Different from Dad

Welleducated. Spoke
Spanish,French,Lanand
Italian. Goodatmaths.
6.2inchestall
Handsome
Goodatsportssuchas
jousng,archery,wrestling
andtennis.
Agoodmusician. Playedthe
luteandharpsichord,sang
wellandcomposedmusic.
Catholic
Lazy
Selfish
Ruthless
Extravagant
Different from Dad
Introducon
RisetoPower
Wolsey&
Finance
Wolsey&
Law
Wolsey&
theChurch
Wolsey&
ForeignPolicy
WolseysFall Humblebeginnings - thesonofa
Ipswichbutcher.
RosetobecomeLordChancellor
(1515) andthenArchbishopof
York. Hewasgiventhe tle alter
rex, theotherKing.
Lucky: Hewasattheright
placeattheright me.E.g.,
execuonofEmpsom&
Dudleyandrerementof
Foxe&Warham.
Unscrupulous: Hewouldchangehis
principlesifhesawitwould please
Henry.
Schmoozer/Charmer: Hemadethe
mostofhis opportunies. GotHenry
tomakedecisionsforhimwhilehe
lavishedhimwithgis.
Wolseyre-establishedthe Courtof
StarChamber & CourtofChancery
which allowedcases tobeheard
inexpensivelywithouttheinterfer
encefromthenobility.
Benevolences - Nobleswereforced
togivegisofmoneytosecuretheir
estatesandposions.
AmicableGrant - Anaempttoraisea
nonparliamenttaxforaplannedinva
sionofFrancein1525. Thethreatof
openrevoltledWolseytoabandon
this!
Subsidy - ataxanindividualhadto
paybasedonanassessmentof
theirwealth.
Hardworking: E.g.wentto
Flandersandbackin3dayson
adiplomacmissionforHenry.
Talented: Agreatorganiser
andintellectual. E.g.his
organisaonofHenryVIIIs
FrenchCampaign&geng
hisrstdegreeat15.
Wolsey
Agreatdealofmoney
wasneededtonance
HenryVIIIs lavish
courtandambions.
PapalLegate - Hewasappoint
ed thePopesrepresentave
inEnglandin1518 andbecame
determinedtocorrectabuses
intheEnglishChurch.(He
closeddown30ofthemost
corruptmonasteries.)
CourtofRequests - thiswas
alsore-established and
allowedcasesofthepoorto
beheardfreeofcharge.
Wolsey&Enclosures - Heheld en
quiriesintotheprocessofenclosure
todeterminewhethertheyhadbeen
doneillegallyin1517,1518and1526.
Cricisms - Wolseyheld
morethanoneposion -
Pluralism. Soldchurchposi
onsformoney - Simony.
Didnotvisitareasasmuch
asheshould - Absentee.
1518 PeaceTreaty - Wolseyorganised
ameengwithHenry and the other3
mainpowersinEurope.Apeacetreaty
wassignedandHenryagreedtomarry
hisdaughterMarytoLouis,thesonof
FrancisIofFrance.
Wolseywasunpopularwiththenobilityandthepeopleashewasveryrich,arrogant
andpowerful. Themainreasonwhyhefellfrompowerwasduetohisfailuretosecure
HenryVIIIsannulmentofhis marriagetoCatherineofAragon. Whenitwasdiscovered
hehadwrientothePopebegginghimtonotallowHenrytomarryAnne,hisfatewas
sealed. Hediedbeforehecouldbeexecutedin1530.
1526-28 Charleshadbecometoopower
fulashehaddefeatedtheFrencharmy
inNorthern Italyin1524.England
joinedwiththeFrenchagainstCharles
butfailedtostophimtakingRomein
1527. ThiswastohauntWolseylater.
1520 FieldoftheClothofGold - Wolsey
organisedthismeengbetweenHenry
VIIIandFrancisI. BothKingsusedthe
eventtoshowtheirwealth. Itwassup
posedtobeadisplayoffriendshipbut
bothwerewaryofeachother.
1519 - TheHolyRoman
EmperordiedandCharlesI
ofSpainwaselectedtorule
hisEmpire. BothHenryand
FrancisIhadwantedthis
posionandfeltthreatened.
Wolseysaimwastoraisethe
proleofEnglandinEuropewhile
tryingtoavoidexpensivewars.
Atthe me the3mostimportant
powerswere:France,Spain &
theHolyRomanEmpire.
1512 - 13 Wolseyorgan
isedsuccessfulcampaign
againsttheFrench.
1521-25 - DespitetheirtreatywithFrance
HenryalliedwithCharlesIagainstFrance.
However,whentheEnglishinvaded
France,theywereforcedtoretreat,
twice. Wolseywasdisappointedthat
CharlesdidnothelphimbecomePope.
TheProtestant
Reformaon
1. LuthersDemands
2. WhatshouldagoodChrisanbelieve?
3. ThePopesResponse
4. TheReformaoninEngland
NoIndulgences (Anindul
gencewasapieceofpaper,
boughtfromtheChurch,
forgivingthepersonofsin.)
Peopleshouldbeableto
readtheBibleintheirown
languageandnotonlyin
Lan. VeryfewMiddleAge
peoplewouldhavebeen
abletoreadLan!
ThePopeshouldnothaveso
muchauthority. People
shouldbeguidedbythe
teachingsoftheBibleand
notwhatthePopetold
themtodo.
TheChurchshouldnotbeso
wealthy.
AgoodChrisanshouldhave
faithinGodandfollowonly
histeachings. TheChurch
shouldbeavailabletoall
people:richandpoor.
Priorto1534 - UnderHenryVIII,EnglandwasCatholic.
HenryevenwroteabookcricisingLutherandhadbeen
giventhe tleofFideiDefensor(DefenderoftheFaith).
BreakfromRome - In1534,Henrymadehimselfheadof
theChurchofEnglandsohecouldannulhismarriagewith
CatherineofAragon.
DissoluonoftheMonasteries - Henrycloseddownmany
monasteries,takingtheirlandandmoneyforhimself.
UnderElizabeth - TheProtestantReformaonwascom
pletedinEnglandunderElizabeth.
UnderEdward - EnglandbecameProtestant.
PapalBull - ThiswasawarningfromthePopetoLuther
thathewouldbeexcommunicatedifhedidnotstopallhis
cricismsoftheCatholicChurch.
EdictofWorms1521 - AnedictfromthePopethatonlyhe
couldsaywhattheBiblemeant,notLuther. Luthers
wringswerebanned!
WhydidHenryVIIIbreak
withtheRomanCatholic
Church?
PoliticalReasons
Henryneededasontomakehispo
sitionasKingstronger. IfHenry
madehimselfHeadoftheChurch,
therewouldbenolimitingfactor
(Church)tohispowerandhewould
beabletogivehimselfadivorcefrom
Catherine.
ReligiousReasons
DidHenrymakehimselfHeadofthe
ChurchinEnglandbecausehebelieved
whatProtestantssaidabouttheCatholic
Church.?
Whatdoestheevidenceshow? (Lookat
thechangesthatHenrymadetothe
ChurchinEngland - ifhemaderadical
changesitwouldsuggestthatheagreed
withthecriticismsoftheChurchby
Protestants.)
EconomicReasons
Henryneededmoney - hiswarswith
Franceandhisextravagantlifestylehad
drainedthemonetaryresourceshisfa-
therhadbuiltup. Alsoduetohischang-
estotheChurch,Henryfearedrebellion
athomeandpossibleinvasionfrom
FranceandSpain.
BymakinghimselfHeadoftheChurch,
Henrycouldobtainmoneywhichwould
havepreviouslygonetotheCatholic
Church.
CatherineofAragon
By1527,HenrydecidedheneededanewwifeasCatherinewastoo
oldtohaveanymorechildrenandonlyoneofherchildren - agirl
(Mary) - hadsurvived. Hisquestforamaleheirbecameknownas
Henrys GreatMatter.
Henryhadalsofalleninlovewith19yearoldAnneBoleyn.Shere-
fusedtobecometheKingsmistressbutinsistedonbecomingthe
Kingswife. SomebelievedthiswastherealreasonwhyHenrywant-
edtoridhimselfofCatherine.
WolseywassenttoRometoaskClementVIItodeclarethatPope
JuliusIIhadbeenwrongtograntadispensationfromGodslawfor
Henrytomarryhisbrother'swindow.
HenrywasaskingthePopetogranthimanannulmenti.e.adeclara-
tionthatthemarriagewasnullandvoid - itwasnotlegalandthere-
foreHenryhadbeenlivinginsinwithCatherine.
ThePopecouldnotgrantthisannulment,eventhoughhewouldhave
likedto,ashecouldnotadmitaPopecouldmakemistakes(Doctrine
ofPapalInfallibility)andsince1527hehadbeenaprisonerofKing
CharlesofSpainanddidnotwanttooffendhim. (Charleswasthe
nephewofCatherine.)
In1529,thePopedecidedtosendCardinalCampeggiotopreside
overacourttodebatetheissue. Thecourtfailedtoreachadecision.
HenryblamedWolseyforthehisfailuretogetanannulment. Hewas
chargedwithtreason,butdiedin1530beforehecouldbebroughtto
trial.
ThomasCranmerwasappointedasArchbishopofCanterburyby
HenryandhesecretlymarriedHenryandAnneinJan.1533.Healso
annulledthemarriagetoCatherine. ThePopeexcommunicatedHen-
ryandCranmerasaconsequence.
DissolutionofMonasteries
TheChurchowned1/4ofthelandinEngland.
In1535,CromwellappointedCommissioners
(officials)toinvestigatesmallermonasteries
formalpractice. Henryusedthereportsfrom
theofficials,in1536,toordertheclosing
downofanumberofsmallermonasteries.
(FirstActofDissolution) Hesoldthelandto
hisfollowersafterhavingstrippedthemonas-
teriesbareofanythingofvaluei.e.stained
glasswindows,statues,golddecorationsand
eventheleadofftheroofs.
HenrywaspersuadedbyCromwellthatthe
dissolvingofthemonasterieswouldnotbean
unpopularmoveas:
somemonkslivedunholylives,
wereidle,corrupt
didnotfulfilthetasksforwhichtheyhad
beensovaluableintheMiddleAgessuch
as thecopyingofbooks,shelteringtravel
lersandtheteachingandcaringforthe
sick.
In1539theSecondActofDissolution,which
dealtwithlargermonasteries,waspassed.
ProtestantReformation
ThisreformmovementbelievedthattheCatho-
licChurchwasledbygreedypriestsandwas
corrupt. Lutherbelievedthatpeopleshouldnt
listentothePopebutshouldinterpretwhatthe
Biblesaidfortheirthemselves. Seemind-map
ontheProtestantReformationfordetails.
StoppedtheEnglishChurch
makingpaymentstothePope.
Actof SixArticles1539
HowdidHenryVIII
bringaboutthe
breakwiththeRoman
CatholicChurch?
Motivated by the need to annul his mar-
riage to Catherine and his need for mon-
ey, Henry VIII used Parliament to pass a
number of laws which led to the break
with Rome. Henrys motives were there
fore political and financial rather than
doctrinal. However, these changes,
started a process in England, called by
Historians as the English Reformation or
the Henrician Reformation. The English
Reformation would continue after Hen-
rys death and bring changes to how reli-
gion was practised in England in ways
which were very doctrinal in nature.
ActinRestraintsof
Annates1532
TheStatuteinRestraints
ofAppeals1533
DeclaredthatEnglandwas
rulebyakingwhohadwhole
andentireauthoritywithinit.
Anyexcommunicationsfrom
RomeofEnglishpeoplewas
invalidandtheEnglishwere
forbiddenfromappealingto
thePope.
Actof Succession1534
DeclaredthatHenrysmar-
riagetoCatherinewasinvalid
andthatPrincessMarywas
thereforeillegitimate. The
thronewouldpasstothechil-
drenofHenryandAnneBo-
leyn.
Actof Supremacy1534
DeclaredthatHenrywasthe
headoftheEnglishChurch,not
thePope.
TheTreasonAct1534
Anyonewhoarguedagainst
Henryspositionasheadof
theEnglishChurchwould
faceachargeoftreason.
Twovictimsofthislawwere
JohnFisher,theBishopof
RochesterandThomasMore.
Bothwereexecutedin1535.
ThisallowedHenrytotakethe
firstyearsearningfromall
bishopricsandchurchoffices.
Thereafterhewouldtakeone-
tenthofanyfurtherearnings.
TheFirstFruitsand
TenthsAct1534
Actof 10Articles1536
ThisactwasmotivatedbyCromwellandsought
to maketheEnglishChurchmoreProtestant.
Only3sacramentswererecognised:bap-
tism,penanceandtheEucharist. TheBible
wastranslatedintoEnglishandpriestswere
allowedtomarry.
Theothersacramentsofconfirmation,ordi-
nation,marriageandthelastriteswereno
longerregardedasholysacraments. Pil-
grimagesandthedisplayofrelicswerealso
banned.
Cromwellhadgonetoofarandin1539,
Henry,whoremainedaCatholicatheart,
madesomechangestotheTenArticles
whichreintroducedmanyCatholicbe-
liefs.
Theideaoftransubstantiationwas
confirmed. Thepeoplecouldnow
onlytakebreadattheCommunion,
notwine,andwereencouragedto
confesstheirsins. Priestswere
againbannedfrommarrying.
HenryproducedtheKingsBible,
whichprohibitedmanykindsofpeo-
plefromreadingthenewEnglish
Bible.
Key
Politicallymotivatedlaws
Economicallymotivatedlaws
Religiouslymotivatedlaws
Causes of the
Pilgrimage of
Grace
Political
Exclusion of the
North from
Government
See Faction discussion.
Faction struggle -
Aragonese vs Boleyn
Aragonese were a group united
against their opposition to
Henrys plans to end his marriage
with Catherine of Aragon and
the power of men like Cromwell,
Cramner & Riche. (These men
should not be advising the King
as they were not of Noble
blood). They felt that these men
were responsible for the
religious policies and that the
north had very little say in the
running of the country.
The Boleyn faction was centred
around insuring that Anne would
become the Kings next wife.
Restoration of Mary
Economic
Statute of Uses
The gentry had escaped paying duty
when the heir succeeded by
distributing their land amongst
trustees. This act had prevented
this process and was making the
gentry pay their feudal dues.
Enclosures
This was the enclosing of land by
fences, which had been previously
used for arable farming.
This had recently been introduced
in the north west - although it is
true it did not affect all areas.
Entry fines
This was the payment of a tax to the
landowner when a tenant died and
the property was taken over by their
heir. Landowners were increasing
these and taking advantage.
Poor Economic situation in
the North
The harvest of 1535 had been
disastrous and 1536 was not looking
much better.
Religious
Dissolution of the Monasteries
Many monks and some clergy, feared for
their livelihoods.
Many people would have been angry at their
loss of worship and would also have missed
the other functions that monasteries
fulfilled.
The monasteries also play a pivotal role in
the economy of the north. See Economic
Causes
Dislike of religious
changes
Abolition of Holy Days.
New taxes on baptism, burials
& marriages which people
could not afford and would
prevent their salvation.
Church Closures
There were rumours that these
would also be closed. This would
mean a long walk to another church,
not to mention the loss of church
valuables which they had contributed
to.
Subsidy
Many people were still very unhappy
about the 1534 subsidy. This tax
had traditionally only been collected
during wartime but was now been
levied during peace time.
There were also rumours of new
taxes on sheep and cattle.
Faction
A like-minded group who
worked together to advance a
cause.
Cromwells
Policies
He was resented as he
was of humble birth
and was becoming far
too powerful. He had
been responsible for
the religious policies
carried out against
the Church and the
monasteries.
The rising began at Louth,
due to 3 government
commissions which were at
work. They were assessing:
the closure of smaller
monasteries, the collecting
of the 1534 subsidy and the
state of the clergy.
The force of 10 000
disperse when they heard
that a force under the
Duke of Suffolk was
approaching.
Robert Aske has become
chief captain of an army of
30 000 men. They make
their headquarters in York.
New of the Lincolnshire
rising reached the ears of
Robert Aske, a Yorkshire
lawyer. He dispatches
letters across the country
calling on men to maintain
the Holy Church.
The pilgrims' move down
to Pontefract, where Lord
Darcy hands over
Pontefract Castle. The
force is well led by Aske
with strong discipline.
Aske meets with the Duke
of Norfolk who has a force
of 8000 under his
command. A truce is
signed. Henry agrees to
pardon all but ten
ringleaders, if the force
disperse.
Aske presents the rebels
demands to Norfolk. (24
Articles) Henry agrees to
general pardon, a prolonged
truce and the promise of a
parliament to discuss the
grievances of the rebels.
The rebels reluctantly
disperse after the
Lancaster Herald read the
King's pardon.
The start of the Cumberland
rising. Sir Francis Bigod,
believes rightly, that Henry
VIII is insincere and tries
to capture Hull and
Scarborough.
At the battle of Carlisle,
Bigods force were defeated,
bringing to an end the
Cumberland rising. Henry used
this uprising not only to
execute Bigod but Aske, Lord
Darcy and members of the
Percy family.
Events of the
Pilgrimage of
Grace
Lincolnshire
Rebellion
Pilgrimage
of Grace
Cumberland
Rebellion
4/10/1536
10/10/1536
21/10/1536
27/10/1536
4/12/1536
8/12/1536
1/10/1536 11/10/1536 16/1/1537 10/2/1537
Significance
of the
Pilgrimage of
Grace
Goal of the Pilgrimage
of Grace - Negotiate
for a better functioning
government order.
The size of the force was an
achievement in its own right
The organisation skills and planning of
the rebels to raise such a formidable
force (40 000) was an impressive
achievement in its own right. Not to
mention that only one person was
killed during the whole rebellion.
Religious Successes
The Bishops Book of 1537
restored many of the traditional
Catholic practices. The four
sacraments which had not been
mentioned in the Ten Articles of
1536 were recognised.
A letter from Henry to Cranmer
was also shown to pilgrim
leadership which called for a
attack on radical preaching and
clerical marriages.
It is possible to argue that the
Pilgrimage of Grace has played a
role in postponing religious
revolution in England until the
reign of Edward VI.
Economic Success
As a consequence of the Pilgrimage
of Grace the collection of the (1534)
subsidy was stopped and the
government also suspended the new
act for the regulation of the cloth
industry.
They also announced that the
collection of extra taxes and the
demolition of parish churches were
rumours.
Political Success
There is a strong argument which
could be made that the
Pilgrimage of Grace weakened
Cromwells position and
contributed to his downfall by
1540.
Many of Cromwells policies had
been modified and the religious
changes he supported had been
abandoned.
Agrarian Success
In Westmorland and Cumberland
the entry fines were resolved in
favour of the commons. These
entry fines were fixed so that
they could no longer be
arbitrary.
Thomas
Cromwell
In1520hebecamethelegalsecretaryfor
CardinalWolsey.
In1523hebecameamemberofparliament.
AerthedeathofWolsey,Cromwellearnedthe
condenceofHenrybypassinganumberoflaws
whichlegalisedHenrysdivorcefromCatherineof
Aragon. Asaconsequence,in1533,Cromwellwas
made LordChancellor. Between1533&1540,Crom
wellwasgivenmany tles,including:Masterofthe
Rollsin1534,Vicar-Generalin1536andLordGreat
Chamberlainin1539.
Riseto
Power
In1540,CromwellpersuadedHenryVIIIto
agreetomarryAnneofCleves,inthehopingof
securingthesupportoftheProtestantnorthGerman
princesagainsttheCatholicHolyRomanEmperor. (Both
Cromwell&HenryfearedaninvasionofEnglandby
FranceandSpaintorestorethePopesauthority,espe
ciallyasbothcountrieshadmadepeacewitheachother
in1539.)WhenHenrymetAnnehewasunimpressed,
callingherafatFlandersmare. Hehadtogothrough
withthemarriage,butquicklyfoundawaytogetadi
vorce.
LedbytheDukesofSuolkandNorfolk,thenobility;
whohatedCromwell,turnedonhimandmadeitknown
toHenrythatCromwellhadhiddenreportsofwhat
Annelookedlike. Asaresult,Henrywasconvincedto
putCromwellontrial,wherehewasfoundguiltyof
treasonandwasexecutedin1540. Thisarguablywas
Cromwellsgreatestfailure.
Fall
ThomasCromwellwasbornin
Putneyinabout1485. Hisfather
wasbelievedtohavebeenablacksmithand
brewer(Somesourcesbelievehewasacloth-
worker).
HespentmuchofhisadulthoodinEuropeasa
soldier,accountantandmerchant.
In1512hereturnedtoEnglandandstudiedlaw.
HewasinuencedbythewringsofMarn
LutherandwasthereforeaProtestantbyfaith.
EarlyLife
AsaProtestantreformer,Cromwellwasmo
vatedbyhiswishtoreducepapalpowerin England.
HewasresponsibleformanagingtheEnglishReformaon,bypass
ingaseriesoflaws. Themostimportantofthesewere:theActof
Annates(1532),theRestraintofAppealstoRome(1533)andtheAct
ofSupremacy(1534). Throughtheselaws,Henrybecamethe
supremeheadofthenewChurchinEngland.
Between1536and1540,CromwellsupervisedtheDissoluonofthe
Monasteries. Throughthismonascwealthwasrecordedinthe
ValorEcclesiascus(churchvaluaon) andcasesofcorruponand
abusewerereportedtoCromwell. Asaresultofthis,about650
monasterieswerecloseddown. Itisthereforenotsurprisingthat
CromwellissomemesreferredtoasMalleusmonachorum(the
HammeroftheMonks).
TheDissoluonofthemonasteriesmadeHenryVIIIanextra140
000peryearandwasarguablyCromwellsgreatestachievement.
Achievements
TheDissoluonoftheMonasterieswas
Cromwellsgreatestachievementasithadso
manyfarreachingeects:
ItshowedCromwellsadministravebrilliance.
Itbroughtimportantsocial&economicchangesi.e.
thegreatesttransferoflandsincetheNorman
conquest.
TheTudorGentrybeneted,acquiringlandand
construcngnewhouses.
Cromwellsmonascpolicyincreasedthepolical
powerandinuenceoftheCrownandhelpedHen
ryVIIItoestablishhisroyalsupremacyoverthe
Church.
Greatest
Success
ComwellspersuasionofHenrytomarryAnneof
Cleveswashisgreatestfailureasitledtohis
downfallandexecuon. Factorsneededtobediscussed:
WhyCromwellwantedthemarriageofHenryto
Anne.
DetailsonhowhetrickedHenryintothemarriage
bygengthecourtpainter,HansHolbein,topaint
aportraitmakinghermorebeaufulthanshewas.
WhyHenrylistenedtoCromwellsenemies,who
toldHenrythattherealreasonwhyCromwellwant
edthealliancewastofullhisaimofmakingEng
landaProtestantcountry.
Abrief lookatCromwell'sfate.
Greatest
Failure
Ketts
Rebellion:
Causes
The main aim of Kett and his rebels was
to highlight grievances at local govern-
ment level. In fact the rebels saw central
government as an ally, who they be-
lieved would come to their aid.
The main causes were economic in na-
ture.
Economic
Somersets
Policies
Religious
Concerns
Bad
Government
Article 3 No lord of the
manor shall common upon
commons. This referred
to the practice of landlords
grazing their stock on the
lands of their tenants by
claiming their traditional
grazing rights of four-
course.
Article 16 All bondman
should be free.This re-
ferred to restrictions still
placed on some tenants as
a legacy of ancient feudal
practice.
Land prices and rents should
revert to the levels used in the
reign of Henry VII
The Norfolk articles picked out the
gentry and local government offi-
cials in their county for the most
vehement attacks. Ketts tactics
seemed to be to appeal to central
Government over the heads of the
local gentry.
Article 1: Opposed any fur-
ther enclosures.
Religious concerns were not
aimed at the growth of Protestant-
ism but rather the shortcomings of
ministers.
E.g. Articles 8, 15 and 20: focuses
on the quality of clergy, asking
that priests should reside in their
parish, serve the the whole com-
munity and not act as chaplains to
the wealthy and be able to teach
and preach poor children their
catechism.
Article 22: a reduction in
the proportion of tithes
taken.
It was believed that Somerset
(Good Duke) was sympathetic to the
commoners plight.
Why?
He had given support to a group of
men who campaigned against the
exploitation of the poor.
He appointed John Hales to lead a
commission into enclosures.
He created a special tax on sheep
with a higher rate for flocks on en-
closed land.
The Ketts Rebellion started in Wy-
mondham when an angry crowd tore
down the fences of a local lawyer
come landowner, John Flowerdew. He
was unpopular as he was in dispute
with people over the local abbey he
had bought and was pulling down.
Flowerdew bribed the men to attack
the hedges of a local tanner and land-
owner, Robert Kett. Kett welcomed
their action and become their leader.
Supported by farmers and yeoman,
Kett organised a march on Norwich.
8 - 9 July
Ketts
Rebellion:
Events
27 August
23 - 26 August
30 July - 1 August
The town was taken back by a govern-
ment force under the command of Wil-
liam Parr, Marquis of Northampton, on
the 30 of July. He offered a full pardon
to those who would disperse. This was
rejected by the vast majority of the
rebels. The rebels then launched a
counter attack on the city and managed
to retake the city. Northampton was
forced to flee in disarray. The rising
had now become a full scale rebellion.
21 - 22 July
The favourable response from the gov-
ernment did not come. On the 21 July the
government offered a pardon to all those
who disperse. It also promises to reduce
the price of wool by a third and to appoint
commissioners to reform abuses. Kett en-
courages his supporters to reject the offer
as they had committed no crime. An at-
tempt was made to arrest Kett, but this
failed. It was now apparent that the moment
for a negotiated settlement was over. By 22
July, the rebels had taken Norwich. This
was the first real act of aggression by the
rebels.
The rebels arrived in Norwich on
the 10
th
of July and by the 12 of July
had set up camp on Mousehold
Heath. (It was called the Great
Camp.) It is estimated that Kett now
had approximately 16 000 men with
him. A list of grievances were drawn
up (the Norfolk Articles) and sent as
a petition to Somerset. It seems that
at this point, Kett expected a favour-
able response from Somerset.
On the 23
rd
of August, a government force
under the command of John Dudley, Earl of
Warwick, arrived. At this point the rebels
were trapped. Warwick offered to pardon
all the rebels except Kett but when Kett
agreed to negotiate on this basis, he was
held back by his own men. The chance of
a peaceful settlement was now over. War-
wicks army was bolstered by the arrival of
1000 foreign troops on the 26
th
of August.
On the 27
th
of August, Kett, possibly
because his supply lines had be cut off
by Warwick, made the fatal decision to
engage Warwicks army in open battle.
Ketts rebels were no match for the
well trained soldiers and were massa-
cred. It has been estimated that 3000
rebels died at the Battle of Dussindale.
10 - 12 July
Ketts
Rebellion: Why
did it fail?
Ketts
Rebellion: What
were the
Consequences?
There was no attempt at co-oper-
ation or synchronisation between
the isolated uprisings. If the Corn-
well and Devon forces had joined
with Ketts rebels, they would
have posed more of a threat.
At a basic level it failed because
Kett took the fatal decision to en-
gage Warwicks army in open bat-
tle. It would have been more
prudent to accept Warwicks offer
of a pardon for all accept Kett - in
Ketts defence he was prepared to
accept this but was held back by
his own men. Once the rebels had
left Mousehold Heath, they stood
no chance against the highly
trained soldiers under Warwicks
command.
At a much deeper level it failed
because the rebellion became polit-
ical. Somersets enemies saw it as
a chance to get rid of him. While
Kett thought that the Good Duke
would be sympathetic (see Somer-
sets Policies on page 1), for politi-
cal reasons, Somerset could not
show sympathy.
Somerset was forced to resign
and his position was taken over
by Northumberland.
Somersets support for the anti-
enclosure measures had earned
him a reputation as a friend of the
commons. Many leading Nobles
blamed Somerset for the rebel-
lions as they argued that his sym-
pathetic reputation had
encouraged the rebellions.
His failure to crush the rebellions
quickly sealed his fate.
Over 3000 rebels lost their lives.
Both Robert and William Kett were
hanged - Robert from Norfolk Cas-
tle and William from the spire of
Wymondham Abbey.
Northumberlands successful sup-
pression of the Ketts Rebellion
added to his own political credibility
and he was able to use this to take
over from Somerset.
The military demands of sup-
pressing the uprisings led to a
turning point in England foreign
policy strategy. Somerset had to
scale down his policy of garrison-
ing the border with Scotland and
also deal with the French who
took advantage of Englands inter-
nal turmoil to attack Boulogne in
the Summer of 1549. Northum-
berland went on to bring both con-
flicts with Scotland and France to
an end in 1551.
ThePowerofParliamentprior
toElizabeth
1. NormanCouncil
TheNormanKingscouldnotruleEng
landontheirown. TheKingwouldcall
thecounciltodiscussproblemsfacing
thecountry.
2. MagnaCarta1215
KingJohnforcedbyBaronstosignthis
charter. Itdenedtherightsanddu
esofallpeopleinEngland. Itsmain
purposewastomakeJohnrespectthe
rightsoflandlords.
3. HenryIII&DeMonort
DeMonortandotherBaronsrebelled
againsthightaxesbyHenry. De
Monortorganisedtheeleconof2
knightsand2richmenfromeachchar
teredtowntodiscussissuesliketaxes.
4. KingEdwardIsGovernment
KingEdwardIacceptedtheneedto
gettheconsentoftherealm. In
1295 hecalledthemodelparliament -
representavesofthecounesand
towns - tomeetinWestminsterto
discusstherunningofthecountry.
EdwardIisregardedastheco-founder
ofParliamentalongwithdeMonort.
5. ParliamentundertheTudorsprior
toElizabeth
Parliamentgrewstrongerunderthe
Tudors. HenryVIIIcalledformoney
forhiswarsagainstFranceandScot
land. Healsousedparliamenttopass
thelawsheneededtomakehisbreak
withRomelegal. IngeneraltheTu
dorsgotwhattheywanted:HenryVIII
gothisreformaon;EdwardVisPar
liamentpassedan-Catholiclawsand
MarygotherCatholiclawsthrough.
Elizabeth&
Parliament
Introducon
All in all, ElizabethsrelaonswithParliament
wereposive. Ina45yearreignitonlymet35
months! IngeneralElizabethconcededthatParlia
mentshouldhavetherighttodiscussissuesofstate,
butresenteditsinterferenceinmaersofreligion,
thesuccessionandforeignaairs.
Negaves
Parliamentwhichwasdominatedby
Protestantswhowereveryconcernedover
whowouldsucceedElizabethwhenshedied.
Theytriedtoputpressureonhertomarryor
announcewhowouldsucceedher. Elizabeth
refusedtodiscussthiswithParliament. Infact
sheonlyannouncedhersuccessoronher
deathbedin1603.
Elizabethcouldonoccasionberuthlesstoany
MPwhosteppedoutofline. E.g.PeterWent
worthwassenttothetowerforsuggesng
thatthereshouldbefreedomofspeechin
Parliamentandthatitshouldmakethelawsin
thecountry.
PowersofMonarchyin16thCentury
TheycouldcallParliamentwhenthey
wantedandsendMPshome.
Theycouldwinfriendsbygivingpeople
jobsandgivingpeopleplacesincourt.
AneecveMonarchwassllableto
runthecountry.
AMonarchwhowasgoodatdealing
withpeopletacullyandrmlywassll
verypowerful.
Posives
IngeneralElizabethhadagoodrelaonshipwith
Parliament. MostMPsrespectedherorweretoo
gentlemanlytoquarrelwithawomen.
BothParliamentandElizabethagreedthattheir
primaryobjecvewastomaintaintheProtestant
religioninEnglandanddefendthecountry.
Elizabethwasalsoskilledingivinginonminor
Issues on whichshedidnothavestrongviews.
TheElizabethan
Selement
Problem!
WhenElizabethinheritedthethrownEngland
wasareligiouslydividedcounty. Someofher
subjectswereardentRomanCatholics,others
wereardentProtestants. Elizabethssoluon
wastoestablishareligiousselementthat
wasasinclusiveaspossible.
TheActofSupremacy1559
MadeElizabethSupremeGovernoroftheChurch
ofEnglandasapposedtoSupremeHead. Itwas
hopedthissubtlechangein tlewouldappease
CatholicswhowouldsllseethePopeasin
chargeoftheCatholicChurchworldwide.
TheActofUniformity1559
ThisintroducedanewBookofCommonPrayerwhich
wasbasedonCranmersone,butwithsubtledier
ences. Priestsweretowearvestments,buttoned
down. PeoplehadtoaendchurchonSundaysand
HolyDaysandwerenediftheydidnot. Catholicser
vices,whilenotallowedtobeheldinchurchesorany
whereelsepublic,couldbeheldinpeopleshouses.
Thedicultissueoftransubstanaonwasletointer
pretaon. Itcouldbeviewedasmeaning:
thatthebreadandwinehadbecomethebodyand
bloodofChrist,or
thishappenedonlyfortruebelievers,or
thatChristwassimplybeingcommemorated.
39 Arcles
ThesewerebasedonCranmers42Arclesof
1553. Theywereagreedonin1563andpassed
byParliamentin1571.
Keypoints:
SomeCatholicbeliefsabolishede.g.Tran
substanaon.
SomesupportforProtestantbeliefs - e.g.
clericalmarriage.
Asaresultofthearcles,Elizabeth's
ChurchofEnglandwasmoderately
Protestant.
Opposion
Puritans - RadicalProtestantswhowantedtopurifytheChurch
They,in1571triedtopushtomaketheBookofCommonPrayermoreradical.
WhenthisdidnotworktheypublishedtheirownalternavePrayerbook.
BytheendofElizabethsreignthePuritanproblemhadnotgoneaway!
Catholics
TherewereanumberofCatholicplotsagainstElizabeth,mostlyfocussedongengMary,
QueenofScotsontheEnglishthrone. SirFrancisWalsinghamwasappointedbyElizabethto
betheheadofhersecurityservice. Heprovedtobeaninspiredchoice.
Basedon2pillars
WAR
Elizabethencouragedhersailorsto
robSpanishshipsfulloftreasures
fromtheNewWorld. Thisangered
Philipforobviousreasons. Elizabeth
wentasfarasknighngoneofthem,
FrancisDrake,forbeingsosuccessful
atrobbingfrom theSpanish.
EnglandwasProtestantandSpain
wasCatholic. Philipwasangryatthe
ElizabethanReligiousSelement.
(Youshouldknowwhatthiswas.)
AsuccessfulinvasionofEngland
wouldgetridofarivaltoSpain'ssu
premacyintheNewWorld. English
pirates,supportedbyElizabeth,
werealreadycausingPhiliptolosea
greatdealofmoney.
EnglandandSpainoenfought
Francetogether,buttherewasacivil
warinFrance,andsothecommon
enemywasnotathreat.
Philipwasangry,thatin1587,Eliza
bethhadallowedtheexecuonof
Mary,QueenofScots. Notonlywas
shealegimatemonarch,butshe
wasalsocatholic!
ElizabethhadhelpedtheProtestant
DutchrebelsagainstCatholicSpanish
rule. In1585shesentEnglishtroops
tosupporttheDutchintheirght
againstSpain.
ElizabethchosenottomarryPhilip
(whohadbeenmarriedtohersister
Mary)whenshecametothethrone.
ThishurtPhilipspride.
The story of the Armada is explained below.
The Spanish Armada, 1588
A
12 July 1588
B
29 July
C
G H I
D 5 August E
7 August
F
J
Important places
Calais
London
Plymouth
Corunna
Route of the Armada, July to September 1588
Key
A
B
C D
E F
G
H
I
J
29 - 4 August
After seeing the Armada,
English ships chase Spanish
ships up the Channel.
The Spanish Armada sets sail. English see the Armada.
Armada anchors off Calais
to await word from Parma.
English send burning
fire-ships and the Span-
ish panic.
As the Spanish sailed off
from Calais and were attacked
the soldiers waiting in the
Netherlands were abandoned.
8 August
English ships attack the
Spanish near Gravelines.
August
The Armada tries to sail back
to Spain by going north around
Scotland.
August
Fierce storms off Scotland and
the west coast of Ireland
wreck many Spanish ships.
September
Only 66 of the Spanish ships
make it back to Spain.
Elizabethspopularitywasataall-me
high. ThedefeatoftheArmadawasher
nesthour. Elizabethcouldclaimtobe
mistressoftheSevenSeasandherown
people!
TheArmadafailurewasahumiliaon
fortheSpanishandnearlydestroyed
theirnaonaltreasury.
ThefailureoftheArmadawasavictory
forProtestansminEnglandandalsoon
theEuropeanconnent.E.g.theNeth
erlands. IftheArmadahadsuccessfully
invadedEnglandtheycouldhavecon
centratedalltheirvastresourceson
conqueringEurope.
ThefailureoftheArmadachanged
navalwarfarefromtheseizeandgrap
pletaccsusedsinceRoman mes,to
water-bourneduels. Faster,more
manoeuvrableshipswithlargecannons,
werenowtheorderoftheday.
Religion
Successful
Greatertolerancebe
tweenCatholicsand
Protestantsmadethe
countrymorestable.
Fewerpeoplediedfor
theirreligionasaresultof
theselement.
Unsuccessful
ExtremeCatholicsandex
tremeProtestants
(Puritans)connuedto
causetrouble.
Catholiccountries,suchas
FranceandSpain,sll
posedathreat.
MaryQueenofScots
Successful
AllaemptstofreeMary
duringher19yearimpris
onmentfailed.
In1587,Elizabethhad
Marytriedandexecuted
forplongagainsther.
Unsuccessful
Elizabeth'sreluctancetoex
ecute Mary, encouraged
ploersandangeredparlia
ment.
Marysexecuonwasakey
causeofthewaswithCatho
licSpain.
Spain
Successful
Elizabethsforces
defeatedtheArma
daandremovedthe
Spanishthreat.
Englishsailorssuc
cessfullyaacked
Spanishshippingin
theNewWorld.
Unsuccessful
Badweatherplayed
abiggerpartinthe
Armadasfailure
thantheEnglishdid.
TheArmadasCom
mander,theDuke
ofMedinaSidonia
wasapoorleader.
ElizabethI: Washerrulea
GoldenAge?
Poverty
Successful
ThePoorLawstand
ardizedthetreat
mentofthepoor.
ThePoorLawmade
parishesresponsible
forhelpingtheirde
servingpoor.
Unsuccessful
Theproblemofpov
ertydidnotdisap
pear - therewere
slllargenumbers
ofpoorpeople.
ThePoorLawdid
nothingtotackle
thecausesofpov
ertyandunemploy
ment.
Marriage&Succession
Successful
Elizabetheventually
namedasuccessor -
JamesI.
Elizabethdeclared
shewasmarriedto
theEnglishpeople.
Elizabethwasa
strongrulerwho
chosenottomarry.
Unsuccessful
Elizabethignored
parliamentwho
wantedhertomar
ry.
Elizabethhadno
childrentobeher
heir.
Grewupasalonelychild bitofawimp! Motherwas
murderedbyhiscousin.
MarriedAnneofDenmark lovelessmarriage.
Quesonsoverhissexuality.
Seenasillmannered,boring,pedanc,peace-loving.
Intelligent:wrotemanybooksincludingreligiousvol
umes.
Veryextravagantandgenerous.
Lazy
Image & Court Life
JamesVIofScotland.
BecameKingfollowingElizabethsdeathin1603.
MotherwasMary,QueenofScots.
Claim to the throne
Government
JamesusedthePrivyCouncil.
FaconspersistedespeciallyfollowingJamesuseof
patronagetopromoteScots.
Parliament RelaonshipPoor
Why?
FinancesJamessextravaganceandlackofnancial
sense.
Buckingham,theKingsfavourite,wasveryunpopular.
Hesoldoces&monopolies.
ParliamentworriedaboutpossiblemarriageofJamess
sontoaCatholicSpanishprincess.
James'sopposiontowarwithSpainin1624.
James'sdoctrineoftheDivineRightofKings
Jamessviewthatcertainmaerssuchasreligion&
foreignpolicyshouldnotbediscussedwithParliament.
Government & Parliament
Irelandeecvelya conqueredkingdom:Englishin
controlofwholeIrelandin1605. Historyoftroubles,
rebellions.
LargeCatholicmajoritywithextremeProtestant/
PresbyterianinuencesinUlster.
JamesanswerwastosetupplantaonsinUlster.
Scotland
ScotlandwasanindependentKingdom.
JameswasKingofScotlandandKingofEngland.
Tradionaldierencesremainede.g.hatredofEng
lisharrogance.FuelledbypromoonofScotstokey
tles.
Jamessaemptstounitethetwo,failed.
Ireland & Scotland
Jamessawhimselfasapeacemaker.
In1604hemadepeacewithSpain.
In1608Jamesjoinedwithotherprotestantcountries
toformtheprotestantUnion.
In1612,Jamesmarriedhisdaughtertoaleading
Protestantprince.
HetriedtomarryhissonCharlestothedaughterofthe
KingofSpain.
Foreign Policy
SomePuritanswantedamoreProtestant/Calvinist
church. TheMillenaryPeondemandedtheremov
alofbishopsandmoreradicalalteraonstotheBook
ofCommonPrayer.
AtaChurchconferenceatHamptonCourtin1604,
Jamesrefusedtodismissthebishops.
Catholicshopedfortolerance,whichtheygot.e.g.
recusancynes(nesonCatholicswhodidnotaend
Protestantservices)wereabolished.
ThistolerancedidnotlastlongwhichledtoGunpow
derplot.
Religion
JamesI
TheGunpowder
Plot
Whywasthere
aPlot?
Whowerethe
Ploers?
What
Happened?
1. Catholicshadsueredperse
cuonsinceHenryVIII.
2. ProtestantshopedJamesIwould
notpersecutethemashismother
wasMaryQueenofScots,whohad
beenCatholic.
3. AtrstJameshadnorned
Catholicsfornotaending
ProtestantServices.
4. InApril1604Jamessuggested
furtheran-Catholiclaws. A
groupofCatholicsnowhatcheda
plottokillJamesandreplacehim
withaCatholicmonarch.
ThomasBates: Catesbysservant.
Didmenialworkthatnobleswereunableto
dowithoutarousingsuspicion.
RobertWintour: Marriedinto
stronglyCatholicfamily. Iniallyre
fusedtojoinconspiracy,butlatersup
pliedmoney,weaponsandhorsesto
helptherebellionfollowingassassina
on.
JohnWright: CamefromstrongCatho
licfamilytheirfamilyhadbeenimpris
onedfor14yearsfortheirbeliefs. John
oenharbouredCatholicrebelsinhis
house.
GuyFawkes: DevoutCatholic. Alt
houghEnglish,hehadfoughtintheSpan
isharmy.,whereheearnedareputaonas
aformidablesoldier. Responsible for
placing&igningthegunpowder.
ThomasPercy: Marriedto Wrights
sister. RecruitedearlybyCatesbyhimself.
Herentedthecellarbelowparliament
wherethegunpowderwasplaced.
ThomasWintour: Wasaclosefriend
ofCatesby,hiscousin. HerecruitedGuy
Fawkestobecomeinvolved.
ChristopherWright: Imprisonedwith
Catesbyin1596. WenttoschoolwithGuy
Fawkes. Somebelievehebetrayedfellow
ploers.
RobertCatesby: Wastheploers
dashingandcharismacleader. His
familyhadahistoryofhelpingCatholic
rebels. Hehadplayedaminorrolein
anearlierrebellionagainstElizabethI,
buthadescapedachargeoftreason.
Feb1604: RobertCatesby,ThomasWin
tourandJohnWrighthatchtheplot. Win
tergoestoFlanderstoenlistthehelpof
GuyFawkes. ThomasPercyalsojoinsthe
conspiracy.
May1604: Percyrentsahousenextto
Parliamentandatunnelisbegun. Robert
Wintour,ChristopherWright,Robert
Keyes, JohnGrantandThomasBatesare
broughtinontheplot.
March1605: Progressonthetunnelistoo
slow. PercyrentsacellarunderParlia
mentinstead. Fawkesbeginstollthe
cellarwithgunpowder,posingasJohn
Johnson. Rookwood,TreshamandDigby
arerecruitedtohelpfundtheplot.
Oct1605: Just10daysbeforetheopening
ofParliament,oneoftheconspirators
sendsaleertoLordMonteagle,warning
himnottoaendtheopeningofParlia
ment. MonteaglegivestheleertoRob
ertCecil.
Nov1605toJan1606: Aertorture, Guy
Fawkesrevealsothersinvolved. These
ploerswerecaughtatahousein
Staordshire. Catesbyand3othersdie
ghng. ByJanuary,alltheremaining
ploershavebeencaptured.
Nov4th1605: Cecilhasthecellarsunder
Parliamentsearched. GuyFawkesisdis
coveredalongwith36barrelsofgunpow
der,hiddenunderapileofrewood.
"Remember,
remember the 5th
of November,
gunpowder,
treason and
plot."
TheGunpowder
Plot
Whatwasthefate
oftheploers?
Alltheploerswereputontrial,except
TreshamwhodiedintheTowerofLondon
withamysteryillness,andwerefoundguilty
ofhightreason. Therefatewastobehung,
drawnandquartered.Thisentailedthefol
lowing:
Beinghungunlhalf-dead.
Havingonesbowlsremovedwhilesll
alive.
Thebodieswerethencutintofourpieces
andtheirheadsdisplayedonLondon
Bridge.
Wastherea
Conspiracy?
TheGunpowder
Thesaleofgunpowderwas ghtly
controlled. Onlythegovernment
couldsellit,andtheirrecordsforthe
1605 wentmissing.
Didthegovernmentallowthe
ploerstogetthegunpowderso
theycouldbeframed?
TheCellar
Severaloftheploershadbeenim
prisonedbeforebecauseofsuspi
cionsthattheyhadploedagainst
themonarch. Otherscamefrom
outspokenlyCatholicfamilies.
Whywerethesemenallowedto
rentcellarsunderParliament?
PraccalProblems
Theploershad36barrelsofgun
powderinthecellar,yetonone
spoedthembringingitin! Didthe
governmentturnablindeyesothe
ploerscouldbecaughtre-handed?
Thegunpowderisrecordedasbeing
decayed - didthegovernmentgive
thembadgunpowderjustincase?
Theploercouldhavegotthegun
powderfromtheBlackMarket. Also
GuyFawkeswasasoldier,hewould
havehadcontactsfromwhomhe
couldhavegotitfrom.
ThomasPercyhadimportantfriends
incourtwhocouldhavehelpedhim
rentthecellar.
Theploerscouldhavebroughtthe
gunpowdertothecellarinsmall
amountsoveralongperiodof me.
Althoughsomeofthegunpowder
wasbad,theyhadalotofit.Evenif
overhalfofithadnotexploded,they
sllwouldhavedestroyedthebuild
ing.
Argumentsto
counterthe
Conspiracy
What was the
Glorious Revolution?
The Glorious Revolution (1688)
refers to period in English history
where James II was replaced by
his daughter Mary and her husband,
William of Orange.
Why did the Glorious
Revolution happen?
James ignored Parliament and sus-
pended the laws which stopped Cath-
olics being members of the
government or officers in the army.
James II took the throne in 1685. He was
Catholic! He was accepted as he had no male
heir - so people did not believe they would
have a Catholic king for long.
He sacked any judges who said that he did not
have the right to do this. He also sacked any
local magistrates who opposed Catholics being
involved in local government. Most magistrates
were Protestant and also Tories (Royalists) who
had supported James II coronation. He there-
fore lost their support.
Most of the nobles and gentry
were Anglicans. They disliked both
Catholics and non-conformists.
E.g. 1661 - Parliament passed a law
(Test and Corporation Act)
Stopped Catholics and non-Con-
formists from becoming MPs,
judges or offices in the army.
James wanted all people to be treated equal-
ly, despite their faith. He believed that
once the laws against Catholics were re-
moved, England would become Catholic again!
5
1
3
4
2
The Road to
Revolution!
Why were
Catholics
mistrusted?
Popish Plot
1678
Bloody Mary
1555
Spanish Armada
1588
Gunpowder Plot
1605
The Fire of London
1666
Titus Oates
claimed that there
was a Catholic plot
to kill Charles II.
James II
William and Mary
In 1673, James II married a 16 year old Cath-
olic called Mary of Modena.
In June 1688, after several miscarriages, she
gave birth to a healthy little boy called James.
With both his parents being Catholic, James
would grow up to be another Catholic king.
The
Crisis The chain of
events
In June 1688,
James II has a
son.
7 leading Protestants
pledge their support to
William if he invades.
In November,
1688, William
lands with an
army at Torbay.
As Williams army
nears London, James
retreats and his army
begins to desert.
In December,
1688, James
loses his nerve
and flees to
Europe.
James is declared to
have vacated the
throne and his baby son
is declared illegitimate.
Mary and William
are jointly of-
fered the throne.
William and Mary are
crowned King and
Queen in February
Parliament had offered the throne to Wil-
liam and Mary provided they accept the
Declaration of Rights. Later called the Bill
of Rights.
The powers of the King and the powers of
Parliament were clearly defined. The
country was also defined as being firmly
Protestant.
The Bill of Rights
The monarch had to be Protestant
Only Protestants can vote or be
Mps.
The monarch cannot suspend laws
The monarch cannot tax people with-
out Parliaments agreement.
Parliament will pay for the cost of
running the government.
Control over the army is to be
shared.
Protestants started a rumour that Jamess new
born son was not his and had actually been
smuggled into the palace in a warming pan as
part of a Catholic plot to stop the next mon-
arch being Protestant.