Indefinite Integration Theory - e

MATHS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
1
If f & g are functions of x such that g'(x) = f(x), then indefinite integration of f(x) with respect to x is
defined and denoted as
}
f(x) dx = g(x) + C, where C is called the constant of integration.
Standard Formul a:
(i)
}
(ax + b)
n
dx =
( )
( )
ax b
a n
n
+
+
+1
1
+ C, n = 1
(ii)
}
dx
ax b +
=
1
a
n |ax + b| + C
(iii)
}
e
ax+b
dx =
1
a
e
ax+b
+ C
(iv)
}
a
px+q
dx =
1
p
a
na
px q +
+ C; a > 0
(v)
}
sin (ax + b) dx =
1
a
cos (ax + b) + C
(vi)
}
cos (ax + b) dx =
1
a
sin (ax + b) + C
(vii)
}
tan(ax + b) dx =
1
a

n |sec (ax + b)| + C
(viii)
}
cot(ax + b) dx =
1
a
n |sin(ax + b)| + C
(ix)
}
sec (ax + b) dx =
1
a
tan(ax + b) + C
(x)
}
cosec(ax + b) dx =
1
a
cot(ax + b)+ C
(xi)
}
sec (ax + b). tan (ax + b) dx =
1
a
sec (ax + b) + C
(xii)
}
cosec (ax + b). cot (ax + b) dx =
1
a
cosec (ax + b) + C
(xiii)
}
secx dx = n |secx + tanx| + C OR n |
.
|
\
|
+
t
2
x
4
tan + C
(xiv)
}
cosec x dx = n |cosecx cotx| + C OR n
2
x
tan + C OR n |cosecx + cotx| + C
Indefinite Integration
MATHS
2
(xv)
}
d x
a x
2 2
= sin
1
x
a
+ C
(xvi)
}
d x
a x
2 2
+
=
1
a
tan
1
x
a
+ C
(xvii)
}
d x
x x a
2 2
=
1
a
sec
1
a
x
+ C
(xviii)
}
d x
x a
2 2
+
= n
2 2
a x x + +
+ C OR sinh
1
x
a
+ C
(xix)
}
d x
x a
2 2
= n
2 2
a x x +
+ C OR cosh
1
x
a
+ C
(xx)
}
d x
a x
2 2
=
1
2a
ln
x a
x a
+
+ C
(xxi)
}
d x
x a
2 2
=
1
2a
ln
a x
a x
+
+ C
(xxii)
}
a x
2 2
dx =
x
2
a x
2 2
+
a
2
2
sin
1
x
a
+ C
(xxiii)
}
x a
2 2
+ dx =
x
2
x a
2 2
+ +
a
2
2
n
a
a x x
2 2
+ +
+ C
(xxiv)
}
x a
2 2
dx =
x
2
x a
2 2

a
2
2
n
a
a x x
2 2
+
+ C
(xxv)
}
e
ax
. sin bx dx =
e
a b
ax
2 2
+
(a sin bx b cos bx) + C
(xxvi)
}
e
ax.
cos bx dx =
e
a b
ax
2 2
+
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
Theorems on integration
(i)
}
dx ). x ( f C
= C
}
dx ). x ( f
(ii)
}
dx )) x ( g ) x ( f (
=
} }
dx ) x ( g dx ) x ( f
(iii)
}
+ =
1
C ) x ( g dx ) x ( f

}
+ dx ) b ax ( f
=
a
) b ax ( g +
+ C
2
MATHS
3
Example # 1 Evaluate :
}
dx x 4
5
Solution.
}
dx x 4
5
=
6
4
x
6
+ C =
3
2
x
6
+ C.
} |
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + dx
x
2
x
7
4 x 5 x
2 3
Solution.
} |
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + dx
x
2
x
7
4 x 5 x
2 3
=
}
dx x
3
+
}
dx x 5
2
}
dx 4
+
}
dx
x
7
+
}
dx
x
2
=
}
dx x
3
+ 5 .
}
dx x
2
4 .
}
dx . 1
+ 7 .
}
dx
x
1
+ 2 .
}

dx x
2 / 1
=
4
x
4
+ 5 .
3
x
3
4x + 7 n | x | + 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 / 1
x
2 / 1
+ C
=
4
x
4
+
3
5
x
3
4x + 7 n | x | + 4 x + C
( )
}
+ +
na a nx a a n x
e e e

dx , a > 0
Solution. We have,
}
+ + ) e e e (
na a nx a a n x
dx =
}
+ + ) e e e (
a a x
na nx na
dx =
}
+ + ) a x a (
a a x
dx
=
}
dx a
x
+
}
dx x
a
+
}
dx a
a
=
a n
a
x
+
1 a
x
1 a
+
+
+ a
a
. x + C.
}
+
x
x x
5
3 2
dx
Solution.
}
+
x
x x
5
3 2
dx =
} |
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
x
x
x
5
3
5
2
dx =
}
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
x x
5
3
5
2
dx =
5
2
n
) 5 / 2 (
x
+
5
3
n
) 5 / 3 (
x
+ C
}
x cos x sin
3 3
dx
Solution.
}
x cos x sin
3 3
dx =
8
1
3
) x cos x sin 2 (
}
dx =
8
1
}
x 2 sin
3
dx =
8
1
}

4
x 6 sin x 2 sin 3
dx
=
32
1
}
) x 6 sin x 2 sin 3 (
dx =
32
1
(
+ x 6 cos
6
1
x 2 cos
2
3
+ C
MATHS
4
}
+1 x
x
2
4
dx
Solution.
}
+1 x
x
2
4
dx =
}
+
+
1 x
1 1 x
2
4
dx =
} |
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
dx
1 x
1
1 x
1 x
2 2
4
=
) 1 x (
2
}
dx +
}
+1 x
1
2
dx =
3
x
3
x + tan
1
x + C
}
+
2
x 9 4
1
dx
Solution. We have
}
+
2
x 9 4
1
dx =
9
1
}
+
2
x
9
4
1
dx =
9
1
}
+
2 2
x ) 3 / 2 (
1
dx
=
9
1
.
) 3 / 2 (
1
tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
3 / 2
x
+ C =
6
1
tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
2
x 3
+ C
}
dx x 2 cos x cos
Solution.
}
dx x 2 cos x cos
=
2
1
}
dx x 2 cos x cos 2
=
2
1
}
+ ) x cos x 3 (cos
dx =
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
+ x sin
3
x 3 sin
+ C
Self Practice Problems
(1) Evaluate :
}
x tan
2
dx
(2) Evaluate :
}
+ x sin 1
1
dx
Answers : (1) tanx x + C (2) tanx sec x + C
Integrati on by Substi tuti on
If we substitution |(x) = t in an integral then
(i) everywhere x will be replaced in terms of new variable t.
(ii) dx also gets converted in terms of dt.
}
4 3
x sin x
dx
Solution. We have
I =
}
4 3
x sin x
dx
Let x
4
= t d(x
4
) = dt 4x
3
dx = dt dx =
3
x 4
1
dt
I =
4
1
}
dt t sin =
4
1
cost + C =
4
1
cos x
4
+ C
MATHS
5
}
x
) x n (
2
dx
Solution. Let I =
}
x
) x n (
2
dx Put nx = t
x
1
dx = dt
I =
}
dt t
2
=
3
t
3
+ c =
3
) x n (
3
+ C
}
+ dx x cos ) x sin 1 (
2
Solution. Let I =
}
+ dx x cos ) x sin 1 (
2
Put sinx = t cosx dx = dt
I =
}
+ dt ) t 1 (
2
= t +
3
t
3
+ c = sin x +
3
x sin
3
+ C
}
+ + 1 x x
x
2 4
dx
Solution. We have,
I =
}
+ + 1 x x
x
2 4
dx =
}
+ + 1 x ) x (
x
2 2 2
dx {Put x
2
= t x.dx =
2
dt
}
I =
2
1
}
+ + 1 t t
1
2
dt =
2
1
}
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
2
2
2
3
2
1
t
1
dt
=
2
1
.
2
3
1
tan
1
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
3
2
1
t
+ C =
3
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
| +
3
1 t 2
+ C =
3
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
3
1 x 2
2
+ C.
Note: (i)
}
[ f(x)]
n
f '(x) dx =
1 n
)) x ( f (
1 n
+
+
+ C
(ii)
}
| |
' f x
f x
n
( )
( )
dx =
n 1
)) x ( f (
n 1

+ C , n = 1
(iii)
}
d x
x x
n
( ) +1
; n e N Take x
n
common & put 1 + x
n
= t.
(iv)
}
( )
dx
x x
n
n
n 2
1
1 +
( )
; n e N, take x
n
common & put 1 + x
n
= t
n
(v)
( )
dx
x x
n n
n
1
1
+
} /
; take x
n
common as x and put 1 + x
n
= t.
(3) Evaluate :
}
+
dx
x tan 1
x sec
2
(4) Evaluate :
}
dx
x
) nx sin(
Answers : (3) n |1 + tan x| + C (4) cos (n x) + C
MATHS
6
Integration by Parts : Product of two functions f(x) and g(x) can be integrate using formula :
( )
}
) x ( g ) x ( f
dx = f(x) ( )
}
) x ( g dx
( ) ( ) dx dx ) x ( g ) x ( f
dx
d
} }
|
.
|
\
|
(i) when you find integral
}
dx ) x ( g
then it will not contain arbitarary constant.
(ii)
}
dx ) x ( g
should be taken as same at both places.
(iii) The choice of f(x) and g(x) can be decided by ILATE guideline.
the function will come later is taken an integral function (g(x)).
I Inverse function
L Logarithmic function
A Algebraic function
T Trigonometric function
E Exponential function
}

dx x tan x
1
Solution. Let I =
}

dx x tan x
1
= (tan
1
x)
2
x
2
}
+
2
x 1
1
.
2
x
2
dx
=
2
x
2
tan
1
x
2
1
}
+
+
1 x
1 1 x
2
2
dx =
2
x
2
tan
1
x
2
1
}
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 x
1
1
2
dx
=
2
x
2
tan
1
x
2
1
[x tan
1
x] + C.
}
+ dx ) x 1 ( n x
Solution. Let I =
}
+ dx ) x 1 ( n x
= n (x + 1) .
2
x
2
}
+1 x
1
.
2
x
2
dx
=
2
x
2
n (x + 1)
2
1
}
+1 x
x
2
dx =
2
x
2
n (x + 1)
2
1
}
+
+
1 x
1 1 x
2
dx
=
2
x
2
n (x + 1)
2
1
} |
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
1 x
1
1 x
1 x
2
dx
=
2
x
2
n (x + 1)
2
1
}
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ dx
1 x
1
) 1 x (
=
2
x
2
n (x + 1)
2
1
(
(
+ + | 1 x | n x
2
x
2
+ C
MATHS
7
}
x 3 sin e
x 2
dx
Solution. Let I =
}
x 3 sin e
x 2
dx
= e
2x
|
.
|
\
|
3
x 3 cos
}
x 2
e 2 |
.
|
\
|
3
x 3 cos
dx
=
3
1
e
2x
cos 3x +
3
2
}
x 3 cos e
x 2
dx
=
3
1
e
2x
cos 3x +
3
2
(

}
dx
3
x 3 sin
e 2
3
x 3 sin
e
x 2 x 2
=
3
1
e
2x
cos 3x +
9
2
e
2x
sin 3x
9
4
}
x 3 sin e
x 2
dx
I =
3
1
e
2x
cos 3x +
9
2
e
2x
sin 3x
9
4
I
I +
9
4
I =
9
e
x 2
(2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x)
9
13
I =
9
e
x 2
(2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x)
I =
13
e
x 2
(2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) + C
Note :
(i)
}
e
x
[f(x) + f '(x)] dx = e
x.
f(x) + C
(ii)
}
[f(x) + xf '(x)] dx = x f(x) + C
}
x
e
2
) 1 x (
x
+
dx
Solution. Given integral =
}
x
e
2
) 1 x (
1 1 x
+
+
dx =
}
x
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2
) 1 x (
1
) 1 x (
1
dx =
) 1 x (
e
x
+
+ C
}
x
e |
.
|
\
|
x cos 1
x sin 1
dx
Solution. Given integral =
}
x
e
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
x
sin 2
2
x
cos
2
x
sin 2 1
2
dx
=
}
x
e
|
.
|
\
|

2
x
cot
2
x
ec cos
2
1
2
dx = e
x
cot
2
x
+ C
MATHS
8
}
(
(
+
2
) nx (
1
) nx ( n

dx
Solution. Let I =
}
(
(
+
2
) nx (
1
) nx ( n

dx {put x = e
t
e
t
dt}
I =
}
t
e
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
t
1
nt dt =
}
t
e
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
t
1
t
1
t
1
nt dt
= e
t
|
.
|
\
|

t
1
nt
+ C = x
(

nx
1
) nx ( n

+ C
(5) Evaluate :
}
dx x sin x
(6) Evaluate :
}
dx e x
x 2
Answers : (5) x cosx + sin x + C (6) x
2
e
x
2xe
x
+ 2e
x
+ C
Integration of Rational Algebraic Functions by using Partial Fractions:
PARTIAL FRACTIONS :
If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials, then
) x ( g
) x ( f
defines a rational algebraic function of x.
If degree of f(x) < degree of g(x), then
) x ( g
) x ( f
is called a proper rational function.
If degree of f(x) > degree of g(x) then
) x ( g
) x ( f
is called an improper rational function.
If
) x ( g
) x ( f
is an improper rational function, we divide f(x) by g(x) so that the rational function
) x ( g
) x ( f
is
expressed in the form |(x) +
) x ( g
) x ( +
, where |(x) and ) x ( + are polynomials such that the degree of ) x ( +
is less than that of g(x). Thus,
) x ( g
) x ( f
is expressible as the sum of a polynomial and a proper rational
function.
Any proper rational function
) x ( g
) x ( f
can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each having a
simple factor of g(x). Each such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtained them is
called the resolutions or decomposition of
) x ( g
) x ( f
into partial fractions.
The resolution of
) x ( g
) x ( f
into partial fractions depends mainly upon the nature of the factors of g(x) as
discussed below :
CASE I When denominator is expressible as the product of non-repeating linear factors.
Let g(x) = (x a
1
) (x a
2
) .....(x a
n
). Then, we assume that
MATHS
9
) x ( g
) x ( f
1
1
a x
A
+
2
2
a x
A
+ ..... +
n
n
a x
A
where A
1
, A
2
, ...... A
n
are constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on R.H.S. to the
numerator on L.H.S. and then substituting x = a
1
, a
2
, ........,a
n
.
Example # 19 Resolve
6 x 11 x 6 x
2 x 3
2 3
+
+
Solution. We have,
6 x 11 x 6 x
2 x 3
2 3
+
+
=
) 3 x )( 2 x )( 1 x (
2 x 3

+
Let
) 3 x )( 2 x )( 1 x (
2 x 3

+
=
1 x
A
+
2 x
B
+
3 x
C
. Then,
) 3 x )( 2 x )( 1 x (
2 x 3

+
=
) 3 x )( 2 x )( 1 x (
) 2 x )( 1 x ( C ) 3 x )( 1 x ( B ) 3 x )( 2 x ( A

+ +
3x + 2 = A(x 2) (x 3) + B (x 1) (x 3) + C(x 1) (x 2) ...........(i)
Putting x 1 = 0 or x = 1 in (i), we get
5 = A(1 2) (1 3) A =
2
5
,
Putting x 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i), we obtain
8 = B (2 1) (2 3) B = 8.
Putting x 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (i), we obtain
11 = C (3 1) (3 2) C =
2
11
.
6 x 11 x 6 x
2 x 3
2 3
+
+
=
) 3 x )( 2 x )( 1 x (
2 x 3

+
=
) 1 x ( 2
5

2 x
8
+
) 3 x ( 2
11
Note : In order to determine the value of constants in the numerator of the partial fraction corresponding to the
non-repeated linear factor (px + q) in the denominator of a rational expression, we may proceed as
follows :
Replace x by
p
q
(obtained by putting px + q = 0) everywhere in the given rational expression except
in the factor px + q itself. For example, in the above illustration the value of A is obtained by replacing
x by 1 in all factors of
) 3 x )( 2 x )( 1 x (
2 x 3

+
except (x 1) i.e.
A =
) 3 1 )( 2 1 (
2 1 3

+
=
2
5
Similarly, we have
B =
) 3 2 )( 2 1 (
1 2 3

+
= 8 and, C =
) 2 3 )( 1 3 (
2 3 3

+
=
2
11
6 x 5 x
2 x 10 x 6 x
2
2 3
+
+
Solution. Here the given function is an improper rational function. On dividing we get
MATHS
10
6 x 5 x
2 x 10 x 6 x
2
2 3
+
+
= x 1 +
) 6 x 5 x (
) 4 x (
2
+
+
...........(i)
we have,
6 x 5 x
4 x
2
+
+
=
) 3 x )( 2 x (
4 x

+
So, let
) 3 x )( 2 x (
4 x

+
=
2 x
A
+
3 x
B
, then
x + 4 = A(x 3) + B(x 2) ...........(ii)
Putting x 3 = 0 or x = 3 in (ii), we get
1 = B(1) B = 1.
Putting x 2 = 0 or x = 2 in (ii), we get
2 = A (2 3) A = 2
) 3 x )( 2 x (
4 x

+
=
2 x
2
+
3 x
1
Hence
6 x 5 x
2 x 10 x 6 x
2
2 3
+
+
= x 1
2 x
2
+
3 x
1
CASE II When the denominator g(x) is expressible as the product of the linear factors such that some
of them are repeating.
Example
) x ( g
1
=
) a x ).......( a x )( a x ( ) a x (
1
r 2 1
k

this can be expressed as
a x
A
1
+
2
2
) a x (
A
+
3
3
) a x (
A
+ ....+
k
k
) a x (
A
+
) a x (
B
1
1
+
) a x (
B
2
2
+ ...... +
) a x (
B
r
r
Nowto determine constants we equate numerators on both sides. Some of the constants are determined
by substitution as in case I and remaining are obtained by equating the coefficient of same power of x.
The following example illustrate the procedure.
) 2 x )( 1 x ( ) 1 x (
2 x 3
2
+ +

into partial fractions, and evaluate
}
+ +

) 2 x )( 1 x ( ) 1 x (
dx ) 2 x 3 (
2
Solution. Let
) 2 x )( 1 x ( ) 1 x (
2 x 3
2
+ +

=
1 x
A
1
+
2
2
) 1 x (
A
+
1 x
A
3
+
+
2 x
A
4
+
3x 2 = A
1
(x 1) (x + 1) (x + 2) + A
2
(x + 1) (x + 2)
+ A
3
(x 1)
2
(x + 2) + A
4
(x 1)
2
(x + 1) .......(i)
Putting x 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get
1 = A
2
(1 + 1) (1 + 2) A
2
=
6
1
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get
5 = A
3
(2)
2
(1 + 2) A
3
=
4
5
Putting x + 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i) we get
8 = A
4
(3)
2
(1) A
4
=
9
8
Now equating coefficient of x
3
on both sides, we get 0 = A
1
+ A
3
+ A
4
A
1
= A
3
A
4
=
4
5
9
8
=
36
13
) 2 x )( 1 x ( ) 1 x (
2 x 3
2
+ +

=
) 1 x ( 36
13
+
2
) 1 x ( 6
1

) 1 x ( 4
5
+
+
) 2 x ( 9
8
+
and hence
}
+ +

) 2 x )( 1 x ( ) 1 x (
dx ) 2 x 3 (
2
MATHS
11
=
36
13
n |x 1|
) 1 x ( 6
1

4
5
n |x + 1| +
9
8
n |x + 2| + C
CASE III When some of the factors of denominator g(x) are quadratic but non-repeating. Corresponding
to each quadratic factor ax
2
+ bx + c, we assume partial fraction of the type
c bx ax
B Ax
2
+ +
+
, where Aand
B are constants to be determined by comparing coefficients of similar powers of x in the numerator of
both sides. In practice it is advisable to assume partial fractions of the type
c bx ax
) b ax 2 ( A
2
+ +
+
+
c bx ax
B
2
+ +
The following example illustrates the procedure.
) 2 x )( 1 x (
1 x 2
2
+ +

into partial fractions and evaluate
}
+ +

) 2 x )( 1 x (
1 x 2
2
dx
Solution. Let
) 2 x )( 1 x (
1 x 2
2
+ +

=
1 x
A
+
+
2 x
C Bx
2
+
+
. Then,
) 2 x )( 1 x (
1 x 2
2
+ +

=
) 2 x )( 1 x (
) 1 x )( C Bx ( ) 2 x ( A
2
2
+ +
+ + + +
2x 1 = A (x
2
+ 2) + (Bx + C) (x + 1) ...(i)
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 3 = A(3) A = 1.
Comparing coefficients of the like powers of x on both sides of (i), we get
A + B = 0, C + 2A = 1 and C + B = 2
1 + B = 0, C 2 = 1 (Putting A = 1)
B = 1, C = 1
) 2 x )( 1 x (
1 x 2
2
+ +

=
1 x
1
+
+
2 x
1 x
2
+
+
Hence
}
+ +

) 2 x )( 1 x (
1 x 2
2
dx
= n |x + 1| +
2
1
n |x
2
+ 2| +
2
1
tan
1
2
x
+ C
CASE IV When some of the factors of the denominator g(x) are quadratic and repeating fractions of the
form
)
`
+ +
+
+ +
+
c bx ax
A
c bx ax
) b ax 2 ( A
2
1
2
0
+
( ) ( )
)
+ +
+
+ +
+
2
2
2
2
2
1
c bx ax
A
c bx ax
) b ax 2 ( A
+ .......+
( ) ( )
)
+ +
+
+ +
+
k
2
k 2
k
2
1 k 2
c bx ax
A
c bx ax
) b ax 2 ( A
The following example illustrates the procedure.
2 2
) 1 x )( 1 x (
3 x 2
+

Solution. Let
2 2
) 1 x )( 1 x (
3 x 2
+

=
1 x
A
+
1 x
C Bx
2
+
+
+
2 2
) 1 x (
E Dx
+
+
. Then,
2x 3 = A(x
2
+ 1)
2
+ (Bx + C) (x 1) (x
2
+ 1) + (Dx + E) (x 1) ......(i)
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get 1 = A (1 + 1)
2
A =
4
1
MATHS
12
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x on both side of (i), we have
A + B = 0, C B = 0, 2A + B C + D = 0, C + E B D = 2 and A C E = 3.
Putting A =
4
1
and solving these equations, we get
B =
4
1
= C, D =
2
1
and E =
2
5
2 2
) 1 x )( 1 x (
3 x 2
+

=
) 1 x ( 4
1
+
) 1 x ( 4
1 x
2
+
+
+
2 2
) 1 x ( 2
5 x
+
+
1 x
x 2
3

Solution. We have,
1 x
x 2
3
=
) 1 x x )( 1 x (
x 2
2
+ +
So, let
) 1 x x )( 1 x (
x 2
2
+ +
=
1 x
A
+
1 x x
C Bx
2
+ +
+
. Then,
2x = A (x
2
+ x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x 1) .......(i)
Putting x 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 2 = 3 A A =
3
2
Putting x = 0 in (i), we get A C = 0 C = A =
3
2
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get 2 = A + 2B 2 C.
2 =
3
2
+ 2B
3
4
B =
3
2
1 x
x 2
3
=
3
2
.
1 x
1
+
1 x x
3 / 2 x ) 3 / 2 (
2
+ +
+
or
1 x
x 2
3
=
3
2
1 x
1
+
3
2
1 x x
x 1
2
+ +

(7) (i) Evaluate :
}
+ +
dx
) 3 x )( 2 x (
1
(ii) Evaluate :
}
+ + ) 1 x )( 1 x (
dx
2
Answers : (7) (i) n
3 x
2 x
+
+
+ C (ii)
2
1
n |x + 1|
4
1
n (x
2
+ 1) +
2
1
tan
1
(x) + C
Integration of type
}
+ + c bx ax
dx
2 , }
+ + c bx ax
dx
2
,
}
+ + c bx ax
2
dx
Express ax
2
+ bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results.
}
+ + 5 x 2 x
2
dx
Solution. We have,
MATHS
13
}
+ + 5 x 2 x
2
=
}
+ + + 4 1 x 2 x
2
dx =
}
+ +
2 2
2 ) 1 x (
=
2
1
(x + 1)
2 2
2 ) 1 x ( + + +
2
1
. (2)
2
n |(x + 1) +
2 2
2 ) 1 x ( + + | + C
=
2
1
(x + 1) 5 x 2 x
2
+ + + 2 n |(x + 1) +
5 x 2 x
2
+ +
| + C
}
+ 1 x x
1
2
dx
Solution.
}
+ 1 x x
1
2
dx =
}
+ + 1
4
1
4
1
x x
1
2
dx =
}
+ 4 / 3 ) 2 / 1 x (
1
2
dx
=
( )
}
+
2
2
2 / 3 ) 2 / 1 x (
1
dx =
2 / 3
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 / 3
2 / 1 x
+ C
=
3
2
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
1 x 2
+ C.
}
+
2
x x 8 9
1
dx
Solution. }
+
2
x x 8 9
1
dx = }
} 9 x 8 x {
1
2
dx = }
+ } 25 16 x 8 x {
1
2
dx
=
}
} 5 ) 4 x {(
1
2 2 dx = }

2 2
) 4 x ( 5
1
dx = sin
1
|
.
|
\
|
5
4 x
+ C
(8) Evaluate :
}
+ 1 x x 2
1
2
dx
(9) Evaluate : }
+ 2 x 3 x 2
1
2
dx
Answers : (8)
3
1
n
2 x 2
1 x 2
+
+ C (9)
2
1
log
1 x
2
3
x
4
3
x
2
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+
+ C
Integration of type
}
+ +
+
c bx ax
q px
2 dx,
}
+ +
+
c bx ax
q px
2
dx,
}
+ + + c bx ax ) q px (
2
dx
Express px + q = A (differential coefficient of denominator) + B.
Example # 28 Evaluate : }
+ +
+
1 x 4 x
3 x 2
2
dx
MATHS
14
Solution. }
+ +
+
1 x 4 x
3 x 2
2
dx
= }
+ +
+
1 x 4 x
1 ) 4 x 2 (
2
dx
= }
+ +
+
1 x 4 x
4 x 2
2
dx }
+ + 1 x 4 x
1
2
dx
=
}
t
dt
( )
}
+
2
2
3 ) 2 x (
1
dx, where t = (x
2
+ 4x + 1) for I
st
integral
= 2 t n | (x + 2) + 1 x 4 x
2
+ + | + C
= 2 1 x 4 x
2
+ + n | x + 2 + 1 x 4 x
2
+ + | + C
}
+ x x ) 5 x (
2
dx
Solution. Let (x 5) = .
dx
d
(x
2
+ x) + . Then,
x 5 = (2x + 1) + .
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get
1 = 2 and + = 5 =
2
1
and =
2
11
Hence,
}
+ x x ) 5 x (
2
dx
=
}
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
11
) 1 x 2 (
2
1
x x
2
+ dx
=
}
+ ) 1 x 2 (
2
1
x x
2
+ dx
2
11
}
+ x x
2
dx
=
2
1
}
t dt
2
11
}
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2 2
2
1
2
1
x
dx (where t = x
2
+ x for first integral)
=
2
1
.
2 / 3
t
2 / 3
2
11
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
2 2
2
1
2
1
x
2
1
x
2
1
2
1
.
2
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
n
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+
2 2
2
1
2
1
x
2
1
x
+ C
=
3
1
t
3/2

2
11
(
(
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
x x
2
1
x n
8
1
x x
4
1 x 2
2 2
+ C
=
3
1
(x
2
+ x)
3/2

2
11
(
(
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
x x
2
1
x n
8
1
x x
4
1 x 2
2 2
+ C
MATHS
15
(10) Evaluate :
}
+ +
+
3 x x
1 x
2
dx
(11) Evaluate : }
+
1 x 5 x 3
5 x 6
2
dx
(12) Evaluate :
}
+ +
2
x x 1 ) 1 x ( dx
Answers : (10) Ans.
2
1
log |x
2
+ x + 3| +
11
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
| +
11
1 x 2
+ C
(11) Ans. 2
1 x 5 x 3
2
+
+ C
(12) Ans.
3
1
(x
2
+ x + 1)
3/2
8
3
(2x + 1)
2
x x 1 + +

16
9
log (2x +1 + 2
1 x x
2
+ +
) + C
Integration of trigonometric functions
(i)
}
x sin b a
x d
2
+
OR
}
x cos b a
x d
2
+
OR
}
x cos c x cos x sin b x sin a
x d
2 2
+ +
Multiply Nr & Dr by sec x & put tan x = t.
(ii)
}
sinx b a
x d
+
OR
}
cosx b a
x d
+
OR
}
x cos c x sin b a
x d
+ +
Convert sines &cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles and then, put tan
2
x
= t
(iii)
}
n x sin . m x cos .
c x sin . b x cos . a
+ +
+ +
dx.
Express Nr A(Dr) + B
d
d x
(Dr) + C & proceed.
}
+ + x cos x sin 1
1
dx
Solution. I =
}
+ + x cos x sin 1
1
dx
=
}
+
+
+
+
2 / x tan 1
2 / x tan 1
2 / x tan 1
2 / x tan 2
1
1
2
2
2
dx
=
}
+ + +
+
2 / x tan 1 2 / x tan 2 2 / x tan 1
2 / x tan 1
2 2
2
dx =
}
+ 2 / x tan 2 2
2 / x sec
2
dx
Putting tan
2
x
= t and
2
1
sec
2
2
x
dx = dt, we get
I =
}
+1 t
1
dt = n | t + 1| + C = n
1
2
x
tan +
+ C
MATHS
16
}
+
+
x sin 2 x cos 3
x cos 2 x sin 3
dx
Solution. I =
}
+
+
x sin 2 x cos 3
x cos 2 x sin 3
dx
Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = . (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) +
dx
d
(3 cos x + 2 sin x)
3 sin x + 2 cos x = (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) + (3 sin x + 2 cos x)
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, we get
=
13
12
and =
13
5
I =
}
+
+ + +
dx
x sin x cos 3
) x cos 2 x sin 3 ( ) x sin 2 x cos 3 (
=
}
dx . 1 +
}
+
+
x sin 2 x cos 3
x cos 2 x sin 3
dx
= x +
}
t
dt
, where t = 3 cos x + 2 sin x
= x + n | t | + C =
13
12
x
13
5
n | 3 cos x + 2 sin x | + C
}
+ +
+
3 x cos 2 x sin
2 x cos 3
dx
Solution. We have,
I =
}
+ +
+
3 x cos 2 x sin
2 x cos 3
dx
Let 3 cos x + 2 = (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + (cos x 2 sin x) + v
Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term on both sides, we get
2 = 0, 2 + = 3, 3 + v = 2
=
5
6
, =
5
3
and v =
5
8
I =
}
+ +
v + + + +
3 x cos 2 x sin
) x sin 2 x (cos ) 3 x cos 2 x (sin
dx
I =
}
+ dx
}
+ +

3 x cos 2 x sin
x sin 2 x cos
dx + v
}
+ + 3 x cos 2 x sin
1
dx
I = x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | + v I
1
where I
1
=
}
+ + 3 x cos 2 x sin
1
dx
Putting, sin x =
2 / x tan 1
2 / x tan 2
2
+
, cos x =
2 / x tan 1
2 / x tan 1
2
2
+
, we get
I
1
=
}
+
+
+
+
3
2 / x tan 1
) 2 / x tan 1 ( 2
2 / x tan 1
2 / x tan 2
1
2
2
2
dx
MATHS
17
=
}
+ + +
+
) 2 / x tan 1 ( 3 2 / x tan 2 2 2 / x tan 2
2 / x tan 1
2 2
2
dx
=
}
+ + 5 2 / x tan 2 2 / x tan
2 / x sec
2
2
dx
Putting tan
2
x
= t and
2
1
sec
2
2
x
= dt or sec
2
2
x
dx = 2 dt, we get
I
1
=
}
+ + 5 t 2 t
dt 2
2
= 2
}
+ +
2 2
2 ) 1 t (
dt
=
2
2
tan
1
|
.
|
\
| +
2
1 t
= tan
1
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
2
x
tan
Hence, I = x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | + v tan
1
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
2
x
tan
+ C
where =
5
6
, =
5
3
and v =
5
8
}
+ x cos 3 1
dx
2
Solution. Multiply Nr. & Dr. of given integral by sec
2
x, we get
I =
}
+ 4 x tan
dx x sec
2
2
=
2
1
tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
2
x tan
+ C
(13) Evaluate :
}
+
+
x cos 4 x sin 5
x cos 5 x sin 4
dx
Answer : (13)
41
40
x +
41
9
log |5sinx + 4cosx| + C
Integration of type
}
dx x cos x. sin
n m
Case - I
If m and n are even natural number then converts higher power into higher angles.
Case - II
If at least one of m or n is odd natural number then if m is odd put cosx = t and vice-versa.
Case - III
When m + n is a negative even integer then put tan x = t.
MATHS
18
}
dx x cos x sin
4 5
Solution. Let I =
}
dx x cos x sin
4 5
put cos x = t sinx dx = dt
I =
}

2 2
) t 1 (
. t
4
. dt =
}
+ ) 1 t 2 t (
2 4
t
4
dt =
}
+ ) t t 2 t (
4 6 8
dt
=
9
t
9
+
7
t 2
7
5
t
5
+ C =
9
x cos
9
+ 2
7
x cos
7
5
x cos
5
+ C
}

dx ) x (cos ) x (sin
3 / 7 3 / 1
Solution. Here m + n =
3
1
3
7
= 2 (a negative integer)
}

dx ) x (cos ) x (sin
3 / 7 3 / 1
=
}
3 / 1
) x (tan
x cos
1
2
dx {put tanx = t sec
2
x dx = dt}
=
dt t
3 / 1
}
=
4
3
t
4/3
+ C =
4
3
(tanx)
4/3
+ C
}
dx x cos x sin
4 2
Solution.
8
1
}
+ dx ) x 2 cos 1 ( x 2 sin
2
=
8
1
}
dx x 2 sin
2
+
8
1
}
dx x 2 cos x 2 sin
2
=
16
1
}
+
16
1
dx ) x 4 cos 1 (
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
x 2 sin
3
=
16
x
64
x 4 sin
+
48
x 2 sin
3
+ C
Integration of type
}
1 x K x
1 x
2 4
2
+ +

dx where K is any constant.
Divide Nr & Dr by x & put x
x
1
= t.
MATHS
19
} 4 2
2
x x 1
x 1
+ +

dx
Solution. Let I =
} 4 2
2
x x 1
x 1
+ +

dx =
}
1
x
1
x
dx
x
1
1
2
2
2
+ +
|
.
|
\
|

{put x +
x
1
= t
|
.
|
\
|

2
x
1
1
dx = dt}
I =
}
1 t
dt
2
=
2
1
n
1 t
1 t
+
+ C =
2
1
n
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
+ +
+
+ C
}
+1 x
1
4
dx
Solution. We have,
I =
}
+1 x
1
4
dx =
}
+
2
2
2
x
1
x
x
1
dx =
2
1
}
+
2
2
2
x
1
x
x
2
dx
=
2
1
}
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
1
x
x
1
1
x
1
x
x
1
1
dx =
2
1
}
+
+
2
2
2
x
1
x
x
1
1
dx
2
1
}
+
2
2
2
x
1
x
x
1
1
dx
=
2
1
}
+ |
.
|
\
|

+
2
x
1
x
x
1
1
2
2
dx
2
1
}
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
x
1
x
x
1
1
2
2
dx
Putting x
x
1
= u in 1st integral and x +
x
1
= v in 2nd integral, we get
I =
2
1
( )
}
+
2
2
2 u
du
2
1
( )
}
v
v
2
2
2
d
=
2 2
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
u
2
1
2 2
1
n
2
2
+ v
v
+ C
=
2 2
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
x / 1 x
2 4
1
n
2 x / 1 x
2 x / 1 x
+ +
+
+ C
=
2 2
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|

x 2
1 x
2
2 4
1
n
1 2 x x
1 x 2 x
2
2
+ +
+
+ C
MATHS
20
Self Practice Problem :
(14) Evaluate :
}
1 x 7 x
1 x
2 4
2
+

dx
(15) Evaluate :
}
x tan
dx
Answers : (14)
6
1
n
3
x
1
x
3
x
1
x
+ +
+
+ C
(15)
2
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
y
+
2 2
1
n
2 y
2 y
+
+ C where y =
x tan

x tan
1
Integration of type
}
+ + q px b) ( ax
dx
OR
( )
}
+ + + q px c bx ax
dx
2
.
Put px + q = t
2
.
}
+ 1 x ) 3 x (
1
dx
Solution. Let I =
}
+ 1 x ) 3 x (
1
dx {Put x + 1 = t
2
dx = 2t dt}
I =
2
2
t
t 2
) 3 1 t (
1
}

dt
I = 2
}

2 2
2 t
dt
= 2 .
) 2 ( 2
1
n
2 t
2 t
+
+ C I =
2
1
n
2 1 x
2 1 x
+ +
+
+ C.
}
+ + +
+
1 x ) 3 x 3 x (
2 x
2
dx
Solution. Let I =
}
+ + +
+
1 x ) 3 x 3 x (
2 x
2
dx
Putting x + 1 = t
2
, and dx = 2t dt, we get I = }
+ +
+
2 2 2 2
2
t } 3 ) 1 t ( 3 ) 1 t {(
dt t 2 ) 1 t (
2
}
+ +
+
1 t t
) 1 t (
2 4
2
dt = 2
}
+ +
+
1
t
1
t
t
1
1
2
2
2
dt {put t
t
1
= u}
= 2
( )
} '
+
2
2
3 u
du
=
3
2
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
u
+ C =
3
2
tan
1

3
t
1
t
+ C
MATHS
21
=
3
2
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|

3 t
1 t
2
+ C =
3
2
tan
1
+ ) 1 x ( 3
x
+ C
Integration of type
}
+ + + r qx px b) ( ax
dx
2
, put ax + b =
t
1
;
}
+ + q px b) ( ax
dx
2 2
, put x =
t
1
Example # 41 Evaluate
}
+ + + 1 x x ) ( x
dx
2
1
Solution Let I =
}
+ + + 1 x x ) ( x
dx
2
1
{put x + 1 =
t
1
dx =
2
t
1
dt }
I = }
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

t
1
1
t
1
t
1
t
2
2
dt
= }
+
1
t
1
t
1
t
2
dt
=
}
+
1 t t
2
dt
=
}
+ |
.
|
\
|

4
3
2
1
t
2
dt
= n
4
3
2
1
t
2
1
t
2
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ + C, where t =
1 x
1
+
Example # 42 Evaluate
}
+
2 2
x 1 ) x 1 (
dx
Solution. Put x =
t
1
dx =
2
t
1
dt
I = }
+ 1 t 1 t
2 2
) (
dt
{put t
2
1 = y
2
tdt = ydy }
I =
}
+ y ) 2 y (
2
dy y
=
2
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
y
+ C =
2
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|

x 2
x 1
2
+ C
Self Practice Problems :
(16) Evaluate :
}
+ + 1 x ) 2 x (
dx
(17) Evaluate :
}
+ + + 1 x ) 6 x 5 x (
dx
2
(18) Evaluate : }
+ +
2
x x 1 ) 1 x (
dx
MATHS
22
(19) Evaluate : }
+
2 2
x 1 ) 1 x 2 (
dx
(20) Evaluate : }
+ + + 4 x 2 x ) 2 x 2 x (
dx
2 2
Answers : (16) 2 tan
1
( ) 1 x + + C (17) 2 tan
1
( ) 1 x +
2
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1 x
+ C
(18) sin
1
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
5
1 x
1
2
3
+ C (19)
3
1
tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|

x 3
x 1
2
+ C
(20)
6 2
1
n
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
+ +
) 1 x ( 6 4 x 2 x
) 1 x ( 6 4 x 2 x
2
2
+ C
Integration of type
}

x
x
dx or
( )( )
}
x x
dx; put x = o cos
2
u + | sin
2
u
}

x
x
dx or ( )( )
}
x x dx; put x = o sec
2
u | tan
2
u
( )( )
}
x x
dx
; put x o = t
2
or x | = t
2
.
Reduction formula of
}
dx x
n
tan ,
}
dx x
n
cot
,
}
dx x
n
sec
,
}
dx x ec
n
cos
1. I
n
=
}
dx x tan
n
=
}

dx x tan x tan
2 n 2
=
}
) 1 x (sec
2
tan
n 2
x dx
I
n
=
}
2 n 2
tan x sec
x dx I
n 2
I
n
=
1 n
x tan
1 n
I
n 2
, n > 2
2. I
n
=
}
dx x cot
n
=
}

dx x cot . x cot
2 n 2
=
}

dx x cot ) 1 x ec (cos
2 n 2
I
n
=
}

dx x cot x ec cos
2 n 2
I
n 2
I
n
=
1 n
x cot
1 n
I
n 2
, n > 2
3. I
n
=
}
dx x sec
n
=
}

dx x sec x sec
2 n 2
I
n
= tanx sec
n 2
x
}
) 2 n )( x (tan
sec
n 3
x. secx tanx dx.
MATHS
23
I
n
= tanx sec
n 2
x (n 2)
}
(sec
2
x 1) sec
n 2
x dx
(n 1) I
n
= tanx sec
n 2
x + (n 2) I
n 2
I
n
=
1 n
x sec x tan
2 n

+
1 n
2 n
I
n 2
4. I
n
=
}
dx x ec cos
n
=
}
x ec cos
2
cosec
n 2
x dx
I
n
= cotx cosec
n 2
x +
}
) 2 n )( x (cot
( cosec
n 3
x cosec x cot x) dx
cotx cosec
n 2
x (n 2)
}

dx x ec cos x cot
2 n 2
I
n
= cotx cosec
n 2
x (n 2)
}
) 1 x ec (cos
2
cosec
n 2
x dx
(n 1) I
n
= cotx cosec
n 2
x + (n 2) I
n 2
I
n
=
( ) 1 n
x ec cos x cot
2 n

+
1 n
2 n
I
n 2
Example # 43 Obtain reducation formula for I
n
=
}
sin
n
x dx. Hence evaluate
}
sin
4
x dx
Solution. I
n
=
}
(sin x) (sin x)
n 1
dx
II I
= cos x (sin x)
n1
+ (n 1)
}
(sin x)
n2
cos
2
x dx
= cos x (sin x)
n1
+ (n 1)
}
(sin x)
n2
(1 sin
2
x) dx
I
n
= cos x (sin x)
n1
+ (n 1) I
n2
(n 1) I
n
I
n
=
n
) x (sin x cos
1 n
+
n
) 1 n (
I
n2
(n > 2)
Hence I
4
=
4
) x (sin x cos
3
+
4
3
|
.
|
\
|
+ x
2
1
2
) x (sin x cos
+ C
Self Practice Problems :
(21) Evaluate :
}
4 x
3 x
dx
(22) Evaluate :
}
2 / 3
)] x 2 )( 1 x [(
dx

(23) Evaluate :
}
7 / 1 6 8
] ) 1 x ( ) 2 x [(
dx
+
(24) Deduce the reduction formula for I
n
=
}
n 4
) x 1 (
dx
+
and Hence evaluate I
2
=
}
2 4
) x 1 (
dx
+
.
(25) If I
m,n
=
}
(sin x)
m
(cos x)
n
dx then prove that
MATHS
24
I
m,n
=
n m
) x (cos ) x (sin
1 n 1 m
+
+
+
n m
1 n
+
. I
m,n2
Answers : (21) ) 4 x )( 3 x ( + n ( ) 4 x 3 x + + C
(22) 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 x
x 2
x 2
1 x
+ C
(23)
3
7
7 / 1
2 x
1 x
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ C
(24) I
n
=
1 n 4
) x 1 )( 1 n ( 4
x
+
+
) 1 n ( 4
5 n 4
I
n1
I
2
=
) x 1 ( 4
x
4
+
+
4
3
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
x
1
x
2
x
1
x
n
2 4
1
2
x
1
x
tan
2 2
1
1
+ C

Indefinite Integration Theory - e

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Indefinite Integration Theory - e

Cargado por

Copyright:

MATHS

into partial fractions.

Self Practice Problems

También podría gustarte