1.

1General
Water is one of the most commonly used substances on our earth. We need water for all our activities
in day-to-day life. Water supply in urban area is always short against the total demand. Surface water
is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water. We` are all water
dependent creatures living on a water saturated planet. Water is the most abundant substance
on the earth, the principal constituent of all living things and a major force constantly
shaping the surfaces of the earth. It is a key factor in air conditioning the earth for human
existence and in influencing the process of civilization.

1.2 Definition of water budgeting
A water budget is a basic tool that can be used to evaluate the occurrence and movement
of water through the natural environment.
Water budgets provide a foundation for evaluating its use in relationship to other
important influencing conditions such as other ecological systems and features, as well as
social and economic component show much water is being used by industry, residents,
irrigation,etc.
With water critical to many industrial operations, the use, reuse and treatment of the water
and wastewater streams throughout a plant can be a large piece of the ongoing operations
and maintenance budget. Water uses within industrial facilities vary by industry, and can
include cooling water, process water, quench water, cleaning water, boiler water, potable
water, and others. Many industrial facilities have changed significantly since they began
operations decades ago, and water use throughout the plant can be difficult to evaluate after
numerous retrofits and process changes.
A detailed, refined, water balance study can save costs on water use and treatment. By
systematically evaluating where water is used, how it gets there, how it is collected, and what
water quality is necessary at each process, a working understanding of how best to manage water
throughout the plant is produced. A thorough water balance across each process can identify
inefficiencies in water use or distribution and in wastewater collection and treatment.
1.3 Benefits of water budgeting
1. Water that is evaporated from the facility, for example from the cooling towers
2 Water that is contained in the facilitys products, for example a beverage
3 Water that enters the ground, for example, from the facilitys irrigation system
and leaks from the facilitys water distribution system (piping)
4 The effluent from the facilitys on-site wastewater treatment facility which
is discharged to surface water
5 Sanitary wastewaters which are sent to an off-site wastewater treatment
facility operated by the municipality
6 Storm water runoff (following a rainfall event)

7. Water balance can be applied in many ways, for a production facility, for a
type of use, for example, irrigation, for a building, for a production process
or for a piece of equipment.
8. All of the inputs and outputs that cross an imaginary dotted line around the area
selected for the balance should be identified and quantified.
9. There are many ways to quantify the input and output flows including, but not
limited to metering, engineering calculation, process knowledge and
engineering judgment.
10. The last point is achieving 100% closure of the water balance, that is, where the
inputs equal the outputs is not the objective. Rather the objective of developing a water
balance is to obtain sufficient information about water usage to make decisions to reduce,
reuse or recycle water