Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
A SEMINAR
ON
SUBMITED BY
UNDER GUIDANCE
OF
Mr. A. T. Jadhav
2006-2007
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This is to certify that the following student of B.E. Civil Engineering has
successfully completed the seminar report entitled
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INDEX OF CONTENTS
A. ABSTRACT i
I. Introduction ………………………………………1
I.1 A Brief Introduction to the Construction Industry…………………….……...3
I.2 Housing Scenario in India………………………………………………….…5
I.3 Innovations in Construction………………..…………………...………….…8
II. Formwork
II.1Formwork and Formwork Requirements……………………………………11
II.2Classification of Formwork……………………………………………..…...12
2.3 Loads acting on Formwork.….........................................................................16
2.4 Strength of Formwork (General Design)…………………………………….17
2.5 Aluminum Formwork……………………………………....………………..18
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VI. Conclusion………………...……………………..56
VII. References…………………………………………i
VIII.List of figures………………………...........………ii
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1.0 Introduction
Besides, food and clothing, shelter is a basic human need. India has been
successful in meeting the food and clothing requirements of its vast population; however
the problem of providing shelter of all is defying solutions. “While there has been an
impressive growth in the total housing stock from 65 million in 1947 to 187.05
million in 2001, a large gap still exits between the demand and supply of housing
units. The Working Group on Housing for the 9th five-year plan estimated the
housing shortage in 2001 at 19.4 million units- 12.76 million in rural area and 6.64
million in urban area. The shortage of housing is acutely felt in urban areas –more
so in the 35 Indian cities, which according to the 2001 census have a population of
more than a million”. ….. (Carol., 2005).
In metro cities, particularly in Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata- each having a
population in excess of 10 million- the problem is still aggravated. A host of factors are
responsible such as the phenomenal growth in population- mainly due to relentless rise in
migration- non availability of land, legal hurdles in the form of Land Ceiling and Rent
Control (LCRC) acts, paucity of funds, absence of cost effective construction techniques-
to mention only a few. Barring a few exceptions, no serious attempts were made in the
past to find meaningful solutions to these problems. As a result, we are witnessing a large
scale proliferation of slums and squatter settlements in the metros.
The National Housing and Habitat Policy, announced in July 1998, laid stress on
the creation of an enabling environment, wherein government assumed the role of a
facilitator and the private sector was expected to play a vital role in providing large-scale
housing. In the recent years, a number of fiscal measures initiated by the government
have given a boost to the housing sector. The easy availability of finance, coupled with
lower interest rates and a variety of tax incentives announced by the government in the
successive union budgets have triggered massive housing construction in urban and semi
urban areas, especially in the middle and higher income groups. However, the low
income groups seem to have been left out of the current housing boom.
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IN A DEMOCRATIC SET-UP of INDIA, one would agree that this section of the
population cannot be ignored and that they also need to be provided with affordable
housing; but how this can be achieved remains a permanent question. In this context, the
recent affords made in Mumbai under the aegis of the Metropolitan Urban Transport
Project (MUTP), Metropolitan Urban Infrastructure Project (MUIP), and the Slum
Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) of the government of Maharashtra can provide some
guidance. “It is reported that under MUTP and the MUIP schemes nearly 50,000
tenements are being constructed presently and about 20,000 families have already
shifted to new flats”. Editor (ICJ).
This paper deals with all the aspects of MIVAN technology, an aluminium
formwork developed by the company MIVAN itself. The salient features of this
formwork are its speed of construction, quality of construction, seismic resistivity and its
economy. All these features are elaborately described in this paper.
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housing cost – but also for achieving the national objective of creating a large stock to
overcome shortest possible time. Fortunately some of the advanced technologies catering
to faster speed of construction are already available in the country. For e.g.
prefabrication, autoclaved blocks, tunnel formwork, aluminum formwork (MIVAN
Technology) of construction etc.
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From the above tables and graphs the following pictures emerges:-
i) While the total number of households (housing shelter) have increased by about
30 Percent, between 1961to 2003, the total shortage continues to be the same at
about 20% of the total households.
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ii) The increase in shortage of housing in urban areas has been 50 percent as
against 25 percent in rural areas.
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may be up to 25% of cost of the structure in building work, and even higher in
bridges, it is thus essential that the forms are properly designed to effect economy
without sacrificing strength and efficiency.
Certain patented systems based on imported technologies such as “Mascon
System” (Canada), “Mivan System” (Malaysia) have come on the Indian scene in recent
years. In these systems traditional column and beam construction is eliminated and
instead walls and slabs are cast in one operation at site by use of specially designed, easy
to handle (with minimum labor and without use of any equipment) light weight
pre-engineered aluminium forms. Rapid construction of multiple units of a repetitive type
can be achieved with a sort of assembly line production by deployment of a few semi-
skilled labors.
The entire operation essentially comprises fitting and erecting the portion of
shuttering as already determined (the optimization in use is determined by appropriate
planning) and then carrying out concreting of the walls and slabs. Props are so designed
that they stay in position while de-shuttering of slabs and/or takes place. The dimensional
accuracy of the formwork is of high order. Therefore any possibility of errors does not
rise.
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II. Erection of partial pre-cast components, jointing of these components using cast
in-situ concrete with appropriate reinforcement.
III. Lying of reinforced cast in-situ screed over slab panels, construction of panels,
construction of walling, flooring, plastering, water proofing etc.
Achieving the “3-S” system in the MIVAN formwork is quite easy. MIVAN
formwork has got the unsurpassed speed of construction due to saving time for required
time in masonry and plastering. The strength of raw aluminium is very less but when
alloyed with other materials prove to be strong enough to use as a formwork . To ensure
safety in the site, an integrated safety/ working platform is developed which ensures
labor safety during erection and striking of the formwork. Economy is also one of the
main factors of any system. The MIVAN formwork proves to cost efficient as it can be
used efficiently for 250 times.
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2. FORMWORK
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a) According to size.
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erection process is preferably handled by a single worker, with site work best done
independently to avoid possible waiting times. Due to reasons of size and weight, the
materials and construction of small-sized formwork are thus limited. At present, the most
common systems are made of timber and aluminium, and are usually in the form of small
panels. There is seldom medium-sized formwork. In cases in which large-sized formwork
is used, the size of the form can be designed as large as practicable to reduce the amount
of jointing and to minimize the amount of lift. The stiffness required by large-sized
formwork can be dealt with by the introduction of more stiffening components such as
studs and soldiers. The increase in the weight of the formwork panels is insignificant as a
crane will be used in most cases.
There are not many effective formwork systems for stairs and staircases. The complicated
three-dimensional nature of an element involving suspended panels and riser boards, as
well as the need to cope with very different spatial and dimensional variances as required
by individual design situations, cannot be achieved by a universally adaptable formwork
system (fig 2.1).
Fig 2.1 - Staircase under traditional formwork arrangement using timber (Raymond.
2001)
Classification according to materials of construction
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Materials used for formwork are traditionally quite limited due to finding the
difficult balance between cost and performance. Timber in general is still the most
popular formwork material for its relative low initial cost and adaptability Steel, in the
form of either hot-rolled or cold-formed sections and in combination with other sheeting
materials, is another popular choice for formwork materials.In the past two to three years,
full aluminium formwork systems have been used in some cases but the performance is
still being questioned by many users, especially in concern to cost and labor control (fig
2.2 & 2.3).
Fig 2.2 - Typical steel form system to construct a core Fig 2.3 - Aluminium formwork for wall, floor
wall. and other architectural features (source
Raymond,2001).
systems are equipped with a certain degree of mobility to ease the erection and striking
processes, or to allow horizontal moment using rollers, rails or tracks.
Timber and aluminium forms are the only manually-operable types of formwork.
They are designed and constructed in ways that they can be completely handled
independently without the aid of any lifting appliances. On the other end of the scale,
such systems are used in very large-sized and horizontally-spread buildings with
complicated layout designs which require the systems' flexibility. Fig 2.4 & 2.5 shows the
formwork system allowing the incorporation of pre-cast elements and self climbing form
with hydraulic jack devices respectively.
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Photo 2.4 - formwork system allowing the Photo 2.5 - example of a self-climbing form
with
Incorporation of pre-cast elements (govt. quarters) detail of the hydraulic jack devices
(source Raymond,
2001)
Several patented or branded formwork systems have successfully entered the local
construction market in the past decade. These include products from brands SGB, RMD,
VSL, MIVAN, Thyssen and Cantilever. Each of these firms offers its own specialised
products, while some can even provide a very wide range of services including design
support or tender estimating advice. As the use of innovative building methods is gaining
more attention from various sectors in the community, advanced formwork systems are
obviously a promising solution. The input through research and development by the well-
established formwork manufacturers is of no doubt contributing to efforts in these areas.
(fig 2.6)
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If the spacing of wales is 68cm, the average pressure on the studs between two bolts will
be 2300(1.5-68/2) x .55 =1468 kg per meter run, assuming concrete pouring is started at
level of a low bolts.
Max S.F. at edges of clear span = 1468 x 0.6/2 = 440 kg.
Assume studs to be 7.5 cm x 10 cm,
Shear stress = 3/2 x 440/(7.5 x 10) = 8.8 kg/ sq cm.
Maximum fiber stress = 6785 x 10/2 = 54.3 kg/ sq cm.
7.5 x 10³/12
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iv. System components are durable and can be used several times without
sacrificing the quality or correctness of dimensions and surface.
v. Monolithic construction of load bearing walls and slabs in concrete
produces structurally superior quality with very few constructions joined
compared to the conventional column and beam slabs construction combined with
filter brick work or block work subsequently covered by plaster.
vi. In view of the four – day cycle of casting the floor together with all slabs
as against 14 to 20 – day cycle in the conventional method, completed RCC
structure is available for subsequent finish trades much faster, resulting in a
saving of 10 to 15 days per floor in the overall completion period.
vii. As all the walls are cast monolithic and simultaneously with floor slabs
requiring no further plasters finish. Therefore the time required in the
conventional method for construction of walls and plastering is saved.
viii. As fully completed structural frame is made available in one stretch for
subsequent – finishing items, uninterrupted progress can be planned ensuring,
continuity in each trade, thereby providing as cope for employing increased labor
force on finishing item.
ix. As the system establishes a kind of “Assembly line production” phase –
wise completion in desired groups of buildings can be planned to achieve early
utilization of the buildings.
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Useful carpet Efficiency around 83.5% Efficiency around 87.5% More efficient
area as % of utilization of
5
plinth area. land for useful
living space.
6 Consumption
of basic raw
materials
Normal
Cement. Consumption somewhat more Although
than that used in conventional greater
structures. consumption
strength and
durability is
also more
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earthquake.
Maintenance In maintenance cost, the The walls and ceiling being It can be
major expenditure is smooth and high quality concrete concluded that
involved due to : repairs for plastering and maintenance
Repairs and maintenance leakage’s are not at all required cost is
of plaster of walls / frequently. negligible.
7
ceiling etc.
Painting of outer and
inner walls.
Leakages due to plumbing
and sanitation installation.
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of formwork used in the world are under their operation. In Mumbai, India there are
number of buildings constructed with the help of the above system which has been
proved to be very economical and satisfactory for Indian Construction Environment.
The technology has been used extensively in other countries such as Europe, Gulf
Countries, Asia and all other parts of the world. MIVAN technology is suitable for
constructing large number of houses within short time using room size forms to construct
walls and slabs in one continuous pour on concrete. Early removal of forms can be
achieved by hot air curing / curing compounds. This facilitates fast construction, say two
flats per day. All the activities are planned in assembly line manner and hence result into
more accurate, well – controlled and high quality production at optimum cost and in
shortest possible time.
In this system of formwork construction, cast – in – situ concrete wall and floor
slabs cast monolithic provides the structural system in one continuous pour. Large room
sized forms for walls and floors slabs are erected at site. These forms are made strong and
sturdy, fabricated with accuracy and easy to handle. They afford large number of
repetitions (around 250). The concrete is produced in RMC batching plants under strict
quality control and convey it to site with transit mixers.
The frames for windows and door as well as ducts for services are placed in the
form before concreting. Staircase flights, façade panels, chajjas and jails etc. and other
pre-fabricated items are also integrated into the structure. This proves to be a major
advantage as compared to other modern construction techniques.
The method of construction adopted is no difference except for that the sub –
structure is constructed using conventional techniques. The super–structure is constructed
using MIVAN techniques. The integrated use the technology results in a durable
structure.
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tolerances. Further, the construction speed is high and the work can be done in a cost
effective manner.
The modular nature of the formwork system allows easy fixing and removal of
formwork and the construction can proceed speedily with very little deviation in
dimensional tolerances. Further, the system is quite flexible and can be easily adapted for
any variations in the layout.
The availability of concrete from ready mix concrete facility has augured well for
the use of this work system. However, the proliferation of RMC facilities in the cities in
India and the willingness to use mechanized means of transport and placing of concrete,
the use of aluminium formwork system has received a boost. The quality of the resulting
concrete is found to be superior.
Structurally speaking, the adoption of the closed box system using monolithic
concrete construction has been found to be the most efficient alternatives. The stresses in
both the concrete and steel are observed to be much lower even when horizontal forces
due to wind or earthquake are taken into consideration.
The formwork system can be used for construction for all types of concrete
systems, that is, for a framed structure involving column beam –slab elements or for box-
type structure involving slab-walls combination.
3.2 FORMWORK – COMPONENTS:
The basic element of the formwork is the panel, which is an extruded aluminium
rail section, welded to an aluminium sheet. This produces a lightweight panel with an
excellent stiffness to weight ratio, yielding minimal deflection under concrete loading.
Panels are manufactured in the size and shape to suit the requirements of specific
projects.
The panels are made from high strength aluminium alloy with a 4 mm thick skin
plate and 6mm thick ribbing behind to stiffen the panels. The panels are manufactured in
MIVAN’S dedicated factories in Europe and South East Asia. Once they are assembled
they are subjected to a trial erection in order to eliminate any dimensional or on site
problems.
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All the formwork components are received at the site whining three months after
they are ordered. Following are the components that are regularly used in the
construction.
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3) Kicker: - It forms the wall face at the top of the panels and acts as a ledge to
support
4) Stub Pin: - It helps in joining two wall panels. It helps in joining two joints
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2) Prop Head for Soffit Beam: - It forms the soffit beam. It is a V-shaped head
for easy dislodging of the formwork.
4) Beam Soffit Bulkhead: - It is the bulkhead for beam. It carries most of the bulk
load.
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2) Deck Prop: - It forms a V-shaped prop head. It supports the deck and bears the
load coming on the deck panel.
3) Prop Length: - It is the length of the prop. It depends upon the length of the
slab.
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4) Deck Mid – Beam: - It supports the middle portion of the beam. It holds the
concrete.
5) Soffit Length: - It provides support to the edge of the deck panels at their
perimeter of the room.
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6) Deck Beam Bar: - It is the deck for the beam. This component supports the deck
and beam.
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2) External Soffit Corner: - It forms the external corner between the components
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The panels are held in position by a simple pin and wedge system that passes
through holes in the outside rib of each panel. (Fig.No.3.21)
The panels fit precisely, simply and securely and require no bracing. Buildings can be
constructed quickly and easily by unskilled labour with hammer being the only tool
required. Once the panels have been numbered, measuring is not necessary. As the
erection process is manually, tower cranes are not required. The result is a typical 4 to 5
day cycle for floor – to – floor construction.
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ii. Beam / deck props adjacent to drop areas slipping due to vibration.
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3.3.4 CLEANING:
All components should be cleaned with scrapers and wire brushes as soon as they
are struck. Wire brush is to be used on side rails only.
The longer cleaning is delayed, the more difficult the task will be. It is usually
best to clean panels in the area where they are struck.
3.3.5 TRANSPORTING:
There are basic three methods recommended when transporting to the next floor:
i. The heaviest and the longest, which is a full height wall panel, can be
carried up the nearest stairway.
ii. Passes through void areas.
iii. Rose through slots specially formed in the floor slab for this purpose.
Once they have served their purpose they are closed by casting in
concrete filter.
3.3.6 STRIKING:
Once cleaned and transported to the next point of erection, panels should be
stacked at right place and in right order.
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Proper stacking is a clean sign of a wall – managed operation greatly aids the next
sequence of erection as well as prevents clutters and impend other activities.
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The formwork is designed using the most economical assortment of panel sizes
with the help of the state-of-the art design software. The use of the software along with
the experience and skill of the designers ensures an efficient construction process by
incorporating the optimum assembly procedures, economical panel selection and
ultimately minimizing capital and operational costs.
The formwork requirement depends upon various parameters such as desired
speed of construction, economy required. After considering all of these, various options
are offered at the estimate stage to the client. The system is flexible in design and can
form any architectural or structural configuration, such as stairs, bay windows, curved
features etc. Designers consult the architects and structural designers during design stage
in order to avoid costly modifications of RC members during construction stage.
It is thus essential to select the most practical and economic blend of standard formwork
components required for the building at the preconstruction design phase itself.
Using Bespoke design software, the formwork is designed using the most
economical assortment of panel sizes. The combination of bespoke software and the
experience of MIVAN designer’s guarantees:-
a) Most efficient construction process incorporating the optimum
assembly procedures.
b) Economical panel section.
c) Ultimately minimizing capital and operational cost.
The essence of the system is that it provides a production line approach in the
construction industry. The laborers are grouped together to form small teams to carry out
various tasks within a certain time frame such as, reinforcement, fabrication and erection,
formwork erection, concreting etc.
Scheduling involves the design and development of the work cycle required to
maximize efficiency in the field. The establishment of a daily cycle of work, which when
fully coordinated with different trades such as reinforcement fixing, mechanical services
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installation, and the placing of concrete, includes a highly efficient working schedule in
the system, not just for formwork but for all parallel trades as well.
Optimum use of the labour force is made by ensuring that each trade has
sufficient work on each working day. Experienced site supervisors are sent to site to train
supervisory staff and labour for proper handling of the equipment and to assist in
establishing the desired work cycle. The disciplined and efficient handling of work
ensures that all other trades follow in a united and predetermined manner. The improved
coordination and construction management enables the equipment to be used at optimum
speed and efficiency and speed of the output are outstanding. Thus a disciplined and
systemized approach to construction is achieved.
3.6 SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION
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Day 1: -The first activity consists of erection of vertical reinforcement bars and
one side of the vertical formwork for the entire floor or a part of one floor.
Day 2: -The second activity involves erection of the second side of the vertical
formwork and formwork for the floor
Day 3: - Fixing reinforcement bars for floor slabs and casting of walls and slabs.
Day 4: -Removal of vertical form work panels after 24hours, leaving the props in
place for 7 days and floor slab formwork in place for 2.5 days.
3.7 Design Aspects
In the case of RC moment-resisting framed structures, the horizontal forces due to wind
or earthquake are resisted by the frames resulting in the bending moments in columns to
resist bending moment and vertical loads would be more than that required to resist
vertical loads without bending moment. Similarly, additional reinforcement will be
required in beams at supports.
In the case of RC load-bearing walls, monolithic casting of slab along with RC
walls results in a box type structure, which is very strong in resisting horizontal forces
due to wind or earthquake. In view of large depth of shear walls, the resulting stresses
due to bending moment and vertical loads are smaller and in many cases, concrete alone
is capable of resisting these forces.
On evaluating these alternatives, it is seen that the beam column frame system in
i) Performs poorly against earthquake forces compared to RCC wall and slab
construction. Recent changes in the IS Codes, as well as recommended
good practice demand provision of additional reinforcement comply with
ductility requirements.
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ii) The sizing and detailing of columns needed to be –that they are 20%
stronger than beams they support.
3.8 Economics
Comparative costs of building using load bearing wall and slab system and
conventional framed system of column, beams, slab for the construction of a ground-
plus-seven building is given in Table 3.8.1. It can be seen that the total cost of ground-
plus-seven building using MIVAN System is Rs.5344/m² which is lower than that in
conventional system is Rs.6034/m².( As calculated by Srinivaschar.P.H, July 2005).
The cost per flat (or per m² built up area) using MIVAN shuttering system
depends upon the number of repetition and period of completion of the project. As the
formwork can be reused over 250 times, the initial cost per unit of forming area is less
when compared to traditional methods. The reduction of cost is also due to the
elimination of brickwork and plaster and also due to reduction in time. The cost of the
project gets substantially reduced due to shear wall construction. These are due to the
reduced consumption of steel, masonry, and plaster even though the use of concrete
decreases. For the same number of repetition, the cost will be less if the period of
completion is longer. This is because for a shorter completion period, the area of
formwork is more than required for longer completion period. Cost of formwork is
illustrated in Table no.3.8.2.
The aluminium formwork provides an integrated scaffolding system which
reduces the cost of scaffolding requirements. The mechanical and electrical installation is
simplified as conduits are embedded in the structure by precise engineering of outlets and
service ducts.
Thus, we can conclude that the overall cost of the project is lesser when compared
to project using traditional methods of formwork.
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Table 3.8.2: - Effect of construction speed on the cost of flat. (Courtesy: Jogeswari
Vikhroli link road, NNP Nivara Parishad,MMRDA)
3.9 QUALITY:
High quality Formwork panels ensure consistency of dimensions. On the removal
of the formwork mould a high quality concrete finish is produced to accurate tolerances
and verticality. The high tolerance of the finish means that no further plastering is
required. Typically a 3mm to 4mm skin coat is applied internally prior to finishing and a
6mm build up coat prior to laying tiles. Care must be taken so that the concert and in
particular the enforcement does not become contaminated due to excessive or negligent
application of the releasing agent.
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The MIVAN formwork is specifically designed to allow rapid construction of all types of
architectural layouts.
1) Total system forms the complete concrete structure.
2) Custom designed to suit project requirements.
3) Unsurpassed construction speed.
4) High quality finish.
5) Cost effective.
6) Panels can be reused up to 250 times.
7) Erected using unskilled labor.
Quality and speed must be given due consideration along with economy. Good
quality construction will never deter to projects speed nor should it be uneconomical. In
fact, time consuming repairs and modifications due to poor quality work generally delay
the job and cause additional financial impact on the project. Some experts feel that
housing alternatives with low maintenance requirements may be preferred even if the
initial cost is high.
Even though there are so many advantages of MIVAN formwork the limitations
cannot be ignored. However the limitations do not pose any serious problems. They are
as follows: -
1) Because of small sizes finishing lines are seen on the concrete surfaces.
5) Large volume of work is necessary to be cost effective i.e. at least 200 repetitions
of the forms should be possible at work.
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6) The formwork requires number of spacer, wall ties etc. which are placed @ 2 feet
c/c; these create problems such as seepage, leakages during monsoon.
4.3 REMIDIES
In external walls, ties used in shutter connection create holes in wall after deshuttering.
These may become a source of leakage if care is not taken to grout the holes. Due to box-
type construction shrinkage cracks are likely to appear around door and window openings
in the walls. It is possible to minimize these cracks by providing control strips in the
structure which could be concreted after a delay of about 3 to 7 days after major
concreting. The problem of cracking can be avoided by minimizing the heat of hydration
by using flyash.
SPHAGETTI at KHARGHAR
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The building in plan made an angle of 1720, 168º and 1610 with each other. The
quality of construction is maintained at the site with the use of RMC. The RMC plant has
a capacity of producing 90 cubic meter of concrete of concrete per hour. The concrete
used was of 25 grades. The construction from foundation up to stilt is done with
conventional practice while the upper floors are constructed using ‘MIVAN’ technology.
The construction company has imported three sets of aluminium forms. The cost is about
Rs.500/- sq.ft as against Rs.650/- sq.ft using conventional methods. Thus it can be said
that even though the cost of construction is little bit high it has an unmatched quality
compared to the conventional method.
MIVAN formwork played a vital role in the construction of the project. The
project was completed not only on stipulated period of time but also paid off with its
attributes. Speedy & quality dwelling units were provided to the people of low income
groups at very reasonable costs. MIVAN is a definitely future of this ever growing
construction industry with lots of project still awaiting its touch of excellence.
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6.1 CONCLUSION:
The task of housing due to the rising population of the country is becoming
increasingly monumental. In terms of technical capabilities to face this challenge, the
potential is enormous; it only needs to be judiciously exploited.
Civil engineers not only build but also enhance the quality of life. Their creativity
and technical skill help to plan, design, construct and operate the facilities essential to
life. It is important for civil engineers to gain and harness the potent and versatile
construction tools.
Traditionally, construction firms all over the world have been slow to adopt the
innovation and changes. Contractors are a conservative lot. It is the need of time to
analyze the depth of the problem and find effective solutions. MIVAN serves as a cost
effective and efficient tool to solve the problems of the mega housing project all over the
world. MIVAN aims to maximize the use of modern construction techniques and
equipments on its entire project.
We have tried to cover each and every aspect related to aluminium (MIVAN)
form construction. We thus infer that MIVAN form construction is able to provide high
quality construction at unbelievable speed and at reasonable cost. This technology has
great potential for application in India to provide affordable housing to its rising
population.
Thus it can be concluded that quality and speed must be given due consideration
with regards to economy. Good quality construction will never deter to projects speed nor
will it be uneconomical. In fact time consuming repairs and modification due to poor
quality work generally delay the job and cause additional financial impact on the project.
Some experts feel that housing alternatives with low maintenance requirements may be
preferred even if at the slightly may preferred even if at the higher initial cost.
List of figures
Figures Page
Fig 1.1 Prefabricated Technology…………………………………………….……….9
Fig 1.2 Tunnel Technology……………..…………………………………….……….9
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List of Tables
Tables Page
Table 1.1- Total population and percentage of population in unauthorized
construction………………………………………………………………5
Table 1.2- Shortage of housing in India ………………………..……………………6
Table 2.1- Comparison of Aluminium formwork with Conventional type…………..21
Table 3.1- Detailed time schedule for twenty four hours ……………………………46
Table 3.2- Productivity of MIVAN forms in 4 days………………………………....47
Table 3.8.1- Cost of comparison of Conventional & MIVAN……………………….49
Table 3.8.2- Effect of construction speed on the cost of flat………………...……….50
References:
1. Carol., A., “(2001)”. Editor. “Times Journal Construction and Design”. Oct-Dec
2001, pp Editorial.
2. “Census of India”., “(2001)” “Table 500-012”. pp-48.
3. Jain and Jain., “(1993)”. “Design of Formwork”. “Design of Concrete
Structures.”, Edition 1993, pp 595-606.
4. Jana., V., G., & Kagale., Y., P., “(2005)”. “Indegnisation of Mass housing
technology”. “Indian Concrete Journal”, July2005, Volume 79, pp. 41-46.
5. Kulkarni., D., V., “(2001)”. “ First Rate Forms”. “Times Journal Construction and
Design”. Oct-Dec 2001, pp 22-23.
6. “National Building Organization”., “(2001)”. pp-25
7. Raymond., W., W., M., “(2001)”. “Conditions and Constraints in the formwork
systems for the complex High Rise buildings – with cases from HongKong”. July
2001, pp 2-6.
8. Shah., A., B., “(2005)”. “Large panel precast construction for speed and
economics”. “Indian Concrete Journal”, July2005, Volume 79, pp. 47-54.
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9. Shah., Ketan., “(2005)”. “ Modular formwork for faster, economical and quality
construction”. “Indian Concrete Journal”, July 2005, Volume 79, pp 22-26.
10. Telang., S., R., “(2005)”. “ Providing transit shelter to project affected people”.
“Indian Concrete Journal”, July2005, Volume 79, pp. 55-59.
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