphite.
The gas used in refrigerators is ammonia.
The acid used in Lead-storage batteries is sulphuric acid.
-rays are basically Helium nuclei.
Fly ash from thermal plants can be profitably used to make bricks and pre-cast blocks.
Stainless steel resists rusting as it contains a high proportion of chromium to carbon.
Permanent hardness of water i.e. due to Calcium sulphate. Which can be eliminated by
using zeolites.
Cysteine (an amino acid) contains sulphur.
Cooking is quicker in a pressure cooker because it increases bailing point of water.
Chemical fertilizers contain nitrogen potassium and phosphorus.
The charcoal, used to declourise raw sugar is animal charcoal.
Kinetics is the rate at which chemical reactions proceed.
Iron sheets are galvanized to prevent corrosion by coating them with a layer of zinc.
Inert Gases cannot be easily changed by chemical reactions.
The deposition of one metal on another by electric current is known as electroplating.
An element which burns to give an oxide which is gaseous under ordinary condition is
carbon.
Elements having atomic numbers higher than 92 in the periodic tables.
The molecular weight of element or a compound is the number of times one molecule of
it is as heavy as one atom of hydrogen.
Oxy-acetylene flame has the maximum temperature.
The atoms of the same element combine to form the covalent bonds.
Thorium is extracted from the monazite sand.
The property of metals capable of being drawn into wires known as ductility.
Copper sulphare and Bordeaux mixture are used as fungicides.
Cobalt, Nickel and Iron Ore Magnetic in nature.
Under the normal condition a peeled banana is a plastic.
The reagent that bleaches the colour of a fabric is sulphur dioxide.
Tyndall effect would be observed in a cottoidal solution.
On Earth's crust, the most abundant element is oxygen.
Gasoline is the name given to the same substance as petrol.
Duralium contains 95% aluminium.
Ordinary hydrogen has excess of H-atoms.
A breeder reactor is that which produces more fissionable material than it burns.
The acid generally stored in batteries is sulphuric acid.
Eudiometer is to measure volume change in chemical reactions between gases.
Nitrogen in the air litutes oxygen which is very reactive in pure form.
The permanent hardness of water can be removed by adding washing soda to some
extent, but it can completely be removed by adding zeolites.
Ordinary hydrogen has excess of + atoms.
In fermentation there is invariably the formation of ethyl alcohol.
Bromine is a red liquid.
A gas will behave as an ideal gas at very low pressure and high temperature.
Silver is not significantly affected by atmospheric moisture and oxygen.
Exhaled hair when bubbled through lime water turns milky because it contains CO2.
Water is most easily changed into the solid or gaseous phase from its natural phase at
room temperature.
Hydrogen has the same atomic number and atomic weight.
The pH-value of solution obtained by the complete neutralization of HCl and NaOH
solution will exactly be 7.
Avogadros Law is applicable to gases only
Asbestos is a fibrous silicate mineral mainly of Ca and Mg.
In general, the solubility of a solid in a liquid can be increased by increasing
temperature.
Dry ice at room temperature gives CO2 gas.
Potassium reacts most readily with water.
Protons has properties similar to that of both particles waves.
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen by weight in the ratio of 2:16.
A balloon filled with hydrogen gas can raise upto the height. Where the density of air
becomes equal to the average density of balloon filled with hydrogen.
Gun metal is made from tin and copper.
Fibre gas is used for insulating stoves and refrigerators.
Detergents produce lather with hard water because the calcium and magnesium salts of
sulphuric acids once soluble in water.
The function of a moderator in nuclear reactor is to slow down the secondary neutrons.
In electrolysis electrical energy is charged to chemical energy.
An element cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by any known
chemical process.
The term Octane number is related to petrol.
Negative ions migrate to the anode during electrolysis.
In the process of enameling utensils a metal utensil is covered with a layer of Molten
glass.
The soft-smooth feel of the skin after using shaving lotion is due to the presence of
alcohol.
Silver halides are used in photographic plates because they are readily reduced by light.
Vinegar is prepared by the fermentation of apple cider in presence of air.
Manometer is an instrument to determine the pressure of the gas.
Urea can be manufactured by NH28CO2
Mordants are substance that fix colours on fabrics.
A piece of bread when chewed tastes sweet because Saliva's action converts starch into
Maltose.
The principal components of biogas are CH4 and CO.
Atmospheric temperature increases with elevation due to convection.
Deuterium (4H
2
) differs from hydrogen in physical properties only.
The temperature at which a sample may exist in all three phases in equilibrium is called
triple point.
Boson (an elementary from of matter) have the tendency to stay in its ground state.
The height of the liquid in a barometer tube depends on the pressure of the atmosphere
and nature of the liquid.
The only metal which exists as liquid at room temperature is Mercury.
The commonly used refrigerant in fridges is Freon i.e, CFCs.
Pyrex glass is resistant to heat.
The main use of salt in the diet is to produce hydrochloric acid to digest the food.
A ductile Material can permanently be stretched without fracture and a malleable
material can permanently be composed without fracture.
A greenish - yellow colour is seen once hard-boiled egg due to the formation of some
iron compounds.
Sodium carbonate does not make water hard, because the sodium salts of higher fatty
acids are water-soluble.
Negative ions migrate to the anode during electrolysis.
The transfer of electron is seen in electrovalence.
Calcination involves the change of metals into their oxides


The hardness of diamond is due to its tetrahedral structure.
The catalyst in rusting of Iron is moisture.
Air and water must be present if iron is to rust.
Pure alcohol can be easily obtained from wine by the process of distillation.
Amphoteric substances are those which react both with acids and bases.
The boiling point of water is unaffected by the temperature of heat source.
The metal which is least affected by the exposure to the atmosphere is tin.
Ozone attacks mercury and silver.
Strongest hydrogen bonding is shown by Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
Mercury is generally used as a thermometric fluid rather than water because it greater
visibility than that of water.
Common salt obtained from sea.
Addition of water molecules to a chemical compound is called hydrolysis.
An atom has no net electric change
Noble metals do not corrode or tarnish in air or water.
A substance which conducts electricity when molten or solution but not in the solid state
is called an electrotype.
The water content in the atmosphere becomes more as temperature increases.
Amino acids are formed from -keto acids.
Atomic Number is the number of protons on the nucleus of an atom.
Cooking oil can be converted into vegetable ghee by process of hydro generation.
When silver is exposed to the atmosphere, a thin layer of silver sulphide appears on the
surface.
An ideal gas cannot be liquefied as its critical temperature is always above 0
o
C.
Fluorescent powder is used for developing finger prints on a multi coloured surface.
Pure water is obtained from the sea water by evaporation.
The acid that can be used as a hypnotic is barbituric acid.
Neutralization of an acid by a base is an example of double decomposition.
A moderator regulates the number of nuclei split by the impact of neutrons.
The solution of sodium chloride is neutral.
Ammonium nitrate is a powerful destructive agent.
Cesium is used for time-keeping in an atomic clock.
Colour of solid iodine is steel grey.
IA to VII A groups of elements are known as normal elements.
The element which is used as a semiconductor in transistors is germination.
Acid rain is caused by the pollution of Environment due to Nitrogen oxide and sulphur
dioxide.
Chlorination means the addition of a small quantity of chlorine in water as a germicide.
Rising of dough in the process of manufacture of bread is through the action of CO2,
The elements of group to VII B and VII are called the transition elements.
Coloured glasses for goggles contain ferrous oxide.
The industrial preparation of metal aluminium from Bauxite involves the process of
electrolysis.
Sachharinderer is an instrument to determine the pressure of the gas.
In case of a chemical change - electron is generally affected.
To make rubber strong and bounceable we add Sulphur.
The smallest possible unit of chemical compound is molecule.
Synthetic detergents are a mixture-of sodium salts of aromatic and aliphatic sulphuric
acids.
An alloy which melts at the lower temperatures is solder.
Diamond is very hard, while graphite is very soft.
Plutonium can be directly used for nuclear explosion and hence very important
Water gas is the Mixture of CO and H2
Aniline is used in dyes and medicines.
When the solute is mixed in solvent its boiling point increases.
Duralium contains 95% aluminium.
The enormous energy released in an atomic explosion is due to the conversion of mass
into energy.
When some impurity is added to the solvent, its boiling point increases with the amount
of impurity.
The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature.
Low ionization energy is characteristic feature of a metal.
The temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of the bicarbonates of Ca and
Mg.
To make artificial rain silver iodide is needed.
Peal ash is potassium carbonate.
At absolute zero temperature the total kinetic energy of the molecules is zero.
The solubility of solids increases with increase in temperature.
Baking powder contains sodium bicarbonates and tartaric acid.
In the process of electroplating electric energy is converted into heat energy or magnetic
energy or chemical energy.
Fog is a colloidal solution of gas and liquid.
Lead pencil is graphite.
Heavy Water (D2O) is called heavy because it is an oxide of deuterium.
Size of the nucleus is 10
-12
meter.
The space between nuclei and electrons in an atom is vacant.
Gaseous fuels are preferred in Industries.
Sulphuric acid is produced by the lead chamber process.
Carbon-dating is used to determine the gas of fossils.
Argental (Ag2S) is an alloy of Silver.
More than one neutron is released in the process is used for dry-cleaning of clothes.
X-rays are produced when very high energy electrons are stopped suddenly at a metal
target.
The fundamental units of radioactivity are Curie and Becquerel
The amount of humidity present in air divided by the maximum humidity that air can
processes is known as relative humidity.
In general glasses are bad conductor of electricity.
Bleaching powder is a light yellow powder which reacts with oil acids to release Cl2 and
acts as an oxidizing.
Gold is the most ductile of all the metals.
Chlorine gas bleaches the flowers.
The resistance of a Semi-conductor decreases within increase of temperature.
Ammonia is produced by the Haber's process.
Ethanol is also called 'grain alcohol'.
Green vitriol is FeS04 7H2O
Detergent's action of soap is due to decrease in surface tension of water.
There is no effect of temperature pressure etc. on radioactivity.
Malachite is the mineral of copper.
The isotope of Uranium which is very much radioactive is U-235.
The resistance of Mercury becomes zero at 4k.
Large energy release in an atomic bomb explosion is mainly due to the product having a
lesser mass than initial substance.
Ethyl alcohol is used as a Sedative i.e. Soothing medicine.
White phosphorus is a strong poison.
Y-rays are produced by nuclear changes in the atom.
Alcohol is used for during cleaning of clothes.
The age of an artifact is determined using the technique based on radio carbon dating
and chemical kinetics.
Rust is hydrated ferric oxide
For welding the gas is used acetylene.
The Lightest particle is electron 0 particle.
Water is not applicable to extinguish oil fire and electrical fire.
Density of water is Maximum at 4C.
Electroscope is used to detect the presence of charge on a body.
Filament of electric bulbs are made up of Tungsten.
Fast Breeding Reactor is a nuclear reactor to produce electricity though fusion process.
Electric bulbs are filled with Argon gas.
Mercury (Liquid) is the good conductor of heat.
Pure gold is softer than steel.
Water boils below 100C at higher altitudes because the atmospheric pressure is low
there.
U-238 ultimately decays to a stable isotope i.e. Lead- 206.
The fissionable isotope of Uranium and therefore, important for nuclear reactors is U-
235.
Solder alloy melts at the lowest temperature.
Bio-energy is a renewable source of energy.
Graphite is crystalline allotropes of carbon. Which a good conductor of electricity and can
produced artificially.
Pressure law verifies relation between pressure and temperature content volume.
Gobar gas main constituent methane.
Nitrogen fixation means conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into useful compounds.
A breeder nuclear reactor produces more fissionable material than it consumes.
X-ray was invented by W.E. Roentgen 1895 (Germany)
The Chemical name of packing soda is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO2).
Crude petroleum is converted into petrol through a process called fractional distillation.
The Mixture of sand arid iodine can be separated by sublimation

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