Chapter 31.

Current and Resistance

Lights, sound systems,
microwave ovens, and
computers are all connected
by wires to a battery or an
electrical outlet. How and
why does electric current
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why does electric current
flow through a wire?
Chapter Goal: To learn
how and why charge moves
through a conductor as what
we call a current.
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Topics:
The Electron Current
Creating a Current
Current and Current Density
Chapter 31. Chapter 31. Current and Resistance Current and Resistance
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Conductivity and Resistivity
Resistance and Ohms Law
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Chapter 31. Reading Quizzes Chapter 31. Reading Quizzes
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Chapter 31. Reading Quizzes Chapter 31. Reading Quizzes
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What quantity is represented by the
symbol J ?
A. Resistivity
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A. Resistivity
B. Conductivity
C. Current density
D. Complex impedance
E. Johnstons constant
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A. Resistivity
What quantity is represented by the
symbol J ?
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A. Resistivity
B. Conductivity
C. Current density
D. Complex impedance
E. Johnstons constant
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The electron drift speed in a typical
current-carrying wire is
A. extremely slow (10
4
m/s).
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A. extremely slow (10 m/s).
B. moderate ( 1 m/s).
C. very fast (10
4
m/s).
D. Could be any of A, B, or C.
E. No numerical values were provided.
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A. extremely slow (10
4
m/s).
The electron drift speed in a typical
current-carrying wire is
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
A. extremely slow (10 m/s).
B. moderate ( 1 m/s).
C. very fast (10
4
m/s).
D. Could be any of A, B, or C.
E. No numerical values were provided.
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All other things being equal, current will
be larger in a wire that has a larger value
of
A. conductivity.
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A. conductivity.
B. resistivity.
C. the coefficient of current.
D. net charge.
E. potential.
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All other things being equal, current will
be larger in a wire that has a larger value
of
A. conductivity.
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A. conductivity.
B. resistivity.
C. the coefficient of current.
D. net charge.
E. potential.
9
The equation I = V/R is called
A. Ampres law.
B.Faradays law.
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B.Faradays law.
C. Ohms law.
D. Webers law.
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The equation I = V/R is called
A. Ampres law.
B. Faradys law.
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B. Faradys law.
C. Ohms law.
D. Webers law.
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The Electron Current
The electron current I is
the number of electrons
per second that pass
through a cross section
of a wire. The units of
electron current are s
-1
.
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electron current are s .
t i N
e
=
The Electric Current
t nAv x nA nV N = = =
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13
t nAv x nA nV N
d e
= = =
d
nAv i =
The drift speed v
d
is the net speed with which the
electrons move, not the speed at which any one
electron is bouncing around.
t nAv t i N
d e
= =
The Electron Current
d
nAv i =
Typical V is about 10
-4
m/s.
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Typical V
d
is about 10
-4
m/s.
The Law of Conservation of Current: the electron
current is the same at all points in a current-
carrying wire.
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The electron current at A is exactly equal to the electron current at B.
How long does it take to discharge
a capacitor?
0.2 [m] /10
-4
[m/s] = 2000 s?
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How long does it take to discharge
a capacitor?
t nAv t i N
d e
= =
e
nAv
N
t =
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17
s
s m m m
t
10
4 2 6 3 28
11
10 9
] / [ 10 ] [ 10 4 14 . 3 ] [ 10 5 . 8
10


=

=
d
nAv
t =
Establishing the Electric Field in a
Wire
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A Model of Conduction
m
eE
m
F
a
x
= =
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t
m
eE
v t a v v
ix x ix x
+ = + =
The energy transfer is
the friction that raises
the temperature of the
wire.
A Model of Conduction
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t
m
eE
v t a v v
ix x ix x
+ = + =

m
eE
v v v
ix d
+ = =

m
eE
v
d
=
A Model of Conduction

m
eE
v
d
=
d
nAv i =
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m
AE ne
i

=
The electron current is
directly proportional to the
electric field strength.
Current and Current Density
) , ( E of direction the in
dt
dQ
I
r

1 Ampere = 1 A = 1 coulomb per second = 1 C/s

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ei
t
eN
t
Q
I
e
=

=
The direction of the current I in a metal is opposite
the direction of motion of the electrons.
The current direction in a wire is from the positive
terminal of a battery to the negative terminal.
Conservation of Current

=
out in
I I
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The Current Density in a Wire
A nev ei I
d
= =
d
nev
A
I
density current J = = =
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d
nev
A
density current J = = =
JA I =
Conductivity and Resistivity
ne E e
2
= = =
E J =
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25
E
m
ne
m
E e
ne nev J
d

) ( = = =
m
ne
ty conductivi

2
= =

2
1
ne
m
y resistivit = = =
Conductivity and Resistivity
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Resistance and Ohms Law
The resistance of a long, thin conductor of length L and
cross=sectional area A is
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The SI unit of resistance is the ohm. 1 ohm = 1 = 1 V/A.
The current through a conductor is determined by the
potential difference V along its length:
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Ohms Law
Ohms law is limited to those materials whose
resistance R remains constantor very nearly soduring
use.
The materials to which Ohms law applies are
called ohmic.
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called ohmic.
The current through an ohmic material is
directly proportional to the potential difference. Doubling
the potential difference doubles the current.
Metal and other conductors are ohmic devices.
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Chapter 31. Summary Slides
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Chapter 31. Summary Slides
30
General Principles General Principles
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31
General Principles
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32
General Principles
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33
Important Concepts
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34
Important Concepts
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35
Important Concepts
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36
Applications
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Chapter 31. Questions
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Chapter 31. Questions
38
These four wires are made of the same metal. Rank
in order, from largest to smallest, the electron
currents i
a
to i
d
.
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A. i
d
> i
a
> i
b
> i
c
B. i
b
= i
d
> i
a
= i
c
C. i
c
> i
b
> i
a
> i
d
D. i
c
> i
a
= i
b
> i
d
E. i
b
= i
c
> i
a
= i
d
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These four wires are made of the same metal. Rank
in order, from largest to smallest, the electron
currents i
a
to i
d
.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
A. i
d
> i
a
> i
b
> i
c
B. i
b
= i
d
> i
a
= i
c
C. i
c
> i
b
> i
a
> i
d
D. i
c
> i
a
= i
b
> i
d
E. i
b
= i
c
> i
a
= i
d
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Why does the light in a room come on
instantly when you flip a switch several meters
away?
A. Electrons travel at the speed of light through the
wire.
B. Because the wire between the switch and the bulb
is already full of electrons, a flow of electrons
from the switch into the wire immediately causes
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from the switch into the wire immediately causes
electrons to flow from the other end of the wire
into the lightbulb.
C. The switch sends a radio signal which is received
by a receiver in the light which tells it to turn on.
D. Optical fibers connect the switch with the light, so
the signal travels from switch to the light at the
speed of light in an optical fiber.
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Why does the light in a room come on
instantly when you flip a switch several meters
away?
A. Electrons travel at the speed of light through the
wire.
B. Because the wire between the switch and the
bulb is already full of electrons, a flow of
electrons from the switch into the wire
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
electrons from the switch into the wire
immediately causes electrons to flow from the
other end of the wire into the lightbulb.
C. The switch sends a radio signal which is received
by a receiver in the light which tells it to turn on.
D. Optical fibers connect the switch with the light, so
the signal travels from switch to the light at the
speed of light in an optical fiber.
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What are the
magnitude and the
direction of the
current in the fifth
wire?
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A. 15 A into the junction
B. 15 A out of the junction
C. 1 A into the junction
D. 1 A out of the junction
E. Not enough data to determine
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What are the
magnitude and the
direction of the
current in the fifth
wire?
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A. 15 A into the junction
B. 15 A out of the junction
C. 1 A into the junction
D. 1 A out of the junction
E. Not enough data to determine
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