SYNOPSIS

ON
RFID BASED SECURITY ACCESS SYSTEM
Under the supervision of
Ms Savita
Assistant Professor
Electronics and Commnication En!ineerin! De"artment
Faclt# of En!ineerin! $ Tec%nolo!#
Manav Rac%na International Universit#& Farida'ad
S'mitted '#()
Arnav Baner*i ++,FET,EC,+-++
.ina#a/ S%arma ++,FET,EC,+-01
ABSTRACT
The main aim of the project is to make a simple security access system using Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) and its concept is to allow the access only to authorized
persons RFID card has to !e shown in front of the RFID reader" then that person is asked to
type his # digit password through keypad interface" and then the access is allowed or denied
to the respecti$e person%RFID card
The RFID tag is used as an identity for a particular user If the identity (serial num!er of the
tag) of the user is matched with the one already stored in this system" he gets immediate
access through it
In !eginning" the user is prompted to scan his tag or ID The serial code of the tag is
identified !y the reader module and is sent to &T'()*+ for checking If the ID is matched !y
the microcontroller" the user gets to type his or her # digit password through keypad interface
to get them access to security door and a message (,&ccess granted-) is displayed on .)D
screen /n the contrary" if the tag is not identified" a message (01rong ID2) or (,&ccess
Denied-) is displayed on .)D screen
1hen an RFID tag comes in this range" the reader detects it and sends a unique code of the
tag serially This serial code" consisting of +3 !ytes" is recei$ed !y the microcontroller This
code is treated as an ID for the user and is stored as an array in the microcontroller If the ID
is matched with this code" the user is granted access though the system
INTRODUCTION
Radio frequency identification (RFID) has !een used in a num!er of practical applications"
such as impro$ing supply chain management" tracking household pets" accessing office
!uildings" and speeding up toll collection on roadways
RFID is used to automatically identify people" o!jects" and animals using short range radio
technology to communicate digital information !etween a stationary location (reader) and a
mo$a!le o!ject (tag) RFID technology can !e used to track products in a manner similar to
using !ar codes for product identification" !ut RFID also carries additional !enefits
RFID does not require line of sight to read the tag" has a longer read range than !ar code
reader" and tags can store more data than !ar codes Readers can simultaneously
communicate with multiple tags This feature could allow customers to !reeze through
grocery store checkout counters while a reader identifies all items in a shopping cart at the
same time" instead of scanning each !ar code indi$idually
RFID tags fall into two categories" acti$e tags" which contain an internal power source" and
passi$e tags" which o!tain power from the signal of an e4ternal reader 5ecause of their lower
price and smaller size" passi$e tags are more commonly used then acti$e tags for retail
purposes & passi$e tag consists of a microchip surrounded !y a printed antenna and some
form of encapsulation" plastic laminates with adhesi$e that can !e attached to a product or a
small glass $ial for implantation The tag reader powers and communicates with passi$e tags
The tag2s antenna conducts the process of energy capture and ID transfer & tag2s chip
typically holds data to identify an indi$idual product" the product model and manufacturer
.ow frequency RFID works on the principle of radio wa$es and at the frequency of +3* 67z
There is a coil inside the RFID tag and when it is influenced !y magnetic field" it sends an
identity code to a de$ice for further processing
B2OC3 DIA4RAM
5ARD6ARE RE7UIREMENTS(
+8 Resister
Resistor is a passi$e component used to control current in a circuit Its resistance is gi$en !y
the ratio of $oltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through it Thus a
particular $alue of resistor" for fi4ed $oltage" limits the current through it They are
omnipresent in electronic circuits The different $alue of resistances are used to limit the
currents or get the desired $oltage drop according to the current8$oltage rating of the de$ice
to !e connected in the circuit For e4ample" if an .9D of rating 3:; and #m& is to !e
connected with a supply of *;" a $oltage drop of 3<; (*;83:;) and limiting current of #m&
is required This can !e achie$ed !y pro$iding a resistor of =*> connected in series with the
.9D Resistors can !e either fi4ed or $aria!le The low power resistors are comparati$ely
smaller in size than high power resistors The resistance of a resistor can !e estimated !y
their colour codes or can !e measured !y a multimeter There are some non linear resistors
also whose resistance changes with temperature or light ?egati$e temperature coefficient
(?T))" positi$e temperature coefficient (@T)) and light dependent resistor (.DR) are some
such resistors These special resistors are commonly used as sensors
98 Ca"acitor
Ca"acitor is a passi$e component used to store charge The charge (q) stored in a ca"acitor
is the product of its capacitance ()) $alue and the $oltage (;) applied to it )apacitors offer
infinite reactance to zero frequency so they are used for !locking D) components or
!ypassing the &) signals The ca"acitor undergoes through a recursi$e cycle of charging and
discharging in &) circuits where the $oltage and current across it depends on the R) time
constant For this reason" ca"acitors are used for smoothing power supply $ariations /ther
uses include" coupling the $arious stages of audio system" tuning in radio circuits etc These
are used to store energy like in a camera flash
Ca"acitors may !e non8polarized%polarized and fi4ed%$aria!le 9lectrolytic capacitors are
polarized while ceramic and paper ca"acitors are e4amples of non polarized capacitors
Aince capacitors store charge" they must !e carefully discharged !efore trou!leshooting the
circuits The ma4imum $oltage rating of the ca"acitors used must always !e greater than the
supply $oltage
18 2i!%t emittin! diodes : 2EDs ;
2i!%t emittin! diodes (2EDs) are semiconductor light sources The light emitted
from 2EDs $aries from $isi!le to infrared and ultra$iolet regions They operate on low
$oltage and power .9Ds are one of the most common electronic components and are mostly
used as indicators in circuits They are also used for luminance and optoelectronic
applications 5ased on semiconductor diode" 2EDs emit photons when electrons recom!ine
with holes on forward !iasing The two terminals of .9Ds are anode (B) and cathode (8) and
can !e identified !y their size The longer leg is the positi$e terminal or anode and shorter
one is negati$e terminal The forward $oltage of 2ED (+<;833;) is lower than the $oltage
supplied (*;) to dri$e it in a circuit Csing an .9D as such would !urn it !ecause a high
current would destroy its p8n gate Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with
.9D 1ithout this resistor" either low input $oltage (equal to forward $oltage) or @1D
(pulse width modulation) is used to dri$e the .9D
< Transistor BC=<>
BC=<> is general purpose silicon" ?@?" !ipolar junction transistor It is used for
amplification and switching purposes The current gain may $ary !etween ++> and '>> The
ma4imum D) current gain is '>>
The transistor terminals require a fi4ed D) $oltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic cur$es This is known as the !iasing For amplification applications" the
transistor is !iased such that it is partly on for all input conditions The input signal at !ase is
amplified and taken at the emitter BC=<> is used in common emitter configuration for
amplifiers The $oltage di$ider is the commonly used !iasing mode For switching
applications" transistor is !iased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its !ase In
the a!sence of !ase signal" it gets completely off
=8 AT>0C=+ Microcontroller
&T'()*+ is an '8!it microcontroller and !elongs to &tmelEs '>*+ family ATME2
>0C=+ has =65 of Flash programma!le and erasa!le read only memory (@9R/D) and +3'
!ytes of R&D It can !e erased and program to a ma4imum of +>>> times In => pin
&T'()*+" there are four ports designated as @
+
" @
3
" @
:
and @
>
&ll these ports are '8!it !i8
directional ports" i.e." they can !e used as !oth input and output ports 94cept @
>
which needs
e4ternal pull8ups" rest of the ports ha$e internal pull8ups 1hen +s are written to these port
pins" they are pulled high !y the internal pull8ups and can !e used as inputs These ports are
also !it addressa!le and so their !its can also !e accessed indi$idually @ort @
>
and @
3
are also
used to pro$ide low !yte and high !yte addresses" respecti$ely" when connected to an e4ternal
memory @ort : has multiple4ed pins for special functions like serial communication"
hardware interrupts" timer inputs and read%write operation from e4ternal memory &T'()*+
has an in!uilt C&RT for serial communication It can !e programmed to operate at different
!aud rates Including two timers F hardware interrupts" it has a total of si4 interrupts
?8 MA@919
D&G3:3 is an I) that operates on single *; supply and it is integrated with two dri$ers and
two recei$ers &ll recei$ers can !e used to con$ert RA3:3 le$els to TT.%)D/A le$els
and all dri$ers can !e used to con$ert TT.%)D/A le$el inputs to RA3:3 le$els
A8 RFID Reader and RFID card,ta!s
RFID stands for Radio8Frequency Identification The acronym refers to small electronic
de$ices that consist of a small chip and an antenna The chip typically is capa!le of
carrying 3">>> !ytes of data or less &n RFID system has two main componentsH the RF
reader (known also as the !ase station or interrogator) and the RF tag (or transponder)
1hen RFID tags are attached to physical o!jects they ena!le those o!jects to identify
themsel$es to RFID readers through the use of radio frequency communication The
radio frequency part of RFID is the communication medium !etween tags and readers
1ith passi$e RFID tags" radio frequency is also used to deli$er power to the tag" as they
do not ha$e on8!oard power systems & Tag is a transponder which recei$es a radio
signal and in response to it sends out a radio signal Tag contains an antenna" and a small
chip that stores a small amount of data Tag can !e programmed at manufacture or on
installation Tag is powered !y the high power electromagnetic field generated !y the
antennas I usually in doorways The field allows the chip%antenna to reflect !ack an
e4tremely weak signal containing the data )ollision Detection I recognition of multiple
tags in the read range I is employed to separately read the indi$idual tags &n RFID
reader is a de$ice that is used to interrogate an RFID tag The reader has an antenna that
emits radio wa$esJ the tag responds !y sending !ack its data
The reader has two !asic components I
& scanning antenna
& transcei$er with a decoder to interpret the data
>8 2CD
1e ha$e used +#K3 alphanumeric .iquid )rystal Display (.)D) It can display alpha!ets
along with num!ers on 3 lines each containing +# characters
08 BBBer
& !uzzer or !eeper is an audio signaling de$ice" which may !e mechanical"
electromechanical " or piezoelectric Typical uses of !uzzers and !eepers include alarm
de$ices" timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke
+-8 3e#"ad Interface
L 6eypad is a widely used input de$ice with lots of application in our e$eryday life
L From a simple telephone to key!oard of a computer" &TD" electronic lock" etc"
keypad is used to take input from the user for further processing
L 6eypad is organized as a matri4 of switches in rows and column
L Initially all the rows are set to zero !y the controller and the columns are scanned to
check if any key is pressed In case no key is pressed the output of all the columns
will !e high
++8 Motor
&n electric motor is an electric machine that con$erts electrical energy into
mechanical energy In normal motoring mode" most electric motors operate through the
interaction !etween an electric motorEs magnetic field and winding currents to generate force
within the motor In certain applications" such as in the transportation industry with traction
motors" electric motors can operate in !oth motoring and generating or !raking modes to also
produce electrical energy from mechanical energy Found in applications as di$erse as
industrial fans" !lowers and pumps" machine tools" household appliances" power tools" and
disk dri$es" electric motors can !e powered !y direct current (D)) sources" such as from
!atteries" motor $ehicles or rectifiers" or !y alternating current (&)) sources" such as from the
power grid" in$erters or generators Amall motors may !e found in electric watches Meneral8
purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics pro$ide con$enient
mechanical power for industrial use The largest of electric motors are used for ship
propulsion" pipeline compression and pumped8storage applications with ratings reaching +>>
megawatts 9lectric motors may !e classified !y electric power source type" internal
construction" application" type of motion output" and so on De$ices such as magnetic
solenoids and loudspeakers that con$ert electricity into motion !ut do not generate usa!le
mechanical power are respecti$ely referred to as actuators and transducers 9lectric motors
are used to produce linear force or torque (rotary)
For $alid card a motor is turned on to indicate the door latch opening
SOFT6ARE RE7UIREMENTS(
+8 3eil vision(
The N;ision ID9 from 6eil com!ines project management" make facilities" source
code editing" program de!ugging" and complete simulation in one powerful
en$ironment The N;ision de$elopment platform is easy8to8use and helping you
quickly create em!edded programs that work The N;ision editor and de!ugger are
integrated in a single application that pro$ides a seamless em!edded project
de$elopment en$ironment
98 Pro!ISP(
It is a software that is used to transfer 7e4 files to microcontroller I) @rogIA@
supports a wide range of microcontrollers" one of which is a microcontroller from
'>*+
APP2ICATIONS(
+ The RFID tag can !e affi4ed to an o!ject and used to track and manage in$entory"
assets" people" etc For e4ample" it can !e affi4ed to cars" computer equipment" !ooks"
mo!ile phones" etc
3 RFID is !eing adopted for item8le$el retail uses &side from efficiency and product
a$aila!ility gains" the system offers a superior form of electronic article
sur$eillance (9&A)" and a superior self checkout process for consumers
: &n ad$anced automatic identification technology !ased on RFID technology has
significant $alue for in$entory systems The system can pro$ide accurate knowledge
of the current in$entory In an academic study performed at 1al8Dart" RFID reduced
/ut8of8Atocks !y :> percent for products selling !etween >+ and +* units a day The
RFID can also help the company to ensure the security of the in$entory
= RFID tags are widely used in identification !adges" replacing earlier magnetic
stripe cards These !adges need only !e held within a certain distance of the reader to
authenticate the holder Tags can also !e placed on $ehicles" which can !e read at a
distance" to allow entrance to controlled areas without ha$ing to stop the $ehicle and
present a card or enter an access code
* To pre$ent retailers di$erting products" manufacturers are e4ploring the use of RFID
tags on promoted merchandise so that they can track e4actly which product has sold
through the supply chain at fully discounted prices
# .ogistics and transportation are major areas of implementation for RFID technology
Oard management" shipping and freight and distri!ution centers use RFID tracking
technology In the railroad industry" RFID tags mounted on locomoti$es and rolling
stock identify the owner" identification num!er and type of equipment and its
characteristics
< The first RFID passports (P98passportP) were issued !y Dalaysia in +((' In addition
to information also contained on the $isual data page of the passport" Dalaysian e8
passports record the tra$el history (time" date" and place) of entries and e4its from the
country
FUTURE SCOPE(
+8 The $alue of the RFID market in 3>+3 will !e Q<=# (CAD) !illion $ersus Q#:<
(CAD) !illion in 3>++ The RFID world market is estimated to surpass Q3> !illion
(CAD) !y 3>+=
98 De$elopments in RFID technology continue to yield larger memory capacities" wider
reading ranges" and faster processing It is highly unlikely that the technology will
ultimately replace !arcode R e$en with the ine$ita!le reduction in raw materials
coupled with economies of scale" the integrated circuit in an RF tag will ne$er !e as
cost8effecti$e as a !arcode la!el 7owe$er" RFID will continue to grow in its
esta!lished niches where !arcode or other optical technologies are not effecti$e" such
as in the chemical container industry and li$e stock industry
18 If some standards commonality is achie$ed allowing RFID equipment from different
manufacturers to !e used interchangea!ly" the market will likely to grow
e4ponentially Cntil then" the full scope and potential of RFID technology has yet to
emerge
REFERENCES(
+8 %tt"(,,CCC8en!ineers!ara!e8com,microcontroller,>-=+"ro*ects,rfid)
secred)access)s#stem)at>0c=+)circit
98 %tt"(,,CCC8"ro*ectsof>-=+8com,rfid)'ased)secrit#)s#stem,
18 DIEEEE 6EBSITE
()%tt"s(,,CCC8ieee8or!,a'ot,tec%nolo!ies,emer!in!,rfid8"df
<8 %tt"(,,en8Ci/i"edia8or!,Ci/i,Radio)freFenc#Gidentification
=8 CCC8emor#8ed,BUSINESS,et,rfid,ftre8%tml
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