1.

) Technical Report

This provides useful information about a complete program of work, for reference and
permanent record.

Example:



NATURAL WEATHER PATTERNS
The earth's climate naturally changes over extended periods of time. Temperatures have been
much warmer for 80 to 90 percent of the last 500 million years than they are today. The polar ice
caps, for example, are actually a relatively new phenomenon. They were formed 15 to 20 million
years ago in the Antarctic and perhaps as recently as 3 to 5 million years in the Arctic.
The climate is still dominated by natural cycles of warming and cooling. The most influential of
these natural weather patterns is the 180-year cycle. The 180-year cycle predicts that
temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere reach a minimum every 180 years. (Climate records
for the Southern Hemisphere are incomplete.) The bottom of the last cycle was in the early
1800s, which suggests that we may now be in a period of peak coldness. The winters of 1976
through 1979, which were unusually bitter, seem to reinforce the theory behind the 180-year
cycle. This current cooling trend would mask any warming caused by an increased greenhouse
effect.
However, the 180-year cycle predicts a natural warming trend will begin shortly before the end
of this century. At the same time, the effects of elevated CO2 levels on atmospheric temperatures
will have increased to new high levels. Figure 1 shows the combined effects of these warming
trends.




















2.) Contract

This is a formal agreement between two or more persons; organization or parties to do
something on mutually agreed terms.

Example:

GENERAL PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
This agreement ("Agreement") establishes a partnership ("Partnership") between the following parties:

{names and addresses of all people who will be in the partnership}
and is undersigned and set forth this {date} of {month}, {year}.
The undersigned parties hereby agree to the following provisions as conditions of the Partnership:
SECTION 1--Partnership Outline
1.1 The Partnership will be named {name of partnership}, for the purpose of {purpose of the
partnership}, and will conduct all business at {address where business will be conducted}.
1.2 Partnership will commence on the date listed above, and will end {specific date Partnership will
terminate, and/or a clause about how the Partnership will end, such as mutual agreement on a
dissolution, death of one or more partners, etc.} .
SECTION 2--Initial Capital
2.1 Each Partner will contribute original capital according to the following rules: {description of how
much each partner will contribute to the initial capital}.
2.2 A separate capital account will be maintained for each Partner.

SECTION 3--Interest on Capital
{detail if/when Partners may collect interest on their initial capital contributions}

SECTION 4--Shares
Each Partner's shares in the Partnership shall be determined by {method of determining shares, such as
making them proportional to the amount of initial capital each Partner contributes}.


SECTION 5--Accounts/Income
5.1 Each Partner will have an income account in his/her individual name, which shall be separate from the
capital account mentioned in Section 2.
5.2 Income and/or salaries will be distributed {description of if/when any income and/or salaries will
be distributed to Partners, including a description of how the income and salaries will be
determined}.


SECTION 6--Profits and Losses
6.1 Any profits and/or losses will be distributed and/or debited from a Partner's income account.
6.2 Profits and losses will be distributed and/or debited {description of when profits and losses will be
accounted for; monthly, quarterly, etc.}.

SECTION 7--Banking
Income and capital accounts for each Partner will be set up {name(s) of bank or institution where
accounts will be maintained}.
SECTION 8--Books/Accounting
8.1 Accounting books and other records pertinent to the Partnership will be kept at {location of books},
and any partner and/or his/her representative may have access to the books during normal business hours.
8.2 The accounts for this Partnership will {description of how they will be maintained, included when
they will be balanced and whether they will be kept on a cash basis or other method} .



SECTION 9--Management
9.1 Partnership will be managed {description of how the management of the Partnership will work,
including any clauses about the day-to-day operations}.
9.2 Each partner is expected to devote (description of how much is expected of each Partner with
regard to time spent on the Partnership}.
9.3 Partnership meetings will {outline if/when Partners will be required to attend meetings}.

SECTION 10--Disputes/Arbitration
Disputes that cannot be settled by the Partners via a mutual decision-making process will be {sent to an
arbitrator, voted on, etc.}.

SECTION 11--Partner Withdrawal or Death
11.1 Should a Partner wish to leave the Partnership, {process by which a Partner may leave, including
what happens to his/her contribution} .
11.2 Any remaining partner {may/may not} purchase the withdrawing Partner's interest in the
Partnership. This process will be governed by the following rules: {description of process for one
Partner "buying out" another}.
11.3 Upon a Partner's death {outline of what happens should one Partner die unexpectedly, such as
whether his/her heirs receive his/her interest in the Partnership, if one Partner can buy the interest,
if the interest will be distributed equally among remaining partners, etc.} .
11.4 Partners may mutually agree to remove one or more members if {conditions under which Partners
may remove a member, such as fraud, embezzlement, imprisonment, etc. Also include the process
by which this removal should occur.} .

SECTION 12--Confidentiality/Non-Compete
12.1 Any information that involves the Partnership, directly or indirectly, shall be considered
Confidential. No Partner may share this Confidential Information with any third party without the written
consent of all other Partners.
12.2 Should a Partner leave the Partnership, willingly or unwillingly, he/she shall not take any position,
nor engage in any activity, at any company, organization, etc. that is deemed a competitor to the
Partnership, for a period of {number of days, months, years, etc.}.

SECTION 13--Jurisdiction
This Agreement is subject to the laws and regulations of the state of {State}, as well as any applicable
federal laws.

We, the undersigned, agree to all the provisions listed above, and sign this document of our own free will.

Signed:

___________________________ __________________________
Partner Name Partner Name

___________________________ __________________________
Partner Signature Partner Signature










3.) Business Letter

This is written communication or message used to transact business which cannot be
conveniently conducted orally.
Example:



July 20, 20xx
Mr. Rodney Giles
Manager, Customer Support
Inter-Office Solutions Inc.
1289 Luxor Station Rd.
Cedar Springs, IL, 34985

Dear Rodney:

This is further to our meeting of last week at which we agreed to hold a series of meetings over
the next two months to review your experiences with the pilot implementation of the 1to1
Customer Relationship Management Program.

As discussed at that meeting, the objectives of our review sessions will be to:

Review and assess the overall effectiveness of the program;
Identify and document strengths weaknesses of the program;
Propose customer-focused solutions to address areas of weakness;
Develop an approach and action plan for Phase 2 of the project;
Determine the staff members who will make up the Phase 2 Team.

As agreed, meetings will be held every second Tuesday from 9:00 a.m. until noon, and the
location will alternate between our two offices, the first one to be convened here at Inter-Office
on August 14, 20xx. Fred Johnson of your CRM group is to act as the meeting co-ordinator and
recording secretary throughout the process.

As discussed, at the end of the process, Deborah Buxton of Consultek will draft the summary
report for review by the steering committee. As you requested, a copy of her c.v. has been
enclosed.

I trust I have covered all of the points that we discussed. If you have any questions or would like
to add anything please give me a call at 745-9878.
We look forward to seeing you at the August 14
th
meeting.

Sincerely,
Marilyn French
Senior Consultant
.




4.) Abstract

This is a summarized form of resume of a long piece of writing.

Example


ABSTRACT of The Effects Of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Since the Industrial Revolution, man has introduced tremendous amounts of carbon
dioxide into the earth's atmosphere. While some of this CO2 is assimilated into natural
reservoirs, approximately 50% remains airborne. This increase in CO2 concentration causes
what is commonly known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a result of the
absorption of infrared radiation by the surface of the earth. This absorption causes an increase in
the atmospheric temperature. Increasing the earth's temperature in turn increases the amount of
water vapor in the atmosphere. Since water vapor is also a strong absorber of infrared radiation, a
positive feedback mechanism is created, leading to further infrared-radiation absorption. As
temperatures increase, atmospheric circulation patterns are altered which will change local
weather patterns.
These changes could have an enormous impact on agricultural production. Attendant to a rise in
the mean global temperature is a melting of small but significant portion of the polar ice caps.
This will result in a rise in sea level which would flood coastal areas including major population
centers. The problem of the greenhouse effect might be remedied by a reduction in the use of
fossil fuel, large scale reforestation to increase the capacity of the biotic sink, and development
of alternate energy sources such as solar and nuclear fusion. However, not much hope is held out
for these remedies.

















5.) Articles for a Technical Journal

A technical paper which will be published in a journal. It contains an abstract , an
introduction, discussion and summarizing, concluding sentence or paragraph.

Example:

ABSTRACT
Since the Industrial Revolution, man has introduced tremendous amounts of carbon dioxide into the
earth's atmosphere. While some of this CO2 is assimilated into natural reservoirs, approximately 50%
remains airborne. This increase in CO2 concentration causes what is commonly known as the greenhouse
effect. The greenhouse effect is a result of the absorption of infrared radiation by the surface of the earth.
This absorption causes an increase in the atmospheric temperature. Increasing the earth's temperature in
turn increases the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Since water vapor is also a strong absorber of
infrared radiation, a positive feedback mechanism is created, leading to further infrared-radiation
absorption. As temperatures increase, atmospheric circulation patterns are altered which will change local
weather patterns.
These changes could have an enormous impact on agricultural production. Attendant to a rise in the mean
global temperature is a melting of small but significant portion of the polar ice caps. This will result in a
rise in sea level which would flood coastal areas including major population centers. The problem of the
greenhouse effect might be remedied by a reduction in the use of fossil fuel, large scale reforestation to
increase the capacity of the biotic sink, and development of alternate energy sources such as solar and
nuclear fusion. However, not much hope is held out for these remedies.

Report on
THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
I. INTRODUCTION
Before the year 2020, the climate of the earth may be warmer than any time in the past thousand years.
This change, which is incredibly fast by geological time scales, will be brought about by increased levels
of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere. The most important source of excessive CO2 is the burning
of carbon-based fossil fuels for energy production. Carbon dioxide is a by-product of all living systems
and is normally considered harmless. It is a minor element in the earth's atmosphere comprising only
about 0.03% of the total atmosphere. However, this small amount of CO2, along with water vapor, is
responsible for what is commonly known as the greenhouse effect.
The fact that changes in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere could cause changes in the earth's climate
has been known for over one hundred years. However, only in the last 5 to 10 years has significant
research been done in this field. The most ominous of the effects of a warmer climate will be the shifting
of local weather patterns. This shifting will have profound effects on agricultural production in a world
that is already unable to adequately feed its citizens today. There will also be an accompanying
redistribution of wealth which will likely lead to dangerous social conflicts. It is obvious that the
continued introduction of CO2 into the atmosphere will have consequences far worse than producing a
slightly balmier climate.
The purpose of this report is to examine the climatic changes caused by increased carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere and their implications for society. Also discussed will be the mechanisms of the greenhouse
effect, the sources and reservoirs of carbon dioxide, and some possible methods to reduce the magnitude
of the problem. Note, however, that the most we can do at this point is lessen the severity of the situation.
That the mean global temperature will increase in the next few decades is certain. The only questions are
how much and how fast.






II. NATURAL WEATHER PATTERNS
The earth's climate naturally changes over extended periods of time. Temperatures have been much
warmer for 80 to 90 percent of the last 500 million years than they are today. The polar ice caps, for
example, are actually a relatively new phenomenon. They were formed 15 to 20 million years ago in the
Antarctic and perhaps as recently as 3 to 5 million years in the Arctic.
The climate is still dominated by natural cycles of warming and cooling. The most influential of these
natural weather patterns is the 180-year cycle. The 180-year cycle predicts that temperatures in the
Northern Hemisphere reach a minimum every 180 years. (Climate records for the Southern Hemisphere
are incomplete.) The bottom of the last cycle was in the early 1800s, which suggests that we may now be
in a period of peak coldness. The winters of 1976 through 1979, which were unusually bitter, seem to
reinforce the theory behind the 180-year cycle. This current cooling trend would mask any warming
caused by an increased greenhouse effect.
However, the 180-year cycle predicts a natural warming trend will begin shortly before the end of this
century. At the same time, the effects of elevated CO2 levels on atmospheric temperatures will have
increased to new high levels. Figure 1 shows the combined effects of these warming trends.
Therefore, temperatures could reach their highest level in several hundred years shortly after the year
2000, and they will reach their highest level in the last 125,000 years by mid-century [1:7-11].

III. MECHANISMS OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
For the mean global temperature to stay constant, the earth-atmosphere system must be in radiative
equilibrium with the sun. In other words, the incoming solar radiation must match the outgoing thermal
radiation from the earth. Of the incoming solar radiation, 35% is reflected back into space. The
reflectivity of the earth is its albedo. The albedo is taken into consideration when the total energy flux of
the earth-atmosphere system is calculated. Of the remaining 65% of solar radiation that is not reflected
back, 47% is absorbed by the surface and 18% is absorbed by the atmosphere. For the temperature of our
system to remain constant, this energy that is absorbed by the atmosphere must be radiated back out. This
radiation primarily takes place in the 5-micron to 30-micron range of wave lengths, which is in the
infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A micron is one millionth of a meter [2:755].
Natural Greenhouse Effect
The effective radiating temperature is the temperature the earth should have for the amount of solar
radiation it absorbs. Calculation of the effective radiating temperature gives a value of -200 C. However,
the observed mean global temperature is 140 C. The difference of 340 C is caused by a natural
greenhouse effect that takes place in the atmosphere [11] . As the earth tries to lose heat into space, the
atmosphere absorbs infrared radiation emitted by the surface. Specifically, the atmosphere allows 50% of
the incoming solar radiation to reach the surface but only 10% of the longwave radiation from the surface
to escape. This causes the temperature of the earth-atmosphere system to increase. The magnitude of the
greenhouse effect is defined as the difference between the upward infrared radiation from the surface and
the upward infrared radiation from the top of the atmosphere [2:755].
Radiation Absorption by Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor
The greenhouse effect is caused by minor constituents in the atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide and
water vapor. The earth must radiate in the 5-micron to 30-micron region. However, water vapor is a
strong absorber of radiation over the entire thermal spectrum except in the 8-micron to 18-micron
interval. The 12-micron to 18-micron interval is largely blocked by CO2 absorption. In fact, current
CO2 levels are sufficient to make the 15-micron band virtually opaque to infrared radiation. The earth is,
therefore, constrained to radiate its excess thermal energy in a nearly transparent window from 8 microns
to 12 microns. As anthropogenic carbon dioxide is introduced into the atmosphere, mostly by combustion
of fossil fuels, absorption of infrared radiation in the 10-micron band and in the wings of the 15- micron
band is increased. This increased absorption results in an overall warming of the earth-atmosphere
system.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
As the climate becomes warmer, positive feedback mechanisms tend to exacerbate the problem.
Elevations in temperature decrease the solubility of CO2 in the oceans. Therefore, as temperature
increases, the oceans release more CO2 into the atmosphere, which causes another increase in
temperature. Even more threatening is the greenhouse water vapor coupling. The atmosphere tends to
attain a definite distribution of relative humidity in response to a change in temperature. If the
temperature is increased, the relative humidity, which is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere, is also increased. At the same time, the vapor pressure of water is raised. The result is more
water vapor in the atmosphere, which causes more greenhouse effect, which raises temperatures even
higher, which again increases the water vapor in the atmosphere. This positive feedback mechanism
approximately doubles the sensitivity of surface temperature to a change in the amount of energy
absorbed by the earth [1:19].
IV. THE CARBON CYCLE
The annual increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is dependent on several factors. First is the
amount of carbon dioxide produced by consumption of carbon-based fuels. Subtracted from this amount
is the carbon dioxide that is removed from the atmosphere and stored in reservoirs, or sinks. The most
prominent sinks of carbon dioxide are the atmosphere, the oceans, and the biosphere. Also contributing to
a net increase in CO2 is the deforestation of large land areas each year. The amount of carbon dioxide
produced from fossil fuels and the annual increase in atmospheric concentrations are both well known.
Approximately 50% of the CO2produced from fossil fuel remains in the atmosphere. The rest is absorbed
into sinks. The proportion of CO2 that goes into each sink and the mechanisms of CO2removal are poorly
understood.
CO2 From Fossil Fuel
Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution, about 154.4 gigatons (G ton) of carbon have been added to
the atmosphere. One gigaton is equal to one billion tons. Even more alarming is the fact that of this 154.4
G tons, about 27%, or 45 G tons, were produced from 1970 to 1978. Overall, the use of carbon-based
fuels has increased at an exponential rate of 4.3% per year from 1860 to the mid-1970s. (See Table 1.)
High energy costs should help to slow the use of fuels, although no significant reductions in demand have
yet been observed.
It is expected that industrialized countries will be able to significantly reduce the use of fossil fuels for
energy production by using clean energy sources such as solar and nuclear. However, a growing world
population will place heavy pressure for increased energy use, especially in developing countries. The
percentage of CO2produced by geographical regions in 1974 and the projected contribution expected in
2025 is listed in Table 2. Even though the United States will reduce its contribution from 27% to 8%, the
amount produced by developing regions in the same time will more than triple [4].
Carbon Dioxide Produced by Different Fuels
The amount of carbon added to the atmosphere depends on the type of fuel being burned. Fuels with a
high hydrogen- to-carbon ratio produce the most energy for each unit of carbon released. The dirtiest
fuels, in terms of carbon dioxide, are the various synthetic fuels that are produced from coal. Synfuels
release large amounts of CO2 because energy must be expended to extract them from coal. Therefore, the
carbon dioxide generated from producing the synfuel must be added to that released by combustion.
Because the world has very large coal reserves, research into synfuel production has increased greatly.
Although synfuels could significantly reduce the dependence of the United States on petroleum, they
would tend to accelerate the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Table 3 lists the amount of
CO2 released by each type of fuel.

Future Levels of Carbon Dioxide
Future inputs of carbon from fossil fuels are dependent upon world energy consumption and on the mix of
fuels used. Two models have been devised to estimate the world consumption of carbon-based fuels in the
future. The first model is based on the historical growth rate of 4.3% per year.
If the world use of fossil fuels is maintained at that level, the proven energy reserves would be exhausted
by 2010 to 2015. The second model, and probably the more accurate one, postulates that the current
growth rate will continue until 1990, and then the rate of growth will decline to zero over a fifty-year
period. Figure 2 graphically compares growth rates from both models. This tapered growth scenario
would postpone the exhaustion of proven reserves by ten to fifteen years. However, actual use of carbon-
based fuels could continue for some time after this, since the total amount of recoverable reserves is much
greater than the proven reserves. Obviously, these estimates are greatly simplified, since they were
devised to give minimum times to exhaustion of energy reserves.
As conventional fossil fuels become more expensive, it is likely that world fuel usage will shift to a
different combination of fuels than used today. Changes in this fuel mix causes more uncertainty in
estimates of future CO2 inputs into the atmosphere. Table 4 gives the dates for doubling of
CO2 concentrations for various fuel use combinations [9].

V. CLIMATIC EFFECTS OF INCREASED CO2 CONCENTRATIONS
Current estimates for doubling-dates of carbon dioxide concentrations range from about 2020 to 2075. A
doubling of atmospheric CO2 levels will cause an increase in the mean global temperature of about 30 to
50 C with an increase of about 120 C at the polar regions. The reason for the amplified effect at the
poles is that the atmosphere has a much lower concentration of water vapor at the poles than at lower
latitudes. Therefore, an increase in atmospheric CO2 will cause a relatively larger increase in the
greenhouse effect over the poles. This warming then increases the water vapor present by melting ice,
which causes the process to be self-enhancing.
Changes in Local Weather Patterns
As the temperature of the atmosphere is increased, the global circulation patterns will be shifted. This will
cause widespread changes in local weather patterns. Although mathematical models devised by
meteorologists can describe overall climatic changes, they are not able to predict these small-scale
variations in local conditions. One method that can be used is to examine weather records for a period
when the temperature was higher than it is today.
The 1930s As Climate Analog
The most recent global peaked in the 1930s. The 1930s averaged about 10 C warmer than recent decades
have. In the United States, a greater number of state records for high temperatures were set in the 1930s
than in any decade since the 1870s. The 1 C increase is analogous to the initial decade of CO2-induced
warming which should occur shortly after the turn of the century.
Drought
The most significant feature of a warmer climate is the absence of adequate precipitation. The drought of
the 1930s has been called the greatest disaster caused by meteorological factors. Research into climate
records by studying tree rings has determined that 1934 was the driest year in the western United States
since 1700. If the atmospheric circulation patterns of the 1930s return early next century because of
warmer temperatures, agricultural production and water supplies could be seriously affected. Even though
food production would decline, modern agricultural practices would probably prevent a catastrophe like
the dust bowl of the 1930s. Water supply, however, is a different situation. Particularly hard hit will be
the region of the West that draws water off the Colorado River basin. This region, which is already
plagued by water shortages, could be devastated by a drought that lasts several years.
Increased Tropical Storm Activity
The warming of the atmosphere will cause the sea temperature to rise as well. This will result in more
tropical storms being generated. The 1930s were a period of increased tropical storm activity.
Twenty-one tropical storms blew up in 1933, seventeen in 1936; the current average is nine per year.
These storms will also be able to reach higher latitudes because of warmer seas [1:35-50].
Sea Level Increase
Researchers have suggested that conditions similar to those of the 1930s could persist for as long as 25
years. During this time the earth's temperature will still be increasing and a longer range problem will
become evident. The polar ice caps would begin to melt, raising the sea level. This will be a slow process,
but one that will be irreversible once the greenhouse threat is fully realized. A rise in ocean levels of
between 15 to 25 feet is possible in as little as 100 years. Coastal regions would be flooded causing
tremendous destruction of property. Along the Texas coast, for example, Galveston, Corpus Christi,
Beaumont, and Port Arthur all would be permanently inundated. As many as 10 nuclear reactors would be
in danger of flooding and contaminating the ocean. The 15- to 25-foot raising of sea levels is for normal
tides with storm tides reaching even farther inland [4].


VI. WAYS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The severity of the consequences of this major climatic change requires that action be taken to lessen
man's input of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The greenhouse threat is a global problem that calls
for global action. Unfortunately, the political structure of the world tends to impede cooperation on a
global scale. Even with these difficulties, it is imperative that the use of carbon-based fuels be reduced
significantly. The United States, as the world's leading consumer of energy, could influence world
opinion and stimulate action by taking decisive measures. Some of the steps that need to be taken are:
1. A concerted effort must be made to conserve fuel with a goal of reducing global consumption
20% worldwide by the year 2000. Public knowledge of the effects of CO2 on the climate is
needed. A tax on fossil fuel would provide an extra incentive to conserve. The revenue from such
a tax could be used to further development of alternate energy sources.
2. The use of a combination of fossil fuels that will minimize the input of CO2 into the atmosphere
must be emphasized. Natural gas is the cleanest of the fossil fuels and large reserves of gas have
been found. Coal is also found in abundance in the United States and is therefore likely to be
increasingly used for energy production. However, coal releases 75% more CO2 into the
atmosphere per unit of energy produced than does natural gas. Because of this, use of coal should
be de-emphasized and use of natural gas emphasized.
3. Alternate energy sources, such as solar and nuclear, should be developed. There is a substantial
amount of emotional opposition to nuclear power, which will impede the expansion of its use.
Solar power, as are wind and wave power, is ideal in that it is constant and non-polluting. The
technology is not quite at a stage where solar power is economically feasible. A strong effort
must be made to develop this highly attractive source of energy.
4. Reforestation on a massive global scale is needed to provide a large biotic sink in the next few
decades. The total respiration of CO2 should be less than the total photosynthesis on a regional
and worldwide basis. Fast- growing trees, such as the American Sycamore, can absorb as much as
750 tons of carbon per square kilometer per year. Water hyacinths can absorb 6000 tons of carbon
per square kilometer per year. The growth of biomass for energy production could serve as an
additional method of reducing CO2 accumulation because it would only involve recycling
between carbon pools of the biosphere and the atmosphere.
5. Research into the carbon cycle is needed to reduce the uncertainties surrounding predictions of
climatic changes. Although the amount of carbon dioxide that is released and the amount that
remains airborne is well known, the method by which CO2 is assimilated into sinks, such as the
ocean and the biosphere, is poorly understood. Typical estimates of the amounts of CO2 absorbed
annually by the ocean and the biosphere are 2 G tons and 1 ton, respectively [4].
VII. SUMMARY
Carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere is the most dangerous pollution problem today.
This excess of CO2 will cause an increase in the mean global temperature which should be
detectable shortly before the end of this century. This warming is caused by the greenhouse
effect. CO2 allows incoming radiation from the sun to enter the atmosphere. The heat from the
earth's surface, which must radiate in the infrared region of the spectrum, is absorbed by CO2 and
water vapor, thereby raising the atmospheric temperature. The greenhouse water-vapor coupling
provides a strong positive feedback mechanism. Fossil-fuel use increases at an exponential rate of
4.3% annually. This should cause a doubling of CO2 concentrations by between the year 2020
and the year 2075. This doubling of atmospheric CO2 will cause an increase in the mean global
temperature of about 30 to 50 C. Warmer temperatures will cause a shift in atmospheric
circulation patterns. This will cause local weather patterns to change. The results for the United
States could be intensive drought, increased tropical storm activity, and a rise in the sea level
caused by melting of the polar ice caps. To lessen the severity of the problem, fossil fuel
consumption must be curtailed and alternate energy sources developed. Also, a global
reforestation program should be undertaken to provide a large biotic sink for CO2 in the new few
decades.




















6.) Laboratory Report
A record of procedures and results of laboratory test. It describes the scope of a project, the
equipment utilized, the procedures used, the results of test and the conclusion and
recommendation

Example:

The Optimal Foraging Theory:
Food Selection in Beavers Based on Tree Species, Size, and Distance
Laboratory 1, Ecology 201

Abstract
The theory of optimal foraging and its relation to central foraging was examined by using the beaver as a
model. Beaver food choice was examined by noting the species of woody vegetation, status (chewed vs. not-
chewed), distance from the water, and circumference of trees near a beaver pond in North Carolina. Beavers
avoided certain species of trees and preferred trees that were close to the water. No preference for tree
circumference was noted. These data suggest that beaver food choice concurs with the optimal foraging theory.
Introduction
In this lab, we explore the theory of optimal foraging and the theory of central place foraging using
beavers as the model animal. Foraging refers to the mammalian behavior associated with searching for food.
The optimal foraging theory assumes that animals feed in a way that maximizes their net rate of energy intake
per unit time (Pyke et al. 1977). An animal may either maximize its daily energy intake (energy maximizer) or
minimize the time spent feeding (time minimizer) in order to meet minimum requirements. Herbivores
commonly behave as energy maximizers (Belovsky 1986) and accomplish this maximizing behavior by
choosing food that is of high quality and has low-search and low-handling time (Pyke et al. 1977).
The central place theory is used to describe animals that collect food and store it in a fixed location in
their home range, the central place (Jenkins 1980). The factors associated with the optimal foraging theory also
apply to the central place theory. The central place theory predicts that retrieval costs increase linearly with
distance of the resource from the central place (Rockwood and Hubbell 1987). Central place feeders are very
selective when choosing food that is far from the central place since they have to spend time and energy
hauling it back to the storage site (Schoener 1979).
The main objective of this lab was to determine beaver (Castor canadensis) food selection based on tree
species, size, and distance. Since beavers are energy maximizers (Jenkins 1980, Belovsky 1984) and central
place feeders (McGinley and Whitam 1985), they make an excellent test animal for the optimal foraging
theory. Beavers eat several kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves, twigs, and bark of most species of
woody plants that grow near water (Jenkins and Busher 1979). By examining the trees that are chewed or not-
chewed in the beavers' home range, an accurate assessment of food preferences among tree species may be
gained (Jenkins 1975). The purpose of this lab was to learn about the optimal foraging theory. We wanted to
know if beavers put the optimal foraging theory into action when selecting food.
We hypothesized that the beavers in this study will choose trees that are small in circumference and
closest to the water. Since the energy yield of tree species may vary significantly, we also hypothesized that
beavers will show a preference for some species of trees over others regardless of circumference size or
distance from the central area. The optimal foraging theory and central place theory lead us to predict that
beavers, like most herbivores, will maximize their net rate of energy intake per unit time. In order to maximize
energy, beavers will choose trees that are closest to their central place (the water) and require the least retrieval
cost. Since beavers are trying to maximize energy, we hypothesized that they will tend to select some species
of trees over others on the basis of nutritional value.
Methods
This study was conducted at Yates Mill Pond, a research area owned by the North Carolina State
University, on October 25
th
, 1996. Our research area was located along the edge of the pond and was
approximately 100 m in length and 28 m in width. There was no beaver activity observed beyond this width.
The circumference, the species, status (chewed or not- chewed), and distance from the water were recorded for
each tree in the study area. Due to the large number of trees sampled, the work was evenly divided among four
groups of students working in quadrants. Each group contributed to the overall data collected.
We conducted a chi-squared test to analyze the data with respect to beaver selection of certain tree
species. We conducted t-tests to determine (1) if avoided trees were significantly farther from the water than
selected trees, and (2) if chewed trees were significantly larger or smaller than not chewed trees. Mean tree
distance from the water and mean tree circumference were also recorded.
Results
Overall, beavers showed a preference for certain species of trees, and their preference was based on
distance from the central place. Measurements taken at the study site show that beavers avoided oaks and
musclewood (Fig. 1) and show a significant food preference (x
2
=447.26, d.f.=9, P<.05). No avoidance or
particular preference was observed for the other tree species. The mean distance of 8.42 m away from the
water for not-chewed trees was significantly greater than the mean distance of 6.13 m for chewed trees (t=3.49,
d.f.=268, P<.05) (Fig. 2). The tree species that were avoided were not significantly farther from the water
(t=.4277, d.f.=268, P>.05) than selected trees. For the selected tree species, no significant difference in
circumference was found between trees that were not chewed (mean=16.03 cm) and chewed (mean=12.80 cm)
(t=1.52, d.f.=268, P>.05) (Fig. 3).
Discussion
Although beavers are described as generalized herbivores, the finding in this study related to species
selection suggests that beavers are selective in their food choice. This finding agrees with our hypothesis that
beavers are likely to show a preference for certain tree species. Although beaver selection of certain species of
trees may be related to the nutritional value, additional information is needed to determine why beavers select
some tree species over others. Other studies suggested that beavers avoid trees that have chemical defenses that
make the tree unpalatable to beavers (Muller-Schawarze et al. 1994). These studies also suggested that beavers
prefer trees with soft wood, which could possibly explain the observed avoidance of musclewood and oak in
our study.
The result that chewed trees were closer to the water accounts for the time and energy spent gathering
and hauling. This is in accordance with the optimal foraging theory and agrees with our hypothesis that
beavers will choose trees that are close to the water. As distance from the water increases, a tree's net energy
yield decreases because food that is farther away is more likely to increase search and retrieval time. This
finding is similar to Belovskys finding of an inverse relationship between distance from the water and
percentage of plants cut.
The lack of any observed difference in mean circumference between chewed and not chewed trees
does not agree with our hypothesis that beavers will prefer smaller trees to larger ones. Our hypothesis was
based on the idea that branches from smaller trees will require less energy to cut and haul than those from
larger trees. Our finding is in accordance with other studies (Schoener 1979), which have suggested that the
value of all trees should decrease with distance from the water but that beavers would benefit from choosing
large branches from large trees at all distances. This would explain why there was no significant difference in
circumference between chewed and not-chewed trees.
This lab gave us the opportunity to observe how a specific mammal selects foods that maximize
energy gains in accordance with the optimal foraging theory. Although beavers adhere to the optimal foraging
theory, without additional information on relative nutritional value of tree species and the time and energy
costs of cutting certain tree species, no optimal diet predictions may be made. Other information is also needed
about predatory risk and its role in food selection. Also, due to the large number of students taking samples in
the field, there may have been errors which may have affected the accuracy and precision of our
measurements. In order to corroborate our findings, we suggest that this study be repeated by others.
Conclusion
The purpose of this lab was to learn about the optimal foraging theory by measuring tree selection in
beavers. We now know that the optimal foraging theory allows us to predict food-seeking behavior in beavers
with respect to distance from their central place and, to a certain extent, to variations in tree species. We also
learned that foraging behaviors and food selection is not always straightforward. For instance, beavers selected
large branches at any distance from the water even though cutting large branches may increase energy
requirements. There seems to be a fine line between energy intake and energy expenditure in beavers that is
not so easily predicted by any given theory.






7.) Progress Report
This contains an account of what has been accomplished on a project over a specific
period of time and what may be expected in the next period.

Example:

PROGRESS REPORT FOR STUDENT WEB SITE
INTRODUCTION
I decided to create a web site for people interested in European travel. This Web site will
increase consumer awareness of the company and provide travelers with valuable information on
several European countries. Objectives of the web site include:
1. Increasing awareness of travel opportunities in Europe
2. Providing links to low cost airfares and hotels.
3. Providing a page of news related to European current events and issues.
DISCUSSION
Work Accomplished
In the last two weeks I have accomplished the following:
1. Project Planning: I have created a navigation tree that organizes all the pages for the
entire web site. The project management plan of mine also details the amount of time it
is expected to take me to develop each part of the web site.
2. Requirements Gathering: To better help me determine what users would expect from a
web site focused on European travel, I created a survey form that members in the
technical writing class completed. The results of the survey have given me a clearer idea
as to the perceptions a lay reader has toward Europe. Because of this survey, I have had
to modify the material on the web site significantly. I now have more space devoted to
geographical and political information for European countries.
3. Design: I have compiled most of the drawings and photographs that I hope to use on the
web pages. I have also created a company logo that will be featured on each page.
Work Remaining
To complete the web site project I need to complete the following:
1. Page construction: I have completed rough drafts of four of the pages on my web site,
but I have to revise those and still create three more pages.2. Testing: Once the first version of my web
site is completely finished, I will have
members in the technical writing class test it for usability. On the basis of their
recommendations, I will revise the site further.
3. Submission: When I have completed my final revision after the usability test, I will
submit my web project for evaluation. I plan to upload it to the network by the due date
and to print out hard copies for you as well.
The project schedule shown below indicates project deadlines and milestones for each of the
above-mentioned phases. It clearly separates the work accomplished from the work remaining.

Problems Encountered
The most significant problem encountered was the loss of several graphic files when the
computer network crashed on April 2, 2001. The survey I conducted also showed me that I did
not have a clear concept of audience, so I needed to revise my original plans for my web site.
CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION
My web site project is approximately 30% complete. I expect to have it done by the due date if
the computer network does not pose further problems.
I appreciate the amount of class time we have been given for working on our web projects. I
hope that this continues. When my first draft is completed next week, I look forward to
receiving your comments on how I can make my web site better.Annotation: This student writes her
progress report to inform her instructor on her web site
construction progress. The introduction summarizes the project clearly and identifies the goals
of the web site. The discussion section describes the work accomplished, the work remaining,
and the problems encountered. The conclusion summarizes the work accomplished and
recommends ways for the instructor to help further with the project. Throughout the progress
report, the student makes use of highlighting techniques such as numbered lists, subheadings and
graphic, making the report more accessible to readers.


















8.) Policy
A plan of action adopted or preserved by an individual, government, party business and
industry or it may be a document containing a contract of insurance.

Example:
Company Policy
Hours of Operation/Work Schedules
The office is normally open from 8:30 am until 5:00 pm Central time. Certain employees may be assigned
to different work schedules and/or shifts outside of normal office hours. If an employee must be outside
of the office for non-business related reasons during their normal work schedule, they should inform their
manager.

Telecommuting
The Company is committed to creating a work environment where the needs of our customers,
employees, and the Company are balanced. Therefore, the Company tries to be flexible in its approach to
work styles and location. Telecommuting arrangements may be made on an as needed basis or set up on
a regularschedule. In either case, employees are encouraged to spend time working in the office whenever
possible. This allows employees to be accessible to customers and creates a sense of consistency and
collaboration among work teams. When employees desire to work at home, the Company asks that they
do so in a manner which is in keeping with a workstyle of accessibility, communication, and productivity.
All telecommuting arrangements are subject to approval by the employees manager. In general,
the following principles should be used in telecommuting:
Employees should make arrangements with their manager at least one week in advance of
telecommuting.
Employees should check in with the office regularly.
Employees should inform their manager of their whereabouts so they may be reached easily.
Working at home means working, not taking time off.
Employees should not routinely work at home on days prior to or following vacations or holidays if at
all avoidable.
Under regular circumstances, telecommuting should not comprise more than one day in a given week,
or more than 3 days a month.

Dress Code Policy
The Company maintains a business casual working environment. All employees
should use discretion in wearing attire that is appropriate for the office and customer interaction.

Attendance Policy
Regular attendance is essential to the Companys efficient operation and is a
necessary condition of employment. When employees are absent, schedules and customer commitments
fall behind, and other employees must assume added workloads.
Employees are expected to report to work as scheduled and on time. If it is impossible
to report for work as scheduled, employees must call their manager before their starting time. If your
manager is unavailable, a voice message should be left. If the absence is to continue beyond the first day,
the employee must notify their manager on a daily basis unless otherwise arranged. Calling in is the
responsibility of every employee who is absent. Absence for three consecutive work days without
notifying the manager is considered a voluntary termination.

Leave of Absence
Employees are eligible to apply for an unpaid leave of absence if they have been a
regular employee of the Company for at least one year and scheduled to work 20 hours or more a week.
The employees manager will make a decision on the leave request. The request for leave will be
reviewed based on the reason for the request, previous attendance record, previous leave requests and the
impact the absence will have on the Company.
Authorized leaves for illness or disability begin after employees have exhausted
accrued sick leave, vacation and personal holiday time. A personal leave of absence, if granted, begins
after vacation and personal holiday time have been used.
Human Resources can provide employees with which benefits, in addition to retained
seniority, can be continued during the leave. If an employee wishes to continue benefits, it must arranged
for directly with Human Resources.
I f the request for leave of absence for personal reasons, the employees manager, with
the advice of Human Resources, will decide whether the current position will be held open, or if a
position will be made available upon the employees return from leave.

Overtime
Non-exempt employees are eligible to receive overtime pay if they work more than
40 hours in a given week. Holiday, vacation, and sick time are not included in hours used to determine
overtime eligibility. Overtime pay equals 1.5 times and employees regular hourly rate. All overtime must
be approved the manager in advance.

Vacation
All full-time employees are eligible for vacation pay.
New full-time employees will receive a pro-rata number of vacation days based on
one day for each month worked in the hired calendar year, not to exceed 10 days.
In the first full calendar year and through the calendar year in which the employees 3
year anniversary of employment occurs, employees will receive 10 vacation days each year.
In the calendar year of the employees 4 year anniversary of employment, employees
will receive 15 vacation days each year.
In the calendar year of the employees 10 year anniversary of employment,
employees will receive 20 vacation days each year.
Up to 5 unused vacation days may be carried over into the next year. All other unused
vacation time will be paid out in the final paycheck for that year.
Employees should notify their manager at least one month in advance of taking
vacation time. All vacation requests are subject to manager approval. In addition, employees should
directly communicate vacation dates to co-workers to ensure customer needs are met.
Part-time employees who work on a regular schedule all year are eligible for
vacation benefits on a pro-rata basis based on the schedule above.

Termination
Employees who voluntarily resign from the Company are asked to provide at least
two week advance notice of their resignation. This notice should be in writing and should briefly state the
reason for leaving and the anticipated last day of work.
If a terminating employee is eligible for any incentive compensation, bonus, and/or
awards, they must be actively employed on the date the compensation, bonus or awards are presented or
paid, in order to receive the compensation, bonus or award.
9.) Feasibility Report
This represents facts and information intended to make the reader realize that the
proposed project or plan is financially, economically, and technically, significant as well as
beneficial.

Example:
The Plastic Lifecycle is broken

Plastics are highly valued for their light and
durable qualities, and are widely used not just in
packaging but also in consumer goods, building
and construction, electronics, medical supplies,
and transportation. Most plastics are made from
non-renewable petroleum and natural gas
resources, and contain chemical additives that have
a significant impact on the environment and
human health. Unfortunately, despite efforts to
reduce their use and recycle, humanity uses
increasingly more plastic, and much of it ends up
in our oceans. This is not just an eyesore, it is a
threat to the worlds biodiversity. Plastics do not
biodegrade, rather they break down into minute
pieces, releasing their chemical additives and
masquerading as food to marine life. In fact, in
2011 the United Nations Environment Program
listed plastic pollution in oceans as a top priority
issue, citing its potential impact on ecosystems and
human health.
1.1.1 A Brief History of Plastic
The end of World War II marked the start of the
modern plastic era, or Our plastic age
(Thompson, Swan, Moore, & vom Saal, 2009).
Derived from oil or gas, plastics possess properties
that are ideal for the manufacture of many
everyday items: they are light, cheap, flexible,
strong, and durable (Thompson et al., 2009). Not
surprisingly, global plastic production has grown
exponentially. From 1950-2007 plastic production
rose from 1.5 million tons to 270 million tons per
year, an expansion which kept pace with the
simultaneous global population growth from 2.7 to
over 7 billion (Rochman, Browne, et al., 2013). In
2012 alone, 288 million tons of plastic were
produced (PlasticsEurope 2013), which is
approximately thesame weight of the entire human
biomass (Walpole et al.,2012). Two specific issues
are associated with this sharp rise in plastic
production: impacts on human health, such as
increased risk of cancer and neurological problems
(Breast Cancer Foundation 2013); and the growing
amounts of plastic debris entering the marine
environment (United Nations Environment
Programme 2013).

Figure 1.1 Plastic debris on Kanapou, Hawaii, USA, 2006
(Courtesy NOAA, Marine Debris Programme)
1.1.2 Plastic in the Oceans
Plastics are made of essential polymers,
synthetically produced from petroleum, natural
gas, or coal, and mixed with a complex blend of
chemicals known as additives.
These additives have the ability to alter or improve
the polymers properties. For example,
polyethylene terephthalate, or PET, is the nearly
indestructible plastic used to make most containers
and bottles. Other common additives include: UV
stabilizers, antioxidants, brominated flame-
retardants, and bisphenol-A. Some of these
chemicals are known endocrine disrupters or
carcinogens and can seriously affect the health of
organisms. Plastic is unlikely to biodegrade, yet
does photo-degrade. However, this requires
prolonged exposure to ultra-violet light. Physical
abrasion also contributes to its decomposition (A.
L. Andrady, Hamid, Hu, & Torikai, 1998; D.K.A.
Barnes, Galgani, & Thompson, 2009; Colton Jr.,
Knapp, & Burns, 1974; Gregory, 1977; Thompson
et al., 2004). Still, it can take 400 to 1000 years,
and even longer in a marine environment for
plastics and their chemical additives to break down
into carbon dioxide, water, and small inorganic
molecules, a process called mineralization.

Figure 1.2 Pathways of plastic pollution. Plastic enters the ocean
from coastal urbanization (1), through rivers (2), from beaches (3),
and from ships (4). Through currents and wind, plastic gets
transported through the ocean or sea (5), finally ending up on
coastlines or in a gyre. Heavier-than-water plastics are likely to
sink not far from the coast (6), unless the plastic encapsulates air.
Possible sinks for the plastic in the gyre include sinking due to loss
in buoyancy, ingestion, biodegradation, and natural loss onto
coastlines due to currents (7).
1.1.3 Breaking the Cycle
The discovery of fragmented plastic during
plankton tows of the Sargasso Sea in 1971 led to
one of the earliest studies of plastic in the marine
environment. Using a 333 micron surface net
trawl, Carpenter and Smith collected small
fragments of plastics in 1971, resulting in
estimates of the presence of plastic particulates at
an average of 3,500 pieces and 290 g/km2 in the
western Sargasso Sea (Carpenter and Smith, 1972).
Shortly after, Colton et al., (1974) surveyed the
coastal waters from New England to the Bahamas
and confirmed distribution of plastic all along the
North Atlantic. These studies have been recently
updated in two comprehensive studies of the North
Atlantic gyre (K. L. Law et al., 2010; Moret
Ferguson et al., 2010). Indeed, plastic is found in
most marine and terrestrial habitats, including
bays, estuaries, coral reefs, lakes and the open
oceans. (Rochman et al.,2014, Wright et al., 2013)
Even though the monitoring of plastic debris in the
ocean began over 40 years ago, volumes are
difficult to estimate as conditions vary across
different bodies of water and over time. However,
it is known that while marine debris may be made
up of a variety of materials, including glass, rubber
and Styrofoam, the majority of it (60% to 80%) is
plastic. (EPA, 2011)
Plastic pollution has two major sources, 80% is
estimated to come from land and 20% from
shipping, and is most commonly the result of the
improper disposal of single use plastics and
manufacturing materials (Allsopp, Walters,
Santillo, & Johnston, 2000; D.K.A. Barnes et
al.,2009). Plastic enters the marine environment
via runoff, rivers, beach litter, lost cargo, direct
dumping, and episodic events. The ocean is
downhill from everywhere; therefore, plastic waste
can be washed down streams and rivers from
mountains, hills, and valleys. It can enter
waterways via storm drains and runoff. Riverine
transport contributes substantially to the proportion
of land originating plastic pollution (Ryan, 2008).
Once plastic is in the ocean, wind, currents, and
wave action disperse it both laterally and vertically
through the water column. At the same time,
currents and wind tend to concentrate debris into
accumulation zones, often\ referred to as garbage
patches. This is a misleading term, because it
evokes images of a large floating plastic island,
when in reality much of the plastic is in small
fragments mixed into the top layer of water
(NOAA, 2014).
Perhaps the most telling research and modeling of
how plastics travel in the ocean is the Ocean
Surface Current Simulator (OSCURS). To develop
this model, tracking devices were released into the
North Pacific and their movements observed over
a 12-year period. OSCURS revealed that marine
debris would eventually accumulate in the mid-
latitudes after traveling for nearly six years around
the North Pacific gyre (Arthur, 2009).
1.1.4 What is the Problem
Being lightweight, durable, strong, and
inexpensive, the very properties that make plastic
so useful are also responsible for its large negative
impact on marine environments. Today, plastic
marine debris is found in oceans and sediment
worldwide and affects marine life along most of
the food chain (Wright, Thompson, & Galloway,
2013). Marine species can become entangled in
larger debris, leading to injury, illness,
suffocation, starvation, and even death (NOAA,
2014). Smaller fragments can be mistaken for food
and eaten, which can cause malnutrition, blockage
and death, as well as provide a pathway for
transport of harmful chemicals up the food chain
(Teuten, Rowland, Galloway, & Thompson, 2007).
Ingestion of and entanglement in marine debris by
marine animals has increased by 40% in the last
decade (GEF, 2012). Furthermore, plastics can
transport invasive species and toxic substances
great distances. (D. K. A. Barnes & Fraser, 2003)
These adverse effects are concentrated in the
convergence zones, where marine species tend to
congregate and plastic debris tends to collect. (A
more detailed review of the scope of the problem
is presented in the following section.) So far
progress towards halting the rise of marine plastic
pollution has been limited. Important short-term
mitigation strategies include beach cleanup
activities, which are performed on the shorelines of
many countries, and ocean cleanups on coastal and
oceanic regions where high levels of plastic
pollution are affecting many species. The long-
term solution for this environmental issue involves
decreasing plastic waste and creating better
disposal practices on land and at sea, at an
international level. MARPOL 73/78 is the
international convention for the prevention of
marine pollution, and prohibits the disposal of
plastic from ships anywhere in the worlds oceans.
However, its enforcement varies globally, and
clearly this regulation effects, at most, only 20% of
all plastics entering the seas. Other measures to
reduce the detritus of plastics in the environment
are ordinances banning plastic single use items
such as plastic bags and
polystyrene3.
Despite these efforts, the use of plastic worldwide
continues to grow.
10.) Monograph

This is a thorough textbook treatment which requires full illustration and documentation.
Example:


ITEM: Chili Con Carne (CCC)

NSN: 8940-01-151-5462

ITEM SPECIFICATION: MIL-C-44244

APPROXIMATE CALORIC VALUE PER SERVING: 504

CHARACTERISTICS OF ITEM:

APPEARANCE: Thick mixture of cooked ground beef, tomato sauce and onion. May
have a slight oiling off of fat. Color profile: Orange-red-brown.
ODOR: Slight to moderate chili spices, very slight cooked tomato.
FLAVOR: Slightly sweet, slight cooked tomato, cooked ground beef, slight to moderate
chili spices, slight to moderate chili burn.
TEXTURE: Chewy ground beef in a thick sauce.
ESTIMATED SHELF LIFE AT 70 DEGREES F: 36 months
80 DEGREES F: 24 months
90 DEGREES F: 18 months
100 DEGREES F: 12 months

EXPECTED DETERIORATIVE CHANGES:

APPEARANCE: Slight to moderate oiling off; slight product darkening.
ODOR: Slightly bitter with a stronger spice and tomato odor.
FLAVOR: Product may exhibit some flavor loss.
TEXTURE: A slight thinning of the sauce may occur, with moderate oiling off of the fat.
Ground meat may become chewy.

UNIQUE EXAMINATION/TEST PROCEDURES: None.

SPECIAL NOTES: Can is designed to yield 12 portions of 1 cup each (249 grams).















11.) Specification
This contains detailed information about performance courses, materials for
construction, theory of operations, sample calculations, table and operating data and information

Example:

Required Skills, Knowledge and Characteristics - Human Resources Director:
These are the most important qualifications of the individual selected as the human resources
director.
Strong effective communicator in writing, business presentations and in interpersonal
communication.
Highly developed, demonstrated teamwork skills.
Demonstrates a high degree of confidentiality and unusual common sense.
Able to direct the efforts of a team of diverse human resources professionals.
Demonstrated ability to increase productivity and continuously improve methods,
approaches, and departmental contribution while being cost-sensitive. Commitment to
continuous learning.
Expert in employment law and employee relations and communication.
Demonstrated ability to see the big picture and provide useful and strategic advice and input
across the company and on the senior executive team.
Ability to lead in an environment of constant change.
Experience working in a flexible, employee empowering work environment. Structured or
large company experience will not work here.
Familiarity and skill with the tools of the trade in human resources including HRIS,
Microsoft Office suite of products, file management, and benefits administration.
Experience in organization development and change management.
Experience in multiple locations and globally is a plus.











12.) Proposal
This contains suggestions for actions, usually involving change or performance. It may
be solve a problem, suggest a new project site, revise a policy or initiate a researcher report
project or terminate a project.

Example:

A Proposal to Research the Storage Facility
for Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca Mountain
Roger Bloom
October 1997
Introduction
Nuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray,
1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates
significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have
arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and
plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut
down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is
necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a
nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a
national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for
completing the review, and my qualifications.
Statement of Problem
On January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial
plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level
radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.
There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los
Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste
site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming
that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar
to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all
sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.
Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will
eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile
material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989].
Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help
keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed
underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear
blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and
ground water. Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The
long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the
radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels .
Objectives
I propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent
nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:
(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and
(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.
According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet
several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect
of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my
research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a
large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in
determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact,
the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters
to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of
Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For
that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money
would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to
transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of
these other costs as possible. After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets
those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will
discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement
exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion
Plan of Action
This section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been
an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January
1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca
Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These
articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to
complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my
research. The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste
repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future
[Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will
the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197
Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page
[1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989]. A second goal of my literature
review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources
mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research
the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I
will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes,
1995]. Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not
be familiar with the history of nuclear waste.
Management Plan
This section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This
research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I
will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca
Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key
results, and presenting those results to the audience.

Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will
be completed by December 5.
Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no
appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of
tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles,
creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these
expenses will not exceed $20. I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of
Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to
nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing
the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.

Conclusion
More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level
nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to
evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed
research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive
waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal
presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.


13.) Technical Paper
A research paper written for a professional journal or magazine. Technical papers usually
describe a theory or new development. They assemble technical reports in the most respects. The
main difference lies on the fact that the audience for a technical paper is wider and more diverse

Example:

Examples of Experimental Designs for Alley Farming Trials

1.0 Performance objective
Technical paper is intended to enable you to:
Describe examples of experimental designs being followed in on-going alley farming field trials.
1.1 Introduction
This paper provides the interested reader with a set of examples of experimental designs for various types of alley
farming trials. The examples are drawn from actual on-going or proposed field trials. They cover basic designs
which appear to have universal acceptability for alley farming experiments.
The basic principles for the design and layout of alley farming trials are covered in the previous paper (Technical
Paper 7). The standard design recommendations for AFNETA collaborative research projects are available from the
network coordination unit.
1.2 Examples of experimental designs
Example 1: Fallow management in alley farming.
Treatment:
A - 4 year cropping/2 year unmanaged fallow
B - 4 year cropping/2 year managed fallow
C - 4 year alley cropping/2 year unmanaged fallow
D - 4 year alley cropping/2 year managed fallow

Intercrop: Maize
Notes:
(i) Treatment combinations will allow comparison of normal cropping with alley cropping at the end of or at any
time during the 4-year period, as well as monitoring of the effect of fallow management and its interaction with
cropping.
(ii) Design can be Randomized Complete Block (RCB) with a minimum of 3 replications.
(iii) Assessment can be in terms of changes in soil fertility status, crop yield/economic returns, etc.
(iv) Possible layout
A C
D B
A D
C B
B A
C D
(v) On farmers' plots, the design can be modified slightly as indicated in the layout below:
A B
Normal Cropping
C D
Alley Cropping
With each farmer as a replicate, this can be considered a split-plot arrangement, with type of cropping as the main-
plot and management practice in the sub-plot.



Example 2: Screening of multi-purpose trees in different intra-row spacings for alley farming.
Treatments:
Two factors (Tree Species and Spacing) are involved:
Factor A Tree Species
A1: Acacia albida
A2: A. manginum
A3: Azadirachta indica
A4: Albizia lebbeck
AS: Leucaena leucocephala
A6: Gliricidia sepium
Factor B Intra-row spacing
B1: 50 cm
B2: 100 cm
B3: 150 cm
B4: 200 cm
Notes:
(i) Possible design: m a split plot (with species in main plots and intra-row espacement in sub-plots) in an RCB
design with 3 replications. If the levels of Factor B differ from species to species (which is a possibility), this would
lead to a nested design with intra-row spacing nested in the plots containing the trees.
(ii) A possible layout for one replicate could be:
REP 1:
Factor
B
within
A

Factor A:
B1
B2
B4
B3
A. manginum
Example 3: Screening of Gliricidia collections across a range of environmental and edaphic conditions in
West Africa.
Treatments: 12 different accessions (ILG50 - ILG61)
Design: 3 x 4 rectangular lattice in three replicates, for 5 locations (triple rectangular lattice).
Possible layout at each location:
Block Group X Group Y Group Z
(i) 5 4 6 2 5 12 4 3 11
(ii) 1 2 3 9 3 6 2 9 10
(iii) 10 11 12 4 7 10 6 8 12
(iv) 7 8 9 1 8 11 5 7 1
14.) Trip Report
An account of a business or professional trip. It records specific and significant places,
events, conversations and people met. It attempts to answer where, when, what, why and how
also. It may have recommendation section.
Example:
TRIP REPORT
G5
18 Dec 12
From: Burma Desk Officer
To: AC/S G5
Via: Chief, Policy and International Affairs Branch
Subj: BURMA VISIT, 3-6 DEC 2012

1. Purpose. To provide a back-brief of official travel to Burma in conjunction with DCG participation in the
U.S. Embassy, Rangoon Marine Corps Ball.
2. Travelers. Brigadier General R. L. Simcock II, Major R. L. Ibarra, Captain R. B. Gautier
3. Itinerary. Location visited; Rangoon, Burma.
4. Dates of travel; 3 6 December.
5. Key personnel contacted; Ambassador Derek J. Mitchell (U.S. Embassy, Burma), Virginia Murray
(Deputy Chief of Mission U.S. Embassy, Burma), COL William Dickey, (SDO/DATT, U.S. Embassy,
Burma), GySgt Patricio B. Rodriguez (Detachment Commander, Marine Security Guard Detachment,
Rangoon, Burma), Major General (Army) San Oo (Regional Commander, Rangoon), and Commodore
Myint New (Commandant of Naval Training Command).
6. Discussion. Objective of this visit was to participate in the Marine Corps Ball as well as meet the U.S.
Embassy country team and conduct a courtesy call with Burmese officials. However, this country visit
was historical in which:
This was the first time in which a Marine GO has participated in a Marine Corps Ball in Burma.
BGen Simcock was the first GO to stay for an extended period of time (3 days) in Burma.
This was the first time that a Marine GO has conducted any type of discussion with high ranking
Burmese military officials.
The country team brief gave the DCG keen insight on daily life, culture and future opportunities for
USMC engagement with Burma. Although the 2
nd
poorest country in Asia, Burma has seen economic
activity expanding this past year as well as an increase in tourist visa requests from the U.S. Though there
has been an increase in embassy staff in Rangoon with the expectation of expanded opportunities with
Burma, there are still internal issues that Burma is dealing with such as human rights issues, ethnic
conflicts (to include) in Kachin, Shan, and Rakhine states. The courtesy call with Major General San Oo
was a breakthrough opportunity for a Marine Corps GO to have a meaningful discussion with a high
ranking Burmese military officer; however, the opportunity was unfortunately not fully capitalized upon
due to the language barrier. Towards the end of the office call, Commodore Myint New was able to
express (without interpreter) that Burma has a capable military that can conduct joint operations as well as
conduct cross training throughout their respective militaries. The meeting ended symbolically with Major
General San Oo escorting the DCG out to his vehicle (the SDO/DATT, COL Dickey informed the DCG
that Major General San Oos gesture is very symbolic in Burmese culture). The DCG then attended the
Marine Corps Ball on his last night in Rangoon at the Chatrium Hotel. The Marine Security Guard
Detachment under the leadership of GySgt Rodriguez conducted themselves in highly professional manner
throughout the DCGs visit.
7. Observation. This country visit was a historical step toward MARFORPAC engagement in Burma.
Although Burma will have observers to Cobra Gold in 2013 and opportunities to attend APCSS in the
future, the country is not ready to have robust Mil-Mil engagements in the near future. The approach must
be slow and incremental with the goals of achieving Burmese and MARFORPAC goals of strengthening
U.S./Burma relations.
8. Way Ahead/Recommendations. I recommend that when the next opportunity for key leader engagement
presents itself, MARFORPAC emphasized a visit to the administrative capital, Nay Pyi Taw Burma.
Rangoon is not actually the center of power in Burma; Nay Pyi Tawapproximately three hours from
Rangoonprovides opportunities to engage decision makers in both the Burmese military and
government and will facilitate increased access and insight into future U.S./Burma relations and
engagements.

15.) Memorandum
This is an important form of written communication circulated within the company and its
branches which is used to disseminate a message or information.
Example:
TO: Kelly Anderson, Marketing Executive
FROM: Jonathon Fitzgerald, Market Research Assistant
DATE: June 14, 2007
SUBJECT: Fall Clothes Line Promotion
Market research and analysis show that the proposed advertising media for the new fall lines need to be reprioritized
and changed. Findings from focus groups and surveys have made it apparent that we need to update our advertising
efforts to align them with the styles and trends of young adults today. No longer are young adults interested in
sitcoms as they watch reality televisions shows. Also, it is has become increasingly important to use the internet as a
tool to communicate with our target audience to show our dominance in the clothing industry.
Internet Advertising
XYZ Company needs to focus advertising on internet sites that appeal to young people. According to surveys, 72%
of our target market uses the internet for five hours or more per week. The following list shows in order of
popularity the most frequented sites:
Google
Facebook
Myspace
EBay
iTunes
Shifting our efforts from our other media sources such as radio and magazine to these popular internet sites will
more effectively promote our product sales. Young adults are spending more and more time on the internet
downloading music, communicating and researching for homework and less and less time reading paper magazines
and listening to the radio. As the trend for cultural icons to go digital, so must our marketing plans.
Television Advertising
It used to be common to advertise for our products on shows like Friends and Seinfeld for our target audience, but
even the face of television is changing. Young adults are tuning into reality television shows for their entertainment.
Results from the focus group show that our target audience is most interested in shows like American Idol,The
Apprentice, andAmerica's Next Top Model. The only non-reality television show to be ranked in the top ten most
commonly watched shows by males and females 18-25 is Desperate Housewives. At Blue Incorporated, we need to
focus our advertising budget on reality television shows and reduce the amount of advertising spent on other
programs.
By refocusing our advertising efforts of our new line of clothing we will be able to maximize the exposure of our
product to our target market and therefore increase our sales. Tapping into the trends of young adults will help us
gain market share and sales through effective advertising.
Attachments: Focus Group Results, January- May 2007; Survey Findings, January - April 2007


16.) Graphic Aids
This refers to all pictures, graphs, diagrams and other materials used in illustrating
important details in a report.

Example:


























17.) Printed Action Memo
This prepared form requires only a check mark in an appropriate square to indicate its
message.

Example:























18.) Survey Report
This is a thorough study of any subject. Some subjects of surveys are potential markets fro
products, labor policies, market punctuation, public opinions and community resources. Examples
are poll surveys on the study of a possible site for a new plant.
Example:
House Survey Report
Exterior
Chimney stacks
Description There were two brick chimney stacks to the property. These
were of brick bedded on sand and cement mortar with lead
flashings and clay pots or gas flue terminals fitted.
Condition The main stack to the front right hand elevation was shared with
the adjoining property. This was difficult to inspect from my
ground floor inspection due to the height and position of the
roofs and a tree, however, I noted there was some open jointed
brickwork. I could not see the flashings to comment.
To the front left hand side of the main two-storey section was a
brick chimney stack with lead flashings. This chimney stack
was in poor condition with ferns and vegetation growing out of
the mortar joints and the lead flashings appear to be coming away.
Essential Repairs Re-point the front left-hand chimney stack and overhaul the lead flashings, replacing
missing sections.
Further Investigation A roofing contractor should be asked to inspect this chimney
stack, commenting in particular on the flashings and the bedding of the chimney pot.
Main roof coverings
Description The main roof is of pitched and hipped construction with a small
dormer to the front elevation. The roof steps down from the three storey to the two storey
section.
The roof was covered in concrete interlocking tiles with matching ridge tiles.
The dormer roof has mineral felt cheeks.
Condition The roof surface was in particularly poor condition with some
slipped and broken tiles noted, the ridge tiles appeared loose and open-jointed.
The sand and cement pointing to the verges had come away.
The valley gutter appeared to be lined with lead, however I
could not see the full extent of this gutter from my ground floor
inspection and I could not see the secret valley gutter where this property adjoins the
neighbours.
Serious Defects The roof surface was in particularly poor condition and a
major overhaul is required replacing slipped and broken
concrete tiles, re-bedding and re-pointing ridge tiles and
verges, and, once an inspection has been carried out of the
valley gutters, no doubt these will require re-lining. The
lead upstand flashings where the two-storey section meets
the three-storey brick wall will also require a major
overhaul, repairing and replacing lead flashing.
It may prove cost-effective to re-roof the whole property.
Secondary roof coverings
Description There are flat roofs to the front two-storey bay, porch and
cloakroom and rear two-storey bay.
Condition These roofs require a major overhaul replacing the mineral felt
covering and the temporary flashband repairs.
Serious Defects Re-cover all secondary roofs. Note: mineral felt and
flashband type coverings only have a limited life and are only
viewed as temporary repairs. These areas should now be recovered.
Roof drainage
Description Roof drainage to the property comprises a mixture of uPVC and
cast iron gutters and downspouts discharging to gullies to the front and rear.
Condition The roof drainage was in poor condition with broken, missing
and mis-aligned sections. The older cast iron sections were cracked and rusting.
The gullies to the front and rear were blocked and over-flowing
and should be cleared out and grids provided.
Serious Defects The gutters and downspouts should be replaced and the grids and gullies cleared and
grids provided.
Eaves, fascias, soffits
Description These comprised painted timber fascias and soffits.
Condition These features were in poor condition with split, rotten and
missing sections noted, for example to the left hand side of the two-storey gable.
Other Repairs Overhaul or replace timber fascias. It may prove cost-effective
to replace these with modern uPVC sections which do not require any ongoing
maintenance.
ROOF SPACE VENTILATION
Description There is no roof space ventilation, the roof relies on natural ventilation.
Condition Comments given on internal inspection, however if re-roofing
this property, permanent roof space ventilation should be
provided in the form of ridge vents or similar.
Main walls
Description The main walls to the property appear to comprise of a mixture
of solid and finger cavity brickwork bedded on sand and
cement mortar which has been painted, hindering my inspection of the brickwork
beneath.
Condition The brickwork appeared in satisfactory condition as far as I
could ascertain. The gable to the left hand side of the property
had bulged slightly to the cavity brickwork and I would
recommend a cavity wall tie specialist inspect the property and
comment on any remedial works required in this area.
Further Investigation Cavity wall tie specialist to inspect left hand gable to property
and comment on any remedial works required.
Sub-floor ventilation
Description We noted air bricks surrounding the property and cellar steps.
These will provide ventilation to the cellar areas beneath the
ground floor timbers.
Condition These appeared in acceptable condition. However, additional
ventilation may be required to the cellar area. Comments are
given on my internal inspection.
Damp proof course
Description We could not detect the original damp proof course to the
property due to the painted and re-pointed brickwork.
Condition Comments on internal dampness will be given on our internal
inspection, path holes to the front elevation appeared a little
high in relation to damp proof course.
Windows
Description These were of aluminium double-glazed units set in hardwood frames.
Condition These windows were noted to be in poor condition with several
sealed double glazed units blown and the timberwork was
flaking and paint was peeling away.
Other Repairs Replace blown sealed double-glazed units and re-paint timber
frames to the windows.
Exterior doors
Description The front and rear doors were of aluminium section with sealed
double-glazed units set into timber frames.
Condition These doors appeared in serviceable condition with
mechanisms operating correctly where tested.
Exterior decorations
Description These generally comprised painted timber.
Condition The external decorations were in poor condition and a thorough
overhaul is required.
Special features
Description To the left hand side of the front porch was a cloakroom which
appeared to have been built of aluminium frame and uPVC
cladding and a lean-to concrete-tiled roof, built on a concrete plinth.
Condition This was in poor condition. The roof requires re-covering.
The fabric to the walls should only be viewed as temporary and
ideally this area should be re-built in brickwork.

19.) Instructional Manual
This contains directions for work procedure or policies, or for the use of technical
equipment or appliances. Instruction relies on clear, specific, complete directions presented in
sequential order. Directions of complicated step-by-step procedures should be accompanied by
graphic illustration.

Example:
INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL OF CANON EOS REBELT3





















































20.) Brochure
This is pamphlet or printed information material given to a customer in order to convince
or persuade him to take action on the companys services, ideas or products offered.

Example:























































At The Next Page
Samar State University
Catbalogan City






















Submitted by:

Cafe, Felipe B., III
BSECE II

Submitted to:
Mrs. Julita P. Dela Cruz
Instructor