CLASSIFICATION of MICROORGANISMS

Chapter 10
TAXONOMY
Taxis = orderly arrangement
Science of classifying living forms
Goal allow for a natural classification system to depict
relationships
Classification schemes usually grouped by similar
characteristics
EUKARYOTES True nucleus genetic material surrounded
by a membrane
PROKARYOTES !o nuclear membrane surrounding the
genetic material
WHY and WHEN
"ristotle "nimals and #lants
1$%& 'arwin Theory of e(olution
Taxon )singular* taxa )plural*
#hylogenetic use common ancestor to show relatedness
"s microorganisms were being disco(ered problem as to
classification
WHERE TO PUT MICROORGANISMS?
1$%+, Carl (on !ageli plant -ingdom
1$.., /rnst 0aec-el new -ingdom, #12T3ST"
3nclude organisms lac-ing a nucleus and
Simple nucleated organisms )proto4oa fungi algae*
1&5+, /dward Chatton 6 pro-aryotes
Term to denote organisms with no nucleus
1&.$, 17G7/7 8urray 6 #ro-aryotae -ingdom
1&.&, 1obert 9hitta-er 6 :i(e -ingdom system
#ro-aryotae )8onera*; #rotista; :ungi; #lantae; "nimalia
1&+$, Carl 9oese 5 domain system
/u-arya; /ubacteria; "rchaebacteria
T! T"!! #o$ain S%&'!$
Ca"l Wo!&!, proposed that based on differences seen in
the ribosomal 1!" of cells all li(ing organisms can be classified
into three domains7
/u-arya, proto4oa plants animals and fungi
/ubacteria, all pathogenic and non pathogenic true bacteria
"rchaebacteria, <i(e in extreme en(7 Conditions and carry out uni=ue
biochemical rxs7
8ethanogens, anaerobes methane from C2>
0alophiles, extreme salty conditions
0yperthermophiles, (ery hot and acidic en(7
SCIENTIFIC NOMENTCLATURE
1$
th
C7 Ca"ol!(& Linna!(& de(eloped 1
st
naming system using
<atin words
/ach organism is gi(en a G!n(& name and a &)!*i!& name
?inomial nomenclature
0omo sapiens or 0omo sapiens
@lebsiella pneumoniae or @lebsiella pneumoniae
07 sapiens or @7 pneumoniae 3: there is no =uestion as to confusion
with the Genus name
Species Genus :amily 2rder Class #hylum @ingdom
6 'omain
G!n(& v& &)!*i!&
Genus, consists of species that differ from each other in
some ways but ha(e a common ancestor
?acterial species, a group or population of cells with similar
characteristics
8embers are indistinguishable from each other but are different
from members of other species
ST1"3!, is a group of cells deri(ed from a single cell
2ften the name of the organism tells something about the
shape where it is found or what nutrients it uses
/scherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
?acillus anthracis
+IRUSES
!ot classified in the % -ingdom system because they are not
C/<<S
2bligate intracellular parasites
Can not replicate outside of host cell
Contain a core of nucleic acid
/ither '!" or 1!" but not both
0a(e a protein coat )capsid* that surrounds the genetic
material
Atili4e the host cell transcription and translation machinery
to multiply and propagate
Classified by type of genetic material core shape of capsid
B presence or absence of an en(elope
,ERGEY-S MANUAL of
SYSTEMATIC ,ACTERIOLOGY
!ot based on e(olutionary relatedness ?AT on identification scheme
based on physical and chemical characteristics
8orphology )shape*
'ifferential staining )Gram "cid6:ast*
?iochemical tests
/n4yme production )catalase oxidase coagulase B hemolysins
2xygen re=uirements )aerobic anaerobic facultati(e anaerobes*
Carbohydrate utili4ation
"dditional information regarding ecology culti(ation taxonomy etc7