ECE 1311

Chapter 9 Sinusoids and Phasors

1
Outlines
Sinusoids

Phasors

Phasor relationships for circuit elements

Impedance and admittance

Kirchoff s laws in the frequency domain

Impedance and combinations
2
Introduction
3
Thus far our analysis only concentrates on dc circuits.

Now we begin the analysis in which the source is time
varying (ac circuits).
Sinusoids
4
A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine and
cosine function




V
m
= the amplitude of the sinusoid
= the angular frequency of the sinusoid
t = the argument of the sinusoid
t V t v
m
e sin ) ( = Sinusoidal voltage
Sinusoids
5
Period of the sinusoid (T):


Cyclic frequency (f):



And:
e
t 2
= T
Measured in second
t
e
2
1
= =
T
f
f t e 2 =
Measured in herts (Hz)
General Expression - Sinusoid
6
Expressed in sine form:
) sin( ) ( | e + = t V t v
m
| e + t
Argument of the sinusoid
|
phase
Example 1
7
Given the sinusoid, calculate its amplitude, phase,,
period and frequency.
) 60 4 sin( 5 Ht
Sinusoids
8
If two sinusoids are given:





v
2
starts first in time.
v
2
leads v
1
by .
0.
v
2
and v
1
are out of
phase.
) sin( ) (
2
| e + = t V t v
m
) sin( ) (
1
t V t v
m
e =
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Sinusoids
9
A sinusoid can be expressed in either sine or cosine
form.

When comparing two sinusoids, it is easier if both are in
sine or both in cosine forms with positive amplitudes.

This can be achieved by using the Trigonometric
identities:


B A B A B A
B A B A B A
sin sin cos cos ) cos(
sin cos cos sin ) sin(
=
=
Trigonometric Identities
10
It is easy to show using the trigonometric identities that:
t t
t t
t t
t t
e e
e e
e e
e e
sin ) 90 cos(
cos ) 90 sin(
cos ) 180 cos(
sin ) 180 sin(
=
=
=
=
Graphical Approach for Sinusoids
11
Alternative approach to trigonometric identities.

Eliminates memorization.

Do not confuse the sine and cosine axes with the axes for complex numbers to
be discuss later in this chapter.










.
) 90 sin( cos + = t t e e
) 180 sin( sin = t t e e
Angle:
clockwise +ve counterclockwise -ve
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Example 2
12
Calculate the phase angle between v
1
and v
2
.

State which sinusoid is leading.
) 50 cos( 10
1
+ = t v e
) 10 sin( 12
2
= t v e
Note: when comparing two sinusoids, express them in the same form.
Graphical Approach for Sinusoids
13
The approach can be used to add two sinusoids of the same
frequency when one is in sine form and the other in cosine
form.

For example:


Where:




.
2 2
B A C + =
|
.
|

\
|
=

A
B
1
tan u
) cos( sin cos u e e e = + t C t B t A
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Example 3
14
Add the two sinusoids

Hence:




Answer:
t t e e sin 4 cos 3
5 4 3
2 2
= + = C
o
u 1 . 53
3
4
tan
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

=

) 13 . 53 cos( 5 + t e
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Phasors
15
Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors.

A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid,

Phasors are written in bold face.

Before completely define and apply phasors to circuit
analysis, we have to be familiar with complex numbers.
Complex Number
16
A complex number can be written in rectangular form as:


Where:


x is the real part of z.
y is the imaginary part of z.

Also can be written in:
Polar form
Exponential form
jy x z + =
1 1
2
= = j and j
| Z = r z
| j
re z =
Graphical representation of a complex
number z.
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Complex Number Conversions
17
Rectangular form to polar form conversion:




Polar form to rectangular form conversion:



Hence:

| Z = + = r z to jy x z
2 2
y x r + = |
.
|

\
|
=

x
y
1
tan |
jy x z to r z + = Z = |
| | sin cos r y and r x = =
( ) | | | sin cos j r r jy x z + = Z = + =
Example 4
18
Convert the following complex numbers into (a) polar
form (b) rectangular form.
o
b
j a
30 10 .
) 2 5 .(
Z
+
Operations on Complex Numbers
19

Example 5
20
Evaluate the following complex numbers.
| |
( )
5 30 10
4 3
40 3 5 10
.
* 60 5 ) 4 1 )( 2 5 ( .
j
j
j
b
j j a
o
o
o
+ Z +
(

+
Z + +
Z + +
Time Domain to Phasor Domain
Transformation (SinusoidPhasor)
21









) cos( ) ( | e + = t V t v
m
| Z =
m
V V
Time domain
representation of a sinusoid
Phasor domain
representation of a sinusoid
Note: A sinusoid should be expressed in a cosine form before it can be
transformed into a phasor form.
A Phasor Diagram
22
If two sinusoids are given:
and

Then, the phasor diagram is shown below:
| Z =
m
V V
| Z =
m
I I
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Time Domain to Phasor Domain
Transformation (SinusoidPhasor)
23

Example 6
24
Express these sinusoids as phasors.
) 10 10 sin( 4 .
) 40 2 cos( 7 .
o
o
t i b
t v a
+ =
+ =
Example 7
25
Find the sinusoids corresponding to these phasors.


) 12 5 ( .
30 10 .
j j I b
V a
o
=
Z =
Example 8
26
If v
1
= -10sin(t-30
o
) V and v
2
= 20cos(t+45
o
) V, find
v=v
1
+v
2
.
Phasors Differentiation and Integration
27

Example 9
28
Find the voltage v(t) in a circuit described by the
integrodifferential equation using phasor approach.
) 30 5 cos( 50 10 5 2
0
= + +
}
t vdt v
dt
dv
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
29

Example 10
30
If voltage v=10cos(100t+30) is applied to a 50F capacitor,
calculate the current through the capacitor.
Impedance (Z)
31
It is the ratio of the phasor voltage V to the phasor
current I.

It is measured in ohms ().



Where:
R = Real Z (resistance)
X = Imaginary Z (reactance)


jX R
I
V
Z + = =
Admittance (Y)
32
It is the reciprocal of impedance.

It is measured in siemens (S).
V
I
Z
Y = =
1
Impedance and Admittance - summary
33

Equivalent Circuits at Dc and High
Frequencies
34

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Example 11
35
Determine v(t) and i(t) for the following circuit.
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Impedance Combinations
36
KCL and KVL both hold true in the frequency (phasor)
domain.

Series Configurations:
Impedance Z
eq
=Z
1
+Z
2

Admittance


Voltage division rule:


2 1
1 1 1
Y Y Y
eq
+ =
V
Z Z
Z
V V
Z Z
Z
V
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
1
+
=
+
=
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Impedance Combinations
37
Parallel Configurations:
Impedance


Admittance Y
eq
=Y
1
+Y
2


Current division rule:


2 1
1 1 1
Z Z Z
eq
+ =
I
Z Z
Z
I
I
Z Z
Z
I
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
1
+
=
+
=
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Example 12
38
Determine the input impedance of the circuit at
=10rad/s.
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Example 13
39
Determine v
0
.
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Impedance Combinations
40
Delta to Y transformation:





Y to delta transformation:

c b a
b a
c b a
c a
c b a
c b
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
3
2 1
3
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
1 3 3 2 2 1
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z
c b
a
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
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Example 14
41
Determine I.
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