0SNLE Epiuemiology anu Biostatistics

Rishi Kumai http:ik.mu

"#$%&'(%)*+,+: pools uata fiom seveial stuuies (gieatei powei), limiteu by qualitybias of inuiviuual stuuies
-),(,.%) /0,%): compaies two gioups in which one vaiiable is manipulateu anu its effects measuieu
-1210$ (!"#$%&'" !&)*): compaies gioup with !&)* +$,%-! to a gioup without - asks "what will happen." (piospective). Pioves
cause-effect
-%+# -1($01) (-..) !$%&-): compaies gioup with uisease to gioup without uisease - asks "what happeneu." (ietiospective).
Issues with confounuing anu inability to piove causation
-%+# 3#0,#+: goou foi iaie uiseases, uesciibe clinical piesentation of ceitain uisease
-01++&3#.$,1(%): uata fiom a gioup to assess uisease pievalence at a paiticulai point in time - asks "what is happening."

3#(+,$,4,$* (iule -/% - scieening): piopoition of people with
uisease who test positive: /5 6 7/5 8 9:; < = & 9:. If 1uu%,
then all negative tests aie TN.
3>#.,?,.,$* (iule &0 - confiimatoiy): piopoition of people
without uisease who test negative: /: 6 7/: 8 95; < = & 95.
If 1uu%, then all positive tests aie TP.
55@: piopoition of positive tests that aie tiue positives: /5 6 7/5 8 95;. If uisease
pievalence is low, then PPv will be low.
:5@: piopoition of negative tests that aie tiue negatives. /: 6 7/: 8 9:;

ABB+ 0%$,1 (,$)" ,-0%!-#): ouus of having uisease in exposeu gioup uiviueu by ouus in
unexposeu gioup. 7%6C; 6 7.6B; < 7%B; 6 7C.;
D#)%$,4# 0,+E (,-1-!%): ielative piobability of getting uisease in exposeu gioup veisus
unexposeu. F%67%8C;G 6 F.67.8B;G
'$$0,CH$%C)# 0,+EI piopoition of cases attiibutable to one iisk factoi.
F%67%8C;G & F.67.8B;G

'C+1)H$# 0,+E 0#BH.$,1( (ARR): F.67.8B;G & F%67%8C;G
::/ = = 6 'DD

J(.,B#(.#: # of 0"2 cases in a unit of time pop. at iisk
50#4%)#(.#: %-%$# # of cases at a given time pop. at iisk
Pievalence < inciuence * uz uuiation. Pievalence K inciuence in ,1!-0&, uz. Pievalence < inciuence in $,/%" uz

:10L%) B,+$0,CH$,1(: mean = meuian = moue
3$%(B%0B B#4,%$,1(: 1 (68%) - 2 (9S%) - S (99.7%)
3M" < N 6 O(
51+,$,4# +E#P (mean > meuian > moue), (#Q%$,4# +E#P (mean < meuian < moue)

D#),%C,),$* ("piecision") - iepiouucibility of test. Affecteu by ianuom eiioi
@%),B,$* ("accuiacy") - measuies tiueness of uata. Affecteu by systematic eiioi
-100#)%$,1( .1#??,.,#($ measuies how ielateu two values aie:
+1 = peifect positive coiielation, -1 = peifect negative coiielation, u = no coiielation

R
S
(0/## 134-%1")&)): no ielationship between two measuiements
/*># J 7T; #0010: ieject null when it's tiue
/*># JJ 7U; #0010: accept null when it's false
51P#0 7=&U;I piobability of iejecting null when it is inueeu false (inciease )$54#" )&6" to inciease powei)


3#)#.$,1( C,%+: nonianuom assignment of subjects
3%L>),(Q C,%+: subjects not iepiesentative of population
D#.%)) C,%+: iisk foi ietiospective stuuies (pts cannot iemembei things); knowleuge of uisoiuei piesence alteis iecall
V%$#&)11E C,%+: uata gatheieu at inappiopiiate time
V#%B&$,L# C,%+: eaily uefection confuseu with incieaseu suivival
-1(?1H(B,(Q C,%+: a factoi is ielateu to both exposuie anu outcome, but not on the causal pathway
501.#BH0# C,%+: subjects in uiffeient gioups not tieateu the same

:1$#+I

WJ3M'3M
/M3/
+ -
+ /5 95
- 9: /:
WJ3M'3M
DJ3X
9'-/AD
+ -
+ % C
- . B
YZ % oi fiactions
/&$#+$ 2 means
':A@' > 2 means