SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423)


Project 2 - Case Study, Analysis and Documentation of Building
Services Systems

















WEE LUN YONG 1101Q13254
WONG JIA XIN 1101G13277
TAN ROBBINS 0303602
WONG KIEN HOU 0312104
YEOH PIK QIN 0303357
LIM CHON KEAT 0312439
TAN HUI XIAN 0311719

TUTOR: MR. SIVA



Table of Content

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Mechanical Ventilation And Air Conditioning
2.1 introduction
2.2 literature review
2.3 Case Study
2.3.1 Heat Exchanger System
2.3.2 Heat Exchanger Room
2.3.3 Pump System
2.3.3.1 Pump (3- Phase Induction Motor)
2.3.4 Inverter (Danfoss Vlt 6000)
2.3.5 Air Handling Unit (A.H.U)
2.3.5.1 Location Of A.H.U
2.3.6 Ducting System
2.3.6.1 The Supplying Duct
2.3.6.2 The Returning Duct
2.3.7 Diffusers
2.4 Analysis
2.5 Conclusion

3.0 Electrical Supply System
3.1 Introduce of electricity
3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.3 Case study
3.3.1 Genset Room
3.3.2 HV Room
3.3.3 Transformer Room
3.3.4 Sprinkler Pump Room
3.3.5 Heat exchanger system
3.3.6 DB
3.4 Analysis
3.5 Conclusion












4.0 Water Supply System
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.3 Case Study
4.3.1 Overall Distribution & Mechanics
4.3.2 Distribution to Water Tanks
4.3.3 Pump System
4.4 Analysis
4.5 Conclusion

5.0 Sewerage And Sanitary System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.3 Case Study
5.3.1 The overall sewerage line
5.4 Parts of the sewerage system
5.4.1 Sanitary appliances
5.4.2 Trap
5.4.2.1 Water seal traps
5.4.2.2 Interceptor traps
5.4.3 Stacks
5.4.4 Manhole
5.4.4.1 Grease interceptor trap
5.4.4.2 Manhole
5.4.4.3 Inspection chamber
5.4.5 Individual Septic Tanks (IST)
5.4.6 Sewer pipe
5.4.6.1 Flexible sewer pipe
5.4.6.2 Saddle joint
5.5 UBBL requirement
5.6 Analysis
5.7 Conclusion

6.0 Mechanical Transportation System
6.1 Literature Review
6.2 Introduction
6.3 UBBL Requirement
6.4 Escalator
6.4.1 Arrangement of Escalators
6.4.2 Component
6.5 Elevator
6.5.1 Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators
6.5.2 Types of Elevators in building


6.5.3 Indication of location
6.5.4 Component of System
6.5.5 Plan
6.5.6 Operation of System
6.5.7 Safety System of the Elevators System
6.6 Discussion

7.0 Fire Protection System
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1Passive Fire Protection System
7.1.2 Active Fire Protection System
7.2 Case Study
7.2.1 Passive Fire Protection System
7.2.1.1 Fire Escape Route
7.2.1.2. Fire Lift
7.2.1.3. Emergency Exit Signs
Literature Review
7.2.2 Active Fire Protection System
7.2.2.1 Water based fire protection systems
7.2.2.1.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler
7.2.2.1.2 Fire Hydrants
7.2.2.1.3 Hose Reel
Literature Review
7.2.2.2 Fire Suppression Systems and Agents
7.2.2.2.1 Wet and Dry Chemical Extinguishing System
7.2.2.2.2 Gaseous Agent Extinguishing System
7.2.2.2.2.1 Automatic CO2 system
Literature Review
7.2.2.2.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher
7.2.2.3 Fire Alarm and Detection System
7.2.2.4 Smoke Extraction and Ventilation
7.3 Analysis
7.4 Conclusion

8.0 Conclusion
9.0 References



1.0 Introduction

Figure 1.0: eCurve


Figure 1.1: Location plan showing eCurve.

For our case study in this report, the building chosen was eCurve which is
located at Jalan PJU7/3, Petaling Jaya. This building is about four storeys high
excluding the basement levels. eCurve is a wholly owned subsidiary of Boustead
Properties Berhad. Located in the heart of MutiaraDamansara, this mall is easily
accessible via 5 main roads. This mall has a design dedicated for its cinema
entertainment with levels 2 and 2M consisting mostly of theater rooms. The rest of
the floors below are filled with shops and restaurants.

We will be covering the services throughout the whole building such as
mechanical ventilation, electrical supply system, water supply system, sewerage and
sanitary system, mechanical transportation and the fire protection system. The
analysis of the building services in this building was carried out by 7 people.
2.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning

2.1 Introduction
Mechanical ventilation is a primary energy intensive and air
conditioning is even more so. Mechanical ventilation is the process of
changing air in an enclosed space, indoor air is withdrawn and replace by
fresh air continuously. Air conditioning is to control the temperature, humidity,
air cleanliness and air movement & heat radiation with the mechanical means
to achieve human thermal comfort.Indoor air is conditioned and regulated to
maintain the temperature- humidity ratio that is most comfortable and
healthful.The Air condition system in this building is a bit different as the
others building. Most air conditioning units are operate by ducting air cross the
colder, heat- absorbing side of refrigeration apparatus and directing it back
into air conditional. But in this building, the system is call water- cooled air-
conditioning units (heat exchanger). The cool water came at minimum
temperature of 4 and the waste heat is carried away by a flow of water in
the heat exchanger. The machine only take the cold air but not the water nor
the heat. The heat exchanger was coated to prevent the cold and heat lost. In
the process, the 4 cool air became 8 which the other 4 had been taken
away by the machine.
2.2 Literature Review
Air conditioning refer to the process of changing the air temperature
and humidity through cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection. The cooling
is typically done using heat exchange system to produce cool air for the
building. Sometimes, evaporation is used, for comfort cooling in buildings and
motor vehicles. A complete system of heating, ventilation and air conditioning
is referred to as (HVAC).
Temperature is a key component of relative humidity, decreasing the
temperature of humid air causes it to release a portion of its moisture.
AHU
Cool Air
Public Space
Cold Water Tank (min 4)
Cold water
toppingup
Heat
Exchanger
Pump
Inverter
Cool air (7~ 8)
Cool air (7~ 8)
Hot Air
Hot Air
AHU
Public Area
Air conditioning system provide the required cooling and heating
energy within a space. The system also control and maintain indoor
environment such as temperature, humidity, different pressure between
conditioned space and its surrounding, air movement, air quality and sound
levels within specified limits.
2.3 Case Study
Air conditioning system
2.3.1 Heat Exchanger System
Heat exchanger is an excellent device used for heat recovery in air
conditioning system. This system is identified as a heat exchanger system.
The device remove the waste heat gathered by the recirculating cool water
system as it cools the building. This type of heat exchanger is defined as plate
and shell heat exchanger, which combines plate heat exchanger with shell
and tube heat exchanger technologies. The heart of the heat exchanger
contained a fully welded circular plate pack made by pressing and cutting
round plates and welding them together. This shell technology offers high
heat transfer, high pressure, and high operating temperature, compact size,
low fouling and close approach temperature. It does completely without
gaskets which provides security against leakage at high pressure and
temperature.







Figure 2.0 the schematic diagram of the heat exchanger system










Figure 2.0.1 Schematic diagram detail













Figure 2.0.2 schematic layout plan for heat exchanger room














According to MS 1525 code 8.11.1
The cooled water pumps circulating cooled water through the piping system
external to the package, and cooling water pumps and fans circulating water
or air through the condenser are not to be included in the consideration of the
COP for the components.





According to MS 1525 code 8.5
All piping installed to serve building and within building should be
adequately insulate to prevent excess energy losses. Additional insulation
with vapour barrier may be required to prevent condensation under some
conditions.
Figure 2.0.3 temperature tester
There are different piping connecting from the heat exchanger, cooled water
pumps to the AHU room. Such as:
DWS distilled water supply: min 4 to the heat exchanger
DWR distilled water return: to be recycle to lose heat gained









2.3.2 Heat Exchanger Room
The heat exchanger room located right beside the Transformer room of
the building at 2
nd
floor, which is quite massive compare to smaller buildings.It
contain components such as heat exchanger, inverter, and pump which
connect to AHU room.






Figure 2.1 2
nd
Floor plan showing where the location of heat exchanger room.
Heat
Exchang
er Room
FLOOR
2
Figure 2.0.4 water supply pipe and water return
pipe
AHU Cool Air
Public Space
Cold Water Tank (min 4)
Cold water
Topping
up
Heat
Exchanger
Pump
Inverter
Cool air (7~ 8)
Cool air (7~ 8)
Hot Air
Hot Air
AHU
Public Area





2.3.3 Pump System

















Figure 2.1.1 Heat Exchangers Figure 2.1.2 Heat Exchanger
Figure 2.2 schematic diagram showing the pump
After the process from heat exchanger, the cool air been transfer to the
pump system which ready to be pump to AHU room and distribute to the
diffusers in the building. The journey to the AHU room is quite some distance
from the heat exchanger room, so it require a pump to pump the cool air.

Figure 2.2.1 Cool Air Storage
Figure 2.2.2 Pump Motor
Figure 2.2.3 3-phase
induction motor pump
2.3.3.1 Pump (3-Phase induction motor)
TECO TOTALLY ENCLOSED FAN COOLED squirrel-cage induction
motors are designed, manufactured and tested to meet or exceed the latest
NEMA, IEEE, CSA and other international standards. These motors are
suitable for all general applications where an open machine is not applicable
due to severe environments such as excessive dirt, dust and/or moisture. The
unique design, first-grade material and excellent workmanship make TECO
Motors last much longer and give cost-efficient operation.







It is important to ensure that there is as direct a connection as possible
between the drive and the motor. In a retrofit application, any power factor
correction capacitors that were used with the motor should be removed. If
they are connected between the drive and the motor, the drive will trip off and
refuse to start the motor. In addition, they are not needed on the input power
leads to the drive because the drive already presents the power line with a
0.95 or greater displacement power factor. If a motor has special windings or
wiring to help it operate when it is connected directly across the AC power line,
it is important to ensure that the motor is always connected in its full speed
run configuration when it is connected to the drive's output.




Figure 2.2.4 Motor Tag
2.3.4 Inverter (Danfoss VLT 6000)







This presentation deals with the start-up of the Danfoss Drives VLT
6000 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). It is designed to help you handle the
start-up of the drive in normal applications. Because of the flexibility of these
drives, there may be some specialized applications that are not specifically
covered by these instructions. In that case, refer to the documentation that
came with the drive for more information.The VLT 6000 can be provided as a
stand-alone drive, or it can be provided as part of a drive system package that
includes an option enclosure. In the picture below (figure2.3 ), the VLT 6000 is
used to operate the Supply Fan of a Variable Air Volume (VAV) air handling
unit. It is wired into a Building Automation System (BAS) which enables the
VLT 6000 and gives it a speed reference. A smoke detector and a low limit
thermostat (freeze stat) is wired directly into the VLT 6000.






Figure 2.3 inverter
Figure 2.3.1 Schematic Diagram
For Inverter
2.3.5 Air Handling Units (A.H.U)
The air handling unit can be found at each floor of the building, it is
receiving the cooled air from the heat exchanger room and act as a hub to
separate the cool air to the whole building through the diffusers.














Figure 2.4 Air Handling Unit (A.H.U)
Figure 2.4.1 Schematic Drawing For A.H.U
2.3.5.1 Location Of A.H.U Room


LG Floor
G Floor
1
st
Floor
2MFloor
3
rd
Floor
The Air Handling Unit can be found at each floor of the building
except 2
nd
floor, which the heat exchanger rooms situation. It is receiving
air from the heat exchanger room through the pump. According to the
consultant, people can only get into A.H.U room after the A.H.U system is
closed, or it will be dangerous as the power of A.H.U machine is very strong
like the electric room.
2.3.6 Ducting system
According to MS 1525 code 8.6, air handling duct system insulation:
All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on building should be
adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation
with vapour barrier may be required to prevent condensation under some
conditions.










The process start from:
Cool water > Heat exchanger > Pump > AHU > through Ducting system >
Diffusers






AHU
Cool Air
Public Space
Cold Water Tank (min 4)
Cold water
toppingup
Heat
Exchanger
Pump
Inverter
Cool air (7~ 8)
Cool air (7~ 8)
Hot Air
Hot Air
AHU
Public Area
Figure 2.5 schematic diagram of ducting system
It work in a cycle system where the cool is distribute through the duct
from AHU room to the diffusers, and when the cool air become warm after
being used by the occupant, the grilles collect the warm back and distribute
back to the AHU through the duct.


Figure 2.5.1 Schematic Diagram Showing AHU
Heat
Exchanger
Room
There are two parts of ducting system, Such as:
The supplying duct
The returning duct

2.3.6.1 The Supplying Duct
It transfer the cool air to the diffusers and separate the cool air to the open
spaces.








2.3.6.2 The returning duct
It transfer the warm air from the grille back to A.H.U to be cool again.
2.3.7 Diffusers
Diffuser is the last part where the cool air finally distribute to.
It connect with the ducting which supply the cool air from AHU. The design of
the diffusers is usually hide in the ceiling or with the minimal exposure to the
public.



Figure 2.5.2 supply duct and returning duct




Figure 2.6 diagram showing cool air through ducting to diffusers
Figure 2.6.1 different type of diffuser
Figure 2.6.2 Air diffusers Figure 2.6.3 Air diffusers









2.4 Analysis
The air conditioning system in eCurve are very different from the other
building, the system they are using is heat exchanger system. It seem to have
complied with all the existing building by-laws. The cool water that they are
using have a contract with the supplier, according to by-law said that they
need to renew the contract every 2 years. The system also seems efficient
and they even check the system every morning before the building start
working.
2.5 Conclusion
As my conclusion, this building eCurve has a very special air
conditioning system. Except the cool water are very expensive, they has an
efficient and very low cost in using electric because of the inverter. The
advantages of using heat exchange system is easier to operate and maintain.
Since the heat exchanger room are located at the edge of the building, the
noise and vibration of the machine wont affect the customers.


UBBL
UBBL By-Law 41(1), where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-
conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural
ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the
discretion of the local authority.
UBBL By-Law 41(3), the provisions of the third schedule to these By-laws
shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-
conditioned.
8.2.2 where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than
1000kWr, a minimum of two chiller or a single multi- compressor chiller
should be provided to meet the required load.

3.0 Electricity Supply
3.1 Introduction of Electricity
Electricity is a naturally occurring force that exists all around us. Its
important for humans because it is a vital part of our lives and we rely on it every
day. The Electricity system is the network that supplies all the Malaysias house
and industry. In Peninsular Malaysia, the electricity is supply by the National Grid,
it is a high- voltage electric power transmission which is owned by Tenaga
Nasional Berhad (TNB). Shopping Malls also take power directly from the
National Grid. In Malaysia most of the electricity was generate by the water
power. The water from a river or dam sent trough the turbine, and the moving
water causes the turbines blade spin, which generate the electricity.

Figure 3.1.1 Diagram shows how the water generates electricity.

Figure 3.1.2 How electricity is measured

3.2 Literature Review
TNB supply the electricity to the building delivering from the power plant to
the transformer room and cross the transmission tower to the sub-power station
nearby the building area and to the building.

Figure 3.2.1 Diagram shows the electricity deliver system
TNB supplies the high voltage electricity for the building was 240 volt a.c.
For every building a meter will be placed to measure the usage of electricity.

3.3 Case Study
3.3.1 Genset Room
The room which is supplies the emergency electricity support. It works by
a huge genset machine, which is run by the diesel. The genset is a combination
of the diesel generator and electric generator, it more like a huge car engine.

Figure 3.3.1 The plan shows the location of HV Room,
Genset Room, and TNB Room.


Figure 3.3.2 The sound proof and fire poor door of Genset room




Figure 3.3.3 The Perkins Bands Genset was used by the E-curve shopping mall

Diagram 3.3.1 Genset Schematic diagram

Three elements supporting the Genset generator

Figure 3.3.4 & 3.3.5:The Donaldsons Lube Filter and Diesel tank

Figure 3.3.6 The Battery Water

Diagram 3.3.2 Genset Schematic diagram

Figure 3.3.7

The big fan work when the Genset activated. the use of the big fan is sucking the
hot air that produced by the Genset machine to cooling the Genset generator.

Figure 3.3.8: The meter of the Diesel Tank. The Diesel Tank was made by
Galvanised Steel.


Figure 3.3.9: Exhaust pipe of Genset.


Maximum 2.75m of
diesel tank
Steel used of the diesel tank
material
3.3.2 HV Room

Figure 3.3.10: HV Room convert the high voltage electrical energy to the lower
voltage and supplies to the others room.



Figure 3.3.11: HV switchboard converting the high voltage electricity to 11kV.



Figure 3.3.12Main Control Switch to convert the electricity

Figure 3.3.13 Output electricity to tenant block


Figure 3.3.14 Output electricity to the landlord block


Figure 3.3.15 the meter used by the HV switchboard

Diagram 3.3.3 The schematic plan drawing.

Figure 3.3.16 TNB Room output from the power substation.
TNB has a code for every building in the event of a system services. For E
@ Curve, the building code is P/E Entertainment Center, Jalan PJU 7/2 & 7/3.

3.3.3 Transformer Room

Figure 3.3.17 The Transformer rooms doors was made by the fire-proof
materials.


Figure 3.3.18: The Transformer Room located at the 2
nd
floor.

Figure 3.3.19: Landlord LV Main Sub-Switch Box


Figure 3.3.20: The switch of the Main Sub-Switch Box(MSB). Each MSB supply
different room & shop of e@curve.




Figure 3.3.20: The control of the electricity. The green light on showing the
electricity are now supply by the TNB.


Figure 3.3.21: When the GEN Green Light ON, the Genset emergency power
supply are activated.




3.3.4 Sprinkler Pump Room
The electricity supplies the sprinkler pump room for the emergency water pump.

Figure 3.3.22:The sprinkler pump room shows the supplies pipes for the sprinkler.


Figure 3.3.23: The switch boxs green light show the sprinkler was standby for
the emergency case






3.3.5 Heat Exchanger Room
The electricity supplies the Heat Exchanger Room operate the mechanical
cooling system.

Figure 3.3.24: The switch box of the Heat Changer Room, it supports the power
to operate the cool water pump for the cooling machine.

3.3.6 Distribution Board

Figure 3.3.25: The DB were located at every floor each box to control the light.









3.4 Analysis
The electricity system supply at e@Curve had followed the by-Laws by
MS 1525. The electricity system at e@Curve had arranged and ran it systematic.
The electricity system room all used the water cooling system to cooling the
switch box to avoid the switch box overheat and dis-function. If the electricity had
emergency cut off from the TNB the Genset will start running to supply the
emergency electricity to support the building.








Figure 3.4: Arrangement of electricity system
UBBL
MS 1525, 7.5 Power factor correction capacitors
-Power factor correction capacitors should be the low loss type with losses per
kVAR not exceeding 0.35 W at upper temperature limit excluding the losses in
the discharge resistors.

MS 1525, 7.6 Sub Metering
-To facilitate monitoring of energy consumption and energy management,
electrical energy meters should be installed at strategic load centres to identify
consumption by functional use (air conditioning, lighting, etc).

3.5 Conclusion
For my conclusion, e@Curve had a strong systematic electricity system,
the HV room helps to convert the high volt to low volt to supply the whole building
electricity uses. The facility dept. had applied the water cooling system at the
electricity room to cool down the switch boxes to make sure the system had run
normally to support the building used even though the water cooling system cost
is extremely high. e@Curve also had a good backup emergency electricity
system. The system connected to all the building and the fire protection used.
4.0 Water Supply System
4.1 Introduction
Water, one of the main necessities of humans needs an efficient water supply
network to distribute water easily to the people. In Malaysia, where there is an
abundance of rainfall, water is collected in catchment areas and dams. For example, the
Kuala Lumpur and Selangor states have the Klang Gates Dam and the Semenyih Dam
to provide a supply of water. The water supply system in Selangor is managed and
regulated by SYABAS.

Figure 4.1: Aerial view of the Klang Gates Dam.

4.2 Literature Review
Supply of water to buildings from water mains depends on where the water tanks
are located at. For smaller buildings, the pressure available from water mains is already
sufficient and this is called up feed distribution, as the water rises directly from the
mains to plumbing fixtures. However, taller buildings will need a pump to provide
additional pressure such as pumped upfeed, hydropneumatic and etc.
For every building and house, a meter will be placed to measure the water
quantity for which the occupant is to be charged. After a riser pipe supplies water at the
top of the tank, the water will then be distributed throughout the building. A ball valve
must be present in a tank to control the water level inside it. In case of overflowing, a
scour pipe will redirect the excess water which is located slightly above the incoming
supply pipe from the water mains.
There are 3 types of pumps usually used to distribute water in a building. Theyre
the standby, duty and jockey pump. Duty pumps function to pump water normally while
the standby pump is there for backup if the duty pump fails. A standby pump can start
regardless of the water suction in the pump and can standby at full speed. A standby
pump is usually used for the general water supply in a building. A jockey pump is
usually used for the fire protection system and maintains the high pressure in the
system. The jockey pump plays an essential role in the fire pumps control system.


Figure 4.2: Example of a duty and standby pump.






4.3 Case Study
4.3.1 Overall Distribution & Schematics

Figure 4.3: Floor plan showing the location of the water tank room.


Figure 4.4: Schematic of water distribution at the room.

4.3.2 Distribution To Water Tanks

Figure4.5: Incoming water supply pipes from SYABAS located outdoors.
The income of water supply starts from SYABAS and the main pipes with the
meters are located outside of eCurve. The supply of water is separated into two pipes, a
50mm pipe for basic water supply needs and a 100mm pipe for fire extinguishing
and fire hydrants. The pipes are made out of galvanized iron.


Figure 4.6: The water tanks.
100mm G.I. pipe
for fire extinguishing
purposes
50mm G.I. pipe
for basic water
supply needs
FRP (Fiberglass
reinforced plastic) main
water supply tank
Pressed steel hose reel
water tank
The pipes lead all the way up to the water tanks located at the level 2M. The
smaller tank is the press steel hose reel water tank (3mx2mx1m) while the larger one is
the main water supply tank made out of FRP (Fiberglass reinforced plastic). This tank is
approximately 7m long and 4m tall.

Figure 4.7: G.I. pipe supplying water into the hose reel tank.

The galvanized iron pipes carrying the water are reduced from 100mm to
50mm by a reducer before going into their respective tanks. The hose reel tank has a
red line painted across it for indication. The material for this tank which is pressed steel
is in accordance to the UBBL. The pipe passes through the hose reel tank before
connecting to the main supply tank. There is a separate partition in the hose reel tank
that leads the water into another pipe.


50mm G.I. riser
pipe into tank
Ball valve
100mm G.I. pipe
from incoming water
supply
100mm to 50mm
reducer




The FRP water tank will then distribute the water to various parts of the mall
which has specific labels on the respective pipes. Each of these pipes must have a gate
valve at the beginning of the output. The pump system is located in a room in the same
area.
Figure 4.8: 100mm G.I. pipe from hose reel tank to the main tank.
Figure 4.9: 50mm G.I. pipe supplying water to the main tank.
50mm G.I. riser
pipe into tank
Water level indicator
up to 4 meters
Figure 4.10: The distribution pipes.

4.3.3 Pump System

Figure 4.11: The duty and standby pump system for water supply.

The room has two seperate pump systems. One for the hose reel in which all the
pipes are red in colour, and one for the water supply. The standby and duty pump
system is used for the water supply. The pressure tank maintains a constant pressure
100mm G.I.
distribution pipe
Gate valve
Pressure tank
Control panel for pump system
Pressure gauge
Water pump motor
for the outgoing water pipes and there are two sets of this system. The standby pump
supports the duty pump in any cases of breakdown. As for the hose reel, a jockey pump
is used to keep the water pressure high at all times.


Fig. 4.12: Part of the hose reel pump Fig. 4.13: The two separate pipes for W.C. and
basin on this floor.

The water pump system in eCurve is specifically for two purposes, W.C. and
basins only. They have two separate pipes from the pump during distribution. Every
other water pipe is distributed with the use of gravity only. Incoming pipes are coloured
in light green while the distribution pipes are coloured in blue.











4.4 Analysis
The water supply system in eCurve seems to have complied with all the existing
building by-laws. Materials for water tanks, identification of pipes involved in the fire
protection system, sufficient number of valves and a few others. The system also seems
efficient and they even separated the pipes for W.C. and basin. The only thing that
seems a little off is the incoming supply pipe going through the hose reel tank before
entering the main tank. A separate pipe could be used for both of these tanks.

4.5 Conclusion
eCurve has an efficient and cost effective water supply system. Having the water
tanks situated at floor 2M, it does not need an extra pump to help the water reach the
tanks. Once at the water tank, it uses gravity distribution for most of the water supply.
The only exceptions would be the W.C. and basins as those need a higher pressure
than the norm. The function and usage of the pipes are also clearly identified by their
colours.

UBBL
- UBBL By-Law 84, suitable measures should be taken to prevent penetration of dampness
and moisture into the building.
- UBBL By-Law 123, allowing adequate accommodation for pipes, stop cocks to enable
repair and access openings to ducts or enclosure.
- Under the M.S.1447, 10
th
schedule, the material used for fire tank must be either made from
pressed steel, FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics) or R.C. concrete.
- Under the M.S.1447, 10
th
schedule, the pipes and tank shall be painted with primer and
finished with a red paint or maybe identified with red bands.
5.0 Sewerage system
5.1 Introduction
Sewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It encompasses
components such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, and screening
chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the entry to a
sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment.

5.2 Literature Review
Drain-waste-vent (or DWV) is part of a system that removes sewage from a
building and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes that facilitate flow. Waste
is produced at fixtures such as water closet, sinks and urinal. The waste exits the
fixtures through a trap, a dipped section of pipe that always contains water.
All fixtures must contain traps to prevent sewer gases from leaking into the house.
Through traps, all fixtures are connected to waste lines, which in turn take the waste to
a soil stack, or soil vent pipe. At the building drain system's lowest point, the drain-waste
vent is attached, and rises (usually inside a wall) to and out of the roof.
Waste is removed from the building through the building drain and taken to a
sewage line, which leads to a septic system or a public sewer.
DWV systems maintain neutral air pressure in the drains, allowing flow of water
and sewage down drains and through waste pipes by gravity. As such, it is critical that a
downward slope be maintained throughout.
Sanitary appliances


Traps

Stacks

Manhole/ IC

Septic tank

Public sewer

5.3 Case Study
The overall sewerage line












Figure 5.1: Schematic diagram of overall sewerage system
5.4 Parts of the sewerage system
5.4.1 Sanitary appliances
The sanitary appliances includes wash basins, bath tubs, sinks, urinals, toilet
bowls and other appliances which connect , directly or otherwise, to a private sewage
treatment plant or a public sewerage system















Figure 5.4: Siphon-jet
Figure 5.3: Section and plan of water closet
Figure 5.2: Accessible toilet
Siphon-jet P-trap water closet
Water enters through rim punchings and jets
placed in an up-leg of the rear trap, filling the
trapway and creating an instant siphon action
without rise of water level. The result is quick
water withdrawal. Large water surface
provides an efficient and clean operation.














5.4.2 Trap
The traps are installed to retain debris that will block drain pipe. It prevent the
debris from entering the stacks to avoid blockage. Besides it is also to prevent the
ingress of foul air and animals from drain and sewer.Traps are categories There are
severe types of water-seal traps like P-trap, S-trap, 3/4 S-trap, and drum trap.




Figure 5.5: Newly renovated washroom interior Figure 5.6: Basin plan
Figure 5.7: Elevation, section and plan of wall-
hang with built-in trap urinal

5.4.2.1 Water Seal Traps
P trap



5.4.2.2 Interceptor traps
Toilet floor- grating


Figure 5.8: P trap
Figure 5.9: P trap detail drawing
Figure 5.10: Grating
5.4.3 Stacks
Two pipe system
In this system two pipes are provided. One pipes collects the foul soil and
lavatory wastes, whereas the second pipe collects the waste water from kitchen. The
soil stacks and the grease stacks coupled with its own vent pipe and stack pipe. Soil
stack is the vertical drain pipe that carries soil waste from sanitary units. Waste stack is
any other vertical drain pipe (does not carry soil from a sanitary fixture) which in this
case study are mainly from the wet kitchen.
















50mm MuPVC soil
stacks
200mm x 3000mm cast iron
pipe
Waste stack & soil stack
Figure 5.11: Soil pipe that connect
sanitary appliances
Figure 5.12: Waste stack and soil
stack









The venting system, or plumbing vents, consists of pipes leading from waste
pipes to the outdoors, usually through the roof. Vents provide a means to release sewer
gases outside instead of inside the house.












Aluminum 500mm x 500mm x
5mm
Grease vent stack
- The addition of frame
and covering to avoid
infiltration of grease
- Soil vent stack
Figure 5.13: Waste stack and soil stack

Figure 5.14: Waste stack that connect to
the grease interceptor trap

Figure 5.15: Grease vent stack and waste vent
stack that attached along the wall to
ventilate out from the building

5.4.4 Manhole
5.4.4.1 Grease interceptor trap
When the outflow from the kitchen sink enters the grease trap, the solid food
particles sink to the bottom while the lighter grease and oil floats to the top. The
relatively grease-free water is then fed into the normal septic system. The food solids at
the bottom and floating oil and grease must be periodically removed in a similar manner
as with septic tank pumping

















Figure 5.16: Grease Interceptor Trap


Figure 5.17: plan of grease interceptor trap

Figure 5.18: Grease intercepted inside
the trap

Figure 5.19: Grease tray

Figure 8.18: grease tray


Manholes and inspection chambers provide one or more of the following
functions in storm water drainage and sanitary sewer lines:
Pipeline access for purpose of cleaning and inspecting.
Directional changes in pipeline alignment.
Convergence of two or more pipelines.

5.4.4.2 Manhole















Figure 5.20: plan and section ofprecast
concrete type B manhole for rigid pipe

5.4.4.3 Inspection chamber

















Figure 5.21: Inspection chamber

Figure 5.23: Opening of the inspection
chamber

Figure 5.22: Plan of inspection chamber

Figure 8.21: plan of inspection chamber

Figure 5.23: Section of the inspection
chamber

5.4.4.4 Individual Septic Tanks (IST)
An IST comprises two chambers connected in a series. In the first chamber,
solids from the incoming sewage settle forming a "sludge", while greases and oils float
to the surface forming a "scum" layer. Effluent from between the scum and sludge
layers then passes into the second chamber where further sedimentation occurs. Finally,
the effluent leaves the second chamber and is discharged into a drain or allowed to
percolate into the soil.
The sludge in the tank undergoes anaerobic digestion and is converted into more
stable organic compounds and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). ISTs are usually designed for a 24-hour retention time.
Enough storage capacity is provided so that scum and sludge can be deposited in the
tank for up two years after which it must be dislodged to keep the tank operating
satisfactory.
The sludge in the tank undergoes anaerobic digestion and is converted into more
stable organic compounds and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). ISTs are usually designed for a 24-hour retention time.
Enough storage capacity is provided so that scum and sludge can be deposited in the
tank for up two years after which it must be dislodged to keep the tank operating
satisfactory.

















5.4.5.1 Flexible sewer pipe
Sewer pipe carries sewerage from the shopping mall to a public treatment facility
which is the Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd, a national sewerage company in
Malaysia







Concrete top poured in place
Concrete access part
Floor purging 3cm thick
Figure 5.25: Plan and section of the
individual septic tanks

Wall purging 2cm thick
Figure 5.24: Covers of the
individual septic tanks

Figure 5.26: Connection to main sewer
reticulation( deep junction connection)













5.4.5.2 Saddle joint








Figure 5.26: Connection to main sewer reticulation( sewer lateral connection)
Figure 5.26: Section of saddle connection (joint)
Figure 6.26: Section of saddle connection (joint)
Figure 5.26: Section of saddle connection (joint)
5.5 UBBL requirement
Laws of Malaysia
Act 655 Water Services Industry 2006
It shall be the duty of every facilities licensee to construct, refurbish, improve,
upgrade, maintain and repair its water supply system and sewerage system and all
other assets in relation to the systems such that the facilities licensee is and continues
to be able to meet its obligations under this Act and its subsidiary legislation
Operating and maintaining public sewerage system
43. It shall be the duty of every service licensee operating and maintaining a public
sewerage system
(a) to manage, operate, maintain, inspect, repair, alter, arch over or otherwise improve
the public sewerage system and to treat and dispose of the contents thereof; and
(b) to properly desludge the public sewerage system and for such purposes the service
licensee may cause the construction or placing, either above or underground, such
sewers, pumps and other works as are necessary.
44. Septic tanks to be desludged
(1) The service licensee operating and maintaining a publicsewerage system shall
desludge the septic tanks in its sewerage services areas from time to time as may be
prescribed.
(2) The service licensee who fails to comply with its obligations under subsection (1)
commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty
thousand ringgit.
Construction of water supply system, sewerage system and septic tanks
45.(1) No person shall construct, alter, modify, disconnect or close up a water supply
system, sewerage system, septic tank, individual internal sewerage piping or common
internal sewerage piping unless the relevant plans or specifications which requires the
approval of the Commission have first been approved in writing by the Commission.
ACT 133 Street, drainage and building ACT 1974
56. Rain-water pipes not to be used as soil-pipes.
(1) No pipe used for the carrying off of rain water from any roof shall be used for the
purpose of
carrying off the soil or drainage from any privy or water-closet or any sullage water.
57. Water pipes, etc., not to be used as ventilating shafts.
(1) No water-pipe, stack-pipe or down spout used
for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or be permitted to serve or
to act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.
5.6 Analysis
The sewerage system in e@Curve shopping mall have meet the requirement to
distribute the sewerage to the public treatment plant by Indah Water Sdn. Bhd. The
advantages of the uses of drain-waste-vent system has well installed to prevent any
leaking of wastes. They have the separate stacks to convey the waste from sanitary
appliances and kitchen to filter out the grease that might cause leakage in the system.
The system are able to sustain the numbers of users and properly convey to the sewer
line. But the disadvantages of the system in eCurve is the grease interceptor traps are
installed inside the building which the odors are spreading around the chamber to the
car park area, this might interfere the comfortably of shopping mall customers. It is
advice to place it in an outdoor area to avoid the odors to retain in the building.

5.7 Conclusion
e@Curve shopping mall has an efficient sewerage system to convey the
sewerage to public treatment plant. From the sanitary appliances and wet kitchen,
separated stacks of soil and grease stack with its individual vent stack to facilitate the
flow of sewerage to manhole or grease interceptor trap. The waste ended in the septic
tanks before convey the sewer line that link to public treatment plant.
6.0 Mechanical Transportation System
6.1 Literature Review
Mechanical Transportation System
There are two common types of lift system which is Electric
Traction Lift System and Hydraulic Lift System. In traction lift system, the
elevator is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes or cables rather than
pushed from below. The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and
looped around a sheave. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so the rope
will move when the sheave is rotated.
The sheave is then connected to electric motor. When the motor
turns one way, the elevator is raised whereas when the motor turns the
other way, the elevator is lowered. The sheave, the motor and the control
system are all placed in a lift motor room above the elevator shaft.
The traction steel ropes are connected to a counterweight, which
hangs on the other side of the sheave. The counterweight about the same
as the car filled to 40% capacity. The purpose of this balance is to
conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only
takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other.
Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails
along the sides of the elevator shaft. This rail keeps the car and
counterweight from swaying back and forth, and they also work with the
safety system to stop the car in an emergency. It is controlled by the over
speed governor.




6.2 Introduction
Vertical transportation systems are very important in transporting
passengers vertically from floor to floor especially in high-rise buildings. While
escalators are used on lower floors for moving high volumes of people over a
short distance especially in commercial buildings, the roped elevators are the
principal means of vertical transportation in buildings. Escalators moves by direct
current electric motor, which raises and lowers the lift in the lift shaft with drive
traction cables.

6.3 UBBL Requirement
Under UBBL 1984 section 123-128, lifts:
124- For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below
the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.
Under UBBL 1984 section 152-155, ventilation to lift shafts:
152(1)- Every opening in a lift shafts or lift entrance shall open into a
protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening
to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements
shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may
be approved by the D.G.F.S.














Figure 6.3 Elevator Figure 6.3.1: Escalator

6.4 Escalator
An escalator is a moving staircase which is a continuous conveyor
transport device for carrying large number of people that move up or down on
tracks, allowing the steps treads to remain horizontal. It provides an immediate
means of transportation.
The escalators that been used in E-Curve is products of Schindler. It
provides services as the main vertical transportation system from LG Floor to 3
rd

Floor (5 stories). There are 3 to 6 escalators in the buildings and located at
different corner of the buildings to allow the most efficient way to transport people
from floors to floors.

Figure 6.4: Table of other model size and specification

Figure 6.4.1: Indication of escalators in plan.


6.4.1 Arrangement of Escalators
There are two types of escalator arrangement in E-Curve, which are
1. Parallel arrangement
2. Single bank with interrupted traffic in one direction







Figure 6.4.1: Arrangement of Escalators
1 2

Figure 6.4.2: Parallel arrangement

6.4.2 Component










Figure 6.4.2: The component of the escalator.
Sprocket
Top machine
room
Bottom machine
room
Control panel
Drive chain











Figure: 6.4.2.1: Section of escalator.

Landing Floor Plate
Landing floor plate is a platform over the recess under the moving
staircase and covers the working mechanism at the top and bottom landings. It
has and extension known as comb plate and it carries the projecting comb teeth.

Handrail
A handrail moves on an endless chain in steps with the stairs. There are
separate chains for the handrail and the steps but they are both driven through a
gearbox from the same motor. The inclination varies between 27 and 35 to the
horizontal.




Truss
The truss is a hollow metal structure that is located below the steps
and it bridges the lower and upper landings. It is composed of two side
sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just
below the top

AC Motor
Typically each escalator strip is equipped with a 7.5-15kW inductive
AC motor. This is a minimal requirement for operating in long hours and
consumes a significant amount of electricity. The motor are usually
located below the top landings. The motor drives the gears which are
connected by a chain that drives the steps itself.

Drive
The drive has to carry the total load on the escalator. Since people
do not stand at even and regular intervals on the whole staircase the load
averaged over the whole length of the escalator is less than the maximum
load on individual treads.

Steps
The steps are made of die-cast aluminum or steel. Yellow
demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges as this is
one of the safeties needed on the escalator. Both the riser and the tread of
each step is cleated (given a ribbed appearance) with comb-like
protrusions that mesh the comb plates on the top and bottom platforms
and the succeeding steps in the chain.






Figure 6.4.2.2: Components of the escalator
Motion Sensor
When not used for a pre-determined period of time, the sensors
allow the escalator to shut-off automatically. As an approaching rider
triggers the sensors, the escalator automatically restarts.







Figure 6.4.2.3: Sign installed on the escalator

6.5 Elevator
Elevators were the mainstay when it comes to transporting people
between floors in high rise buildings. It moves vertically in the lift shafts by
using counter weights or traction cables.

Riser
Step Demarcation Line
Driving Roller
Cleat
There are three types of elevators commonly used in high rise building:
1. Geared and Gearless traction Elevators with Machine Room
2. Hydraulic Elevators
3. Machine-Room-Less Elevators
The elevators in E-Curve are found to be operated by the geared traction
system with machine room on top of the building.

6.5.1 Geared and Gearless Traction Elevators
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel
attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used
for mid and high-rise building and have higher speeds than hydraulic
elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient.
Geared Traction Elevators have a gear box that is attached to the
motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction
elevators are capable for travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. The
maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250
feet.
Gearless Traction Elevators have the wheel attached directly to the
motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2000
feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around
2000 feet so they are the only choice for high rise building.
Geared traction elevators are average in terms of initial cost, on-
going maintenance costs and energy consumption compared to others.
Gear-less traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing
maintenance costs but more energy efficient than geared traction
elevators.
Geared traction elevators systems are used in the building with a machine room
on top of the building.
6.5.2 Types of Elevators in building

Normal Elevators
Transport people from floor to floor.

Cargo Lift
Usually larger in dimension and able to carry heavier weight. Workers need to
register their items or cargo before they can use the lift for the safety of customer.

Bomba Lift
Bomba lift is used to transport fire fighter in case of fire happening in the building.
Whenever a fire happen, the electricity room will cut down all the electrical supply
to lift and genset generator will start working to supply energy to fire prevention
services and bomba lift.


Figure 6.5.2: Bomba Lift

6.5.3 Indication of location












Figure 6.5.3: Indication of location of lift



Figure 6.5.3.1:




Figure 6.5.3.2:


Bomba lift

Cargo Lift

Normal Lift
6.5.4 Component of System
Major lift components:
1. Prime mover (electric machine)
2. Lift car
3. Counterweight
4. Guide rails
5. Entrances/Doors
6. Safety gear and over speed governor
7. Buffers (energy accumulation, energy dissipation
8. Roping systems (compensating ropes, traction systems)
9. Car and landing fixtures (buttons, indicators, switched)

Diagram 6.5.4: Indication of the components system.

Figure 6.5.4.1: Control System
Controller is an electrical panel which performs many computers
function by which it operates an elevator and it is normally situated in lift
motor room.










Figure 6.5.4.2: Motor running the lift

The Drive Sheave is a grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting
machine over which the hoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted
to the car and counterweight by the hoisted ropes. The drive motor is used
to drive the traction cables or counterweight. The counterweight will
reduce the load on the drive motor.
Drive motor
Drive sheave










Figure 6.5.4.3: Component of motor








Figure 6.5.4.4: Component inside the lift
Ventilation system
Manhole for repairing and maintenance



1
2
1
2
6.5.5 Plan








Diagram 6.5.5: Machine room plan view Diagram 6.5.5.1: Hoist way plan view












Diagram 6.5.5.3: Pit Elevation

Diagram: 6.5.5.4: Hoist way side elevation

6.5.6 Operation of System
Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors.
As the name implies, the electric motor in this design drives a worm-and-
gear-type reduction unit, which turn the hoisting sheave. While the lift
rates are slower than in a typical gearless elevator, the gear reduction
offers the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave.
An electrical controlled brake between the motor and the reduction
unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level.
6.5.7 Safety System of the Elevators System
1. Rope System
The first line of defense is the rope system itself. Each elevator
rope is made from several lengths of steel material wound around one
another. With this sturdy structure, one rope can support the weight of
the elevator car and the counterweight on its own. But elevators are
built with multiple ropes (between four and eight, typically). In the
unlikely event that one of the ropes snaps, the rest will hold the
elevator up.
2. Built in Braking System
Even if all the ropes were to break or the sheave system were to
release them, it is unlikely that an elevator car would fall to the bottom
of the shaft. Roped elevator cars have built in breaking systems that
grab onto the rail when the car moves too fast.

3. Electromagnetic Brake System
Elevators also have electromagnetic brake that engages when the
car comes to a stop. The electromagnets actually keep the brakes in
the open position, instead of closing them. With this design, the brakes
will automatically clamp shut if the elevator loses power.

4. Shock Absorber System
If all of these fail, and the elevator does fall down the shaft, there is
one final safety measure that will probably save the passengers. The
bottom of the shaft has a heavy duty shock absorber. It is like a giant
cushion to soften the elevators landing and increase the impact time to
reduce damage.


6.6Discussion
The use of mechanical transportation system in E-Curve brings ease to
people by helping people to travel from floors to floors.
Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people. It can be
placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase as no
additional spaced is needed. The greatest advantage of an escalator is it has no
waiting interval (Except during very heavy traffic).
In the other hand, the greatest advantage of elevators is it can move from
floors to floors in a great speed. It required less space than the escalator but a
motor room is needed on the top of the lift shaft which is normally the highest
floor of a building.
Some pros and cons between elevators and escalators:
1. Escalators are slow moving whereas elevators are fast and can move up at
down at great speed.
2. Escalators are ideal where lots of people have to move between floors at the
same time. They are also more visible than elevators that are tucked behind
structures.
3. Elevators are ideal when people moving up and down the building carry
shopping carts or suitcases as escalators are moving staircase that allows the
moving people.
4. Escalators are more energy consuming as they have to operate continuously,
whereas elevators consume electricity only when in operation.

7.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
7.1 Introduction
The aim of fire protection is to protect the building from fire. The building
occupants can be protected by providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes. The
fire can be prevented from spreading out within the building by efficient design.
There are a few strategies to make a good building design with fire safety
measures. Adequate fire appliances access and adequate and safe escape routes is
to be provided within the building. The selection of building materials is also an
important step into design a good building as it can prevent the rapid fire spread.
This can be improved by subdividing the building into compartments with fire
resisting walls. Also, to further develop the building into a good design, building
services are designed particularly for that building.
Fire protection system can be divided into 2 types: passive and active.
Passive Protection system is considered the planning stage of the building design.
While the Active Fire Protection System is the additional protection using mechanical
devices.
7.1.1Passive Fire Protection System
Materials that are always present and do not rely on the operation of any form
of mechanical device.
Is a means by which the design of the building, its structure, fabric,
components and their installation, resist fire. This is largely the domain of
construction technology. It incorporates the influence of:
The building insurers, whose requirements may extend beyond legislative
minimum standards
The local fire officer, as for the insurers plus concern for fire-fighting
accessibility
The Building Regulations, requirements for purpose grouping of buildings
and compartmentalisation within buildings, as well as fire resistance and
potential fire spread of materials
Planning of escape routes
The local authority planning department and the Health and Safety
Executive standard.

7.1.2 Active Fire Protection System
Depend on the operation of a mechanical device, active systems in the form
of suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation.
Is a specialised area of building services and the following are considered:
Portable extinguishers
Alarm detection
Hose reels and hydrants
Automatic extinguishers
Pressurised escape routes
Smoke extraction and ventilation


7.2 CASE STUDY

Figure 7.1: e@Curve exhibiting their Fire Certificate.




7.2.1 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
7.2.1.1 Fire Escape Route









Figure 7.2: Lower Ground Floor plan showing escape routes











Figure 7.3: Emergency Staircase

The fire escape staircases can be found throughout
the building, located at the outer part of the building,
allowing easy exit during an emergency. The
staircases must be provided with natural or
mechanical ventilation system. The fire doors in the
building have stickers for verification.



By-law 198, All staircase enclosures shall be
ventilated by having a minimum opening size of 1
square metre.


KELUAR sign showing the
nearest exit during an
emergency.

Fire Lift used by firemen
during a fire.

7.2.1.2. Fire Lift

Figure 7.4 : Fire Lift

7.2.1.3. Emergency Exit Signs

Figure 7.5 :'KELUAR' Sign

The emergency lights isto be indicated for entry doors into staircases and
along escape corridors. This sign is placed above head level in order to allow easy
sight to assist occupants during an emergency. The lettering are capitalized and
made to the standard size with a green background and white words. The light is
emitted with the used of LED (Light Emitting Diode) with 2 to 5 watts with service life
of 25 years. Green colour is easily seen during a smoke and psychologically more
welcoming than red, directing the occupants out.
By-law 172. Every exit shall be installed with emergency exit sign (KELUAR sign).
MS 983: 2004 'KELUAR' signs (internally illuminated) - Specifications (Third revision)

There is one fire lift in e@curve. This is for firemen
during an emergency. This lift can be operated during
an emergency as it is supported by the backup
generator.





Fire lift lobbies are to be provided with pressurization
systems in accordance with MS 1472.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Pressurised escape routes
The objective is to create
greater air pressure in escape routes
such as corridors and stairs. The effect
is to contain smoke and fire at its point
of outbreak, allowing it to leak out
through windows or ventilation grills.
Consequently, air pressurisation of
escape routes must be at least 25 Pa,
possibly as much as 60 Pa in large
buildings, but insufficient to impede
human progress in an emergency. If a
fire occurs, the detector or alarm will
automatically close down all ventilation and air-conditioning plant. Simultaneously it
will engage the escape route air pressurisation fan to deliver sufficient volume
through fire-protected ductwork.
7.2.2 Active Fire Protection System
7.2.2.1 Water based fire protection systems
7.2.2.1.1 Automatic Fire Sprinkler
Fire sprinkler is a network of piping filled with water under pressure. It
is connected to water supply system as it uses water to putout fire. The fire
sprinkler is located near the ceiling, divided into grids in order to distribute
water evenly during a fire. Fire sprinklers are very effective as they react
quickly.

Figure 7.6: Pressurized Escape Route


Figure 7.7: Schematic drawing of water sprinkler.

The fire sprinklers are activated by high temperature. For every given
space, the rupturing temperature varies. The bulb liquid colour of e@Curve is
red, which will rupture at 68 degrees Celsius.

Figure 7.8: Fire sprinkler

7.2.2.1.2 Fire Hydrants

Figure 7.9: Fire hydrant located outside the building
Red liquid colour,
rupturing temperature
at 68 degrees Celsius.

The hydrants supply the water for the firefighters. There is a fire
hydrant in every certain distance, to create an easy reach when putting out
fires. The hydrant valves should attach to a ring system of supply, with more
than one source from the water authoritys main. Other recommendations
include: Maximum spacing of 150m apart, next to roads, maximum 70m
distance from building entry and a minimum distance of 6m to a building.

7.2.2.1.3Hose Reel
Hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early
stages of fire. When the hose reel is brought into use the pressure in the pipe
immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops below the field
adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump
to comes into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to
discharge through the hose. The fire hose reel outlets should be properly
housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key.

Figure 7.10: Hose Reel




Reel

25mm hose

50mm riser

MS1489 Part 1. Hose Reel - all spaces to
be covered with a 30m hose with a 6m
throw.

Valve

Figure 7.11: Hose Reel Tank

The hose reel tank, located at top of the building, uses a float ball to measure
and maintain the amount of water in the tank, whereas the water supply
system tank uses sensors.


Figure 7.12: Schematic drawing of the hose reel system




Lined with red for
BOMBAindication

Steel tank according
to UBBL standard
Literature Reveiew
Hose reels
Considered a first aid to fire-fighting, intended for use by the building
occupants.
Each hose reel delivers considerably more water than several portable
extinguishers, and requires continued replenishment.
Located in recesses along corridors and provided with up to 45m of
reinforced rubber hose, so that all parts of a floor area not exceeding
800m
2
are covered by one installation. Included in the calculations can be
an allowance of 6m for the water jet.
A minimum delivery of 24 l/min is recommended at the reel most distant
from the source of water, when the two most remote reels are operating
simultaneously.
A minimum pressure of 200kPa is required at the highest reel, which may
limit direct supply from the mains to three or four storeys. Thereafter, and
in consultation with the local water authority, the use of a break or suction
tank will be necessary.

7.2.2.2 Fire Suppression Systems and Agents
7.2.2.2.1 Wet and Dry Chemical Extinguishing System
Wet risers are a form of internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are
always pressurized with water. Wet risers are only required for buildings
where the topmost floor is higher than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance
access level.

Figure 7.13: Wet riser located outside the building

Dry risers are a form of internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are
only required for buildings where the topmost floor is higher than 18.3 metres
and less than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance access level. Dry risers
are normally dry and depend on the fire engine to pump water into the
system.

Figure 7.14: Dry riser located beside the building

7.2.2.2.2 Gaseous Agent Extinguishing System
7.2.2.2.2.1 Automatic CO2 system
It is activated by smoke or heat detectors to effectively smother. Its
non-conductive properties are ideal for electrical hazards. Being denser than
air, it effectively reduces the oxygen content of air from a normal 21 per cent
to about 15 per cent, effectively disabling the combustion triangle.
Carbon Dioxide extinguisher system consists of carbon dioxide
cylinders, steel piping, discharge nozzles, heat and/or smoke detectors and a
control panel, which monitors the space, activates both visual and audio
alarms before releasing the gas. Such system is usually provided for electrical
transformer rooms, switch rooms and generator rooms


















The fire room, also known as the Genset room, is the source of power for the
shopping mall, acting as a backup in the case of a fire. The cables in the Genset
room are orange in colour, which is a sign of fire resistance.The appliance in the
Genset room filters the loud sounds coming from the room and thus creates sound
insulation.The nozzle that puts out the fire lets out carbon dioxide gas; a sprinkler
cannot be used in a room full of electrical appliances, as water cannot be in contact
with electricity, it is too dangerous.When the Genset is off, the red button lights up.
When it is on, the green button lights up.
Figure7.16:
Warning sign
outside the
Genset Room
Figure 7.17: CO2
cylinder at 5800kPa
Figure 7.18: CO2 nozzle
Figure: Warning sign
outside the Genset
Room
Figure 7.15 :Genset diagram

Figure 7.19: Showing machinery within a Genset Room.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Foam installations
Foam extinguishing systems are preferred for application to ground floor
and basement boiler plant rooms and fuel storage areas, where oil is the
heating medium.
Foam is generated by special mixing equipment for fire fighters to connect
through an external foam inlet box found about 500mm above ground
level.
It is similar to that described for a dry riser, but clearly labelled Foam
Inlet.
7.2.2.2.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher

Figure 7.20: Portable Fire Extinguisher (Source: Google)
The objective of fire extinguishers is to remove or sufficiently reduce at least
one component of the fire triangle shown in the figure. To prevent fire extinguishers
from being moved or damaged, they should be mounted on brackets or in wall
cabinets with the carrying handle placed 3-1/2 to 5 feet above the floor. Larger fire
extinguishers need to be mounted at lower heights with the carrying handle about 3
feet from the floor. Portable fire extinguishers should be suitably selected for the
type of fire in accordance to the classification and the fire size and sited in suitable
locations in close proximity to the potential fire hazards.
Design to be in accordance with MS 1539 Part 3

7.2.2.3 Fire Alarm and Detection System
When there is a fire, the smoke from the fire will trigger the alarms, everything is on
standby in preparation for the fire. The alarm is installed at a height approximately
1.2m to 1.6m allowing occupants to pull the trigger during a fire emergency.

Figure 7.21 : Fire Alarm located behind the fire escape door

LITERATURE REVIEW
Alarm detection
- Fire alarm circuits may be of the open or closed type.
- The contacts are usually in wall-mounted, break-glass switch units.
- Most installations will include an indicator board to locate the source of alarm.
- Alarm location should be in common access positions and no person should
have to travel more than 30m to raise an alarm.
MS 1745 Part 14 Fire Alarm
System. To be located beside
staircase exit doors.

- Landings, lobbies and corridors are the best location, with clearly defined, red-
painted call buttons 1.5m above floor level.
Automatic fire detectors
Automatic fire detectors are necessary to indicate location of the outbreak of a
fire, to operate alarm bells and to communicate with the local fire authority.
Location of detectors should not exceed one per 100m
2
of floor area, but the
building insurers and the fire service may require them closer. There are
many various operating characteristics, including:

- A bimetallic strip
- An ionisation chamber
- Light-scattering devices
- A laser beam

a) Bimetallic strip This is the simplest and contains a strip which responds to
temperature increases. It deforms to bend across two electrical contacts to
complete a circuit.

b) Ionisation chamber This sophisticated device ionises air by radiation, to
encourage a small electric current across two electrodes. When smoke enters
the chamber it reduces the current, and this irregularity is sufficient to effect
an alarm relay.

c) Light-scattering devices This is a small wall or ceiling-mounted unit. Under
normal circumstance it has a light source projecting its beam into a light trap.
When smoke enters the unit, the light is scattered by reflection off the smoke
to fall on a photoelectric cell which energises an alarm relay.

d) Laser beam These are an economic solution to provision of fire detection in
large areas, as the concentrated beam can be effective over distances up to
100m. Light beams can be visible or infra-red, and target on an opposing
photoelectric cell. Smoke obscuration or air turbulence caused by heat,
deflects the beam to de-energise the receiving cell which activates an alarm
relay.











Figure 7.22: Laser beam detector

Figure 7.23: Light scattering smoke detector



Figure 7.24: Break Alarm Glass

These can be seen installed out the Genset Room in case of an emergency
happening to one of the control rooms. It comes with a box of indication of the
problem and a lever to pull.

Principle of Operation
The main purpose of the Fire Indicator Panel is to monitor each circuit, zone
or point for any alarm signal, to display the status of that condition and to operate
any required output according to the approved design of the system. The outputs are
to warn the occupants on a fire alarm signal, notify the firefighters and to control the
spread of smoke and fire.
A fire alarm circuit comprises of wiring that connects one or more detectors to
the fire panel. A group of one or more detectors is called a zone, grouped by their
common location. A collective circuit is a group of all the detectors on that circuit.




Figure 7.25: Sprinkler Alarm

The sprinkler alarm ring during an emergency as the sprinkler goes off. Some of
them are installed with lights on it to notify the deaf during an emergency.


Figure 7.27: Pump system inside the fire pump
room consists of galvanised red steel pipes

Figure 7.26: Fire Pump Room

This room controls the fire sprinkler and is powered by electric. The pump
provides water flow at higher pressure to the sprinkler system rises and hose
standpipes. In the case of a blackout, the sprinkler pump room will be backed up by
the Genset Room, as it is powered by diesel.

The sprinkler room is located below the fire tank. This allows the water in the
tank to flow into the pumps by gravity.
TNB has a code for every building in the event of a fire. For E @ Curve, the
building code is P/E Entertainment Center, Jalan PJU 7/2 & 7/3.

Figure 7.28: Codes displayed outside for the fire department's references

B-law 139 stipulates fire risk areas (such as TNB sub-station, switch rooms, AC plant
rooms etc) shall be separated from occupants.

Literature Review
7.2.2.4 Smoke extraction and ventilation
Automatic smoke ventilation systems
- Originated in factory and warehouses to relive the build-up of smoke and heat in
the event of a fire. With the development of large-area shopping malls, the principle
is now applied on a wider scale.
- The objective is to aid fire control by eliminating smoke, heat, toxic and inflammable
gases from the source of a fire, and to retain visibility for escapers and to provide
clear access for fire fighters.
- Fire vents function daily as normal roof lights with manual or automatic controls, but
if closed during a fire, the heat will melt a spring-loaded fusible link normally set at
70
o
C to open the unit. Smoke detectors operating through a relay to release the vent
catch are preferable, as very smoky fires may not generate enough heat to fuse a
link. The introduction of air nominally enhances the fire, but this is justified by the
advantages gained by releasing the smoke and fumes.


Shop extract and smoke control
Building regulations requires fire prevention systems in shopping centres to be under
unified ownership and continuing control. In practical means this means that smoke
can be controlled by two methods:
1. Direct extraction from individual shop units shop extract
2. A common extract system mall extract
Shop extract
Responsibility for smoke and fire control can be delegated from landlord to tenant,
which is fine if the tenant is fully aware of the undertaking to maintain and test a
smoke control system regularly. The extract duct and fan system must be fire
specified and be separate from any other means of shop ventilation. It must have
Figure: Smoke logging and ventilation
smoke detection equipment connected to a control system to operate dampers and
fan. It must also have the facility to shut down any other ventilation system serving
the affected shop.

Mall extract
A simpler and much more economic arrangement is a common smoke collection and
containment reservoir at the height of a mall. Strategically dispersed smoke
detectors can be deployed to effect individual vents in smoke collection zones.
Provided the building design accommodates features such as restricted smoke
reservoir areas and permanent replacement air ventilation, shoppers would have no
difficulty escaping unhindered. Fire fighters will also have clear access to the source
of fire.
If sprinklers are also required, they should be considered at a higher temperature
rating than normal (normal is red bulb 68
o
C) to delay the possibility of smoke being
cooled and collecting at floor level.
Figure: Smoke extract system individual units

Figure: Smoke extract system mall ventilation
Design Considerations
The types of business and procedures undertaken in a building will determine the fire
risk category. These are classified as light, ordinary and high hazard. E@ Curve
shopping centre would fall under the ordinary hazard category.
Subdivisions occur within these three overall categories and numerous design tables
are generated to provide information on water flow rates, pipe sizes, disposition of
sprinkler heads and pipe work configurations.
7.3 Analysis
The fire protection system in eCurve seems to be complying with the
requirements of the fire department. The building design is successful and adequate
to the necessities of the public safety if an emergency were to occur.
7.4 Conclusion
e@Curve is fully equipped with a good fire protection system that
complies with the building laws and requirements, and is especially equipped in the
active control category, whereby various fire fighting equipment, fire alarm detection
and escape routes are provided, in preparation in the event of a fire. This is to
assure that the building, its contents and its occupants are well protected against any
occurrences of a fire. Every design consideration that enhances the fire protection
system is thought of, to provide a place of safety and security for the occupants of
the building. Customers will rest assured that their safety is secured.
8.0 Conclusion


Figure 8.1: Group photo at eCurve.

We would like to thank Encik Mohd Azahari Ismail and his 2 assistants for
bringing us on tour in eCurve and learning about the building services of the building,
The information explained by Encik Mohd Azahari Ismail were very useful and
informative. In this project, we have learned a lot about how building services work
within a building, allowing us to gain useful knowledge. We would also like to thank
our amazing lecturer, Mr. Siva, for guiding us through this project. Thank you for
helpful and patient with us.


9.0 References:
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http://www.scotland.gov.uk/resource/buildingstandards/2013NonDomestic/chunks/ch
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Electric KnowHow (n.d.). Elevator Machine and Drive System. Retrieved from
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-machine-and-drive-system.html
FEMA. (2013). FEMA E-74 Example 6.4.10.3 Escalators. Retrieved from
http://www.fema.gov/earthquake/fema-e-74-reducing-risks-nonstructural-earthquake-
damage-42
Greeno, R. (1997). Building Services, Technology And Design. Essex: Pearson
Longman.
KONE Spares. (n.d.). KONE Spares Escalator Parts Info. Retrieved from
http://us.konespares.com/parts/escalator-info.aspx

Kwok, A. G. (2009). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Eleventh
Edition. : John Wiley & Sons.
Petromas. (n.d.). Fire Protection System, Retrieved from
http://www.petromas.com.my/catalog/fire-protection-system-c-46.html
R.Barry. (1998). The Construction of Buildings: Water, Electricity and Gas Supplies
Foul Water Discharge, Refuse Storage. Tokyo, Japan: Blackwell Science Ltd.
S. F. Wong. (2011), Building Plan Submission - What Bomba Wants, Institute of Fire
Engineers (U.K.) Malaysia Branch, Retrieved from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/106198285/Building-Plan-Submission-What-Bomba-
Wants
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984. UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS, Retrieved from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/30457115/13282147-Uniform-Building-by-Laws
Firewize. (n.d.).Fire Alarm Systems Principle of Operation. Retrieved from
http://firewize.com/page/training/fire-alarm-systems-principal-operation