PB165242 PG068 - PG106

68
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Electromagnetism
Keelektromagnetan
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1. http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/electromagnetism.htm
2. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/faraday2/
3. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/generator/ac.html
4. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/lenzlaw/index.html
5. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/transformer/index.html
6. http://www.lincoln.smmusd.org/science/7th%20Grade/physics_applets/phe/generator_e.htm
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learo/oy 0Jec//res
To analyse the magnetic effect of a current-carrying conductor To analyse electromagnetic induction
To understand the force on a current-carrying conductor To analyse transformers
in a magnetic eld To understand the generation and transmission of electricity
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03 HANDS ON PHY F5.indd 68 9/22/11 2:31:19 PM
Physics Form 5 Chapter 3 Electromagnetism
Date:
69
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The pattern and direction of the magnetic eld due to a current
Corak dan arah bagi medan magnet yang disebabkan oleh arus Inquiry-Discovery
Aim To study the pattern and direction of the magnetic eld due to a current in a
I straight wire
II circular coil
III solenoid
Apparatus
I A rectangular coil of insulated copper wire, 4 compasses, low voltage d.c. power supply and
connecting wires
Gegelung segi empat dawai kuprum berpenebat, 4 kompas, bekalan kuasa a.t. voltan rendah dan dawai
penvambung
II A circular coil of insulated copper wire, 4 compasses, low voltage d.c. power supply and
connecting wires
Gegelung bulat dawai kuprum berpenebat, 4 kompas, bekalan kuasa a.t. voltan rendah dan dawai penvambung
III Solenoid made of copper wire, 4 compasses, low voltage d.c. power supply and connecting
wires
Solenoid vang diperbuat daripada dawai kuprum, 4 kompas, bekalan kuasa a.t. voltan rendah dan dawai
penvambung
Material
Iron lings
Serbuk besi
(I) Straight wire
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Procedure
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
Sediakan radas seperti vang ditunfukkan dalam rafah.

Rectangular
coil of insulated
copper wire
Gegelung segi empat
dawai kuprum
berpenebat
Iron filings
Serbuk besi
Plastic plate
Plat plastik
d.c. power
supply
Bekalan
kuasa a.t.
2. Switch on the current.
Hidupkan arus.
3. Tap the plastic plate slowly and observe the pattern formed by the iron lings.
Ketuk plat plastik dengan perlahan-lahan dan perhatikan corak vang dibentuk oleh serbuk besi itu.
CoiI (gegelung): A length of wire
arranged in concentric rings
SoIenoid (solenoid): A cylindrical
coil of wire acting as a magnet when
carrying electric current
Learning Outcome
Draw the magnetic eld pattern due to a current in a straight wire, coil and
solenoid.
Date:
70
4. Place four compasses around the wire and observe the direction
shown by the compasses.
Letakkan empat kompas di sekeliling dawai itu dan perhatikan arah vang
ditunfukkan oleh kompas-kompas itu.
5. Sketch the pattern of the magnetic eld and label its direction.
Lakarkan corak medan magnet dan labelkan arahnva.
6. Reverse the connections to the terminals of the d.c. power supply. Observe the pattern
shown by the iron lings and the direction shown by the compasses.
Songsangkan sambungan kepada terminal a.t. bekalan kuasa. Perhatikan corak vang ditunfukkan oleh serbuk
besi dan arah vang ditunfukkan oleh kompas-kompas.
7. Sketch the pattern of the magnetic eld and label its direction.
Lakarkan corak medan magnet dan labelkan arahnva.
8. Switch off the current.
Matikan arus.
(II) Circular coil
*+,+&'-, .'&"/
Sediakan radas seperti ditunfukkan dalam rafah.

Circular coil of
insulated copper
wire
Gegelung bulat
dawai kuprum
berpenebat
d.c. power
supply
Bekalan
kuasa a.t.
2. Repeat steps 2 to 8 in (I).
Ulang langkah-langkah 2 hingga 8 di (I).
(III) Solenoid
01&+-1$2

d.c. power
supply
Bekalan
kuasa a.t.
Solenoid made
of copper wire
Solenoid yang
diperbuat daripada
dawai kuprum
An eIectromagnet (elektromagnet): A
type of magnet in which the magnetic
!eld is produced by a "ow of electric
current
Date:
71
2. Repeat steps 2 to 8 in (I).
Ulang langkah-langkah 2 hingga 8 di (I).
(I) Straight wire
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1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.
2. The current was switched on.
3. The plastic plate was tapped slowly and the pattern formed by the iron lings was observed.
4. Four compasses were placed around the wire. The directions shown by the compasses
were observed.
5. The pattern and direction of the magnetic eld were sketched.
6. The connections to the d.c. power supply were reversed. The pattern of the iron
lings and direction of the compasses were observed.
7. The pattern and direction of the magnetic eld were sketched.
8. The current was switched off.
(II) Circular coil
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2. Steps 2 to 8 in (I) were repeated.
(III) Solenoid
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2. Steps 2 to 8 in (I) were repeated.
(I) Magnetic eld due to current in a straight wire
3+2"- 4",-+/ 5"-, 2$)+.".6"- 1&+7 "(') 2"&"4 2"#"$ &'(')

Current into the paper Current out of the paper
Arus masuk ke dalam kertas Arus keluar dari kertas
Method
Observations
Date:
72
(II) Magnetic eld due to current in a circular coil
3+2"- 4",-+/ 5"-, 2$)+.".6"- 1&+7 "(') 2"&"4 ,+,+&'-, .'&"/

(III) Magnetic eld due to current in a solenoid
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Discussion
1. What is the advantage of using more turns of copper wire?
Apakah kelebihan menggunakan lebih banvak lilitan dawai kuprum? Evaluating / Menilai
When more turns of copper wire are used, a clearer magnetic eld pattern can be observed.
The magnetic eld lines from each turn of wire will combine to produce a stronger magnetic
eld.
2. Why is it a good practice to switch off the current immediately after making the
observation?
Mengapakah tindakan mematikan arus sebaik sahafa membuat pemerhatian merupakan amalan vang baik?
Evaluating / Menilai
The current owing in the copper wires is quite large. Switching off the current will avoid
the copper wires from being overheated.

3. What is the factor that determines the pattern of the magnetic eld?
Apakah faktor vang menentukan corak medan magnet? Evaluating / Menilai
The shape of the conductor
Date:
73
4. What is the factor that determines the direction of the magnetic eld?
Apakah faktor vang menentukan arah medan magnet? Evaluating / Menilai
The direction of the current
Conclusion The pattern and direction of the magnetic eld due to a current in the wire depends on the
shape of the wire and the direction of the current.
Precaution Ensure that there are no other magnets nearby that may attract the iron lings and prevent
them from displaying the pattern of the magnetic eld.
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The force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic eld
Daya pada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet Inquiry-Discovery
Aim To study the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic eld
Apparatus
Low voltage d.c. power supply
Bekalan kuasa a.t. voltan rendah
Materials
Bare copper wires (s.w.g. 20 or thicker), a pair of powerful magnadur magnets and a U-shaped
steel yoke
Dawai kuprum tanpa penebat (s.w.g. 20 atau lebih tebal), sepasang magnet magnadur vang kuat dan dening keluli
berbentuk-U
Procedure
2. Switch on the current and observe the
motion of the short copper wire resting on
the tracks.
Hidupkan arus dan perhatikan gerakan dawai kuprum
pendek vang terletak di atas landasan.
3. Switch off the current. Reverse the
connections to the power supply.
Matikan arus. Songsangkan sambungan kepada
bekalan kuasa.
4. Switch on the current again and observe what happens to the short copper wire.
Hidupkan arus semula dan perhatikan apa vang berlaku pada dawai kuprum pendek itu.
Method 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.
2. The current was switched on and the motion of the short copper wire was observed.
3. The current was switched off and the connections to the power supply were reversed.
4. The current was switched on again and the motion of the short copper wire was observed.
d.c. power supply
Bekalan kuasa a.t.
Copper tracks
Landasan kuprum
Short copper wire
Dawai kuprum
pendek
Magnadur magnet
Magnet magnadur
Learning Outcome
Describe what happens to a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic eld.
Date:
74
Current in short copper wire
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Motion of short copper wire
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Current ows in one direction
Arus mengalir dalam satu arah
Moves in one direction
Current ows in opposite direction
Arus mengalir dalam arah vang berlawanan
Moves in the opposite direction
Discussion
1. Is there a magnetic eld in the region around the short copper wire before the current is
switched on?
Adakah terdapat suatu medan magnet di kawasan sekeliling dawai kuprum pendek sebelum arus dihidupkan?
Evaluating / Menilai
Yes, the magnetic eld due to the magnadur magnets
2. What are the magnetic elds in the region around the copper wire when the current is
switched on?
Apakah medan-medan magnet di kawasan sekeliling dawai kuprum apabila arus dihidupkan?
Attributing / Mencirikan
There are two magnetic elds: the eld from the magnadur magnets and the eld produced
by the current in the copper wire.
3. What can be inferred from the motion of the copper wire?
Apakah inferens vang dapat dibuat daripada gerakan dawai kuprum? Making inferences / Membuat inferens
There is a force acting on the copper wire.
4. State one factor that affects the direction of the force on the copper wire.
Nvatakan )"/' faktor vang mempengaruhi arah dava pada dawai kuprum itu. Attributing / Mencirikan
The direction of the current
5. Relate the current in the wire, the magnetic eld and the force on the wire.
Hubungkaitkan arus dalam dawai, medan magnet dengan dava pada dawai itu. Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
A force acts on a wire that carries a current in a magnetic eld.
Conclusion A conductor carrying a current in a magnetic eld will experience a force. The direction of the
force depends on the direction of the current.
Precaution The insulation on the short copper wire and the copper tracks must be completely removed to
have good electrical contact.
Observations
Date:
75
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The turning effect on a current-carrying coil in a magnetic eld
Kesan putaran pada gegelung yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet
Inquiry-Discovery
Aim To study the turning effect on a current-carrying coil placed in a magnetic eld
Apparatus
Materials
Insulated copper wire (s.w.g. 26), wooden former, a thin iron rod to act as an axle, wooden
block as the base, a pair of magnadur magnets with U-shaped steel yoke, two split pins and
cellophane tape
Dawai kuprum berpenebat (s.w.g. 26), rangka kavu, rod besi nipis sebagai gandar, bongkah kavu sebagai tapak,
sepasang magnet magnadur dengan dening keluli berbentuk-U, dua farum peniti terbelah dan pita selofan
Procedure

d.c. power
supply
Bekalan
kuasa a.t.

Magnadur magnet
Magnet magnadur
Wooden former
Rangka kayu
Iron axle
Gandar besi
Wooden base
Tapak kayu
2. Switch on the current. Observe what happens to the coil of wire wound round the wooden
former. [If it does not move, give it a slow push.]
Hidupkan arus. Perhatikan apa vang berlaku pada gegelung dawai vang dililit oleh rangka kavu. [Jika gegelung
dawai itu tidak bergerak, berikan satu tolakan perlahan.]
3. Reverse the connections to the power supply. Repeat step 2.
Songsangkan sambungan kepada bekalan kuasa. Ulang langkah 2.
Method
2. The current was switched on. The motion of the coil was observed.
3. The connections to the power supply were reversed. Step 2 was repeated.
Learning Outcome
Describe how a current-carrying coil in a magnetic eld experiences a turning
force.
Date:
76
Switch at power supply
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Current
8(')
Coil
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OFF
'DIMATIKAN`
No current Stationary
ON
'DIHIDUPKAN`
Current ows Rotates
ON with connections
reversed
'DIHIDUPKAN` dengan
sambungan disongsangkan
Current ows in opposite
direction
Rotates in the opposite
direction

Discussion
1. Using Flemings left-hand rule, determine the direction of the force acting on the side
of the coil next to the North pole of the magnet and the side of the coil next to the South
pole.
Dengan menggunakan peraturan tangan kiri Fleming, tentukan arah dava vang bertindak pada sisi gegelung di
sebelah kutub Utara magnet dan sisi gegelung di sebelah kutub Selatan. Predicting / Meramal
The force on the side of the coil next to the North pole acts in one direction while the side of
the coil next to the South pole experiences a force in the opposite direction.
2. Explain the motion of the coil when the current is switched on.
Terangkan gerakan gegelung apabila arus dihidupkan. Generating ideas / Menjana idea
The pair of forces acting in opposite directions on the two sides of the coil produces a turning
effect. This causes the coil to rotate.
3. What is the effect on the current when the connections to the power supply are reversed?
Apakah kesan arus apabila sambungan kepada bekalan kuasa disongsangkan? Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
The current in the coil is reversed.
4. What is the change in the motion of the coil when the connections to the power supply is
reversed?
Apakah perubahan kepada gerakan gegelung apabila sambungan kepada bekalan kuasa disongsangkan?
Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
The coil rotates in the opposite direction.
Conclusion A current-carrying coil in a magnetic eld experiences a pair of forces that produce a turning
effect.
Precaution The coil should be in a horizontal position before the switch is turned on so that a larger turning
effect acts on it to begin the rotation.
Observations
Date:
77
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The factors that affect the speed of rotation of an electric motor
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju putaran sebuah motor elektrik
Inquiry-Discovery
Aim To investigate the factors that affect the speed of rotation of an electric motor
Apparatus
Materials
Insulated copper wire (s.w.g. 26), wooden former, a thin iron rod to act as an axle, wooden
block as the base, two pairs of magnadur magnets with U-shaped steel yoke, two split pins and
cellophane tape
Dawai kuprum berpenebat (s.w.g. 26), rangka kavu, rod besi nipis sebagai gandar, bongkah kavu sebagai tapak, dua
pasang magnet magnadur dengan dening keluli berbentuk-U, dua farum peniti terbelah dan pita selofan
Procedure
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram of Activity 3.3. Use a coil with 40 turns round
the wooden former.
Sediakan radas seperti vang ditunfukkan dalam rafah Aktiviti 3.3. Gunakan gegelung dengan 40 lilitan
mengelilingi rangka kavu itu.
2. Set the voltage of the d.c. power supply to 1 V. Switch on the current and observe the speed
of rotation of the motor.
Tetapkan voltan bagi bekalan kuasa a.t. pada 1 V. Hidupkan arus dan perhatikan lafu putaran motor.
3. Repeat step 2 with a voltage of 2 V.
Ulang langkah 2 dengan voltan 2 V.
4. Set the voltage of the d.c. power supply back to 1 V.
Tetapkan voltan bekalan kuasa a.t. pada 1 V semula.
5. Add another pair of magnadur magnets to the U-shaped steel yoke, as
shown in the diagram of Activity 3.3. Switch on the current and observe
the speed of rotation of the motor.
Tambah sepasang lagi magnet magnadur kepada dening keluli berbentuk-U seperti vang
ditunfukkan dalam rafah Aktviti 3.3. Hidupkan arus dan perhatikan lafu putaran motor.
6. Remove one pair of the magnadur magnets. Replace the coil of the motor with another coil
that has 80 turns of wire. Switch on the current and observe the speed of rotation of the
motor.
Alihkan sepasang magnet magnadur. Gantikan gegelung motor dengan gegelung lain vang mempunvai
80 lilitan dawai. Hidupkan arus dan perhatikan lafu putaran motor.
Method 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram of Activity 3.3. The coil with 40 turns
round the wooden former was used.
2. The voltage of the d.c. power supply was set to 1 V. The current was switched on and the
speed of rotation of the motor was observed.
3. Step 2 was repeated with a voltage of 2 V.
4. The voltage of the d.c. power supply was set back to 1 V.
5. Another pair of magnadur magnets were added to the U-shaped steel yoke as shown in the
diagram. The current was switched on and the speed of rotation of the motor was observed.
Two pairs of
magnadur magnets
Dua pasang magnet
magnadur
Learning Outcome
State factors that affect the speed of rotation of an electric motor.
Date:
78
6. One pair of the magnadur magnets were removed. The coil was replaced with another coil
of 80 turns of wire. The current was switched on and the speed of rotation of the motor
was observed.
d.c. power
supply
:+6"&"- 6'")" ";/;
Magnadur
magnets
3",-+/ 4",-"2'(
Number of turns of
coil
:$&"-,"- &$&$/"- ,+,+&'-,
Rotation of coil
<'/"("- ,+,+&'-,
1 V
1 pair
1 pasang
40 turns
40 lilitan
Medium speed
2 V
1 pair
1 pasang
40 turns
40 lilitan
Higher speed
1 V
2 pairs
2 pasang
40 turns
40 lilitan
Higher speed
1 V
1 pair
1 pasang
80 turns
80 lilitan
Higher speed
Discussion
1. How is the current in the coil of the motor related to the voltage supplied?
Bagaimanakah arus dalam gegelung dihubungkaitkan dengan voltan vang dibekalkan?
The current is proportional to the voltage supplied.
2. Describe the change in the speed of rotation of the motor when the voltage supplied
increases.
Huraikan perubahan lafu putaran motor apabila voltan vang dibekalkan bertambah.
Making inferences / Membuat inferens
The speed of rotation increases when the voltage supplied increases.
3. What is the effect of adding another pair of magnadur magnets?
Apakah kesan menambahkan sepasang lagi magnet magnadur? Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
The strength of the magnetic eld increases.
Observations
Date:
79
4. Describe the change in the speed of rotation of the motor when the strength of the magnetic
eld increases.
Huraikan perubahan lafu putaran motor apabila kekuatan medan magnet bertambah.
The speed of rotation increases when the strength of the magnetic eld increases.
5. Describe the change in the speed of rotation of the motor when the number of turns of the
coil increases.
Huraikan perubahan lafu putaran motor apabila bilangan lilitan gegelung bertambah.
The speed of rotation increases when the number of turns of the coil increases.
6. What are the factors affecting the speed of rotation of a motor?
Apakah faktor-faktor vang mempengaruhi lafu putaran motor? Attributing / Mencirikan
Current in the coil, strength of the magnetic eld and the number of turns of the coil
Conclusion The speed of rotation of an electric motor increases when the current in the coil, the strength of
the magnetic eld or the number of turns of the coil increases.
Precaution The current should be switched on long enough for the observation to be recorded. After that,
the current is switched off to avoid overheating the wires of the coil.
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Electromagnetic induction in a conductor
Aruhan elektromagnet dalam suatu konduktor Inquiry-Discovery
Aim To observe electromagnetic induction in a straight wire and solenoid
(I) Electromagnetic induction in a straight wire
8('7"- +&+6/(14",-+/ 2"&"4 2"#"$ &'(')
Apparatus
Magnadur magnets, connecting wires with crocodile clips and
sensitive centre-zero galvanometer
Magnet magnadur, dawai penvambung dengan klip buava dan galvanometer
sifar-tengah vang peka
Material
Copper rod with bare ends
Rod kuprum dengan hufung tanpa penebat
EIectromagnetic induction (aruhan
elektromagnet): A process of
producing an e.m.f. in a conductor
when the conductor is in a changing
magnetic !eld
Induced current (arus teraruh):
Current that is produced in a
conductor that is in a changing
magnetic !eld
Learning Outcome
Describe electromagnetic induction.
Date:
80
Procedure 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

G
Galvanometer
Galvanometer
Connecting wires
with crocodile clips
Wayar penyambung
dengan klip buaya
Copper rod with
bare ends
Rod kuprum dengan
hujung tanpa penebat
Magnadur
magnet
Magnet
magnadur
1
5
4
2
6
3
2. Hold the copper rod stationary between the poles of the magnet. Observe the reading of the
galvanometer pointer.
Pegang rod kuprum itu supava rod itu pegun di antara kutub-kutub magnet. Perhatikan bacaan penunfuk
galvanometer.
3. Move the rod quickly in Direction 1 as shown in the diagram. Observe the deection of the
Gerakkan rod itu dengan cepat dalam Arah 1 seperti vang ditunfukkan dalam rafah. Perhatikan pesongan
penunfuk galvanometer.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the other directions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Ulang langkah-langkah 2 dan 3 bagi arah-arah lain 2, 3, 4, 5 dan 6.
2. The copper rod was held stationary between the poles of the magnet. The reading of the
galvanometer pointer was observed.
3. The rod was moved quickly in Direction 1 as shown in the diagram. The deection of the
galvanometer pointer was observed.
4. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated for directions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Motion of rod
*+("6"- (12
Deection of galvanometer pointer
<+)1-,"- 9+-'-='6 ,"&>"-14+/+(
Rod at rest
Rod dalam keadaan rehat
No deection
Direction 1
Arah 1
Deected in one direction
Observations
Date:
81
Motion of rod
*+("6"- (12
Deection of galvanometer pointer
<+)1-,"- 9+-'-='6 ,"&>"-14+/+(
Direction 2
Arah 2
Deected in the opposite direction
Direction 3
Arah 3
No deection
Direction 4
Arah 4
No deection
Direction 5
Arah 5
No deection
Direction 6
Arah 6
No deection
Discussion
1. Describe the magnetic eld lines between the poles of the magnet.
Huraikan garis-garis medan magnet di antara kutub-kutub magnet. Generating ideas / Menjana idea
The magnetic eld lines are horizontal lines from the North pole to the South pole.
2. What is detected by the galvanometer when its pointer shows a deection?
Apakah vang dikesan apabila penunfuk galvanometer menunfukkan suatu pesongan?
Analysing / Menganalisis
Electric current
3. What are the directions of motion that produce a current in the copper rod?
Apakah arah gerakan vang menghasilkan arus dalam rod kuprum itu? Attributing / Mencirikan
Directions 1 and 2
4. Relate the motion of the copper rod that produces a current in it to the direction of the
magnetic eld lines.
Hubungkaitkan gerakan rod kuprum vang menghasilkan arus dengan arah garis medan magnet.
A current ows in the copper rod when its motion cuts across the magnetic eld lines.
(II) Electromagnetic induction in a solenoid
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Apparatus
Bar magnet, connecting wires and sensitive centre-zero galvanometer
Magnet batang, dawai penvambung dan galvanometer sifar-tengah vang peka
Material
Solenoid with at least 600 turns
Solenoid dengan sekurang-kurangnva 600 lilitan
Procedure
Date:
82
2. Push the bar magnet into the solenoid. Observe the
deection of the galvanometer pointer.
Tolak magnet batang ke dalam solenoid. Perhatikan pesongan penunfuk
galvanometer itu.
3. Hold the bar magnet stationary in the solenoid. Note the
reading of the galvanometer.
Pegang magnet batang supava magnet itu pegun dalam solenoid.
Perhatikan bacaan galvanometer itu.
4. Now, pull the bar magnet out of the solenoid. Observe the
deection of the galvanometer.
Sekarang, tarik magnet batang itu keluar dari solenoid. Perhatikan
pesongan penunfuk galvanometer itu.
5. Hold the bar magnet stationary. Push the solenoid towards
the bar magnet. Observe the deection of the galvanometer pointer.
Pegang magnet batang supava magnet itu dalam keadaan pegun. Tolak solenoid itu menufui magnet batang.
Perhatikan pesongan penunfuk galvanometer itu.
6. Pull the solenoid away from the bar magnet. Observe the deection of the galvanometer
pointer.
Tarik solenoid itu menfauhi magnet batang. Perhatikan pesongan penunfuk galvanometer itu.
2. The bar magnet was pushed into the solenoid. The deection of the galvanometer pointer was
observed.
3. The bar magnet was held stationary in the solenoid. The reading of the galvanometer was
recorded.
4. The bar magnet was pulled out of the solenoid. The deection of the galvanometer pointer
was observed.
5. The bar magnet was held stationary. The solenoid was pushed towards the bar magnet.
The deection of the galvanometer pointer was observed.
6. The solenoid was pulled away from the bar magnet. The deection of the galvanometer
pointer was observed.
Bar magnet
3",-+/ ."/"-,
Solenoid
01&+-1$2
Galvanometer
*"&>"-14+/+(
Pushed into the
solenoid
Ditolak ke dalam solenoid
Stationary
Pegun
Shows a deection
Stationary
Pegun
Stationary
Pegun
No deection
Observations
G
Galvanometer
Galvanometer
Connecting wire
Dawai
penyambung
Solenoid
Solenoid
Bar magnet
Magnet batang
Date:
83
Bar magnet
3",-+/ ."/"-,
Solenoid
01&+-1$2
Galvanometer
*"&>"-14+/+(
Pulled out of the
solenoid
Ditarik keluar dari solenoid
Stationary
Pegun
Deection in the opposite direction
Stationary
Pegun
Pushed towards bar
magnet
Ditolak menufui magnet
batang
Shows a deection
Stationary
Pegun
Pulled away from bar
magnet
Ditarik menfauhi magnet
batang
Deection in the opposite direction
Discussion
1. What happens to the deection of galvanometer pointer when the magnet and solenoid
were coming closer to each other?
Apakah vang berlaku pada pesongan penunfuk galvanometer apabila magnet dan solenoid bergerak mendekati
satu sama lain? Making inferences / Membuat inferens
The galvanometer pointer shows a deection.
2. What happens to the deection of galvanometer pointer when the magnet and solenoid
were moving further away from each other?
Apakah vang berlaku pada pesongan penunfuk galvanometer apabila magnet dan solenoid bergerak menfauhi
satu sama lain? Making inferences / Membuat inferens
The galvanometer pointer shows a deection in the opposite direction.
3. Write a general statement on how a current can be induced in a solenoid using a
magnet.
Tuliskan )"/' pernvataan umum bagaimana arus dapat diaruhkan dalam satu solenoid dengan menggunakan
satu magnet. Making generalisations / Mengitlakkan
A current is induced in a solenoid when there is relative motion between the solenoid and a
magnet.
Conclusion
Current is induced in a conductor when there is motion that causes the cutting of magnetic ux.
Precaution
Ensure that the connections at the ends of the connecting wires are tight and have good
electrical contact.
Date:
84
!"#$!%&
!"'
The factors that affect the magnitude of the induced current
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi magnitud arus teraruh Inquiry-Discovery
Aim To study the factors that affect the magnitude of the induced current
Apparatus
Sensitive centre-zero galvanometer
Galvanometer sifar-tengah vang peka
Materials
Two solenoids with 600 and 1200 turns respectively, two bar magnets, connecting wires and
rubber bands
Dua solenoid dengan 600 dan 1200 lilitan masing-masing, dua magnet batang, dawai penvambung dan gelang getah
Procedure

Galvanometer
Galvanometer
Connecting wire
Dawai
penyambung
Solenoid
Solenoid
Bar magnet
Magnet
batang
G
2. Push a bar magnet very slowly into the solenoid of 600 turns. Record the maximum reading
of the galvanometer.
Tolak magnet batang dengan sangat perlahan ke dalam solenoid 600 lilitan. Rekodkan bacaan maksimum bagi
galvanometer itu.
3. Push the bar magnet quickly into the solenoid of 600 turns. Record the maximum reading
of the galvanometer.
Tolak magnet batang dengan cepat ke dalam solenoid 600 lilitan. Rekodkan bacaan maksimum bagi galvanometer
itu.
4. Push the bar magnet very slowly into the solenoid of 1200 turns. Record the maximum
Tolak magnet batang dengan sangat perlahan ke dalam solenoid 1200 lilitan. Rekodkan bacaan maksimum bagi
galvanometer itu.
5. Use the rubber bands to tie the two bar magnets together with like poles side by side.
Gunakan gelang getah untuk mengikat dua magnet batang bersama dengan kutub-kutub vang sama
bersebelahan.
6. Push the two magnets very slowly into the solenoid of 600 turns. Record the maximum
Tolak dua magnet itu dengan sangat perlahan ke dalam solenoid 600 lilitan. Rekodkan bacaan maksimum bagi
galvanometer itu.
Learning Outcome
Explain factors that affect the magnitude of the induced current.
Date:
85
2. A bar magnet was pushed very slowly into the solenoid of 600 turns. The maximum reading
of the galvanometer was recorded.
3. The bar magnet was pushed quickly into the solenoid of 600 turns. The maximum reading of
the galvanometer was recorded.
4. The bar magnet was pushed very slowly into the solenoid of 1200 turns. The maximum
reading of the galvanometer was recorded.
5. Rubber bands were used to tie two bar magnets together with like poles side by side.
6. The two magnets were pushed very slowly into the solenoid of 600 turns. The maximum
reading of the galvanometer was recorded.
Number of
bar magnets
:$&"-,"- 4",-+/
."/"-,
Speed of
magnet
?+&"='"- 4",-+/
Number
of turns of
solenoid
:$&"-,"- &$&$/"-
)1&+-1$2
Maximum reading of galvanometer
:"@""- 4"6)$4'4 ,"&>"-14+/+(
First
attempt
A'.""- 9+(/"4"
Second
attempt
A'.""- 6+2'"
Average
<'("/"
1
Slow
Perlahan
600 16 18 17
1
Fast
Lafu
600 30 28 29
1
Slow
Perlahan
1200 32 32 32
2
Slow
Perlahan
600 28 24 26
Discussion
1. What is the relationship between the magnitude of the induced current and the
Apakah hubungan antara magnitud arus teraruh dengan Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
(a) speed of the magnet?
kelafuan magnet?
The magnitude of the induced current increases when the speed of the magnet
increases.
(b) number of turns of the solenoid?
bilangan lilitan solenoid?
The magnitude of the induced current increases when the number of turns of the
solenoid increases.
Observations
Date:
86
(c) strength of the magnetic eld?
kekuatan medan magnet?
The magnitude of the induced current increases when the strength of the magnetic eld
increases.
2. What are the factors that affect the magnitude of the induced current?
Apakah faktor-faktor vang mempengaruhi magnitud arus teraruh? Attributing / Mencirikan
The speed of the relative motion of the magnet and the solenoid, the number of turns of the
solenoid and the strength of the magnetic eld
Conclusion The magnitude of the induced current in a solenoid increases when the speed of the magnet, the
number of turns of the solenoid or the strength of the magnetic eld increases.
Precaution Ensure that the connections at the ends of the connecting wires are tight and have good
electrical contact.
!"#$!%&
!"(
Direct current and alternating current
Arus terus dan arus ulang-alik Inquiry-Discovery
Aim To compare the output generated by a direct current source and an alternating current source

Apparatus
Battery holder with two dry cells, alternating current power supply, cathode ray oscilloscope
(CRO), plug key switch and connecting wires
Pemegang bateri dengan dua sel kering, bekalan kuasa arus ulang-alik, osiloskop sinar katod (OSK) dan dawai
penvambung
Materials
Two 2.5 V bulbs and bulb holders
Dua mentol 2.5 V dan pemegang mentol
Procedure
1. Set up the two circuits as shown in the diagram.
Sediakan dua litar seperti vang ditunfukkan dalam rafah.
2. Adjust the cathode ray oscilloscope to obtain a clear trace on the screen.
Laraskan osiloskop sinar katod untuk memperoleh surihan vang felas pada skrin.
Learning Outcome
Compare direct current and alternating current.
Date:
87
Battery holder with
two dry cells
Pemegang bateri
dengan dua sel kering
CRO
OSK
Connecting wires
Dawai
penyambung
Bulb holder
Pemegang mentol
2.5 V bulb
Mentol 2.5 V

a.c. power supply
Bekalan kuasa a.u.
CRO
OSK
Connecting wires
Dawai
penyambung
Bulb holder
Pemegang mentol
2.5 V bulb
Mentol 2.5 V
3. Observe and compare the traces formed by the output from the battery and the alternating
current supply.
Perhatikan dan bandingkan surihan vang dibentuk oleh output daripada bateri dan bekalan arus ulang-alik.
4. Sketch the trace displayed on the screen of the oscilloscopes.
Lakarkan surihan vang dipaparkan pada skrin osiloskop.
Method 1. The two circuits were set up as shown in the diagram.
2. The cathode ray oscilloscope was adjusted to obtain a clear trace on the screen.
3. The traces formed by the output from the battery and the alternating current supply were
observed and compared.
4. The trace displayed on the screen of the oscilloscopes was sketched.

Output from d.c. battery Output from a.c. supply
Output daripada bateri a.t. Output daripada bekalan a.u.
Discussion
1. What type of current is supplied by two dry cells?
Apakah fenis arus vang dibekalkan oleh dua sel kering? Attributing / Mencirikan
Direct current
Observations
Date:
88
2. Are both the bulbs lighted up? Hence, make an inference on direct current and alternating
current.
Adakah kedua-dua mentol itu menvala? Seterusnva, nvatakan )"/' inferens tentang arus terus dan arus ulang-
alik. Making inferences / Membuat inferens
Both bulbs are lighted up. Direct current and alternating current can ow through the bulb.
3. Based on your observations of the bulbs and the traces on the oscilloscopes, state
Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda bagi dua mentol itu dan surihan pada osiloskop, nvatakan
(a) one similarity
)"/' persamaan
(b) two differences
2'" perbe:aan
between the output generated by a direct current source and an alternating current
source.
antara output vang difanakan oleh bekalan arus terus dan bekalan arus ulang-alik.
Comparing and contrasting / Membandingkan dan membezakan
(a) Both the direct current and alternating current produce heating effect in a wire.
(b) The direct current ows in one direction only. The direction of the alternating current
changes with time. The magnitude of the direct current remains constant. The
magnitude of the alternating current changes between zero and a maximum value.
Conclusion A direct current ows in one direction only but the direction of an alternating current changes
with time.
Precaution The voltage supplied to the bulbs must not exceed the voltage rating labelled on the bulbs.
!"#$!%&
!")
A simple transformer
Transformer ringkas Inquiry-Discovery
(I) Operating principle of a transformer
<($-)$9 19+(")$ /("-)B1(4+(
Aim To understand the operating principle of a transformer
Apparatus
Two copper coils of 600 turns each, a sensitive centre-zero galvanometer, switch, two C-shaped
iron cores, high current power supply with a.c./d.c. output and rheostat
Dua gegelung 600 lilitan, galvanometer sifar-tengah vang peka, suis, dua teras besi berbentuk-C, bekalan kuasa arus
tinggi dengan output a.u./a.t. dan reostat
Learning Outcome
Describe the structure and the operating principle of a simple transformer.
Date:
89
Material Connecting wires
Dawai penvambung
Procedure
[The circuit is connected to the d.c. output of the power supply. The primary coil is
the coil connected to the power supply; the secondary coil is the coil connected to the
galvanometer.]
[Litar disambungkan kepada output a.t. bekalan kuasa. Gegelung primer ialah gegelung vang disambungkan
kepada bekalan kuasa, gegelung sekunder ialah gegelung vang disambungkan kepada galvanometer.]
AC/DC L.T. POWER SUPPLY 10Amp
G
Power supply
Bekalan kuasa
Switch
Suis
Galvanometer
Galvanometer
C-shaped
iron core
Teras besi
berbentuk-C
Copper
coils
Gegelung
kuprum
Rheostat
Reostat

Transformer (transformer): A device
that can increase or decrease the
voltage of an alternating power supply
Primary coiI (gegelung primer): The
transformer's coil that is connected to
the alternating input supply
Secondary coiI (gegelung sekunder):
The transformer's coil that is
connected to the output of transformer
2. Switch on the current in the primary coil. Observe the deection of the pointer of the
Hidupkan arus dalam gegelung primer. Perhatikan pesongan penunfuk galvanometer itu.
3. Observe the galvanometer pointer while the current remains on.
Perhatikan penunfuk galvanometer itu semasa arus masih dihidupkan.
4. Switch off the current. Observe the deection of the galvanometer pointer. Take note of the
direction of the deection.
Matikan arus. Perhatikan pesongan penunfuk galvanometer itu. Perhatikan arah pesongan.
5. Switch on and off the current in primary coil repeatedly. Observe the motion of the
Hidupkan dan matikan arus dalam gegelung primer berulang kali. Perhatikan gerakan penunfuk galvanometer
itu.
2. The current in the primary coil was switched on. The deection of the galvanometer pointer
was observed.
3. The galvanometer pointer was observed while the switch remained on.
4. The current was switched off. The deection of the galvanometer pointer was observed.
5. The switch was turned on and off repeatedly. The motion of the galvanometer pointer
was observed.
Date:
90
Current in the primary coil
8(') 2"&"4 ,+,+&'-, 9($4+(
Galvanometer pointer
<+-'-='6 ,"&>"-14+/+(
Switched on
Dihidupkan
Deects in one direction and goes back to zero value
Remains on
Masih dihidupkan
Remains at zero value
Switched off
Dimatikan
Deects in the opposite direction and goes back to zero
value
On and off repeatedly
Dihidupkan dan dimatikan berulang kali
Moves to and fro about the zero value
Discussion
1. Describe the changes in the magnetic eld produced by the primary coil when
Huraikan perubahan bagi medan magnet vang dihasilkan oleh gegelung primer apabila
Generating ideas / Mengitlakkan
(a) the current is switched on
arus dihidupkan
The magnetic eld increases in strength.
(b) a steady current ows while the current remains on
suatu arus vang mantap mengalir semasa arus masih dihidupkan
The strength of the magnetic eld remains constant.
(c) the current is switched off
arus dimatikan
The strength of the magnetic eld decreases as the eld decays.
2. Relate the situation where a current is induced in the secondary coil due to the changes in
the magnetic eld produced by the primary coil.
Hubungkaitkan situasi di mana arus diaruhkan dalam gegelung sekunder disebabkan oleh perubahan dalam
medan magnet vang dihasilkan oleh gegelung primer. Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
A current is induced in the secondary coil when the magnetic eld produced by the primary
coil is changing.
3. Describe how the induced current in the secondary coil changes when the current in the
primary coil is switched on and off repeatedly.
Huraikan bagaimana arus teraruh dalam gegelung sekunder berubah apabila arus dalam gegelung primer
dihidupkan dan dimatikan berulang kali. Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
The induced current in the secondary coil ows in one direction when the primary current is
switched on and then in the opposite direction when the primary current is switched off.
Observations
Date:
91
Conclusion A current is induced in the secondary coil when the current in the primary coil is changing.
When the current in the primary coil increases, the induced current in the secondary coil ows
in one direction. When the current in the primary coil decreases, the induced current in the
secondary coil ows in the opposite direction.
Precaution The rheostat was used to limit the current in the primary circuit.
(II) Step-up transformer and step-down transformer
C("-)B1(4+( $-="6 -"$6 2"- /("-)B1(4+( $-="6 /'('-
Aim
To understand a step-up transformer and a step-down transformer
Apparatus
Two C-shaped iron cores with clip, low voltage a.c. power supply, two 2.5 V 0.3 A bulbs with
holders, two 6.2 V 0.3 A bulbs with holders and voltmeter
Dua teras besi berbentuk-C dengan klip, bekalan kuasa a.u. voltan rendah, dua mentol 2.5 V 0.3 A dengan pemegang,
dua mentol 6.2 V 0.3 A dengan pemegang dan voltmeter
Materials
120 turns copper coil, 400 turns copper coil and connecting wires
Gegelung kuprum 120 lilitan, gegelung kuprum 400 lilitan dan dawai penvambung
Procedure
(a) Step-up transformer
C("-)B1(4+( $-="6 -"$6
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram, with the 120 turns copper coil as the
primary coil and the 400 turns copper coil as the secondary coil. [The primary coil is the coil
connected to the a.c. output of the power supply.]
Sediakan radas seperti vang ditunfukkan dalam rafah, dengan gegelung kuprum 120 lilitan sebagai gegelung
primer and gegelung kuprum 400 lilitan sebagai gegelung sekunder. [Gegelung primer ialah gegelung vang
disambungkan kepada output a.u. bekalan kuasa.]
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Bulb with holder
Mentol dengan
pemegang
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
a.c. power supply
Bekalan kuasa a.u.
V
V
Bulb with holder
Mentol dengan
pemegang
Copper coil
Gegelung
kuprum
C-shaped iron core
Teras besi berbentuk-C
2. Screw in the 6.2 V 0.3 A bulbs into the respective holders.
Pasangkan skru mentol-mentol 6.2 V 0.3 A masing-masing ke dalam pemegangnva.
Learning Outcome
Compare and contrast a step-up and a step-down transformer.
Date:
92
3. Set the voltage of the power supply to 2 V a.c.
Tetapkan voltan bagi bekalan kuasa pada 2 V a.u.
4. Switch on the a.c. power supply. Compare the brightness of the bulbs.
Hidupkan bekalan kuasa a.u. Bandingkan kecerahan mentol-mentol itu.
(b) Step-down transformer
C("-)B1(4+( $-="6 /'('-
5. Change the set-up of the apparatus so that the 400 turns copper coil becomes the primary
coil and the 120 turns coil becomes the secondary coil.
Tukar susunan radas supava gegelung 400 lilitan menfadi gegelung primer dan gegelung 120 lilitan menfadi
gegelung sekunder.
6. Replace the bulbs with 2.5 V 0.3 A bulbs.
Ganti mentol-mentol itu dengan mentol 2.5 V 0.3 A.
7. Switch on the a.c. power supply. Compare the brightness of the bulbs.
Hidupkan bekalan kuasa a.u. Bandingkan kecerahan mentol-mentol itu.
Method 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram, with the 120 turns copper coil as the
primary coil and the 400 turns copper coil as the secondary coil.
2. The 6.2 V 0.3 A bulbs were screwed into the respective holders.
3. The power supply was set to 2 V a.c.
4. The power supply was switched on. The brightness of the bulbs was compared.
5. The set-up of the apparatus was changed so that the 400 turns copper coil became the
primary coil and the 120 turns copper coil became the secondary coil.
6. The bulbs were replaced with 2.5 V 0.3 A bulbs.
7. The power supply was switched on. The brightness of the bulbs was compared.
(a) Step-up transformer
C("-)B1(4+( $-="6 -"$6
Primary circuit
D$/"( 9($4+(
Secondary circuit
D$/"( )+6'-2+(
Number of turns
:$&"-,"- &$&$/"-
120 400
Brightness of bulb
?+@+("7"- 4+-/1&
Dim Bright
Voltmeter reading
:"@""- >1&/4+/+(
2.0 V 6.5 V
Observations
Date:
93
(b) Step-down transformer
C("-)B1(4+( $-="6 /'('-
Primary circuit
D$/"( 9($4+(
Secondary circuit
D$/"( )+6'-2+(
Number of turns
:$&"-,"- &$&$/"-
400 120
Brightness of bulb
?+@+("7"- 4+-/1&
Bright Dim
Voltmeter reading
:"@""- >1&/4+/+(
2.0 V 0.6 V
Discussion
1. What is the relationship between the brightness of the bulb and the voltage across the
bulb?
Apakah hubungan antara kecerahan mentol dengan voltan merentasi mentol itu? Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
The brightness of the bulb is proportional to the voltage across the bulb.
2. State the condition for a transformer to step up an input voltage.
Nvatakan svarat bagi transformer untuk menaikkan voltan input. Making inferences / Membuat inferens
The number of turns in the secondary coil is more than the number of turns in the primary
coil.
3. State the condition for a transformer to step down an input voltage.
Nvatakan svarat bagi transformer untuk menurunkan voltan input. Making inferences / Membuat inferens
The number of turns in the secondary coil is less than the number of turns in the primary
coil.
Conclusion A voltage is induced in the secondary coil when the current in the primary coil is changing. A
higher voltage is induced in the secondary coil when the secondary coil has more turns than the
primary coil.
Precautions 1. Ensure that the connections at the ends of the connecting wires are tight and have good
electrical contact.
2. The C-shaped soft iron cores are clipped tightly to reduce leakage of magnetic ux.
Date:
94
!"#$!%&
!"*
Relationship between the number of turns of the primary coil
and the secondary coil, voltage of primary coil and voltage of
secondary coil
Hubungan antara bilangan lilitan gegelung primer dan gegelung sekunder
dengan voltan gegelung primer dan voltan gegelung sekunder Inquiry-Discovery
To show the relationship
V
P
V
S
=
N
P
N
S
Apparatus
Two C-shaped iron cores, 0 12 V a.c. power supply and two a.c. voltmeters (0 10 V)
Dua teras besi berbentuk-C, bekalan kuasa a.u. 0 12 V dan dua voltmeter a.u. (0 10 V)
Materials
Copper coils with 300, 600 and 900 turns respectively and connecting wires
Gegelung kuprum dengan 300, 600 dan 900 lilitan masing-masing dan dawai penvambung
Procedure
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Use
the 300 turns copper coil as the primary coil and the
600 turns coil as the secondary coil.
Gunakan gegelung kuprum 300 lilitan sebagai gegelung
primer and gegelung 600 lilitan sebagai gegelung sekunder.
2. Set the voltage of the a.c. power supply to 2 V.
Tetapkan voltan bagi bekalan kuasa a.u. pada 2 V.
3. Switch on the power supply and record the
readings of both of the voltmeters.
Hidupkan bekalan kuasa dan rekodkan bacaan kedua-dua
voltmeter.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with the 900 turns coil as the secondary coil.
Ulang langkah-langkah 2 dan 3 dengan gegelung 900 lilitan sebagai gegelung sekunder.
5. Change the set-up of the apparatus so that the 900 turns coil becomes the primary coil
while the 600 turns coil becomes the secondary coil.
Tukar susunan radas supava gegelung 900 lilitan menfadi gegelung primer manakala gegelung 600 lilitan
menfadi gegelung sekunder.
6. Set the voltage of the power supply to 10 V.
Tetapkan voltan bagi bekalan kuasa pada 10 V.
7. Switch on the power supply and record the readings of both of the voltmeters.
Hidupkan bekalan kuasa dan rekodkan bacaan kedua-dua voltmeter.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 with the 300 turns coil as the secondary coil.
Ulang langkah-langkah 6 dan 7 dengan gegelung 300 lilitan sebagai gegelung sekunder.
Method 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram. The 300 turns copper coil was the primary
coil and the 600 turns coil was the secondary coil.
2. The voltage of the a.c. power supply was set to 2 V.
3. The power supply was switched on and the readings of the voltmeters were recorded.
4. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated with the 900 turns coil as the secondary coil.
5. The set-up of the apparatus was changed so that the 900 turns coil became the primary coil
while the 600 turns coil became the secondary coil.
Aim
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
a.c. power supply
Bekalan kuasa a.u.
Copper coil
Gegelung
kuprum
C-shaped iron core
Teras besi berbentuk-C
V
V
Learning Outcome

State that
V
P
V
S
=
N
P
N
S
for an ideal transformer.
Date:
95
6. The voltage of the power supply was set to 10 V.
7. The power supply was switched on and the readings of the voltmeters were recorded.
8. Steps 6 and 7 were repeated with the 300 turns coil as the secondary coil.
Number of
turns of the
primary coil
:$&"-,"- &$&$/"-
,+,+&'-, 9($4+(E
N
P
Number of
turns of the
secondary coil
:$&"-,"- &$&$/"-
,+,+&'-, )+6'-2+(E
N
S
Input
voltage for
the primary
coil
F1&/"- $-9'/
.",$ ,+,+&'-,
9($4+(E V
P
/ V
Output
voltage for
the secondary
coil
F1&/"- 1'/9'/ .",$
,+,+&'-, )+6'-2+(E
V
s
/ V
N
P
N
S
V
P
V
S
300 600 2.0 3.9 0.50 0.51
300 900 2.0 5.8 0.33 0.34
900 600 10.0 6.6 1.50 1.52
900 300 10.0 3.3 3.00 3.03
Note: Write the ratios
N
P
N
S
and
V
P
V
S
to two decimal places.
Nota . Tuliskan nisbah
N
P
N
S
dan
J
P
J
S
kepada dua tempat perpuluhan.
Discussion
1. From the readings taken, compare the ratios of
N
P
N
S
and
V
P
V
S
for each pair of primary coils and
secondary coils.
Daripada bacaan vang diambil, bandingkan nisbah
N
P
N
S
dan
J
P
J
S
bagi setiap pasangan gegelung primer dan
gegelung sekunder.
The ratios are approximately equal.
2. Taking into account experimental errors, make an inference on the relationship between

N
P
N
S
and
V
P
V
S
.
Dengan mengambil kira ralat eksperimen, nvatakan )"/' inferens bagi hubungan antara
N
P
N
S
dengan
J
P
J
S
.

Making inferences / Membuat inferens

V
P
V
S
=
N
P
N
S
Conclusion The ratio of the primary input voltage to the secondary output voltage is equal to the ratio of
the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil.
Precautions 1. Ensure that the connections at the ends of the connecting wires are tight and have good
electrical contact.
2. The C-shaped soft iron cores are clipped tightly to reduce leakage of magnetic ux.
Observations
Date:
96
!"#$!%&
!"#+
A model of electricity transmission
Model penghantaran elektrik Inquiry-Discovery
Aim To study the model of electricity transmission
Apparatus
A 1:20 step-up transformer, a 20:1 step-down transformer, four 12 V 24 W bulbs, two sets of a.c.
power supply, four retort stands and power line terminal rods
Transformer infak naik 1:20, transformer infak turun 20:1, empat mentol 12 V 24 W, dua set bekalan kuasa a.u., empat
kaki retort dan rod terminal talian kuasa
Materials
Insulated eureka wire (s.w.g. 30) to be used as transmission lines and connecting wires
Dawai eureka berpenebat (s.w.g. 30) untuk digunakan sebagai talian penghantaran dan dawai penvambung
Procedure
1. Set up the electricity transmission models, A and B as shown in the diagram.
Sediakan model penghantaran elektrik, A dan B, seperti vang ditunfukkan dalam rafah.

Power line
terminal rod
Rod terminal
talian kuasa
12 V 24 W
12 V 24 W
"Residential area"
Kawasan perumahan
"Power station"
(12 V a.c. power supply)
Stesen kuasa
(Bekalan kuasa 12 V a.u.)
Transmission line
(4 m long)
Talian penghantaran
(Panjang 4 m)

"Residential area"
Kawasan perumahan
"Power station"
(12 V a.c. power supply)
Stesen kuasa
(Bekalan kuasa 12 V a.u.)
Transmission line
(4 m long)
Talian penghantaran
(Panjang 4 m)
1:20 step-up
transformer
Transformer
injak naik 1:20
12 V 24 W
20:1 step-down
transformer
Transformer
injak turun 20:1
Power line terminal rod
Rod terminal talian kuasa
12 V 24 W
Model A / Model A Model B / Model B
2. Switch on the 12 V a.c. power supply in model A and model B.
Hidupkan bekalan kuasa a.u. 12 V dalam model A dan model B.
3. Observe and compare the brightness of the bulbs at the power station end and the
residential area end for models A and B respectively.
Perhatikan dan bandingkan kecerahan mentol-mentol di hufung 'stesen kuasa` dan di hufung 'kawasan
perumahan` bagi model A and B masing-masing.
2. The 12 V a.c. power supply in model A and model B was switched on.
3. The brightness of the bulbs at the power station end and the residential area end were
compared for models A and B.
Learning Outcome
Deduce the advantage of high voltage transmission.
Date:
97
Power transmission
model
312+& 9+-,7"-/"("- 6'")"
Brightness of bulb at
power station
?+@+("7"- 4+-/1& 2$ G)/+)+- 6'")"H
Brightness of bulb at
residential area
?+@+("7"- 4+-/1& 2$ G6"#")"-
9+('4"7"-H
A Bright Dim
B Bright Bright
Discussion
1. Relate the brightness of the bulbs to the power at the power station end and the power
delivered to the residential area end.
Hubungkaitkan kecerahan mentol dengan kuasa di hufung 'stesen kuasa` dan kuasa vang dibekalkan di hufung
'kawasan perumahan`. Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
The brightness of the bulb at the power station end indicates the power supplied by the
power station to the transmission lines. The brightness of the bulb at the residential area
end indicates the power delivered by the transmission lines to the residential area.
2. Compare the voltage of the transmission lines of models A and B.
Bandingkan voltan bagi talian penghantaran bagi model A dan model B.
The voltage of transmission lines of model B is higher than that of model A.
3. Which model transmits electricity with less loss of power to the residential area?
Model vang manakah menghantar elektrik dengan kehilangan kuasa vang lebih kecil ke kawasan perumahan?
Predicting / Meramal
Model B
Conclusion Electricity is transmitted with less loss of power when the voltage of transmission lines is higher.
Precaution Be careful not to touch the transmission lines in model B which has a higher voltage.
Observations
98
Objective Questions
Choose the best option for each
question.
Pilih pilihan yang terbaik bagi setiap soalan.
1. Diagram 1 shows a magnetic eld
produced by an electric current.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan medan magnet
yang dihasilkan oleh suatu arus
elektrik.
P
Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
Which is the direction of the
current at point P?
Yang manakah merupakan arah arus
pada titik P?
A C
B D
2. Diagram 2 shows the apparatus
set-up to observe the magnetic eld
due to a current in a circular coil.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas
untuk memerhatikan medan magnet
yang disebabkan arus dalam gegelung
bulat.
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
Which diagram shows the magnetic
eld correctly?
Rajah yang manakah menunjukkan
medan magnet dengan betul?
A
B
C
D
3. Diagram 3 shows an electromagnet.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan elektromagnet.
Soft iron core
Teras besi
lembut
Y
X
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
What are the directions shown by
the pointers of the compasses X
and Y?
Arah-arah yang manakah ditunjukkan
oleh penunjuk bagi kompas-kompas
X dan Y?
A
X
Y
C
X
Y
B
X
Y
D
X
Y

4. Diagram 4 shows an electromagnet.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan elektromagnet.
X
Diagram 4 / Rajah 4
What is the change in the strength
of the magnetic eld at X when the
soft iron core is pulled out of the
coil?
Apakah perubahan kekuatan medan
magnet di X apabila teras besi lembut
ditarik keluar daripada gegelung itu?
A Increases
Bertambah
B Decreases
Berkurang
C Increases and then decreases
Bertambah dan kemudian
berkurang
D No change
Tiada perubahan
5. A current-carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic eld. Which
of the following situations will
result in a force acting on the
conductor?
Suatu konduktor yang membawa arus
diletakkan dalam medan magnet.
Situasi yang manakah mengakibatkan
suatu daya bertindak pada konduktor
itu?
A Direction of current same as the
direction of magnetic eld
Arah arus sama dengan arah
medan magnet
B Direction of current opposite to
the direction of magnetic eld
Arah arus bertentangan dengan
arah medan magnet
C Direction of current
perpendicular to direction of
magnetic eld
Arah arus berserenjang dengan
arah medan magnet
B 4
!"#$%&' )*%&+,#%
99
6. Which of the following shows the
combined magnetic eld when
a current-carrying wire is placed
between a pair of magnadur
magnets?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
menunjukkan medan magnet
bergabung apabila satu dawai yang
membawa arus diletakkan di antara
sepasang magnet magnadur?
A
N/
U
S
B
S
N/
U

C
S
N/
U
D
S
N/
U
7. Diagram 5 shows a current-carrying
wire and two permanent magnets.
Rajah 5 menunjukkan dawai yang
membawa arus dan dua magnet
kekal.
Power supply
Bekalan kuasa
Wire
Dawai
Q
P
X Y
S N / U
Diagram 5 / Rajah 5
What is the type of current in the
wire and in which direction should
it be placed so that a net force is
exerted on the wire?
Apakah jenis arus dalam dawai dan di
arah yang manakah dawai itu harus
diletakkan supaya satu daya paduan
bertindak pada dawai itu?
Type of current
Jenis arus
Direction
Arah
A Direct current
Arus terus
Along PQ
Sepanjang PQ
B Direct current
Arus terus
Along XY
Sepanjang XY
C Alternating
current
Arus ulang-alik
Along PQ
Sepanjang PQ
D Alternating
current
Arus ulang-alik
Along XY
Sepanjang XY
8. Diagram 6 shows a left hand which
represents the Fleming Left-Hand
Rule.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan tangan kiri yang
mewakili Petua Tangan Kiri Fleming.
P
Diagram 6 / Rajah 6
P represents the
P mewakili
A motion
gerakan
B current
arus
C magnetic eld
medan magnet
9. Diagram 7 shows a direct current
motor.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan motor arus terus.
Carbon
brush
Berus
karbon
Magnet
Magnet
Commutator
Komutator
Wire coil
Gegelung dawai
S
F
F
N / U
Diagram 7 / Rajah 7
Which action will make the

magnitude of force F smaller?
Tindakan yang manakah akan
menyebabkan magnitud daya F
menjadi lebih kecil?
A Increase the number of turns of
the wire coil
Menambahkan bilangan lilitan
gegelung dawai
B Increase the magnitude of the
electric current
Menambahkan magnitud arus
elektrik
C Increase the strength of the
magnetic eld
Menambahkan kekuatan medan
magnet
D Increase the resistance of the
coil
Menambahkan rintangan gegelung
10. Diagram 8 shows a transformer
supplying a voltage to light up a
bulb at normal brightness.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu transformer
yang membekalkan voltan untuk
menyalakan mentol pada kecerahan
normal.
240 V 48 W
6 A Ip
Diagram 8 / Rajah 8
What is current I
P
?
Berapakah arus I
P
?
A 0.2 A C 8.0 A
B 0.6 A D 30.0 A
11. What are the characteristics of
the voltage and current in power
transmission cables?
Apakah ciri-ciri voltan dan arus dalam
kabel penghantaran kuasa?
Voltage
Voltan
Current
Arus
A Low voltage
Voltan rendah
Direct
Terus
B Low voltage
Voltan rendah
Alternating
Ulang-alik
C High voltage
Voltan tinggi
Direct
Terus
D High voltage
Voltan tinggi
Alternating
Ulang-alik
100
12. Diagram 9 shows an electric
circuit consisting of a step-down
transformer and two identical
voltmeters V
1
and V
2
.
Rajah 9 menunjukkan satu litar elektrik
yang mengandungi satu transformer
injak turun dan dua voltmeter yang
serupa V
1
dan V
2
.
V
1
V
2 ~
Diagram 9 / Rajah 9
Which comparison of the reading
of voltmeters V
1
and V
2
is correct?
Perbandingan yang manakah betul
tentang bacaan voltmeter V
1
dan V
2
?
A V
1
V
2
B V
1
= V
2
C V
1
V
2
13. Which of the following is the
output of a direct current generator?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
merupakan output penjana arus terus?
A
0
V
t
B
0
V
t
C
0
V
t
D
0
V
t
14. What is the type of material in the

laminated core of a transformer
and what is the function of the
lamination?
Apakah jenis bahan bagi teras
berlamina transformer dan apakah
fungsi lamina itu?
Type of
material
Jenis bahan
Function of
lamination
Fungsi lamina
A Soft iron
Besi lembut
To increase
eddy current
Untuk
menambahkan
arus pusar
B Soft iron
Besi lembut
To reduce eddy
current
Untuk
mengurangkan
arus pusar
C Steel
Keluli
To increase
eddy current
Untuk
menambahkan
arus pusar
D Steel
Keluli
To reduce eddy
current
Untuk
mengurangkan
arus pusar
15. Diagram 10 shows a copper rod
placed inside a magnetic eld.
Rajah 10 menunjukkan satu rod
kuprum diletakkan dalam satu medan
magnet.
What is the direction of motion of
the copper rod when K is switched
on?
Apakah arah pergerakan rod kuprum
itu apabila suis K dihidupkan?
S
Copper rod
Rod kuprum
N
K
C A
B
D
Diagram 10 / Rajah 10
16. Diagram 11 shows a simple system

for the transmission of electricity.
Rajah 11 menunjukkan satu sistem
ringkas penghantaran elektrik.
Town
Bandar
Power station
Stesen kuasa
P Q
Diagram 11 / Rajah 11
What type of transformers are P
and Q?
Apakah jenis transformer P dan Q?
P Q
A Step-up
Injak naik
Step-up
Injak naik
B Step-up
Injak naik
Step-down
Injak turun
C Step-down
Injak turun
Step-up
Injak naik
D Step-down
Injak turun
Step-down
Injak turun

101
Subjective Questions
Section A / Bahagian A
1. Diagram 1 shows a circuit that can switch on the starter
motor of a car by turning the key at the key-operated
switch.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu litar yang boleh menghidupkan
motor penghidup bagi sebuah kereta dengan memutarkan
kunci pada suis kendalian kunci.
+
Key
Kunci
Spring
Spring
Soft iron plate
Plat besi lembut
Contacts
Sesentuh
Soft iron core
Teras besi lembut
Starter motor
Motor penghidup
Battery
Bateri
Key-operated switch
Suis kendalian kunci
Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
(a) Describe what happens to each of the following parts
when the key-operated switch is turned on:
Huraikan apa yang akan berlaku pada bahagian berikut
apabila suis kendalian kunci dihidupkan:
(i) the coil around the soft iron core
gegelung teras besi lembut [1 mark / 1 markah]
(ii) the soft iron core
teras besi lembut [1 mark / 1 markah]
(iii) the soft iron plate
plat besi lembut [1 mark / 1 markah]
(iv) the contacts
sesentuh [1 mark / 1 markah]
(b) What is the effect on the starter motor if more turns
are added to the coil round the soft iron core? Explain
your answer.
Apakah kesan motor penghidup jika lebih banyak lilitan
ditambah kepada gegelung di sekeliling teras besi lembut?
Terangkan jawapan anda. [2 marks / 2 markah]
(c) State one advantage of using such a system to start
the car engine.
Nyatakan satu kebaikan menggunakan sistem sedemikian
untuk menghidupkan enjin kereta. [2 marks / 2 markah]
2. Diagram 2 shows a steel rod, XY on bare copper tracks.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebatang rod keluli, XY di atas landasan
kuprum tanpa penebat.
N

/

U
S
X
Y
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
(a) In Diagram 2, mark the direction of
Dalam Rajah 2, tandakan arah bagi
(i) the current in the steel rod
arus dalam rod keluli [1 mark / 1 markah]
(ii) the motion of the steel rod
gerakan rod keluli itu [1 mark / 1 markah]
(b) Explain why the steel rod moves in the direction
marked in (a)(ii).
Terangkan mengapa rod keluli bergerak ke arah yang
ditunjukkan di (a)(ii). [3 marks / 3 markah]
(c) State one way to reverse the direction of motion of
the steel rod.
Nyatakan satu cara untuk menyongsangkan arah gerakan
rod keluli itu. [1 mark / 1 markah]
(d) (i) What change will be observed if the steel rod is
replaced by an aluminium rod of the same size?
Apakah perubahan yang akan diperhatikan jika
rod keluli digantikan dengan rod aluminium yang
mempunyai saiz yang sama? [1 mark / 1 markah]
(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).
Terangkan jawapan anda di (d)(i).
[3 marks / 3 markah]
3. Diagram 3 shows a pendulum oscillating between the
poles of a magnet. The pendulum is made up of a copper
rod and a brass bob.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan bandul yang sedang berayun di antara
kutub-kutub magnet. Bandul itu terdiri daripada sebatang rod
kuprum dan sebiji ladung loyang.
G
0
+
N
U
/
S
Q
P
O
Brass bob
Ladung loyang
Copper rod
Rod kuprum
Switch
Suis
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
(a) (i) What is electromagnetic induction?
Apakah aruhan elektromagnet? [1 mark / 1 markah]
102
(ii) Use a to indicate whether e.m.f. and/or
current is induced in the copper rod when the
switch is off and when the switch is on.
Gunakan untuk menunjukkan sama ada d.g.e.
dan/atau arus diaruhkan dalam rod kuprum apabila
suis dimatikan dan apabila suis dihidupkan.
Switch OFF
Suis dimatikan
Induced e.m.f.
d.g.e. teraruh
Induced current
Arus teraruh
Switch ON
Suis dihidupkan
Induced e.m.f.
d.g.e. teraruh
Induced current
Arus teraruh
(iii) Describe the motion of the galvanometer pointer
when the switch is ON.
Huraikan gerakan penunjuk galvanometer apabila
suis dihidupkan. [1 mark / 1 markah]
(iv) Mark on Diagram 3 the direction of the current
in the copper rod when the rod is swinging from
Q to O.
Tandakan pada Rajah 3 arah arus dalam rod kuprum
apabila rod itu sedang berayun dari Q ke O.
[1 mark / 1 markah]
(b) When the switch is ON, the oscillation stops after a
short while. Explain this observation.
Apabila suis dihidupkan, ayunan berhenti selepas masa
yang singkat. Terangkan pemerhatian ini.
Section B / Bahagian B
4. A student investigated how three transformers step down
the voltage of an alternating current supply to light up a
bulb.
Seorang murid mengkaji bagaimana tiga transformer
menurunkan voltan bagi suatu bekalan arus ulang-alik untuk
menyalakan mentol.
Diagrams 4.1 to 4.3 show the three different arrangements,
P, Q and R set up by the student.
Rajah-rajah 4.1 hingga 4.3 menunjukkan tiga susunan, P, Q
dan R yang disediakan oleh murid itu.
400 turns
400 lilitan
20 turns
20 lilitan
12 V 24 W bulb
Mentol 12 V 24 W
Normal brightness
Kecerahan normal
240 V
alternating
current
Arus ulang-
alik 240 V
Arrangement P
Susunan P
Diagram 4.1 / Rajah 4.1
500 turns
500 lilitan
25 turns
25 lilitan
12 V 24 W bulb
Mentol 12 V 24 W
Normal brightness
Kecerahan normal
240 V
alternating
current
Arus ulang-
alik 240 V
Arrangement Q
Susunan Q
900 turns
900 lilitan
30 turns
30 lilitan
12 V 24 W bulb
Mentol 12 V 24 W
Dim
Malap
240 V
alternating
current
Arus ulang-
alik 240 V
Arrangement R
Susunan R
(a) (i) What is a step-down transformer?
Apakah transformer injak turun? [1 mark / 1 markah]
(ii) Compare the ratio of the primary turns to the
secondary turns and the brightness of the bulbs in
arrangements P and Q. Compare also the ratio of
the primary turns to the secondary turns and the
brightness of the bulbs in arrangements Q and R.
Bandingkan nisbah lilitan primer kepada lilitan
sekunder dan kecerahan mentol dalam susunan
P dan Q. Bandingkan juga nisbah lilitan primer
kepada lilitan sekunder dan kecerahan mentol dalam
susunan Q dan R [3 marks / 3 markah]
(iii) Relating the ratio of the primary turns to the
secondary turns to the brightness of the bulbs,
deduce a relationship between the ratio of the
primary turns to the secondary turns and the
output voltage of the transformer.
Dengan menghubungkaitkan nisbah lilitan primer
kepada lilitan sekunder dengan kecerahan mentol,
deduksikan satu hubungan antara nisbah lilitan
primer kepada lilitan sekunder dengan voltan output
transformer. [3 marks / 3 markah]
(b) Explain how a transformer uses the magnetic effect of
an electric current and electromagnetic induction to
produce a voltage at its output terminals.
Terangkan bagaimana transformer menggunakan kesan
magnet arus elektrik dan aruhan elektromagnet untuk
menghasilkan voltan pada terminal outputnya.
(c) The student would like to modify arrangement P
to produce a 3600 V output with minimum loss of
power. Explain the modications that need to be made
to achieve this purpose.
Murid itu ingin mengubahsuai susunan P untuk
menghasilkan output 3600 V dengan kehilangan kuasa
minimum. Terangkan pengubahsuaian yang perlu
dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan ini.
103
Section C / Bahagian C
5. (a) (i) What is meant by electromagnetic induction?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan aruhan
elektromagnet? [1 mark / 1 markah]
(ii) With the aid of diagrams, explain how a constant
current can be induced in a piece of straight
copper rod.
Dengan bantuan gambar rajah, terangkan bagaimana
arus yang malar boleh diaruhkan dalam sebatang rod
kuprum lurus. [4 marks / 4 markah]
(b) You are asked to study the features of ve generators
as shown in Diagrams 5.1 to 5.5. One of the
generators will be used to supply a large current to
produce high frequency vibrations in a vibrating
machine.
Anda diminta mengkaji ciri-ciri lima penjana seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1 hingga Rajah 5.5. Satu
daripada penjana itu akan digunakan untuk membekalkan
arus yang besar untuk menghasilkan getaran berfrekuensi
tinggi dalam mesin bergetar.
Explain the suitability of each feature in Diagrams 5.1
to 5.5 and then determine the most suitable generator.
Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri dalam Rajah 5.1 hingga
Rajah 5.5 dan kemudian tentukan penjana yang paling
sesuai.
Give a reason for you choice.
Berikan satu sebab bagi pilihan anda.
[10 mark / 10 markah]
P
Number of turns of coil = 400
Bilangan lilitan gegelung
Speed of rotation of coil: Low
Laju gegelung: Rendah
N/
U
S
A
B
-
+
Rotation
Putaran
Carbon brush
Berus karbon
Commutator
Komutator
Vibrating machine
Mesin penggetar
Q
Number of turns of coil
= 400
Speed of rotation of coil:
Bilangan lilitan gegelung:
High
Tinggi
R
Number of turns of coil
= 900
Speed of rotation of coil:
Laju purata gegelung:
High
Tinggi
S
Number of turns of coil = 900 Speed of rotation of coil: High
Bilangan lilitan gegelung Laju purata gegelung: Tinggi
N/
U
S
A
B
-
+
Rotation
Putaran
Carbon brush
Berus karbon
Commutator
Komutator
Vibrating machine
Mesin penggetar
N/
U
S
A
B
Rotation
Putaran
Carbon brushes
Berus karbon
Slip rings
Gelang
gelincir
Vibrating machine
Mesin penggetar
N/
U
S
A
B
Rotation
Putaran
Carbon brushes
Berus karbon
Slip rings
Gelang
gelincir
Vibrating machine
Mesin penggetar
104
T
Number of turns of coil = 900 Speed of rotation of coil: Low
Bilangan lilitan gegelung Laju gegelung: Rendah
N/
U
S
A
B
Rotation
Putaran
Carbon brushes
Berus karbon
Slip rings
Gelang
gelincir
Vibrating
machine
Mesin
penggetar
(c) (i) 400 kW of electrical power is to be transmitted
by cables which have a total resistance of 50 !.
Calculate the power loss due to heating of the
cables if the power is transmitted at a voltage
160 kV.
Kuasa elektrik 400 kW akan dihantar oleh kabel yang
mempunyai jumlah rintangan 50 !. Hitung kehilangan
kuasa disebabkan oleh pemanasan kabel jika kuasa
itu dihantar pada voltan 160 kV.
(ii) Suggest one feature of the power cable that
will reduce the amount of power loss during
transmission of electricity.
Cadangkan satu ciri kabel kuasa yang akan
mengurangkan jumlah kehilangan kuasa semasa
penghantaran elektrik. [1 mark / 1 markah]
Written Practical
Section A / Bahagian A
1. A student carries out an experiment to study the relationship between the induced current, I, in a solenoid and the number of
turns, N, of the solenoid using an experimental set-up as shown in Diagram 1.1. A bar magnet was pushed at a certain speed into
a solenoid of N = 20 and the maximum reading, I, on a microammeter was observed. The procedure was repeated with N = 40,
60, 80 and 100 using different solenoids.
Seorang murid menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji hubungan antara arus teraruh, I dalam solenoid dan bilangan lilitan, N bagi
solenoid itu dengan menggunakan susunan radas eksperimen seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.1. Magnet batang ditolak pada
laju yang tertentu ke dalam solenoid dengan N = 20 dan bacaan maksimum, I mikroammeter diperhatikan. Prosedur ini diulang dengan
N = 40, 60, 80 dan 100 dengan menggunakan solenoid yang berlainan.
A
20
0
20 40 60
80
100 _
+
Solenoid
Solenoid
Permanent
bar magnet
Magnet batang
kekal
105
Diagrams 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 show the scale of the microammeter for each value of N.
Rajah 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 dan 1.6 menunjukkan skala mikroammeter itu bagi setiap nilai N.
2
0
0
20
40 60
8
0
1
0
0
A
+
0
20
40 60
8
0
1
0
0
A
+
2
0
0
20
40 60
8
0
1
0
0
A
+
2
0
Diagram 1.2 / Rajah 1.2 Diagram 1.3 / Rajah 1.3 Diagram 1.4 / Rajah 1.4
Number of turns, N = 20
Bilangan lilitan,
Induced current, I =
Arus teraruh,
Bilangan lilitan,
Arus teraruh,
Bilangan lilitan,
Arus teraruh,
0
20
40 60
8
0
1
0
0
A
+
2
0
0
20
40 60
8
0
1
0
0
A
+
2
0
Diagram 1.5 / Rajah 1.5 Diagram 1.6 / Rajah 1.6
Bilangan lilitan,
Arus teraruh,
Bilangan lilitan,
Arus teraruh,
(a) For the experiment described above, identify
Bagi eksperimen yang diterangkan di atas, kenal pasti
(i) the manipulated variable
pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan [1 mark / 1 markah]
(ii) the responding variable
pemboleh ubah bergerak balas [1 mark / 1 markah]
(iii) two variables that need to be constant
dua pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan [2 marks / 2 markah]
(b) (i) Write the values of current I in the spaces provided.
Tuliskan nilai-nilai arus, I dalam ruang yang disediakan. [1 mark / 1 markah]
(ii) Tabulate your results for N and I
Jadualkan keputusan anda bagi N dan I [5 marks / 5 markah]
(c) On a graph paper, draw the graph of I against N.
Pada kertas graf, lukis graf I melawan N. [5 marks / 5 markah]
(d) Use your graph in (c) to state the relationship between I and N.
Gunakan graf anda di (c) untuk menyatakan hubungan antara I dengan N. [1 mark / 1 markah]
106
Section B / Bahagian B
2. Diagram 2 show two similar electric bells, A and B. The same current ows through both bells. Bell A has more turns of wire
and produces a louder ring. Bell B has less turns of wire and produces a softer ring.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua loceng elektrik, A dan B, yang serupa. Arus yang sama mengalir melalui kedua-dua loceng itu. Loceng A
mempunyai lebih bilangan lilitan dawai dan menghasilkan deringan yang lebih kuat. Loceng B mempunyai kurang bilangan lilitan dawai
dan menghasilkan deringan yang lebih perlahan.

Turns of coil
Lilitan gegelung
Soft iron
Besi lembut
Electric bell A
Loceng elektrik A

Turns of coil
Lilitan gegelung
Soft iron
Besi lembut
Electric bell B
Loceng elektrik B
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
Based on the information and observations:
Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian itu:
(a) State one suitable inference.
Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai. [1 mark / 1 markah]
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang sesuai. [1 mark / 1 markah]
(c) With the use of apparatus such as a soft iron core, insulated copper wire, pins and other apparatus, describe one experiment
to investigate the hypothesis stated in 2(b).
Dengan menggunakan radas seperti teras besi lembut, dawai kuprum berpenebat, jarum peniti dan radas-radas lain, terangkan satu
eksperimen untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di 2(b).
In your description, state clearly the following:
Dalam penerangan anda, nyatakan dengan jelas perkara berikut:
(i) The aim of the experiment
Tujuan eksperimen
(ii) The variables in the experiment
Pemboleh ubah dalam eksperimen
(iii) The list of apparatus and materials
Senarai radas dan bahan
(iv) The arrangement of the apparatus
Susunan radas
(v) The procedure of the experiment which includes one method of controlling the manipulated variable and one method
of measuring the responding variable.
Prosedur eksperimen, termasuk satu kaedah mengawal pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan dan satu kaedah mengukur pemboleh
ubah bergerak balas.
(vi) The way to tabulate the data
Cara untuk menjadualkan data
(vii) The way to analyse the data
Cara untuk menganalisis data [10 marks / 10 markah]

PB165242 PG068 - PG106

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68

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