Japanese cases to establish the Sound Material-Cycle

Society
Naohiro GOTO
Associate Professor
Department of Ecological
Engineering
Toyohashi University of Technology
1 Introduction
The human being has consumed a large amount of resource and energy and has exhausted a
large amount of environmental load material without considering limit of the earth, under a
social system of mass production, mass consumption, and mass disposal. However, it is
required conversion to a new production/ consumption system and a social economic system
for establishment of sustainable society as today's various global environmental concerns and
the waste problems become serious.
The Sound Material-Cycle Society is a concept for the ne! social system"
#n narro! sense$ it is a society !hich does not discharge !aste into the
society %y recycling" &ur pro%lems are not only !aste pro%lem %ut also
resource pro%lem" &n the other hand$ the Sound Material-Cycle Society is
achieved %y improving the productivity of the resource and energy 'ratio
of production and consumption to input of resource and energy( %y the
saving and recycling the resource in the !ide sense" E)ective use of the
resource and discharge control of !aste is important" Please do not
misunderstand The Sound Material-Cycle Society as *+ar%age , society"*
2 Waste discharge and treatment in Japan
-ased on .aste Management And Pu%lic Cleansing /a!$ 0apanese !aste is
divided into t!o 1inds$ *#ndustrial !aste* of the gar%age !hich goes out of
the factory and *Municipal !aste* !hich is the household ru%%ish" /ocal
governments have responsi%ility for municipal !aste treatment and each
company has responsi%ility for industrial !aste treatment" #n some region$
the municipal !aste includes not only !aste from house %ut also !aste
from o2ce and restaurant"
1) Municipal waste
The amount of the municipal !aste is 34$5,,$,,, tons in 4,,5 6scal
year$ and the !aste amount each day a person %ecomes 5"51g" The local
government 'city level( collects gar%age$ and the Ministry of
Environmental Protection totals the data that the each local government
collected in data concerning gar%age"
The ma7ority of the household ru%%ish is ra! gar%age 'left-over food$
scraps from coo1ing and out of use-%y date food( and paper or plastic
used as container or !rapping material$ so measures against this
gar%age are re8uested"
Figure 1 Breakdown according to weight and volume household garbage
(Ueta et al)
#n 4,,5 6scal year$ amount of recycled !aste %y the separated !aste
collection and the intermediate processing is 3$95,$,,, tons$ and
amount of the group collection$ !hich is collected %y the resident group
etc"$ is 4$:9,$,,, tons" Supposing amount in !hich %oth are matched is
amount of recycle$ the amount of recycle is :$43,$,,, tons$ and ratios of
total processing !aste to the group collection and the amounts of
recycling %ecomes 53",;"
The loss in !eight processing rate of gar%age is <5"9;$ !hich direct
incineration rate is =:",;$ and the intermediate processing rate such as
recycle is 5>"9;" -ecause the area of 0apan is small$ the reduction %y
incineration occupied the main current" ?inal disposal to land 6ll is :"@;
!ith decrease tending for these several years" #n the remaining capacity
of the land 6ll is 5@9$>5,$,,,m
>
and the remainder years are 55"4 years"
This is a value !hich increases for :"=; increase and 5": years in the
remaining capacity compared !ith the previous year" The remaining
capacity of the 6nal disposal is %eing improved from the rise of
consideration to the !aste pro%lem in recent years" Ao!ever$ the
reduction in the amount of the 6nal disposal is re8uested strongly
%ecause it is di2cult to construct a ne! disposal place %y the citiBen
protest"
2) Industrial waste
As for industrial !aste$ %ecause each enterprise is disposing and
treating$ the detail situation is incomprehensi%le" /ocal governments do
the 8uestionnaire survey etc" to each entrepreneur$ Ministry of The
Environmental totals it$ and the situation of industrial !aste is clari6ed
for that"
The amount of a total eChaust of industrial !aste in 0apan is a%out
9,,$,,,$,,, tons in 4,,5 6scal year$ and this is a%out eight times the
municipal !aste" #n %rea1do!n of the industrial !aste$ a%out :, percent
of the amount of a total eChaust is occupied %y siC high-ran1ing types of
industrial sector$ agriculture industry$ electricity$ gas$ heat supply$ !ater
service industry$ construction industry$ pulp$ paper$ paper 6nished goods
manufacturing industry$ iron and steel industry$ and mining industry"
A%out :, percent of the amount of total eChaust is occupied %y three
high-ran1ing articles$ sludge$ animal !aste and construction !aste"
Figure 2 industrial waste discharge according to industry sector and kind
waste(The Ministry of nvironment)
The ratio of the amount of the recycle$ the amount of ma1ing to the loss
in !eight$ and the amount of the 6nal disposal is almost the same as the
previous year" The amount of the recycle is a%out 5:>$,,,$,,, tons$ the
amount of ma1ing to the loss in !eight is a%out 5=3$,,,$,,, tons$ and
the amount of the 6nal disposal is a%out 94$,,,$,,, tons" 9@; of the
eChausted industrial !aste is recycled and 5,; is disposed of 6nally" The
remaining capacity of the 6nal disposal is 5=<$,,,$,,,m
>
'#ncrease for
>"5 years and >$>4,$,,,m
>
compared !ith previous year($ and reduction
in the amount of the 6nal disposal is re8uested as municipal !aste is"
3 Concept of the Sound Material-Cycle Society
There are two sides in the purpose of the The ecycling!based" society. #ne is an
environmental load decrease, and another is effective use for the resource and energy. $s for
current environmental measures, the principal ob%ect was put on the &nd of 'ipe
Technology", which processed the environmental load material exhausted from the man
activity for the environmental load decrease. However, we cannot deal with new
environmental load material (for instance, dioxin and endocrine disrupters) discovered one
after another and a large amount of exhausted wastes only by the &nd of 'ipe Technology".
The mechanism that measures not only on the exit side but also on the entrance side, in a
word, measures which do not put out the environmental load is necessary. $s for usage of
resource and energy, fossil fuel and the mineral wealth should not be collected one way but
resource circulation and effective use of waste heat should be accomplished.
These environmental load decreases and e)ective use for the resource
and energy are not independent %ut implications" The consumption of
the virgin resource is saved at the same time as the environmental loadDs
decreasing %y recycling of !aste" Moreover$ the resource and the energy
input to !aste treatment decrease %y developing a ne! productive
process !ith a lo! eChaust of !aste" #n a !ord$ to achieve the Sound
Material-Cycle Society society is to esta%lish society of high resource
and energy productivity and a lo! environmental load types maintaining
the system !hich o)ers various functions to %e necessary in the social
life$ and this is the same as the construction of the sustaina%le society"
*ass
'roduction
+onsumption
,isposal
*ass
'roduction
+onsumption
,isposal
educe
euse
ecycle
educe
euse
ecycle
*anufacturing process with low environmental load
+irculation use of waste
*anufacturing process with low environmental load
+irculation use of waste
ecycling!based
-ociety
&xisting
-ociety
,ecrease of environmental load
ise of resource and
energy productivity
&nd of pipe technology
#ne way collection of resource
&nd of pipe technology
#ne way collection of resource
+onversion of
social system
Figure ! "onversion from mass consum#tion society to $%ecycling&based'
society
1)hree !s
Measures and technology to achieve the Eecycling-%ased society can
divide into Eeduce$ Eeuse$ and Eecycle$ and call these three Es"
Eeduce
Decrease the eChaust of !aste %y developing a ne! productive
process" #t is included to ma1e !aste a reduction %y incineration and
dryness"
Eeuse
.aste is used again as it is !ithout so putting the hand" ?or instance$
use it again after !ashing the collected glass %ottle"
Eecycle
Conversion !aste to resource again %y using energy" ?or instance$ %uild
in the glass %ottle again after crushing the collected glass %ottle$ and
use it as a road pavement material"
-esides these three Es$ there are several methods to esta%lish the
Eecycling-%ased society$ not receive the product !hich %ecomes
discretion 'Eefuse($ separation and decomposing !aste to use again
'Ee6ne($ %y repairing a used product and parts 'Eepair("
Figure ( )iagram of $%ecycling&based' *ociety
2)!ecycle
Eecycle is one means to construct the Eecycling-%ased society" There is
an e)ect of decrease the amount of the 6nal disposal %y converting the
material !hich has %een 6nally disposed up to no! as !aste into the
resource and energy %y recycling$ and consume neither a ne! resource
nor energy" Ao!ever$ there is respect !here the resource and energy
should %e input on to recycle and it is necessary to note it very for the
introduction of recycle"
Eecycle can %e classi6ed into three 1inds depending on the form$
Reduce
Reduce
Reuse
Reuse
Recycle
Recycle
Refine
Refine
Refuse
Refuse
aw material
and product
.actory
.actory
Home
Home
Material recycle$ Chemical recycle and Thermal recycle"
Material recycle
+enerally the recycle is the material recycle !aste$ the material is
recycled in case of conversion !aste to resource again"
Chemical recycle
Chemical recycle is to recycle !aste as a ra! material of chemical
industry$ and it is a 1ind of the material recycle ?or instance$ ma1ing
the PET %ottle oil$ and o%taining monomer !hich is the ra! material
correspond"
Thermal recycle
Thermal recycle is to incinerate !aste and collect heat" #t can %e said to
convert that !aste !hich is unused resources cannot %e used t!ice
'incineration ash($ and the last means of recycle" Ao!ever$ it is in
!aste !hen energy hangs greatly recycling 'Energy hangs apart as
various 1inds miC it($ and$ for that case$ is e2cient measures" Eefused
Derived ?uel 'ED?F it is %uilt li1e the pellet after !aste is dried( is a 1ind
of thermal recycle"
3)Waste recycle in Japan
Eate of recycle in 0apan is 53; in the municipal !aste and 9@; in
industrial !aste" Though they are not high 6gures$ some !astes are
recycled at a high rate in the inside
Eecycled material
The material recycled at a high rate is an old paper$ steel can$ an
aluminum can$ and PET %ottle no!" -ecause the old paper$ the steel can$
and the aluminum can are recycled easily$ the recycling rate is also high"
&n the other hand$ %ecause the approach on recycle 7ust started$ the PET
%ottle is lo!er than other materials the recycling rate !ith the
enforcement of Containers and Pac1aging Eecycling /a!"
Table 1 main recycling goods (2++!)
EChaust amount recycling
amount
recycling rate Usage
old paper Paper and
hard%oard domestic
consumption
>,$<,, 1t
Collection
4,$9,, 1t
Collection
rate @@"5;
Eecycled paper
and tim%er for
!ooden %oC
Paper material
consumption 'pulp$
old paper$ old pulp
and so on(
>,$3@, 1t
consumption of
old paper and
old pulp
5:$9,, 1t
&ld paper
Availa%ility
@,"4;
Steel can Consumption
<55 1t
=<= 1t Collection
rate
:="3
#ron scrap
Al can Sales
5=$=,, M can
Collection
59$@,, M cans
Collection
rate
:5">
Al reproduction
ground metal
PET %ottle Production
9>= 1t
collection
4@= 1t
Collection
rate
@5",
Pet %ottle
TeCtile goods
plastics product
Chemical recycle
&ther than paper$ can and PET %ottle$ glass %ottle is also recycled" There
are t!o 1inds of glass %ottle$ one !ay %ottle and returna%le %ottle" After
!ashing returna%le %ottle$ the %ottle is recycled$ and after crushing one
!ay %ottle$ the cullet is recycled for ne! %ottle or the road pavement
material$ etc" Consumption of the one !ay %ottle is 5@@1t and that of
returna%le %ottle is 45:1t" <:1t of used the one !ay %ottle is recycled as
cullet"
Gey industry !hich contri%utes to recycling
Eecycle is possi%le from the vie! point of technology" Eecycle system is
di2cult %ecause of recycled material demand" Even !hen much !aste is
recycled$ There are t!o ma7or industries !hich could accept a large
amount of !astes in recent years$ cement industry and steel industry"
Cement industry
Cement is made %y %a1ing miCed materials that the lime stone$ clay$ and
the iron dice %y 7ust proportions" -ecause the element 'calcium$
aluminum$ silicon$ and iron( included in the ra! material of cement is
included in the incineration ash$ cement can %e made from the
incineration ash" 'Ao!ever$ it is necessary to remove heavy metals and
chlorines from the incineration ash %eforehand"( Therefore$ the cement
industry is very po!erful as the receiver of the !aste incineration ash"
Moreover$ dioCin is decomposed almost completely though dioCin might
%e included in the incineration ash %ecause it %a1es it at the high
temperature '5>3, or more( !hen cement is made"
Steel industry
The process of removing iron oCide in the iron ore 'reduction( is done
!ith the %last furnace in the steel industry$ and the !aste plastic is used
as a reducing agent at this time" This method is called a %last furnace
reduction method" #n the %last furnace$ co1e is turned on !ith the iron
ore$ co1e gasi6es$ and the car%on monoCide is discharged" This car%on
monoCide reacts chemically !ith the iron ore$ and the oCygen of iron
oCide is removed" -ecause the !aste plastic is the same car%on material
as co1e$ the iron ore is reduced %y %lo!ing in to the %last furnace after
used plastic is crushing and granulation processed as !ell as co1e"
#n 0apan$ there are t!o steel companies !hich have !aste plastic recycle
technology" &ne is 0?E holdings #nc"$ another is Hippon Steel Corporation"
The Hippon Steel has a technology !hich recycles !aste plastic as not
only reductant for a %last furnace %ut also fuel gas and li8uid" &n the
other hand$ though 0?E recycles !aste plastic as reductant$ it is
developing technology !hich recycles !aste plastic including polyvinyl
chloride'PIC(" PIC has %ad impact on the %last furnace$ so %efore !aste
plastic is input$ it re8uires to remove PIC from !aste plastic" 0?EJs ne!
technology solve this pro%lem"
")#ro$lem of recycling
Though the introduction of recycle is !orthy in the point to decrease the
eChaust of !aste to the society$ there are various pro%lems of the input
energy and the merchanta%ility$ etc"$ too"
Energy turned on to recycling
Energy is necessary for recycle" There is a possi%ility that the
environmental load increases !hen energy necessary for recycle
produces %y using the virgin ra! material if it is large" #t is necessary
to avoid putting huge energy to construct the Eecycling-%ased
society"
?irst of all$ it is necessary to ma1e the reduction give priority 6rst of
all !hen thin1ing a%out the priority level of a%ove-mentioned >E"
-ecause$ reduction discharges fe!er environmental loads than reuse
and recycle does" HeCt is reuse$ and 6nal is recycle" ?irst several
measures %esides recycle should %e considered" After that$ if the
necessity of recycle still is eCisted such as toCicity pro%lem$ the
impact given to the society and the 6nal disposal dump and !astes$ it
is necessary to thin1 a%out recycle"
Demand for recycled goods
Eecently$ the 1itchen !aste !hich goes out of the home in various
places is %eing performed to the recycled approach %y an organic
fertiliBer" Ao!ever$ if there is no receiver of the organic fertiliBer$
organic fertiliBers accumulate in the society and recycling is not
promoted" The old paper has occurred to a similar situation"
Moreover$ the discretion collection of the PET %ottle gro!s more than
the amounts in the processing facilities the amount of the PET %ottle
collection !hich can %e the acceptances though it started in recent
years$ and there is a region !here the receipt !ith the processing
facilities is not advanced either"
.e should consider not only is recycled products %ut demand of the
products" The green purchase la! enacted to solve such a pro%lem
promotes the consumption of the reproduction goods$ and is paid to
attention as a la! !hich supports the recycling system"
Though recycle is important$ recycle should %e recogniBed the 6nal
means %ecause the resource and energy is necessary$ and the receiver
of the reproduction goods is not secured"
" Countermeasure for %he Sound Material-Cycle Society& in Japan
The Sound Material-Cycle Society is a 1ey !ord !hich sho!s the
approach on the sustaina%le society most !idely !idespread no!adays"
Especially$ it is often used as a catchphrase of environmental
management" There are several countermeasures for the Sound Material-
Cycle Society" ?or instance$ Hational government has esta%lished several
la!s" #n enterprises$ the approach of the %eer$ the car$ the semiconductor$
and paper manufacture such as each factory is famous in the enterprise"
Moreover$ the attempt at the Bero emission is done in the industrial par1
!hich several factories gathers$ G&GUM& region'Kamanashi Prefecture($
Gita1yushu$ Ga!asa1i$ and ##DA city 'Hagano Prefecture($ etc"" #t is also
important that countermeasures %y not only industrial sector %ut also
house sector" #n industrial sector$ it is easier to ma1e countermeasure
compared !ith that in house sector %ecause of mass and unify !aste" #n
house sector
1)'aw
Eecently$ la! !hich aims at Bero emission society construction are
enforced$ such as resource e)ective use promotion la!$ construction
materials recycle la!$ food recycle la!$ green purchase la!$ revision /a!
Concerning Eational Use of Energy$ recycling act for electrical appliances$
and Containers and Pac1aging Eecycling /a!$ etc" -asic la! of them is
*?undamental /a! for Esta%lishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society* and
in the la!$ the recycle %ased society is de6ned as follo!s"
The society of !hich it is controlled the product %ecome !astes$
promoted the product %ecome the circulation resources properly !hen
product %ecomes !aste$ and product !hich can not %ecome circulation
resources is disposed properly 'disposal as !aste is said( is secured$ and
the consumption of the natural resource is controlled$ and the load to the
environment is decreased as much as possi%le"
Eecycling-%ased society is to use !aste as resource$ to reduce
environmental load and to control natural resource consumption" An
individual la! is enacted %ased on this ?undamental la! of recycle %ased
society" Eecycling act for electrical appliances and Containers and
Pac1aging Eecycling /a! !hich is an individual method are descri%ed as
follo!s"
+onstruction materials recycle law
.ood recycle law
/aw for ecycling of -pecified
0inds of Home $ppliances
+ontainer wrapping recycling law
(undamental 'aw for )sta$lishing
a Sound Material-Cycle Society
ecycle based society image
(undamental 'aw for )sta$lishing
a Sound Material-Cycle Society
ecycle based society image
esource effective use promotion law
eduction, re!use, and recycling obligation
esource effective use promotion law
eduction, re!use, and recycling obligation
1reen purchase law
'urchase promotion of
environmental product
2aste *anagement and
'ublic +leansing /aw
'roper processing of waste
2aste *anagement and
'ublic +leansing /aw
'roper processing of waste
evised +onservation
of &nergy /aw
+#3 reduction
evised +onservation
of &nergy /aw
+#3 reduction
Figure , %elated chart of various laws which aim at -ero emission society
(undamental 'aw for )sta$lishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society
This /a! de6nes *a Sound Material-Cycle Society* as a society
5 !here the consumption of natural resources is minimiBed and the
environmental load is reduced as much as possi%le$ %y restraining
products$ etc" from %ecoming !astes$ etc"$
4 promoting appropriate recycling of products$ etc" !hen they have
%ecome recycla%le resources$ and
> securing appropriate disposal of the recycla%le resources not recycled$
!hich means the disposal as !astes"
This la! focuses on 6nal disposal reduction" The Sound Material-Cycle
Society should include not only !aste reduction %ut also concept of future
society"
Waste Management and #u$lic Cleansing 'aw
The aim of this la! is proper treatment of !aste" As mentioned %efore$
!aste pro%lem is serious in 0apan mainly due to lac1 of 6nal disposal" #n
order to ma1e the 6nal disposal %e long$ it is re8uired to reduce volume of
!aste %y com%ustion" Com%ustion facility should %e large scale due to
e2ciency and environmental protection" .aste treatment system should
%e managed strictly" &ne of focuses a%out the management is 8uality of
person or company !ho plays some roles in !aste treatment system" ?or
!aste management %usiness$ there are three 1inds of license$ collection
and transportation$ intermediate treatment and 6nal treatment" /ocal
government gives these licenses to company individually" ?or eCample$ a
company !ho %rings !aste from A prefecture to - prefecture must have
licenses in %oth prefecture" #t is very di2cult to get !aste treatment
license$ %ecause the la! prohi%its for improper company to the !aste
treatment %usiness" -ut this high standard also prohi%its for proper ne!
comer$ so there is no competition in !aste treatment and treatment cost is
very high"
#n this la!$ 5< 1inds of industrial !aste is de6ned$ ashes$ sludge$ !aste oil$
!aste acid$ !aste al1ali$ !aste plastics$ !aste paper$ !aste !ood$ !aste
6%er$ animal and plants !aste$ !aste ru%%er$ !aste metal$ !aste glass
and ceramic$ construction !aste$ animal !aste$ animal dead %ody$ dust
and %y product in !aste treatment" The licenses for !aste management
are permitted according to 1ind of !aste" ?inal disposal site$ land 6ll$ also
is classi6ed according to 1ind of !aste"
'aw for !ecycling of Specified *inds of +ome ,ppliances
/ocal government collects 4, percent in a used consumer electronic
'television$ air conditioner$ refrigerator$ and !ashing machine( !hich is the
o%7ect of recycle la! for electrical appliances$ and the shop is collecting
the other :, percent as a %ul1y gar%age item" These used consumer
electronics are serious pro%lem of lac1 of !aste disposal place" Moreover$
treatment %ecame a pro%lem from respect of the Luorocar%on collection
'The amount of ultraviolet rays !hich reached the ground increased if
Luorocar%on !as an oBone-depleting su%stance$ and the oBonosphere !as
destroyed$ and it !as in the living thing the inLuence( in refrigerator"
Therefore$ the recycle la! for electrical appliances !as enacted for the
recycling promotion of a used consumer electronic" The feature of this la!
o%ligates the recycle treatment to the manufacturer and it o%ligates the
collection to the retail store" Moreover$ the manufacturer assumes that the
processing cost can %e claimed to the consumer$ and is aiming at a fair
cost load"
+onsumer
+onsumer
etail store
etail store
/ocal
1overnment
/ocal
1overnment
ecycle
factory
ecycle
factory
+ost load
eceipt and
delivery obligation
-pecified
receipt place
-pecified
receipt place
*anufacturer
e!use and recycling obligation
+ollection and 4eeping
Figure . %elated chart of consumer/ retail store/ manufacturer/ and local
government in recycle act for electrical a##liances
Problem
#n the recycle facility electrical appliances are decomposed to mainly
metal$ plastic and miCed !aste" Metal is easy to %e recycled" &n the other
hands$ plastic is not easy to %e recycled$ %ecause there are many 1inds of
plastic" #n order to recycle plastic$ !aste plastic should %e separated
according to material" -ut plastic includes many chemicals" Such
chemicals ma1e plastic recycle %e di2cult" And there is no information
!hich chemicals are used for plastic" Ho! electrical appliances
manufacturing company is trying to nifty 1ind for plastic for electrical
appliance parts"
'aw for promotion of sorted collection and recycling of containers and pac-aging
The o%7ective of this la! is to reduce and recycle container !rapping !aste
!hich is %out 3@; in capacity and a%out 4>; in !eight among municipal
!astes" The feature is that three people *Consumer*$ */ocal +overnment*$
and *Entrepreneur* related to the container and the pac1aging !aste
clari6ed the role in the recycle of the container !rapping" The consumer
does discretion$ the local government collects discretion$ and the
entrepreneur recycles" Actually$ the entrepreneur can consign the %usiness
to The 0apan Containers and Pac1aging Eecycling Association !hich is the
third person organiBation !ith the municipality" The containers and
pac1aging material are plastic$ pet %ottle and glass %ottle"
/ocal government
+ollection and
4eeping
/ocal government
+ollection and
4eeping
&ntrepreneur
ecycling
&ntrepreneur
ecycling
The 5apan +ontainers
and 'ac4aging
ecycling $ssociation
The 5apan +ontainers
and 'ac4aging
ecycling $ssociation
+onsignment
+onsumer
,iscretion exhaust
+onsumer
,iscretion exhaust
Figure 0 %ole of "onsumer/ local government and entre#reneur in 1aw for
#romotion of sorted collection and recycling of containers and #ackaging
Problem
.ho pays recycle costM This /a! sho!s an ans!er for the 8uestion partially"
The 0apan Containers and Pac1aging Eecycling Association is found to
ma1ing a %ridge %et!een recycle facility and collection site" As the recycle
technology$ several technologies are recogniBed$ teCtile and plastic sheet
manufacture 'for PET %ottles($ paper production$ molded plastic production$
ED?'Eefused derived fuel($ synthetic oil and so on"
Companies !hich manufacture pac1ing pay cost to the association" -ut the
fare is not enough" /ocal governments also pay cost to the society" As local
government recycles the !aste$ it pays much to the society" As recycle
increases$ cost should reduce" #f so$ local government must %e !illing to
recycle"
#n this la!$ recycla%le pac1ing material is strictly de6ned" -ut actually other
pac1ing material is also recycla%le" .hy this situation occursM Some
companies pay to The 0apan Containers and Pac1aging Eecycling Association
as recycle fee" Containers and pac1ing of some companies !ithout payment
to the association could not %e accepted this recycle system"
Table 2 1aw which su##orts *ound Material&"ycle *ociety
Fundamental Law for Establishin a Sound Material!Cycle Society
Enforcement
years
"une# $%%%
Pur&ose 'ecycle based society is constructed(
Feature Entre&reneur and citi)en*s obliations are s&ecified(
Entre&reneur+ Pro&er dis&osal of resource e,haust control of waste &ro&er
which cannot use circulation# and circulate
The &eo&le+ Coo&eration in use for a lon term of &roduct# use of
re&roduction oods# and discretion collection and coo&eration of country
and local &ublic entity in measure
-aste Manaement and Public Cleansin Law
Enforcement
years
./0%
Pur&ose -aste is &ro&erly &rocessed(
Feature Ma1in of a lare amount of &rocessin &lan decision to waste dis&oser
obliation
Clarification of installation &rocedure of trash dis&osal facility
2m&ro3ement of reliability and safety concernin industrial waste dis&osal
Strenthenin of &ermission re4uirement for waste manaement industry
'esource effecti3e use &romotion law
Enforcement
years
5&ril# $%%.
Pur&ose 6ischare control# recycle and collection of waste are &romoted(
Feature Taret settin of recyclin to &roduct which should be recycled# &roduct
which should dis&lay identification for discretion collection# and
reusable by!&roduct
5 s&ecific trader is &ro3ided# and the im&ro3ement of the recyclin rate
is &ro3ided(
7bliation in country+ Securin# science and technoloy &romotion of the
ca&ital# and enlihtenment to the &eo&le
Construction materials recyclin law
Enforcement
years
"une# $%%$
Pur&ose 6ischare control# ma1in to loss in weiht# and re&roduction &rofit of
construction waste
Feature 7bliatin of discretion dismantlement and recyclin
The dismantlement method and the &rocessin cost are s&ecified in the
contract(
6ismantlement construction trader8s reistration system
2nstallation of taret of recyclin
Food recyclin law
Enforcement
years
"une# $%%.
Pur&ose Promotion of dischare control# ma1in to loss in weiht# and re&roduction
use for food waste
Feature The entre&reneur and the consumer try to use the re&roduction oods to
control the dischare of the food waste etc(
7bliation in country+ Securin of the ca&ital# and collection use and
research and de3elo&ment of information
'eistration system of fertili)er and entre&reneur who ma1es it to
fodder
Table 2 1aw which su##orts circulation ty#e society(continued)
9reen &urchase law
Enforcement
years
5&ril# $%%.
Pur&ose Promotion of &rocurement of en3ironmental article etc( such as countries
Feature Ma1in of &romotion &rocurement &olicy of &rocurement in country etc(
etc(
7ffer of information concernin en3ironmental article etc(
6issemination by entre&reneur
6issemination with en3ironmental label etc(
6issemination and e,amination by country
'e3ision Law Concernin 'ational :se of Enery
Enforcement
years
"une# $%%$
Pur&ose E,haust amount reduction of carbon dio,ide &romote conser3ation of enery
of home a&&liance
Feature The conser3ation of enery taret 3alue and the taret fiscal year are
&ro3ided in home a&&liance(
7b;ect article 5ir conditioner# refrierator# tele3ision# <T'# and fluorescent lam&
a&&aratus
Law for 'ecyclin of S&ecified =inds of >ome 5&&liances
Enforcement
years
5&ril# $%%.
Pur&ose Establishment of recyclin system of used consumer electronic e,hausted
from home
Feature Manufacturers owe recyclin and retailer owes the obliation of the
collection(
The consumer bears a&&ro&riate cost(
7b;ect article 9lass 3essel# PET bottle# container made of &a&er wra&&in# and &lastic
container wra&&in
container wra&&in recyclin method
Enforcement
years
5&ril# $%%%
Pur&ose Establishment of recyclin system of container wra&&in waste e,hausted
from home
Feature The consumer and munici&ality and entre&reneur8s roles are s&ecified(
6iscretion e,haust of consumer
Cities# towns# and 3illaes are se&arated arbae collections(
The entre&reneur commerciali)es it aain(
7b;ect article 9lass 3essel# PET bottle# container made of &a&er wra&&in# and &lastic
container wra&&in
2))co-Industrial par-. )co-own
As ne! environmental city plan to promote the Sound Material-Cycle
Society$ *Eco-to!n %usiness* !ere founded %y the Ministry of Economy$
Trade and #ndustry and the Ministry of the Environment in 0apan in 5<<=
6scal year" The purpose is #ndustrial promotion through promotion of
environmental industry !hich ma1es the %est use of eCisted industry in
individual region The construction of the overall environmental harmony
type system !hich aims at the Bero emission society in the region$ the
pu%lic-sector$ and the consumer are included"
Concretely$ the local government ma1es the promotion plan" Approval
ma1es a several supports$ su%sidy for construction and maintenance of
recycle facility such as cement manufacture plant or PET %ottle recycling
e8uipment %y private company$ and support for promotion of %usiness$
eCpense$ environmental industry$ trade fair$ technology$ eChi%ition$
cooperation$ %usiness tal1 and environmental industry$ mar1eting"
Figure 2 3a#anese co&Town
The outline of Eco-to!n of the Sapporo City and the Gita1yushu City is
sho!n as follo!s as a typical eco-to!n region"
Sapporo City
Sapporo Eco-to!n is one !hich collected the recycling facilities of the
municipal !aste and the construction !aste 'industrial !aste(" As for
private companies other than plastic facilities of ma1ing to oil$ the pro6t is
ta1en" #t is di2cult for the oil ma1ing facility to ma1e a successful %id for
the !hole 8uantity$ %ecause the receipt of plastic is a competitive %idding"
Figure 4 *a##oro co&Town
AreaF A%out 4>ha"
Creation periodF 5<<@ 5<<9 6scal year-6scal year"
-usiness eCpenseF 5$<5,$,,,$,,, yen 'Continuance %usiness eCpense for
three years("
Environmental assessment is eCecuted to achieve environmental standards
of an average ur%aniBation promotion area and it o%ligates the o%servance
to the entering enterprise" "
&perating %odyF Private entrepreneur$ third-sector company$ and Sapporo
City" Private entrepreneur"
/ist of ?acility
.asted oil reproduction facility '5:sNday(
&rganic sludge processing facility ':,1Nday(
#norganic sludge disposal facility '>,,1Nday(
Special incineration facility '>,tNday(
A%olition concrete reproduction facility '5$,,,tNday(
+ar%age recycling center '3,tNday(
A%olition tire recycling facility '>5tNday(
Plastic oil ma1ing facility '9>"3tNday(
PET %ottle seat ma1ing facility '5,tNday(
PET %ottle$ La1es$ ma1e$ facility
Construction system scrap recycling center '5=,tNday(
#nside marsh resource selection center '5,3tNday(
#nside marsh plastic selection center ':4"@tNday("
*ita-yushu City
Eco-to!n in Gita1yushyu city is the maCimum in 0apan" .e could call$
*Silicon Ialley of the environmental industry* %ecause university$ local
government$ %ig enterprise$ and venture company are concentrated and it
forms Eco-to!n" The feature is that the proof area and the environment
industrial compleCes eCist" The proof area is an area in !hich it centered
on the research and development$ and the university and the enterprise$
etc" are concentrated" The environment industrial compleCes are the areas
!here a real plant operates"
Figure 1+ #roof area
Figure 11 environment industrial com#le5es
Figure 12 %esource
circulation and
environmental control
*ystem %esearch 6nstitute7 6t
does a 8oint research on a
#ro#er control technology of
#rocessing technology/
recycling technology/ and
environmental #ollutant
control technology (Fukuoka University)
Figure 1! "lose ty#e 9nal
dis#osal dum# #roof
research facilities7
5#erimental study where
in:uence of oo-e water/
#owder dust and stink etc;
on the outside are decreased
by making the closed ty#e
9nal dis#osal dum# #roof
interce#ted concrete dome (Fu8ita "o;ltd)
/ist of recycle facility in environment industrial compleCes
PET %ottle recycling %usiness
The PET %ottle %y !hich cities$ to!ns$ and villages collect discretion is
recycled %ased on Containers and Pac1aging Eecycling /a! and reproduction
PET resins !hich %ecome ra! materials of the 6%er etc" are produced"
&peration in processing performance 4,$,,,tN0uly$ 5<<: year
'93,$,,,$,,,Nyear(
&2ce automation apparatus recycling %usiness
&2ce automation apparatuses of the copier and the faC$ etc" are
decomposed$ it selects highly$ and parts of re-use and the reproduction ra!
materials of the high 8uality are produced"
Processing performance 3$9,,tNyear
?actory enhancing in 0une$ 4,,5
Car recycling %usiness
An improvement of the recycling rate and proper processing such as the oil
Luorocar%on are advanced corresponding to the used car recycling initiative$
and the high-8uality recycling ra! materials are produced"
&peration in 49$,,,N?e%ruary$ 4,,, year 'for!ard planning( during 5:$,,,
processing performanceNyear 'present(
Consumer electronic recycling %usiness
The high-8uality recycling ra! materials are produced %y highly
decomposing and selecting four domestic electric e8uipment articles
'television$ refrigerator$ air conditioner$ and !ashing machine( %ased on
recycling act for electrical appliances"
?our articles during a%out 3,,$,,, processing performanceNyear"
&peration in April$ 4,,,
?luorescent tu%e recycling %usiness
The luminescent material$ the glass$ and the metal$ etc" are chieLy classi6ed
from the used$ Luorescent tu%e eChausted %y the o2ce$ and the recycling
ra! materials are produced"
&peration in processing performance 3$4=,tN&cto%er$ 4,,5 year
Medical treatment tools recycling %usiness
Medical devices are crushed$ processed the high fre8uency$ classi6ed$ the
collection container is manufactured$ and the solid fuel and the cement ra!
material are produced"
Processing performance @$@,,tNyear'operation for 49 hours(
&peration schedule in Septem%er$ 4,,4
,ichi #refecture
Eco-to!n in Aichi prefecture is recogniBed on Septem%er 4,,9 and it is the
ne!est eco-to!n in 0apan" Eco-to!n in Aichi prefecture does not locate in a
speci6c par1" #t utiliBes eCisted facility fully" Aichi esta%lishes %usiness
council for environmental industry" Many companies 7oin the council and
discuss seed for ne! environmental %usiness"
Aichi also focus on the importance of information a%out environment" to
succeed environmental %usiness$ mar1et research is important" &n the
!aste %usiness$ ho! much !aste discharges is most important
information" Aichi arranges some 1ind of information a%out material Lo!
and sho!s ho! much !aste discharge is anticipated"
#ro$lem of )co-town
The eco-to!ns !hich are introduced in this teCt are eCamples of success
eco-to!n" Unfortunately the other eco-to!ns are almost failed" .hich Eco-
to!n succeeds or not depends on several reasons"
. -illin of local o3ernment
$ Commitment of &ri3ate com&any
As mentioned a%ove$ there is no perfect mar1et principle in !aste
treatment" #t means that government contri%utes to !aste treatment
%usiness much" Many recycle or treatment facility should %e concentrated
in eco-to!n" Hum%er of companies in eco-to!n depends on !illing of local
government" /ocal government should support facility in eco to!n from
su%sidy$ taC$ license and so on"
At %eginning stage$ huge su%sidy from national government is entered to
the eco-to!n" The national government stops su%sidy soon$ then local
government must continue to pay su%sidy as !aste treatment cost" ?acility
in Eco-to!n often introduces more novel technology than traditional !aste
treatment facility such as com%ustion facility$ so cost to the eco-to!n
facility is very high" ?or eCample$ some city introduced ED? facility as a
core technology of eco-to!n" -ut ED? technology often does not !or1$
%ecause it is not mature technology" So local government pays more
money for treatment cost compared !ith traditional com%ustion facility" To
avoid this 1ind of situation$ each facility in eco to!n should %e
independence from su%sidy of government" .hen each facility gets pro6t$
the eco-to!n must %e sustaina%le"
3) Countermeasure in )nterprises
-efore the term of Sound Material-Cycle Society %ecomes popular$ the
term of Oero emission !as popular in 0apan" The Bero emission !as a
%oom after Asahi -re!eries$ /td" achieved the factoryDs ma1ing to the Bero
emission in the %eginning in 0apan$ and each enterprise competed and the
Bero emission of the factory !as achieved" The reason !hy the %eer
industry achieved Bero emission is it discharged a fe! 1inds and a large
amount of !aste" Moreover$ it is organic material" Then it is easy to recycle
such !aste" The Bero emission of the enterprise does only !aste
management and environmental protection" #t can %e said that the
achievement of the Bero emission is severer than this attestation for !aste
management though #S&59,,5"
Some points for corporate ma1ing to the Bero emission are as follo!"
Ma1e the %asic environment plan" -oard of the enterprise should
positively ta1e leading in this" Ma1ing to the Bero emission is not
persisted in if the %oard does not understand though the person in
charge ma1es the plan"
Ta1e concrete data at the factory" Especially$ the material Lo! and the
energy Lo! are necessary" This contri%utes to not only ma1ing to the
Bero emission %ut also chec1ing e2ciency of the resource and energy
possi%le$ and the productivity improvement of the enterprise"
The consideration of the Bero emission must in6ltrate the employee"
Thorough discretion in the site achieves recycling !aste" #t is necessary
for not only the regular mem%er %ut also the part-timer especially the
in6ltration of consideration"
&pen data to the pu%lic" The trust of the citiBens and the consumerJs
union can %e o%tained" #t leads to improvement of the corporate image
that ma1ing data pu%lic to outside the company"
/ o design %!ecycling-$ased& society
Iarious approaches are necessary to design the Eecycling-%ased society"
?irst of all$ it is necessary to start from the enough understanding of an
eCisting product$ the environmental load and the resource and energy
consumption of the productive process" HeCt$ it is necessary to develop a
ne! productive process and the product to improve them" ?inally$ a social
system !hich contains the system of la! to accept them to the society
should maintain it"
1) 'ife cycle assessment
/ife cycle assessment '/CA( is to calculate all environmental loads and
the energy consumption from the manufacturing stage in the product to
the a%andonment stage and to analyBe the improvement to decrease the
environmental load in the product$ the material$ and the process"
To calculate /CA !e decide targeted product$ material$ and process$ and
set !hich stage to include !ithin the range" #f the range of the o%7ect is
decided$ generally three analyses are done as follo!s"
#nventory analysis
Environmental load and energy consumption at each stage from the
manufacturing stage to the a%andonment stage of the product etc" are
estimated"
Environmental load inLuence evaluation
Amount of C&4$ air pollutant and solid !aste !ere estimated in the
inventory analysis" These are converted into the indeC of the inLuence
on the death$ the disease ris1 rate of the human race$ and the
ecosystem etc" and the environmental impact is evaluated
Environmental load improvement analysis
The change point to improve a general environmental load is eCtracted"
,ecision of
target range
raw material

product of natural
resource collection

*anufacturing

consumption and use

abandonment of
manufacturing
+#3 emission
solid waste
waste water

6nventory
analysis
&nergy
resource

6mpact
analysis
&nvironmental burden
improvement analysis
The human race death and disease rate
6nfluence and removal cost to ecosystem!
Figure 1( <rocedure of 1"=
2) Material flow analysis
/CA targets an individual productive process and product" &n the other
hand$ material Lo! analysis 'M?A( targets a mass %alance for %ig
systems such as !hole enterprise$ industry$ regions$ and nations and
evaluates resource$ energy$ product$ and environmental load material"
-ecause M?A can understand mass %alance and accumulation for various
regions$ industry sector and chemical elements$ it is possi%le to compare
them according to regional or industry"
#
n
p
u
t
?ossil ?uel 4,
include oil production
Civil engineering
Architecture material
:,
Aousehold 4, Aousehold 4,
Concumption
Municipal
.aste 9
Manufacture industry
<:
Manufacture industry
<:
Tourism 5"3 Tourism 5"3
Agriculture
Stoc1
&utput =,
#ndustrial !aste
C&4
44,
Agriculture
Manufacture$
Agriculture Product
Figure 1, Material :ow of manufacture in a small island (>oto et al
2++()
?igure 53 sho!s M?A in a small island" ?rom this 6gure !e 6nd more than
<,; of material !hich is consumed in the island is imported from outside
island" .aste is accumulated in the island" #n order to esta%lish the
sustaina%le island$ the island stands %y itself on material"
?igure 5@ sho!s that material %alance in house sector in a small island"
This 6gure sho!s 5N>-5N4 of input material is going to %e !aste"
Consumption causes !aste discharge" So if !e !ant to reduce !aste
discharge$ !e should consider to reduce consumption !ithin minimum
consumption" HeCt !e should consider to ho! to reduce !aste discharge
!hen !e consume same" .e have to try to %uy product !ith lo!
pac1ing" .e should try to coo1 !ith lo! !aste 'Eco-coo1ing("
?ood
+ar%age
Commodity
.aste cause
material
com%usti%le
plastic
,
4$,,,
9$,,,
@$,,,
:$,,,
5,$,,,
54$,,,
59$,,,
Consumption
incom%usti%le
-evarage
.aste discharge
N year
Figure 1. Material balance in house sector in a small island (>oto et al
2++()
3) #roduct design
#t is eCtremely di2cult to recycle !aste eChausted under the present
situation$ %ecause !aste is eChausted not as uniform %ut as miCed form"
&nly lo! 8uality product can %e manufactured %y ma1ing the miCed
!aste as ra! material" Therefore$ !aste !ith high purity is re8uested for
high 8uality reproduction goods as ra! material" Even if %ecoming !aste$
it is necessary that product is easy to collect$ reuse$ recycle and
dismantle" -ecause longevity of a product ma1es environmental load
decrease$ it is re8uired to develop a long-lived product" .e should
consider an advantageous feature for recycle at development and the
design stage of such a product"
The idea to aim to esta%lish product design$ manufacturing$ and
dismantlement and reproduction goods %ased on thought !hich
considers life cycle of product is *#nverse manufacturing" ?eature of
inverse manufacturing is sho!n %elo!"
long-lived
Maintenance 'repair and part eCchange( is easy"
#t is easy to recycle$ and to use it again"
Hum%er of parts is little$ and used parts are reusa%le to other products$
and decomposition and !ashing are easy"
Moreover$ material$ of !hich environmental load is decreased through
the entire life cycle from resource to a%andonment and characteristic
and function is maCimiBed$ is called *Eco-material*" The eco-material is
classi6ed into instance type 'conserve consumption type$ energy
conversion type$ and energy transport and storing type($ correspondence
type 'puri6cation function type and correspondence and conversion type(
and mid-term strategies and a long-term$ vie!ed aspect types" The
product !hich uses the eco-material is called eco-products$ and
evaluation of environmental load !hich uses /CA from design and
production of materials done to produce the eco-products to
manufacturing product is called an eco-design"
0 Concept of supporting Sound Material-Cycle Society
A lot of concepts for Eecycling-%ased society have %een supposed" #t has
aimed to promote %oth conversions to a ne! society$ that is$ a sustaina%le
society from mass production and consumption type society" They
correspond on the idea in the point of e)ective use of the reduction of the
environmental load or the resource and energy$ though the eCpressions
are di)erent" A common 1ey !ord to each concept is as follo!s"
Development of productive process$ material$ and product !hich does not
discharge environmental load
#mprovement of productivity of resource and energy
He! social economic system
1) 1e2elopment of producti2e process. material. and product which does not discharge
en2ironmental load
a" Cleaner Production
Concept advocated %y United Hations Environment Program 'UHEP( in
5<<," #t is assumed$ *A preventive plan of a continuous$ overall pollution
is eCecuted to the productive process$ product$ and service$ and the
pro6t on economy$ a society$ health$ safety$ and an environmental side is
pursued* according to the international declaration adopted in 5<<:" #n a
!ord$ it tries to promote the environmental load control and the resource
e)ective use to three man activities li1e the productive process$ product$
and service"
%" #ndustrial Ecology
The idea !hich evaluates the interaction of industry and the environment
%y a life cycle assessment techni8ue$ and esta%lish the lo!
environmental load type industry and society construction !hich aims at
sustaina%le development" The environmental impact concerning the
product or the productive process to !hich it pays attention is evaluated$
and a ne! product and the productive process are designed %ased on it"
The material and the energy Lo! in industry are called industrial
meta%olism"
2) Impro2ement of resource and energy production
a" Oero emission
#t !as advocated %y United Hations University in 5<<9$ and e)ective use
of the resource and discharge control of !aste is pressed %y constructing
an industrial clustering !hich eCchanges !aste %et!een di)erent types
of %usiness" At 6rst$ the color for the developing country li1e the
cooperation etc" of the foods industry !hich pays attention to the organic
8uality !astes of the hog raising !ith the organic 8uality !aste$ the 6sh
cultivation$ and the mushroom cultivation$ etc" and the agriculture
livestoc1 industry !as a strong concept" The eCamination for application
to the industrialiBation region is advanced %y the cooperation of the
industrial-government-academic compleC in 0apan" Though %eing often
misunderstood$ mere *+ar%age ,*$ the !ord has come to spread !idely"
%" ?actor 5,
#t !as advocated %y the Schmidt -rig of the .uppertal la%oratory in
+ermany to develop sustaina%le in 5<<5 %ecause of the idea assumed to
have to increase productivity to the energy used$ the resource$ and other
materials %y a factor of ten" M#PS'Material #nput per unit Service( and
C&PS'Cost per unit Service( are advocated as an indeC !hich measures
productivity" Concepts of factor 9 and factor 4,$ etc" are advocated"
c" Eco-E2ciency
The environmental measures activity indicator for sustaina%le
development advocated %y the .orld %usiness council for sustaina%le
development '.-CSD( in 5<<3" -oth ecology and economy are
indicated" #t is advocated to ma1e more products from a little resource$
and there are a lot of common parts !ith factors 5," #t is assumed that
the leadership in management is the most important$ and the
competitive edge improvement at all life cycles of the product is
necessary"
3) 3ew social economic system
a" Hatural step
The name of environmentalists esta%lished in S!eden in 5<:<$ and !hen
the concept and the activity that this group advocates are sho!n$ it is
used" The follo!ing four items have %een enumerated as an element to
%uild an industrial system into the natural circulation system"
5( The num%er of materials 'mineral !ealth( gathered from the sphere of
ground does not 1eep increasing in %iosphere"
4( The num%er of all arti6cial materials does not 1eep increasing in
%iosphere"
>( A physical %ase !hich supports the circulation and the variety of
nature$ especially the land use form is defended"
9( The resource is used impartially and e2ciently to 6ll peopleDs %asic
needs"
%" Service Economy
#t pays attention to the circulation of a used product$ and the function of
the product 'service( is o)ered from sales of the product" &nly the
function is o)ered !ithout moving the property right$ and a used product
aims at the construction of the mechanism %eing sent %ac1 to the
manufacturer" The conversion of sense of values to the use of the
function %ecause of the possession of the thing is advocated"
c" Ecological Engineering for Aomeostatic Auman Activities
This is a research pro7ect done in TUT" This is to esta%lish novel concept$
technologies and social system to ensure the sustaina%le future society !ith
8uality of life" homeostatic human activities in the future industrial society"
a" Development of method to design the homeostatic society
%" Development of novel technology for evaluation of environment impact
c" Environment impact analysis
d" Technology development for environment impact minimiBation
e" Development of environment information system for sustaina%le
industrial society
These research su%7ects are performed to present the vision of homeostatic
industrial society and to form a top-research center leading ecological
sciences in the !orld"
4 Conclusion
#t is necessary to do the approach to construct the Eecycling-%ased
society at all 6elds and the levels li1e our daily life$ the productive process
of the factory and the la! etc" The approach turned to the Eecycling-
%ased society is %rought together as follo!s"
#t is necessary to do production and consumption activity in
consideration of all environmental loads in the society and the resource
and the energy eCpenditures"
The development of a product !hich reproduces easily and a long-lived
product is demanded to the enterprise"
A social system %y !hich the national government or the local
government$ and the consumer and the entrepreneur share the load
fairly is necessary" The entrepreneur develops a reproduction of !aste
and a ne! commodity$ and the consumer maintains the lifestyle !hich
supports the !aste circulation system and the national or local
government maintains the system of la! that the Eecycling-%ased
society functions enough to esta%lishment"
#t is necessary to note it for the interpretation of !ord *Sound Material-
Cycle Society*" Though the impression is received !hen the environmental
load decreases %y !aste recycle$ it is necessary to recogniBe that it is
never so" ?or that$ the aspect of the macro !hich catches the life cycle in
the product and the process$ in a !ord$ the society as a !hole is
necessary"