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Received July 16, 2012; revised August 16, 2012; accepted August 23, 2012
ABSTRACT
Several problems arising in science and engineering are modeled by differential equations that involve conditions that
are specified at more than one point. The non-linear two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP) (Bratu’s equation,
Troesch’s problems) occurs engineering and science, including the modeling of chemical reactions diffusion processes
and heat transfer. An analytical expression pertaining to the concentration of substrate is obtained using Homotopy per-
turbation method for all values of parameters. These approximate analytical results were found to be in good agreement
with the simulation results.
Keywords: Two-Point Elliptic Boundary Value Problems; Bratu’s Equation; Troesch’s Problem; Non-Linear Equations;
Homotopy Perturbation Method; Porous Catalyst; Numerical Simulation
tions, and includes methods based on various versions of of the solution near the singular points has been studied
finite difference or collocation. Methods for solving numerically [17-19] and theoretically [20-23]. For both
TPBVPs usually require users to provide an initial guess one and two-dimensional cases, the Bratu problem has
for the unknown initial states and/or parameters. exactly one fold point, whereas the three-dimensional
The problem of reliably identifying all solutions of a case has infinitely many fold points.
TPBVP was apparently first addressed only recently, by
[14,15]. Present a new approach that will rigorously 2.1. Bratu’s Equation and Its Solution
guarantee the enclosure of all solutions to the TPBVP. In
Bratu’s equation [24] was first studied as a simple case
this paper we have obtained the analytical solutions of
of a second-order ordinary differential equation by Bratu
some nonlinear elliptic problems (Bratu’s equation, Troe-
[25]. The equation arises when deriving the temperature
sch’s problem and Catalytic reactions in a flat particles)
distribution for a reaction in an infinite vessel with plane-
using Homotopy perturbation method.
parallel walls, and also in a simplification of a combus-
tion reaction with a cylindrical vessel [26]. The differen-
2. Mathematical Formulation of the Problem
tial equation is
y′′ + λ exp ( y ) = 0, t ∈ [ 0,1]
Many problems in science and engineering require the (8)
computational of family of solutions of a non linear sys-
tem of the form [16]: with boundary conditions
G ( y, λ ) = 0, y = y ( λ ) (1) y ( 0 ) = y (1) = 0 (9)
where G : ℜn+1 → ℜ is continuously differentiable fun- The analytical solution of Equations (8) and (9) using
ction, y represents the solution and λ is a real parame- Homotopy perturbation method (See Appendix A) is
ter (i.e., Reynold’s number, load etc.). It is required to
7 + b2 5 + b2 λb t
find a solution for some λ -interval, i.e., a path solutions, y (t ) = − + −
2
cos ( λt )
( y ( λ ) , λ ) . Equations of the form (1) are called nonlinear 4 3
elliptic eigenvalue problems if the operator G with λ
1 − b2 b sin 2 λ t ( )
fixed is an elliptic differential operator. Fore more details
about this type of operators see [17]. As a typical exam-
+
12
(
cos 2 λ t + ) 6
ple of nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problems, we con-
sider the following problem t λ 3+b
( )
2
1
+ sin λ t b + +
sin λ 4 (10)
G ( y, λ ) = Δy + λ f ( y ) , in Ω (2) 2 ( )
y = 0, on ∂Ω
λ sin ( λ )
(3)
b 2 − 1
where Δ is Laplacian operator in one dimension. (
+ cos 2 λ t )
12
−
2
Equation (2) arises in many physical problems. For
example, in chemical reactor theory, radiative heat trans-
(
b sin 2 λ ) b λ b2 + 2 ( )
fer, combustion theory, and in modelling the expansion
of the universe. The function y could be a function of
−
6
+ cos
( )
λ
2
−
3
several variables and the domain Ω is usually taken to
be the unit interval [ 0,1] in ℜ , or the unit square where
[0,1] ×3 [0,1] in ℜ2 , or the unit cube [0,1] × [0,1] × [0,1]
in ℜ . Equation (1) can take several forms, for example, 1 − cos λ
b=
( ) (11)
Bratu equation is given by sin λ
( )
Δy + λ e y = 0, in Ω (4)
y = 0, on ∂Ω (5) 2.2. Reaction Diffusion Equation and Its Solution
and a reaction-diffusion problem takes the form Consider the reaction diffusion equation [16]
y y
Δy + λ exp = 0, in Ω = 0, t ∈ ( 0,1)
(6) y′′ + λ exp (12)
1+ α y
(1 + α y )
y = 0, on ∂Ω (7)
with the boundary conditions
There are no bifurcation points in the two problems
above; all singular points are fold points. The behaviour y ( 0 ) = y (1) = 0 (13)
+
α ( b 2 − 1) cos 2 λ t ( ) − α b sin ( 2 λ ) t (19)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 2. Influence of λ on the dimensionless concentration y(t) obtained from the Equation (14). The curve is plotted, when (a)
α = 0.5; (b) α = 1; (c) α = 2; (d) α = 3.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Influence of α on the dimensionless concentration y(t) obtained from the Equation (14). The curve is plotted, when
(a) λ = 0.3; (b) λ = 1.
Figure 4. The curve is plotted for the influence of λ on the dimensionless concentration y(t) versus the dimensionless distance t
from the Equation (19).
From this figure, it shows that the concentration y ( t ) has been solved analytically and numerically. The di-
decreases for the various values of λ . Figures 5(a)-(d) mensionless concentrations y ( t ) in the reactor at the
shows the dimensionless concentration y ( t ) in the re- position t are derived by using the HPM. The primary
actor versus the dimensionless distance down the reactor result of this work is simple approximate calculations of
t. From these figures it is clear that the concentration concentration for all values of dimensionless parameters
y ( t ) decreases for the fixed values of α and γ for α , β , γ and λ . The HPM is an extremely simple
the different values of λ . method and it is also a promising method to solve other
Figures 6 and 7 shows the dimensionless concentra- non-linear equations. This method can be easily extended
tion y ( t ) versus the dimensionless distance t. From to find the solution of all other non-linear equations.
these figures it is clear that the concentration y ( t ) de-
creases for the fixed values of λ and γ for the dif- 6. Acknowledgements
ferent values of α .
This work was supported by the University Grants
Commission (F. No. 39-58/2010(SR)), New Delhi, India.
5. Conclusion
The authors are thankful to Mr. M. S. Meenakshisunda-
The steady state non-linear reaction-diffusion equation ram, The Secretary, Dr. R. Murali, The Principal and Dr.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5. The curve is plotted for the influence of λ on the dimensionless concentration y versus the dimensionless distance
down the reactor t obtained from Equations (22) and (23), when (a) β = 0.2, γ = 1; (b) β = 0.1, γ = 5; (c) β = 0.05, γ = 20; (d) β =
0.3, γ = 0.5.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 6. The curve is plotted for the influence of β on the dimensionless concentration y versus the dimensionless distance
down the reactor t obtained from Equations (22) and (23), when (a) λ = 1, γ = 10; (b) λ = 1, γ = 0.5; (c) λ = 1, γ = 1; (d) λ = 0.5, γ =
10.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 7. The curve is plotted for the influence of γ on the dimensionless concentration y versus the dimensionless distance
down the reactor t obtained from Equations (22) and (23), when (a) λ = 1, β = 0.5; (b) λ = 1, β = 0.1; (c) λ = 1, β = 0.05; (d) λ = 2,
β = 0.05.
L. Rajendran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathe- [12] J.-H. He, “Homotopy-Perturbation Technique,” Computer
matics, The Madura College, Madurai for their encour- Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol.
178, No. 3-4, 1999, pp. 257-262.
agement. doi:10.1016/S0045-7825(99)00018-3
[13] J.-H. He, “Homotopy-Perturbation Method: A New Non-
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=0 u1 = sol(:,:,1);
+
2 figure
plot(x,u1(end,:))
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of p in title('u1(x,t)')
Equation (A4) we get xlabel('Distance x')
ylabel('u1(x,2)')
d 2 y0
p0 : + λ y0 + λ = 0 (A5) %------------------------------------------------------------------
dt 2 function [c,f,s] = pdex4pde(x,t,u,DuDx)
d 2 y1 λ y2 c = 1;
p1 : + λ y1 + 0 = 0 (A6) f = DuDx;
dt 2
2
lamda=2;
The initial approximations are as follows F =lamda*exp(u)
y0 ( 0 ) = 0, y0 (1) = 0, (A7) s = F;
%------------------------------------------------------------------
yi ( 0 ) = yi (1) = 0, i = 1, 2,3, (A8) function u0 = pdex4ic(x); %create a initial conditions
u0 = 1;
Solving the Equation (A5) and the Equation (A6) and %------------------------------------------------------------------
using the boundary conditions Equation (A7) and the function[pl,ql,pr,qr]=pdex4bc(xl,ul,xr,ur,t) %create a
Equation (A8) we obtain the following results: boundary conditions
( ( λ t ) −1) + b sin ( λt )
pl = ul;
y0 = cos (A9) ql = 0;
(
d 2 y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + ) After putting Equation (C9) and Equation (C10) into
(1 − p ) an Equation (C11) we obtain the solution in the text.
dt 2
Appendix D: Matlab Program Is to Find the
(
+λ y0 + py1 + p y2 + + λ
2
) Numerical Solution of the Non-Linear
Differential Equations (12) and (13)
(
d 2 y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 +
− p
) (C4)
function pdex4
m = 0;
dt 2 x = linspace(0,1);
t=linspace(0,10000);
(
+ λ y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + ) sol= pdepe(m,@pdex4pde,@pdex4ic,@pdex4bc,x,t);
u1 = sol(:,:,1);
( )
2
−λα y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + + λ = 0 figure
plot(x,u1(end,:))
title('u1(x,t)')
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of p in xlabel('Distance x')
Equation (C4) we get ylabel('u1(x,2)')
d 2 y0 %------------------------------------------------------------------
p0 : + λ y0 + λ = 0 (C5) function [c,f,s] = pdex4pde(x,t,u,DuDx)
dt 2
c = 1;
d 2 y1 f = DuDx;
p1 : + λ y1 − λα y02 = 0 (C6)
dt 2 lamda=1.5;
The initial approximations are as follows: alpha=0.5;
F =lamda*exp(u/(1+(alpha*u)));
y0 ( 0 ) = 0, y0 (1) = 0, (C7) s = F;
yi ( 0 ) = yi (1) = 0, i = 1, 2,3 (C8) %------------------------------------------------------------------
function u0 = pdex4ic(x); %create a initial conditions
Solving the Equations (C5) and (C6) and using the u0 = 1;
boundary conditions Equation (C7) and the Equation (C8) %------------------------------------------------------------------
(
d 2 y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + )
Appendix E: Matlab Program Is to Find the (1 − p )
Numerical Solution of the Non Linear dt 2
Differential Equations (12) and (13)
function pdex4 (
−λ 2 y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + )
m = 0;
x = linspace(0,1);
t=linspace(0,10000); +p
(
d 2 y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + ) (E4)
dt 2
sol= pdepe(m,@pdex4pde,@pdex4ic,@pdex4bc,x,t);
u1 = sol(:,:,1);
figure (
−λ 2 y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + )
plot(x,u1(end,)
title(‘u1(x,t)’)
λ 4 ( y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + )
3
After putting the Equation (E9) and the Equation (E10) The analytical solution of Equation (20) with Equation
into an Equation (E11) we obtain the solution in the text. (21) is
y = y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + (H3)
Appendix G: Matlab Program Is to Find the
Numerical Solution of the Non Linear Substituting the Equation (E3) into an Equation (E2)
Differential Equations (15) and (16) we get
function pdex4 (1 − p )
(
d 2 y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + )
m = 0; dt 2
x = linspace(0,1);
γβ
t=linspace(0,10000); − λ 1 + (
y0 + py1 + p y2 +
2
)
sol= pdepe(m,@pdex4pde,@pdex4ic,@pdex4bc,x,t); (1 + β )
u1 = sol(:,:,1);
figure
+ p
(
d 2 y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + ) (H4)
plot(x,u1(end,:)) dt 2
title('u1(x,t)')
γβ
xlabel('Distance x')
ylabel('u1(x,2)')
− λ 1 +
(1 + β )
(
y0 + py1 + p y2 +
2
)
%------------------------------------------------------------------
(
λγβ y0 + py1 + p 2 y2 + )
2
function [c,f,s] = pdex4pde(x,t,u,DuDx)
+ =0
c = 1;
(1 + β )
2
f = DuDx;
lamda=2.8;
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of p in
F =-lamda*(sinh(lamda*u))
Equation (H4) we get
s = F;
%------------------------------------------------------------------ d 2 y0 γβ
p0 : − λ 1 + y0 = 0 (H5)
dt (1 + β )
function u0 = pdex4ic(x); %create a initial conditions 2
u0 = 1;
%------------------------------------------------------------------ d 2 y1 γβ λγβ y 2
− λ
p1 : (1 + β ) 1 (1 + β )2 = 0 (H6)
+ y + 0
function[pl,ql,pr,qr]=pdex4bc(xl,ul,xr,ur,t) %create a 1
dt 2
boundary conditions
pl = ul; The initial approximations are as follows
ql = 0;
y0′ ( 0 ) = 0, y0 (1) = 1, (H7)
pr = ur-1;
qr = 0; yi′ ( 0 ) = 0, yi (1) = 0, i = 1, 2,3 (H8)
Appendix H: Solution of Catalytic Reactions Solving the Equation (H5) and the Equation (H6) and
in a Flat Particle Using HPM using the boundary conditions Equation (H7) and the
Equation (H8) we obtain the following result:
In this Appendix, we indicate how the Equation (22) is
γβ (1 − y ) cosh ( kt )
derived. When is small, Equation (20) is y0 = (H9)
1 + β (1 − y ) cosh ( k )
reduces to λ β γ ( cosh ( 2k ) − 3) cosh ( kt )
y1 = 2
d y
2
λγβ λγβ y 2 6k (1 + β )2 cosh 2 ( k ) cosh ( k )
− λ + y+ =0 (H1)
dt 2
(1 + β ) (1 + β )2 λγβ 3 − cosh ( 2kt )
(H10)
+
6 (1 + β ) k 2 cosh 2 ( k )
2
We construct the Homotopy for the Equation (H1) is
as follows:
d2 y where k is defined in the text Equation (23).
γβ
(1 − p ) 2 − λ 1 + y According to the HPM, we can conclude that
dt (1 + β ) y = lim y ( t ) = y0 + y1 (H11)
(H2) p →1
d2 y γβ λγβ y 2
+ p 2 − λ 1 + y + =0 After putting the Equation (H9) and the Equation (H10)
dt (1 + β ) (1 + β )
2
into an Equation (H11) we obtain the solution in the text.